EMJ22204

Analog Electronics

Active Filters
(Pt.1,2 & 3)
Dr. Afif Nazib

www.unimap.edu.my EET302-Control Systems Engineering 1

Overview

➢ INTRODUCTION

➢ ADVANTAGES OF ACTIVE FILTERS

➢ ACTIVE FILTER APPLICATIONS

➢ TYPES OF FILTERS

➢ ACTIVE FILTER RESPONSES

➢ FILTER RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 2
Learning Outcomes

✓ Develop an understanding of the fundamental principles of

the types of active filters and its characteristic

✓ Develop the ability to analyze active filters responses.

✓ Develop the ability to theoretically quantify and evaluate the

performance of active filters.

✓ Develop the ability to design active filters to achieve desired

frequency requirements.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 3
Introduction
What’s a filter?
• A frequency-selective circuit that passes a specified
band of frequencies and blocks or attenuates signals
of frequencies outside this band.
• Signals are usually voltages.

Generic Type of Filters:

• Passive Filters: Constructed using passive elements
(ie. RC,RL, RLC circuit).

• Active Filters: Constructed using op-amps in addition to

capacitors and resistors.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 4
Advantages of Active Filters
• Flexibility of gain and frequency adjustment:
Input signal in active filters is not attenuated as it is in passive filters
due to the voltage gain provided by the op-amps. Tuning and
adjustments is easier in active filters.
• Cost and size:
Active filters are less expensive than passive filters because of the
availability of low-cost op-amps and the absence of inductors.
• Gain:
An active filter can provide gain, whereas a passive filter often exhibits a
significant loss.
• Parasitics:
Parasitics are reduced in active filters because of their smaller size.
• Filtering functions:
Active filters can realize a wider range of filtering functions than passive
filters.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 5
Active Filter Applications
Active filters are best suited for sophisticated
electronics systems.

• Biomedical equipments

• Television

• Radar

• Telephone

• Spectrum Analyzer

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 6
Types of Filters
• There are 4 basic categories of filters:
Type of Filters Ideal Responses
Low-pass filter

Low-Pass Filter PASS STOP

0 f
fL fH

High-pass filter

High-Pass Filter STOP PASS

0 f
fL fH
Gain

Band-pass filter

Band-Pass Filter STOP PASS STOP

0 f
fL fH

Band-stop filter

Band-Stop Filter PASS STOP PASS

0 f
fL fH

Each of these filters can be built by using op-amp (active) or with RC, RL or
RLC circuit (passive).

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 7
Active Low-Pass Filter Response
A low-pass filter is a filter that passes frequencies from 0Hz to critical
frequency, fc and significantly attenuates all other frequencies.

Filter Schematic Frequency Response

R Passive Low-pass filter

Ideal

Vin C Vout PASS STOP

0 f
fL fH

R Active Gain Actual

Vin
Vout Passband Stop band
0dB -3dB
C R1

Bandwidth
R2

Frequency
fc

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 8
Active Low-Pass Filter Response
1 Gain
1 2
Passband of a filter is the range of
Passband Stop band
frequencies that are allowed to pass
through the filter with minimum 0dB -3dB
attenuation (usually defined as less
than -3 dB of attenuation). 4
Bandwidth
2
Stop band is the range of
frequencies that have the Frequency
fc
most attenuation 3

3
Critical frequency, fc, (also called the cutoff frequency) defines the end of the
passband and normally specified at the point where the response drops -3dB
(70.7%) from the passband response.

4
Transition region shows the area where the fall-off occurs.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 9
 Active Low-Pass Filter Response
Gain
• At low frequencies, XC
Passband Stop band
is very high and the 0dB -3dB R
capacitor circuit can be
considered as open
Vin C Vout
circuit. Under this Bandwidth

condition, Vout = Vin or

Gain =1 (unity). fc
Frequency

• At very high Gain

frequencies, XC is very Passband Stop band
low and the Vout is small 0dB -3dB R
as compared with Vin.
Hence the gain falls and Vin C Vout
Bandwidth
drops off gradually as
the frequency is
Frequency
increased. fc

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 10
Active Low-Pass Filter Response
R
Gain
Vin
Vout Passband Stop band
0dB -3dB
C R1

Bandwidth
R2

Frequency
fc

• The bandwidth of an ideal low-pass filter is equal to fc:

BW = f c
• The critical frequency of a low-pass RC filter occurs when XC =
R and can be calculated using the formula below:
1
fc =
2 RC
EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 11
Active Low-Pass Filter Response
• To derive the critical frequency fc, consider the basic RC circuit of a
low-pass filter:

R
Vin R
Vout

C R1
Vin C Vout

R2

• At high frequency, the resistance is essentially equal to the reactance

viz: Gain

Passband Stop band

R = XC 0dB -3dB

1
1 1 fc =
R= = 2 RC
Bandwidth

cC 2 f cC Frequency
fc

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 12
Active High-Pass Filter Response
A high-pass filter is a filter that significantly attenuates or rejects all
frequencies below fc and passes all frequencies above f c.

Filter Schematic Frequency Response

C Passive High-pass filter

Ideal

Vin R Vout STOP PASS

0 f
fL fH

C Active Gain Actual

Vin
Vout
Stop band Passband
R R1 0dB
-3dB

Bandwidth
R2

Frequency
fc

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 13
 Active High-Pass Filter Response
Gain
• At low frequencies, XC
is very high and the Stop band Passband
C
capacitor circuit can be 0dB
-3dB

considered as open R
Vin Vout
circuit. Under this Bandwidth

condition,
Vout /Vin <Gain fc
Frequency

Gain

• At very high
frequencies, XC is very Stop band Passband R
0dB
low and can be treated -3dB

as a short circuit. Under Vin C Vout

this condition, Vout = Vin Bandwidth

or Gain =1 (unity).
Frequency
fc

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 14
Active High-Pass Filter Response
• To derive the critical frequency fc, consider the basic RC circuit of a
high-pass filter: (Derivation is similar to LPF)

C
Vin C
Vout
R R1
Vin R Vout

R2

• At high frequency, the resistance is essentially equal to the reactance

viz: Gain

R = XC
Stop band Passband
0dB
-3dB
1
1 1 fc =
R= = 2 RC Bandwidth

cC 2 f cC Frequency
fc

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 15
 Active Band-Pass Filter Response
A band-pass filter passes all signals lying within a band between a
lower-frequency limit and upper-frequency limit and essentially rejects
all other frequencies that are outside this specified band.
Filter Schematic Frequency Response
Passive Gain Ideal
C R Band-pass filter

Vin R C Vout
STOP PASS STOP

0 f
fL fH

Active Actual
C Gain
R
Vin
Vout
Stop band Passband Stop band
R R1
C R 0dB
-3dB

R2
R
Bandwidth

Frequency
fc1 fo fc2

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 16
 Active Band-Pass Filter Response
Wide Band-Pass Filter Narrow Band-Pass Filter
R
C R Passive Passive
Vin L C Vout
Vin R C Vout

C2 Active
C
R
Active
Vin R2
Vout
R R1 R1 C1
C R Vin
Vout

R2
R

Gain Gain

Stop band Passband Stop band Stop band PB Stop band

0dB 0dB
-3dB
-3dB

Bandwidth
BW

Frequency Frequency
fc1 fo fc2 fc1 fo fc2

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 17
Active Band-Pass Filter Response
Gain
1
Bandwidth is defined as the
difference between the upper Stop band PB Stop band
0dB
critical frequency (fc2) and the
lower critical frequency (fc1). -3dB

BW = f c 2 − f c1
1
BW
2
The frequency about which
Frequency
the pass band is centered is fc1 fo fc2
called the center frequency, 2
fo and defined as the R
geometric mean of the
critical frequencies.
Vin L C Vout

fo = f c1 f c 2

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 18
Active Band-Pass Filter Response
Gain

1
The quality factor (Q) of a
band-pass filter is the ratio of
the center frequency to the
1
bandwidth.
Q Factor
fo
Q=
BW Frequency
fo

The higher the value of Q,

R
the narrower the bandwidth
and the better the selectivity
for a given value of fo.
Vin L C Vout

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 19
Active Band-Stop Filter Response
Band-stop filter is a filter which its operation is opposite to that of the
band-pass filter because the frequencies within the bandwidth are
rejected, and the frequencies above fc1 and fc2 are passed.
Filter Schematic Frequency Response
Passive Ideal
R C Band-stop filter

Vin C R Vout PASS STOP PASS

0 f
fL fH

Active Actual
R Gain
Vin C
Vout Stop band
PB PB
C R1
R R 0dB
-3dB
Bandwidth
R2
R

Frequency
fc1 fo fc2

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 20
 Active Band-Stop Filter Response
Wide Band-Stop Filter Narrow Band-Stop Filter
R
R Passive Passive
C
L

Vin R Vin Vout

C Vout
C

R Active C2 Active
Vin C
Vout R3
C R1
R R R1 C1

R2
R
R2
R4

Gain Gain

PB Stop band PB Pass band Stop band Pass band

0dB 0dB
-3dB BW
-3dB
Bandwidth

Frequency Frequency
fc1 fo fc2 fc1 fo fc2

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 21
How The Filter Works

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 22
Filter Response Characteristics

Av
There are 3 characteristics of
filter response : Butterworth
Chebyshev
Bessel

• Butterworth characteristic

• Chebyshev characteristic

• Bessel characteristic.
Frequency
Comparative plots of three types of filter
response characteristics

Each of the characteristics is identified by the shape of the response

curve.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 23
Filter Response Characteristics
Butterworth Characteristics
Av

Butterworth
• Filter response is characterized Chebyshev
by flat amplitude response in Bessel

the passband.

• Provides a roll-off rate of -20

dB/decade/pole.
Frequency

• Filters with the Butterworth response are normally used when all
frequencies in the passband must have the same gain.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 24
Filter Response Characteristics
Chebyshev Characteristics
Av
• Filter response is characterized
Butterworth
by overshoot or ripples in the Chebyshev
passband. Bessel

• Provides a roll-off rate greater

than -20 dB/decade/pole.

Frequency
• Provides a roll-off rate greater
than -20 dB/decade/pole.

• Filters with the Chebyshev response can be implemented with fewer poles
and less complex circuitry for a given roll-off rate.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 25
Filter Response Characteristics
Bessel Characteristics
Av

Butterworth
• Filter response is characterized Chebyshev
Bessel
by a linear characteristic,
meaning that the phase shift
increases linearly with
frequency.

• Filters with the Bessel response Frequency

are used for filtering pulse
waveforms without distorting
the shape of waveform.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 26
 Filter Response Characteristics
Frequency Scaling Factor

• The frequency scaling

Av factor (FSF) is used to
scale the cutoff
Butterworth frequency of the filter for
Chebyshev
Bessel Bessel and Chebyshev.

FSF for Butterworth is ONE(1).

f c ( bessel / chebyshev ) = FSF  f c

Frequency

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 27
Filter Response Characteristics

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 28
Filter Response Characteristics

For more, please refer: https://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa049b/sloa049b.pdf

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 29
Filter Response Characteristics
Relationship between quality (Q) factor and damping factor (DF)

• The damping factor (DF) of an active filter determines which

response characteristic the filter exhibits.

• The quality factor (Q) can also be expressed in general terms

of the filter damping factor (DF) as :

1
Q=
DF
Applicable to all filter design

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 30
Filter Response Characteristics
Critical frequency and roll-off rate
Single-pole low-pass circuit
• The critical frequency, fc is R
determined by the values Vin
of R and C in the Vout
frequency-selective RC C R1
circuit.

• Each RC set of filter R2

components represents a pole.

• Greater roll-off rates can be achieved One pole (first-order) low-pass filter
with more poles.

• Each pole represents a -20dB/decade

increase in roll-off.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 31
Filter Response Characteristics
Critical frequency and roll-off rate

The number of poles determines the roll-off rate of the filter.

For example, a Butterworth response

produces -20dB/decade/pole. This
Gain
means that:
Passband Stop band
➢ One-pole (first-order) filter has a 0dB
roll-off of -20 dB/decade
➢ Two-pole (second-order) filter
has a roll-off of -40 dB/decade
➢ Three-pole (third-order) filter has
a roll-off of -60 dB/decade Frequency
fc

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 32
Filter Response Characteristics
Cascaded Filters

The number of filter poles can be increased by cascading.

To obtain a filter with three poles, cascade three (3) one-pole filters.

R
R
Vin R

C R1 Vout
C R3
C R5

R2
R4
R6

Three pole (third-order) low-pass filter.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 33
 34

Active Filter Design

Active filter consists of the

following three elements:
3 1
Frequency- Amplifier
Vin Selective
1• Vout
Amplifier RC Circuit
R1
2• Negative feedback
circuit
R2
•
3 RC circuit 2
Negative feedback circuit

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 34
 35

Active Filter Design

Single-pole Low-pass FIlter
R
Vin
Vout

C R1
Gain

Passband Stop band

R2 0dB -3dB

Bandwidth

Frequency
fc

• This filter provides a roll-off rate of -20 dB/decade above the

critical frequency.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 35
 36

Active Filter Design

Single-pole High-pass FIlter
C
Vin
Vout
R R1 Gain

Stop band Passband

R2 0dB
-3dB

Bandwidth

Frequency
fc

• In high pass filters, the roles of the capacitor and resistor are
reversed in the RC circuits.
• The negative feedback circuit is the same as for the low pass filters.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 36
 37

Active Filter Design

Single-pole LPF Single-pole HPF

R C
Vin Vin
Vout Vout
C R1 R R1

R2 R2

The op-amp in single-pole filter is Recall slides on pg. 12 & 15

connected as a non-inverting amplifier
Single-pole critical frequency, fc is given
with the closed-loop voltage gain, Acl in
by:
the passband is set by the values of and
:
1
fc =
R1 2 RC
Acl ( NI ) = +1
R2
EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 37
 38

Active Filter Design

Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter

• Sallen-Key is one of the most common configurations for a second order

(two pole) filter.
• There are two set of RCs that provide a roll off of -40 dB/decade above fc
(assuming a Butterworth characteristics,refer pg. 24).
• One RC circuit consists of RA and CA , and the second circuit consists of RB
and CB.
Two-pole low-pass circuit
Gain
CA
Passband Stop band

0dB Q=3
RA RB Q=1
Vin Q=0.707
Vout

CB R1

R2
Frequency
fc

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 38
 39

Active Filter Design

Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter

• The position of the resistors and capacitors in the frequency selective circuit
are opposite in low pass configuration.
• There are two set of RCs that provide a roll off of -40 dB/decade above fc
(assuming a Butterworth characteristics,refer pg. 24).
• One RC circuit consists of RA and CA , and the second circuit consists of RB
and CB.
Two-pole high-pass circuit
RA
Gain

Stop band Passband

CA CB
Vin 0dB
Vout Q=3
Q=1
Q=0.707
RB R1

R2
Frequency
fc

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 39
 40

Active Filter Design

Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter
Two-pole low-pass circuit Two-pole high-pass circuit
CA RA

RA RB CA CB
Vin Vin
Vout Vout

CB R1 RB R1

R2 R2

Sallen-Key critical frequency, fc is Sallen-Key LPF

given by: RA RBC ACB
QLP =
1 RACB + RBCB + RAC A (1 − Acl ( NI ) )
fc =
2 RA RBC ACB Sallen-Key HPF
RA RBC ACB
QHP =
RACB + RAC A + RBCB (1 − Acl ( NI ) )
EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 40
 41

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Three methods can be used to simplify the design of

Sallen-Key filters:

Method 1 Assume equal value for filter component, R and C

For Gain = 1 (voltage follower), assume ratio value for filter

Method 2 component, R and C.

Assume equal value for filter component, C and ratio value

Method 3 for filter component, R or vice versa.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 41
 42

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Method 1 Assume equal value for filter component, R and C

• For RA = RB = R and CA = CB = C, the critical frequency :

1
fc =
2 RC

• Q is now determined by the gain of the circuit:

1
QLP =
3 − Acl ( NI )

# Drawback???
- Design gain is limited by selected Q value.
# Independent Q and fc.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 42
 43

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Example 1:
Design a Butterworth Sallen-Key Low Pass Filter with the critical frequency,
fc=7.23kHz. For design simplification, assume equal value for RC
components. Use the quality factor, Q value from Table 1. Given the equal
capacitor value C=22nF and R2=1kΩ.
Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA

RA RB
Vin
Vout

CB R1

R2

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 43
 44

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Solution:
Step 1: Solve for RC circuit. Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA
Assume RA= RB= R and CA= CB= C for an equal
value components (Method 1),

Given fc =7.23kHz, C=22nF. RA RB

We can then find R Vin
Vout
1 CB R1
fc =
2 RC
1
R= R2
2 Cf c
1
= = 1.0k 
2  22n  7.23k

 RA = RB = 1.0k 

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 44
 45

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Solution: From Table 1, Q for 2nd order Butterworth response is 0.7071.

Step 2: Solve for Negative feedback circuit.

Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA
1 1
QLP =
3 − Acl ( NI )
1 RA RB
Acl ( NI ) = 3 − Vin
Q Vout
1
= 3− = 1.586 CB R1
0.707
R
 Acl ( NI ) = 1 + 1 = 1.586
R2 R2

2 Non-inverting feedback resistor ratio

3 Given R2 =1kΩ
R
1 + 1 = 1.586 R1
R2 = 0.586
R2
R1
= 1.586 − 1 = 0.586 R1 = 0.586 R2 = 0.586  1k
R2
= 586

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 45
 46

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Solution:
Two sets of RC = 2nd order

: https://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa049b/sloa049b.pdf

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 46
 47

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

For Gain = 1 (voltage follower), assume ratio value for filter
Method 2 component, R and C.

CA

RA RB
Vin
Vout

CB

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 47
 48

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

For Gain = 1 (voltage follower), assume ratio value for filter
Method 2 component, R and C.

• For RA =R, RB = mR and CA = nC, CB = C, the critical frequency :

1
fc =
2 RC mn

• Q is now determined by the gain of the circuit:

mn mn
QLP = QHP =
1+ m 1+ n

# Drawback???
- Design gain is unity.
-Non-independent design.

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 48
 49

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Example 2:
Find RC components for a Butterworth Sallen-Key Low Pass Filter with
cutoff frequency, fc=7.23 kHz when CA = nC and CB = C = 22 nF. Use the
quality factor, Q value from Table 1 and assume the resistor ratio, m = 5.

CA

RA RB
Vin
Vout

CB

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 49
 50

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Solution:
CA
Step 1: Solve for RC circuit.
RA RB
Assume RA =R, RB = mR and CA = nC, CB = C Vin
(Method 2) Vout

CB
Given fc =7.23kHz, m = 5. We can then find
n:
From Table 1, Q for 2nd
mn order Butterworth
QLP = = 0.7071 response is 0.7071.
1+ m Real values for RC circuit:

0.7071(1 + m) 0.7071(1 + 5)

2 2

n= = = 3.6 • RA =R = 235.84Ω
m 5
• RB = mR =5 X 235.84 =1.18k Ω
Given fc =7.23kHz, C=22nF. We can find R:
• CB = C =22nF
1
fc = = 7.23kHz • CA = nC = 3.6 X 22n = 79.2nF
2 RC mn
1 1
R= = = 235.84
2 Cf c mn 2 22n  7.23k 5  3.6

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 50
 51

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Assume equal value for filter component, C and ratio value
Method 3 for filter component, R or vice versa.

Two-pole low-pass circuit

CA

RA RB
Vin
Vout

CB R1

R2

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 51
 52

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Assume equal value for filter component, C and ratio value
Method 3 for filter component, R or vice versa.

• For CA =CB = C and RA = R, RB = mR, the critical frequency :

1
fc =
2 RC m

• Q is now determined by the filter component ratio:

m m
QLP = QHP =
2 + m − Acl ( NI ) 2 + m (1 − Acl ( NI ) )

# Drawback??? # Gain control

- Non-independent design. # Better component selection

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 52
 53

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Example 3:
Design a Butterworth Sallen-Key Low Pass Filter with the critical frequency,
fc = 7.23kHz. For design simplification in RC network, assume equal value
for capacitor, C = 22nF while R has a ratio, m=2. Use the quality factor, Q
value from Table 1. Given R2 =1k
Two-pole Ω. circuit
low-pass
CA

RA RB
Vin
Vout

CB R1

R2

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 53
 54

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA
Solution:
Step 1: Solve for RC circuit. RA RB
Vin
Assume CA =CB = C and RA = R, RB = mR (Method 3),
Vout

CB R1

Given fc =7.23kHz, m = 2. We can then find

R: R2

1
fc = = 7.23kHz Real values for RC circuit:
2 RC m
1 1
R= = = 707.53 • RA =R = 707.53Ω
2 Cf c m 2 22n  7.23k 2
• RB = mR =2 X 235.84 =1.42k Ω

• CB = C =22nF

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 54
 55

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Solution:
Two sets of RC = 2nd order

: https://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa049b/sloa049b.pdf

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 55
 56

Sallen-Key Design Simplification

Solution: From Table 1, Q for 2nd order Butterworth response is 0.7071.

Step 2: Solve for Negative feedback circuit.

Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA
1 m
QLP =
2 + m − Acl ( NI )
m RA RB
Acl ( NI ) = −2−m
QLP Vin
Vout
2 CB R1
Acl ( NI ) = − 2 − 2 = 2( NI )
0.7071

R2

2 Non-inverting feedback resistor ratio

3 Given R2 =1kΩ
R
1 + 1 = Acl ( NI )
R2 R1
= 0.586
R1 R2
= 2 −1 = 1
R2 R1 = R2 = 1k 

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 56
 57

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 57
 58

Cascading Filter
• A three-pole filter is done by cascading a two-pole filter with single pole filter
or cascading 3 single pole filter.

• Roll-off rate= -40db/decade+-20db/decade =-60dB/decade

Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA1

Single-pole low-pass circuit

RA1 RB1
RA2
Vin
Vout
CB1 R1
CA2 R3

R2
R4

Cascaded low pass filter: third order configuration.

#Two pole Sallen Key low pass filter and a single pole low pass filter.
EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 58
 59

Cascading Filter
• Same case with the low pass filter, first order and second order high pass
filters can be cascaded to provide three or more poles leading to faster roll off
rates.

Two-pole high-pass circuit

Two-pole high-pass circuit
RA1 Two-pole high-pass circuit
RA2
RA3

CA1 CB1
CA2 CB2
Vin CA3 CB3

RB1 R1 Vout
RB2 R3
RB3 R5

R2
R4
R6
-20dB/decade -20dB/decade -20dB/decade

Sixth-order high-pass filter.

#A six-pole high-pass filter : three Sallen-Key two pole stages.

Roll off rate for the following filter?? -120dB/decade

EMJ22204-Analog Electronics 59
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Cascading Filter
Two-pole low-pass circuit
Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA1
CA2

RA1 RB1
Vin RA2 RB2

Vout
CB1 R1
CB2 R3

R2
R4

Fourth-order low-pass filter.

#A four-pole high-pass filter : two Sallen-Key two pole stages.

Roll off rate for the following filter?? -80dB/decade

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Cascading Filter
Example 4:
Determine all the required values to produce a Butterworth response with a
critical frequency, fc of 2680 Hz if all resistors in RC low pass circuit is
1.8kΩ. Assume equal value of capacitor and both stages must have the same
fc. Two-pole low-pass circuit
Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA1
CA2

RA1 RB1
Vin RA2 RB2

Vout
CB1 R1
CB2 R3

R2
R4

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Cascading Filter
Solution:

: https://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa049b/sloa049b.pdf

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Cascading Filter
Solution:
Step 1: Solve for RC circuit.

Assume CA1= CB1= CA2= CB2= C for and

RA1= RB1= RA2= RB2= R = 1.8kΩ Two-pole low-pass circuit
Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA1
Given fc =2.68kHz, R=1.8kΩ. CA2
We can then find C
RA1 RB1
RA2 RB2
1 Vin
fc =
2 RC CB1 R1
Vout

CB2 R3
1
C=
2 Rf c R2
R4
1
= = 0.033 F
2  1.8k  2.68k

 C A1 = CB1 = C A2 = CB 2 = 0.033 F

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Cascading Filter
Solution:
Step 2: Find negative feedback circuit value, R1 and R2

Stage 1 From Table 1, Q for 4th Two-pole low-pass circuit

order Butterworth response
Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA1
CA2
is 0.5412.
1 RA1 RB1
Vin RA2 RB2
1
Acl ( NI ) = 3 −
Vout
CB1 R1
Q CB2 R3

1
= 3− = 1.1523 R2
R4
0.5412
R
 Acl ( NI ) = 1 + 1 = 1.1523
R2
3 Assume R2 =10kΩ
2 Non-inverting feedback resistor ratio
R1
R1 = 0.1523
1+ = 1.1523 R2
R2
R1 = 0.1523R2 = 0.1523  10k
R1
= 1.1523 − 1 = 0.1523 = 1523  1.5k 
R2

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Cascading Filter
Solution:
Step 3: Find negative feedback circuit value, R3 and R4

Stage 2 From Table 1, Q for 4th Two-pole low-pass circuit

order Butterworth response
Two-pole low-pass circuit
CA1
CA2
is 1.3065.
1 RA1 RB1
Vin RA2 RB2
1
Acl ( NI ) = 3 −
Vout
CB1 R1
Q CB2 R3

1
= 3− = 2.2346 R2
R4
1.3065
R
 Acl ( NI ) = 1 + 3 = 2.2346
R4
3 Assume R4 =10kΩ
2 Non-inverting feedback resistor ratio
R3
R3 = 1.2346
1+ = 2.2346 R4
R4
R3 = 1.2346 R4 = 1.2346  10k
R3
= 2.2346 − 1 = 1.2346 = 12346  ~ 12k 
R4

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Active Band-Pass Filter

Two-pole high-pass circuit

Two-pole low-pass circuit
RA1
CA2

CA1 CB1
Vin RA2 RB2

Vout
RB1 R1
CB2 R3

R2 R4

• Band-pass filter is formed by cascading a two-pole high-pass and two pole

low-pass filter.

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Active Band-Pass Filter

Gain

Low Pass High Pass

Response PB Response
0dB

-3dB

BW

Frequency
fc1 fo fc2
• The lower frequency fc1 of the passband is the critical frequency of the
high-pass filter.

• The upper frequency fc2 of the passband is the critical frequency of the
low-pass filter.

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Active Band-Pass Filter

Gain
The following formulas express the
three frequencies of the band-pass Low Pass High Pass
Response Response
filter. 0dB
PB

-3dB
1
f c1 =
2 RA1RB1C A1CB1
BW

1
fc 2 = Frequency
2 RA 2 RB 2C A 2CB 2
fc1 fo fc2

If equal-value components are used in

fo = f c1 f c 2 each filter,

1
fo =
2 RC

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Active Band-Pass Filter

Example 5:
Determine the quality factor, Q value for a four-pole bandpass filter. Assume
RA1=RB1=33kΩ, RA2= RB2=10kΩ and CA1=CB1=CB2=C=100pF.

Two-pole high-pass circuit

Two-pole low-pass circuit
RA1
CA2

CA1 CB1
Vin RA2 RB2

Vout
RB1 R1
CB2 R3

R2 R4

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Active Band-Pass Filter

Solution:
Step 1: Find quality factor Q value for the Band-Pass filter

fo Two-pole high-pass circuit

Q= RA1
Two-pole low-pass circuit
BW CA2

For equal RC, CA1 CB1

RA2 RB2
Vin
1 Vout
fc = RB1 R1
2 C R1R2 CB2 R3

1
= = 87.61kHz R2 R4
2 100 pF 33k  10k
1 1
f c1 = = = 48.23kHz
2 R1C 2 (33k )(100 p)
87.61kHz
fc 2 =
1
=
1
= 159.15kHz Q = = 0.79
2 R2C 2 (10k )(100 p) 110.92kHz
BW = f c 2 − f c1 = 159.15k − 48.23k = 110.92kHz

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Multiple Feedback Band-Pass Filter

C1

R2 • The low-pass circuit consists

of R1 and C1.
R1 C2
Vin
Vout • The high-pass circuit consists
R3 of R2 and C2.

• The feedback paths are

Gain through C1 and R2.

Stop band PB Stop band

0dB • Center frequency;
-3dB

1
fo =
2 ( R1 R2 ) R2C1C2
BW

Frequency
fc1 fo fc2

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Multiple Feedback Band-Pass Filter

C1

R2

R1 C2 • By making C1=C2=C, yields;

Vin
Vout
1 R1 + R3
R3 fo =
2 C R1R2 R3

• The resistor values can be found using the following formula.

Q Q Q
R1 = R2 = R3 =
2 f oCAo  f oC 2 f oC (2Q 2 − Ao )
• The maximum gain, Ao occurs at the center frequency
R2
Ao =
2 R1
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Multiple Feedback Band-Pass Filter

Example 6:

Design a multiple-feedback band-pass active filter using parameters as

follows:

f o = 25kHz , BW = 500, Ao = 3.98

For design simplification, assume equal value capacitors are 0.01µF.

Illustrate the circuit designed and label all the circuit components

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Multiple Feedback Band-Pass Filter

C1
Solution:
Step 1: Find Q value. R2

R1 C2
Assume C1=C2=C=0.01µF Vin
Vout
f 25k
Q= o = = 50 R3
BW 500

Step 2: Find R1, R2 and R3

Q
R3 =
Q 2 f oC (2Q 2 − Ao )
R1 =
2 f oCAo 50
= = 6.37 k 
50 2 25k  0.01 (2  502 − 3.98)
= = 8k 
2 25k  0.01  3.98
Real values for RC circuit:
• R1 = 8kΩ • C1 = 0.01µF
Q
R2 = • R2 = 63.66k Ω • C2 = 0.01µF
 f oC
50 • R3 = 63.66k Ω
= = 63.66k 
 25k  0.01

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Multiple Feedback Band-Pass Filter

C1
Gain
R2

R1 C2 Pass band Stop band Pass band

0dB

-3dB BW

R3
R4

Frequency
fc1 fo fc2

• The configuration is similar to the band-pass version BUT R3 has been

moved and R4 has been added.

• The Band-Stop filter is the opposite of Band-Pass filter in that it blocks a

specific band of frequencies.

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Recap

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