BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

PREFACE

This laboratory lays the foundation for the Electronics and Communication Engineering students
during second year of their course. BS&DSD LAB can be divided into 2 groups: Hardware &
Software. In Hardware lab, the students design, even Parity Generator, MUX, decoders, adder,
subtractor, BCD adder, 4 bit magnitude comparator circuit. Flip-flop, synchronous/asynchronous,
up/down counter. In Software, the students will MATLAB is used in this lab to simulate
signals.Basic concepts of signals are coded and simulated. Analyze the generation Various
Signals and Sequences in MATLAB, including the operations on Signals and Sequences.
Determine the Convolution and Correlation between Signals and systems.

BY
K.NAGAMANI, Asst. Prof.
N.RESHMA BINDU, Asst. Prof.
T.TANUJA, Asst. Prof.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 1
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It was really a good experience, working with Basic simulation & Digital design lab. First
we would like to thank Dr.Srinivas Bachu, Professor, HOD of Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of technology & Management for
his concern and giving the technical support in preparing the document.

We are deeply indebted and gratefully acknowledge the constant support and valuable
patronage of Dr.C.Balarengadurai, Dean Academics, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of
technology & Management for giving us this wonderful opportunity for preparing the Basic
simulation & Digital design lab laboratory manual.

We express our hearty thanks to Dr.K.Venkateswara Reddy, Principal, Marri Laxman

Reddy Institute of technology & Management, for timely corrections and scholarly guidance.

At last, but not the least I would like to thanks the entire ECE Department faculty those who had
inspired and helped us to achieve our goal.

BY
K.NAGAMANI, Asst. Prof.
N.RESHMA BINDU, Asst. Prof.
T.TANUJA, Asst. Prof.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 2
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Students are instructed to come to Basic simulation & Digital design laboratory on time.
Late comers are not entertained in the lab.
2. Students should be punctual to the lab. If not, the conducted experiments will not be
repeated.
3. Students are expected to come prepared at home with the experiments which are going to
be performed.
4. Students are instructed to display their identity cards before entering into the lab.
5. Students are instructed not to bring mobile phones to the lab.
6. Any damage/loss of equipments like transformers, transistors, CRO’s etc., during the lab
session, it is student’s responsibility and penalty or fine will be collected from the
student.
7. Students should update the records and lab observation books session wise. Before
leaving the lab the student should get his lab observation book signed by the faculty.
8. Students should submit the lab records by the next lab to the concerned faculty members
in the staffroom for their correction and return.
9. Students should not move around the lab during the lab session.
10. If any emergency arises, the student should take the permission from faculty member
concerned in written format.
11. The faculty members may suspend any student from the lab session on disciplinary
grounds.
12. Never copy the output from other students. Write down your own outputs.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 3
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

INSTITUTION VISION AND MISSION

VISION

To be as an ideal academic institution by graduating talented engineers to be ethically strong,

competent with quality research and technologies

MISSION

To fulfill the promised vision through the following strategic characteristics and aspirations:

 Utilize rigorous educational experiences to produce talented engineers

 Create an atmosphere that facilitates the success of students
 Programs that integrate global awareness, communication skills and Leadership qualities
 Education and Research partnership with institutions and industries to prepare the
students for interdisciplinary research

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 4
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

DEPARTMENT VISION, MISSION, PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL

OBJECTIVES AND PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Vision and Mission

Our Vision

Imparting quality technical education through research, innovation and team work for a lasting
technology development in the area of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Our Mission

To develop a strong centre of excellence for education and research with excellent infrastructure
and well qualified faculties to instill in them a passion for knowledge.

To achieve the Mission the department will

1. Establish a unique learning environment to enable the students to face the challenges of
the Electronics and Communication Engineering field.
2. Promote the establishment of centre of excellence in niche technology areas to nurture
the spirit of innovation and creativity among faculty and students.
3. Provide ethical and value based education by promoting activities addressing the societal
needs.
4. Enable students to develop skills to solve complex technological problems of current
times and also provide a framework for promoting collaborative and multidisciplinary
activities.

PEO's & PO's

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO 1: Have successful careers in Industry.

PEO 2: Show excellence in higher studies/ Research.

PEO 3: Show good competency towards Entrepreneurship.

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

PROGRAM OUTCOMES
a.a. An ability to apply knowledge of Science, Mathematics, Engineering & Computing
fundamentals for the solutions of Complex Engineering problems.
b.b. An ability to identify, formulates, research literature and analyze complex engineering
problems using first principles of mathematics and engineering sciences.
c.
c. An ability to design solutions to complex process or program to meet desired needs.
d.d. Ability to use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments to provide valid conclusions.
e.
e. An ability to use appropriate techniques, skills and tools necessary for computing practice.
f.f. Ability to apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess social issues,
consequences & responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
g.g. Ability to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic,
environmental, and societal context with sustainability.
h.
h. An understanding of professional, ethical, Social issues and responsibilities.
i.i. An ability to function as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
multidisciplinary settings.
j.j. An ability to communicate effectively on complex engineering activities within the
engineering community.
k.k. Ability to demonstrate and understanding of the engineering and management principles
as a member and leader in a team.
l.l. Ability to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the context of technological
change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Analyze and design analog & digital circuits or systems for a given specification and
PSO1
function.
Implement functional blocks of hardware-software co-designs for signal processing and
PSO2
communication applications.

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

COURSE STRUCTURE, OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES

Laboratory subjects – Internal and external evaluation– Details of marks

 Basic simulation & Digital design lab will have a continuous evaluation during
4thsemester for 30 sessional marks and 70 end semester examination marks.

 Out of the 30 marks for internal evaluation, day-to-day work in the laboratory shall be
evaluated for 15 marks and internal practical examination shall be evaluated for 15marks
conducted by the laboratory teacher concerned.

 The end examination will be evaluated for a maximum of 70 marks. The end semester
examination shall be conducted with an external examiner and internal examiner. The
external examiner shall be appointed by the principal / Chief Controller of examinations

Course Objectives:

 To introduce MATLAB and use it as a computation and visualization tool

 To expose the applications of signal analysis and system design
 To acquire the basic knowledge of digital logic levels and to design and verify basic
digital electronics circuits
 To introduce to the students the topics that include combinational and sequential circuit
analysis and design
 To design optimization methods using random logic gates, multiplexers, decoders,
registers, counters

Course Outcomes:

At the end of the laboratory work, students will be able to

 Generate various signals and will be able to perform various operations on signals and
also classify the random process characteristics
 Apply Laplace and Fourier transforms of a signal and also analyze its frequency response
 Implements algebraic expressions using logic gates
 Understand the combinational circuits like adder, subtractor, mux, decoder, and encoder
Design of flip flops & sequential circuits using flip flops

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 7
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

2030474: BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LABORATORY

II Year B.Tech II – Sem

L T P C

0 0 3 1.5

Course Objectives:

 To introduce MATLAB and use it as a computation and visualization tool

 To expose the applications of signal analysis and system design
 To acquire the basic knowledge of digital logic levels and to design and verify basic digital
electronics circuits
 To introduce to the students the topics that include combinational and sequential circuit analysis
and design
 To design optimization methods using random logic gates, multiplexers, decoders, registers,
counters

Course Outcomes:

At the end of the laboratory work, students will be able to

 Generate various signals and will be able to perform various operations on signals and also
classify the random process characteristics
 Apply Laplace and Fourier transforms of a signal and also analyze its frequency response
 Implements algebraic expressions using logic gates
 Understand the combinational circuits like adder, subtractor, mux, decoder, and encoder
 Design of flip flops & sequential circuits using flip flops

List of Experiments:
 Basic Simulation Lab:
1. Generation of Various Signals and Sequences (Periodic and Aperiodic).
2. Operations on Signals and Sequences such as Addition, Multiplication, Scaling, Shifting,
Folding, Computation of Energy and Average Power.
3. Convolution and for Correlation (ACF and CCF) Signals and sequences.
4. Verification of Linearity and Time Invariance Properties of a given Continuous/Discrete
System.
5. Computation of Unit sample, Unit step and Sinusoidal responses of the given LTI system.
6. Gibbs Phenomenon Simulation.

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

7. Finding the Fourier Transform of a given signal and plotting its magnitude and phase
spectrum.
8. Locating the Zeros and Poles and plotting the Pole-Zero maps in S-plane and Z-Plane for
the given transfer function.
9. Verification of Sampling Theorem.
10. Checking a Random Process for Stationary in Wide sense.

 Digital System Design Lab:

1. Realization of Boolean expressions using gates.
2. Generation of clock using NAND / NOR gates.
3. Design a 4 – bit adder/subtractor.
4. Design and realization of a 4-bit gray to binary and binary to gray Converter.
5. Design and realization of an 8-bit parallel load and serial out shift register using flip-flops.
6. Design and realization of a synchronous and asynchronous counter using flip-flops.
7. Design and realization of 8x1 MUX using 2x1 MUX.
8. Design and realization of 4-bit comparator.
9. Design a Ring counter and Twisted ring counter using a 4-bit shift register
10. Design and Realization of a sequence detector-a finite state machine.
Note:

 All the Basic Simulation Lab experiments are to be simulated using MATLAB/SCI LAB or
equivalent software.
 Minimum of 14 experiments (7 from Basic Simulation and 7 from Digital System Design Lab)
are to be completed.

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 1

GENERATION OF VARIOUS SIGNALS&SEQUENCES

AIM: -To write a “MATLAB” Program to generate various signals and sequences, such as unit
impulse, unit step, unit ramp, sinusoidal, square, saw tooth, triangular, sinc signals.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1. MATLAB R2010a.

2. Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

One of the more useful functions in the study of linear systems is the "unit impulse function."
An ideal impulse function is a function that is zero everywhere but at the origin, where it is
infinitely high. However, the area of the impulse is finite. This is, at first hard to visualize but
we can do so by using the graphs shown below.

Key Concept: Sifting Property of the Impulse

If b>a, then

Example: Another integral problem

Assume a<b, and evaluate the integral

Solution:

We now that the impulse is zero except at t=0 so

And

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 10
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

Unit Step Function

The unit step function and the impulse function are considered to be fundamental functions in
engineering, and it is strongly recommended that the reader becomes very familiar with both of
these functions.

The unit step function, also known as the Heaviside function, is defined as such:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 11
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Sometimes, u(0) is given other values, usually either 0 or 1. For many applications, it is
irrelevant what the value at zero is. u(0) is generally written as undefined.

Derivative

The unit step function is level in all places except for a discontinuity at t = 0. For this reason, the
derivative of the unit step function is 0 at all points t, except where t = 0. Where t = 0, the
derivative of the unit step function is infinite.

The derivative of a unit step function is called an impulse function. The impulse function will
be described in more detail next.

Integral

The integral of a unit step function is computed as such:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 12
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

Sinc Function

There is a particular form that appears so frequently in communications engineering, that we

give it its own name. This function is called the "Sinc function" and is discussed below:

The Sinc function is defined in the following manner:

And

Sinc(0)=1

The value of sinc(x) is defined as 1 at x = 0, since

This fact can be proven by noting that for x near 0,

Then, since cos(0) = 1, we can apply the Squeeze Theorem to show that the sinc function
approaches one as x goes to zero. Thus, defining sinc(0) to be 1 makes the sinc function
continuous.

Also, the Sinc function approaches zero as x goes towards infinity, with the envelope of sinc(x)
tapering off as 1/x.

Rect Function

The Rect Function is a function which produces a rectangular-shaped pulse with a width of 1
centered at t = 0. The Rect function pulse also has a height of 1. The Sinc function and the
rectangular function form a Fourier transform pair.

A Rect function can be written in the form:

where the pulse is centered at X and has width Y. We can define the impulse function above in
terms of the rectangle function by centering the pulse at zero (X = 0), setting it's height to 1/A
and setting the pulse width to A, which approaches zero:

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

We can also construct a Rect function out of a pair of unit step functions

Here, both unit step functions are set a distance of Y/2 away from the center point of (t - X).

SAWTOOTH:-

The SAWTOOTH wave (or saw wave) is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. It is named a
SAWTOOTH based on its resemblance to the teeth on the blade of a saw. The convention is that
a SAWTOOTH wave ramps upward and then sharply drops. However, there are also
SAWTOOTH waves in which the wave ramps downward and then sharply rises. The latter type
of SAWTOOTH wave is called a 'reverse SAWTOOTH wave' or 'inverse SAWTOOTH wave'.
As audio signals, the two orientations of SAWTOOTH wave sound identical. The piecewise
linear function based on the floor function of time t, is an example of a SAWTOOTH wave with
period 1.

Triangle wave

A triangle wave is a non-sinusoidal waveform named for its triangular shape.Abandlimited

triangle wave pictured in the time domain (top) and frequency domain(bottom). The fundamental
is at 220 Hz (A2).Like a square wave, the triangle wavecontains only odd harmonics. However,
the higher harmonics roll off much faster than in a square wave (proportional to the inverse
square of the harmonic number as opposed to just the inverse).It is possible to approximate a
triangle wave with additive synthesis by adding odd harmonics of the fundamental, multiplying
every (4n−1)th harmonic by −1(or changing its phase by π), and rolling off the harmonics by the
inverse square of their relative frequency to the fundamental. This infinite Fourier series
converges to the triangle wave:

Sinusoidal Signal Generation

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

The sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical function that describes a smooth repetitive
oscillation. It occurs often in pure mathematics, as well as physics, signal processing, electrical
engineering and many other fields. Its most basic form as a function of time (t)is:

where:

•A, the amplitude, is the peak deviation of the function from its center position.

•ω, the angular frequency, specifies how many oscillations occur in a unit time

interval, in radians per second

•φ, the phase, specifies where in its cycle the oscillation begins at t = 0.

A sampled sinusoid may be written as:

Where f is the signal frequency, fs is the sampling frequency, θis the phase and A is the
amplitude of the signal.

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-

%unit impulse function%clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=-10:1:10;

x=(t==0);

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

x label('time');

y label('amplitude');

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title ('unit impulse function');

subplot (2,1,2);

stem (t,x,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('unit impulse discreat function');

%unit step function%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

N=100;

t=1:100;

x=ones(1,N);

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('unit step function');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(t,x,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('unit step discreat function');

%unit ramp function%

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:20;

x=t;

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('unit ramp function');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(t,x,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('unit ramp discreat function');

%sinusoidal function%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.01:2;

x=sin(2*pi*t);

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sinusoidal signal');

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subplot(2,1,2);

stem(t,x,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sinusoidal sequence');

%square function%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.01:2;

x=square(2*pi*t);

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('square signal');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(t,x,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('square sequence');

%sawtooth function%

clc;

clear all;

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

close all;

t=0:0.01:2;

x=sawtooth(2*pi*5*t);

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sawtooth signal');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(t,x,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sawtooth sequence');

%trianguler function%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.01:2;

x=sawtooth(2*pi*5*t,0.5);

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('trianguler signal');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(t,x,'r');

xlabel('time');

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ylabel('amplitude');

title('trianguler sequence');

%sinc function%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=linspace(-5,5);

x=sinc(t);

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sinc signal');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(t,x,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sinc sequence')

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OUTPUT:-

unit impulse function

unit impulse function

1
amplitude

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time
unit impulse discreat function
1
amplitude

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time

unit step function

unit step function

2

1.5
amplitude

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time
unit step discreat function
1
amplitude

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

unit ramp function

unit ramp function

20

15
amplitude

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time
unit ramp discreat function
20

15
amplitude

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time

sinusoidal function

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square function

square signal
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time
square sequence
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time

SAWTOOTH function

sawtooth signal
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time
sawtooth sequence
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time

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trianguler function

trianguler signal
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time
trianguler sequence
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time

sinc function

sinc signal
1
amplitude

0.5

-0.5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time
sinc sequence
1
amplitude

0.5

-0.5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time

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RESULT: Thus the Generation of continuous time signals like unit step, sawtooth,

triangular, sinusoidal, ramp and sinc functions are successfully completed

by using MATLAB .

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VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1. Define Symetric and Anti-Symmetric Signals?

2. Define Continuous and Discrete Time Signals?

3. What are the Different types of representation of discrete time signals?

4. What are the Different types of Operation performed on signals?

5. What is System?

6.Explain Even Signals?

7.Explain Odd signals?

8.Define Periodic signals?

9.Define Aperiodic signals?

10.Differentiate Energy and Power signals with examples?

11.What is Energy Signals?

12.What is Power signals?

13.Define Systems?

14..How to determine time period of Periodic signals?

15.Define Frequency of signals?

16.Write MATLAB command for subtraction of two signals?

17.Write MATLAB command for addition of two signals?

18.Write MATLAB command for multiplication of two signals?

19.Write MATLAB command amplitude scaling of a sequence?

20.Write MATLAB command time scaling of a sequence?

21.Write MATLAB command time shifting of a sequence?

22.Write MATLAB command right shifting of a sequence?

23.Write MATLAB command left shifting of a sequence?

24.How to calculate even part of a signal?

25.How to calculate odd part of a signal?

26.Write conditionfor physical realization system?

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27.What is paley wiener criterion?

28.Write MATLAB command for division of two signals?

29.Write MATLAB command for left shift the signal to 8 times of the original signal

30Write MATLAB command for right shift the signal to 8 times of the original signal

31.Write MATLAB command for folding of a sequence?

32.Write MATLAB command for shift a positive time line signal to negative timeline signal

33.Write MATLAB command for shift a negative time line signal to positive timeline signal

34.Write MATLAB command for right shifting of a sequence to 8 times of the original signal

35.Write MATLAB command for left shifting of a sequence to 8 times of the original signal

36.Define complex exponential signal?

37.Define signum function?

38.Sketch the impulse signal?

39.Sketch the Double sided exponential signal?

40.Define real exponential signal?

41.Define step function?

42.What is the sinusoidal signal?

43.Bring out the analogy between vectors and signals?

44.What is orthonormal vector and orthonormal set of vectors?

45.Define orthogonal signal space?

46.Define mean square erroe?

47.Explain orthogonal function?

48.What is basis vectors ?

49.The relation ship between unit step function and signum function?

50.Define rectangular function

EXERCISE QUESTIONS

1. Generate rectangular pulse function by using MATLAB .

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2. Write a MATLAB program to get the above output where t0 = 2

3. Write a program to get the result in signal

r(t) = u(t) – 2*u(t+1)
4. Write a program to get the following output t = -1:-5

5. Write mat lab program to get the above output

X(t) = 1; (0<t<2)

= 10;(2<t<15) Note: Add ramp and unit

6. Write a MATLAB program to generate a sine wave with amplitude = 3, frequency 20Hz.
7. Write a MATLAB program to generate a cos wave with amplitude = 3, frequency 20Hz.
8. Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 8, frequency
10Hz.
9. Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 2, frequency
10kHz.
10. Write a MATLAB program to generate the signum function.
11. Write a MATLAB program to generate exponential growing signal.
12. Write a MATLAB program to generate exponential decaying signal.
13. Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 6,frequency
1Hz.
14. Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 5, frequency
5kHz.
15. Write a MATLAB program to generate a SAWTOOTH wave with amplitude = 8,
frequency5Khz.
16. Write a MATLAB program to generate a sine wave with amplitude = 5, frequency 5Hz.
17. Write a MATLAB program to generate a cos wave with amplitude = 4, frequency 10Hz.

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18. Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 5, frequency
4Hz.
19. Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 1, frequency
20kHz.
20. Write a MATLAB program to generate the signum function.
21. Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 4, frequency
5kHz.
22. Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 6, frequency
6Hz.
23. Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 8,frequency
2Hz.
24. Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 7, frequency
5kHz.
25. Write a MATLAB program to generate a SAWTOOTH wave with amplitude =10,
frequency 10Khz.

Real Time Applications:

• Industrial control and automation (Control the velocity or position of an object)

• Examples: Controlling the position of a valve or shaft of a motor

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EXPERMENT NO: 2

OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS&SEQUENCES
AIM:-

To performs operations on signals and sequences such as addition, multiplication,

scaling, shifting, folding, computation of energy and average power.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1. MATLAB R2010a.

2. Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

Basic Operation on Signals:

Time shifting: y(t)=x(t-T)The effect that a time shift has on the appearance of a signal

If T is a positive number, the time shifted signal, x (t -T ) gets shifted to the right, otherwise it
gets shifted left.

Signal Shifting and Delay:

Shifting: y(n)={x(n-k)} ; m=n-k; y=x;

Time reversal: Y(t)=y(-t) Time reversal _ips the signal about t = 0 as seen in

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Figure 1.

Signal Addition and Subtraction:

Addition: any two signals can be added to form a third signal,

z (t) = x (t) + y (t)

Signal Amplification/Attuation:

Multiplication/Division:

of two signals, their product is also a signal.

z (t) = x (t) y (t)

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Folding:

y(n)={x(-n)} ; y=fliplr(x); n=-fliplr(n);

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window
PROGRAM:-

%Addition and multiplication of two signals%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.001:2;

s1=6*sin(2*pi*5*t);

subplot(4,1,1);

plot(t,s1,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('first signal');

s2=8*sin(2*pi*5*t);

subplot(4,1,2);

plot(t,s2,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('second signal');

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s3=s1+s2;

subplot(4,1,3);

plot(t,s3,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sum of two signals');

s4=s1.*s2;

subplot(4,1,4);

plot(t,s4,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('multiplication of two signals');

%Amplitude scaling for signals%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.001:2;

s1=6*sin(2*pi*5*t);

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(t,s1,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sinusoidal signal');

s2=3*s1;

subplot(3,1,2);

plot(t,s2,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

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title('amplified signal');

s3=s1/3;

subplot(3,1,3);

plot(t,s3,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('attenuated signal');

%Time scaling for signals%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.001:2;

s1=6*sin(2*pi*5*t);

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(t,s1,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sinusoidal signal');

t1=3*t;

subplot(3,1,2);

plot(t1,s1,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('compressed signal');

t2=t/3;

subplot(3,1,3);

plot(t2,s1,'g');

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xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('enlarged signal');

%Time shifting of a signal%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.001:3;

s1=6*sin(2*pi*5*t);

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(t,s1,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sinusoidal signal');

t1=t+10;

subplot(3,1,2);

plot(t1,s1,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('right shift of the signal');

t2=t-10;

subplot(3,1,3);

plot(t2,s1,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('left shift of the signal');

%Time folding of a signal%

clc;

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clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.001:2;

s=sin(2*pi*5*t);

m=length(s);

n=[-m:m];

y=[0,zeros(1,m),s];

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(n,y,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('original signal');

y1=[fliplr(s),0,zeros(1,m)];

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(n,y1,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('folded signal');

OUTPUT:-

Addition and multiplication of two signals

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first signal

amplitude
10
0
-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time
second signal
amplitude

10
0
-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time
sum of two signals
amplitude

20
0
-20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time
multiplication of two signals
amplitude

50

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time

Amplitude scaling for signals

sinusoidal signal
10
amplitude

-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time
amplified signal
20
amplitude

-20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time
attenuated signal
2
amplitude

-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time

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Time scaling for signals

sinusoidal signal
10
amplitude

-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time
compressed signal
10
amplitude

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time
enlarged signal
10
amplitude

-10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
time

Time shifting of a signal

sinusoidal signal
10
amplitude

-10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time
right shift of the signal
10
amplitude

-10
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13
time
left shift of the signal
10
amplitude

-10
-10 -9.5 -9 -8.5 -8 -7.5 -7
time

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Time folding of a signal

original signal
1

0.5

amplitude
0

-0.5

-1
-2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
time
folded signal
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
-2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
time

RESULT:-

In this experiment the various oprations on signals have been Performed Using MATLAB have
been demonstrated.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1. Define Symmetric and Anti-Symmetric Signals?

2. Define Continuous and Discrete Time Signals?

3. What are the Different types of representation of discrete time signals?

4. What are the Different types of Operation performed on signals?

5. What is System?

6.Explain Even Signals?

7. Explain Odd signals?

8.Define Periodic signals?

9. Define Aperiodic signals?

10.Differentiate Energy and Power signals with examples?

11.What is Energy Signals?

12.What is Power signals?

13.Define Systems?

14..How to determine time period of Periodic signals?

15.Define Frequency of signals?

16.Write MATLAB command for subtraction of two signals?

17.Write MATLAB command for addition of two signals?

18.Write MATLAB command for multiplication of two signals?

19.Write MATLAB command amplitude scaling of a sequence?

20.Write MATLAB command time scaling of a sequence?

21.Write MATLAB command time shifting of a sequence?

22.Write MATLAB command right shifting of a sequence?

23.Write MATLAB command left shifting of a sequence?

24.How to calculate even part of a signal?

25.How to calculate odd part of a signal?

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26.Write condition for physical realization system?

27.What is paley wiener criterion?

28.Write MATLAB command for division of two signals?

29.Write MATLAB command for left shift the signal to 8 times of the original signal

30Write MATLAB command for right shift the signal to 8 times of the original signal

31.Write MATLAB command for folding of a sequence?

32.Write MATLAB command for shift a positive time line signal to negative timeline signal

33.Write MATLAB command for shift a negative time line signal to positive timeline signal

34.Write MATLAB command for right shifting of a sequence to 8 times of the original signal

35.Write MATLAB command for left shifting of a sequence to 8 times of the original signal

36.Define complex exponential signal?

37.Define signum function?

38.Sketch the impulse signal?

39.Sketch the Double sided exponential signal?

40.Define real exponential signal?

41.Define step function?

42.What is the sinusoidal signal?

43.Bring out the analogy between vectors and signals?

44.What is orthonormal vector and orthonormal set of vectors?

45.Define orthogonal signal space?

46.Define mean square error?

47.Explain orthogonal function?

48.What is basis vectors ?

49.The relationship between unit step function and signum function?

50.Define rectangular function

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EXERCISE PROGRAMS

1. Write a MATLAB program to generate amplitude scaling of a sequence.

2. Write a MATLAB program to subtract two sinusoidal signals.

3. Write a MATLAB program to subtract and multiply two sinusoidal signals.

4. Write a MATLAB program to right shift the signal to 5 times of the original signal.

5. Write a MATLAB program to left shift the signal to 8 times of the original signal.

6. Write a MATLAB program to add two different signals with 2 <t<5

7. Write a MATLAB program to shift a positive time line signal to negative timeline signal.

8. Write a MATLAB program to subtract co-sinusoidal signals.

9. Write a MATLAB program to subtract two sinusoidal signals

10. Write a MATLAB program to division and multiply two co-sinusoidal signals.

11. Write a MATLAB program to generate time scaling of a sequence.

12. Write a MATLAB program to generate time shifting of a sequence.

13. Write a MATLAB program to generate time folding of a sequence.

14. Write a MATLAB program to generate amplitude scaling of a sequence with amplitude 5.

15. Write a MATLAB program to generate time scaling of a sequence with time 2sec.

16. Write a MATLAB program to add two different signals with 4 <t<8

17. Write a MATLAB program to shift a negative time line signal to positive timeline signal.

18. Write a MATLAB program to subtract sinusoidal signals.

19. Write a MATLAB program to subtract and divide two sinusoidal signals

20. Write a MATLAB program to add and multiply two co-sinusoidal signals.

REAL TIME APPLICATIONS:

 Stream processing
 Block processing
 Vector processing

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EXPERMENT NO: 3

CONVOLUTION AND AUTOCORRELATION AND CROSS

CORRELATION BETWEEN SIGNALS AND SEQUENCES.
AIM: -

To find the output with linear convolution operation and compute auto correlation and cross
correlation between signals and Sequences using MATLAB Software

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1.MATLAB R2010a.

2.Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

Linear Convolution involves the following operations.

1. Folding

2. Multiplication

3. Addition

4. Shifting

These operations can be represented by a Mathematical Expression as follows:

x[n]= Input signal Samples

h[ n-k]= Impulse response co-efficient.

y[ n]= Convolution output.

n = No. of Input samples

h = No. of Impulse response co-efficient.

Example : X(n)={1 2 -1 0 1}, h(n)={ 1,2,3,-1}.

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In Signal processing, When the autocorrelation function is normalized by mean and variance, it
is sometimes referred to as the autocorrelation coefficient. Given a signal f(t), the continuous
auto correlation Rff(T) is most often defined as the continuous cross-correlation integral of
f(t)with itself, at lag T

The discrete autocorrelation Rat lag j for a discrete signal x(n) is

In signal processing, cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two waveforms as a function

of a time-lag applied to one of them. This is also known as a sliding dot product or sliding inner-
product. It is commonly used for searching a long signal for a shorter, known feature. It has
applications in pattern recognition, single particle analysis, electron tomographic averaging,
cryptanalysis, and neurophysiology.

For continuous functions f and g, the cross-correlation is defined as:

where f* denotes the complex conjugate of f and t is the time lag.

Similarly, for discrete functions, the cross-correlation is defined as:

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

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PROGRAM:-

%Convolution of two signals%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.001:10;

x=sin(t);

h=square(t);

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('sinusoidal signal');

subplot(3,1,2);

plot(t,h,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('square function');

y=conv(x,h);

subplot(3,1,3);

plot(y);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('convolution signal');

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%Convolution of two sequences%clc;

clear all;

close all;

L=input('enter the length of 1st sequence');

M=input('enter the length of 2nd sequence');

x=input('enter the first sequence:x(n)=');

h=input('enter the second sequence:y(n)=');

N=0:(L+M-1);

y=conv(x,h);

subplot(3,1,1);

stem(x,'g');

xlabel('discrete time');

ylabel('x(n)');

title('1st sequence');

subplot(3,1,2);

stem(h,'r');

xlabel('discrete time');

ylabel('h(n)');

title('second sequence');

subplot(3,1,3);

stem(y);

xlabel('discrete time');

ylabel('y(n)');

title('convolution of two sequences');

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PROGRAM:-

%Auto correlation for a signal%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.001:1;

x=cos(2*pi*3*t);

a=xcorr(x);

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('input signal');

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(a,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('auto correlation signal');

%cross correlation for a signal%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.001:1;

x=cos(2*pi*3*t);

y=cos(2*pi*5*t);

a=xcorr(x,y);

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(t,x,'g');

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xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('1st signal');

subplot(3,1,2);

plot(t,y,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('2nd signal');

subplot(3,1,3);

plot(a,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('cross correlation signal');\

%Auto correlation for a sequence%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

x=input('enter sample values')

a=xcorr(x);

subplot(2,1,1);

stem(x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('input sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(a,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

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title('auto correlation sequence');

%cross correlation for asequence%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

x=input('enter first sequence');

y=input('enter second sequence');

a=xcorr(x,y);

subplot(3,1,1);

stem(x,'g');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('1st sequence');

subplot(3,1,2);

stem(y,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('2nd sequence');

subplot(3,1,3);

stem(a,'r');

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('cross correlation sequence');

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OUTPUT:-

Convolution of two signals

sinusoidal signal
1
amplitude

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
square function
1
amplitude

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
4
x 10 convolution signal
1
amplitude

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
time 4
x 10

Convolution of two sequences

enter the length of 1st sequence4

enter the length of 2nd sequence4

enter the first sequence:x(n)=[1 2 3 4]

enter the second sequence:y(n)=[1 2 3 4]

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1st sequence
4

x(n) 2

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
discrete time
second sequence
4
h(n)

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
discrete time
convolution of two sequences
40
y(n)

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
discrete time

OUTPUT:-

Auto correlation for a signal

input signal
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
auto correlation signal
1000
amplitude

500

-500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
time

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cross correlation for a signal

1st signal
1
amplitude

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
2nd signal
1
amplitude

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
cross correlation signal
100
amplitude

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
time

Auto correlation for a sequence

enter sample values[1 2 3 4]

x= 1 2 3 4

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input sequence
4

amplitude 3

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time
auto correlation sequence
30
amplitude

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time

cross correlation for asequence

enter first sequence[1 2 3 4]

enter second sequence[1 2 3 4]

1st sequence
4
amplitude

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time
2nd sequence
4
amplitude

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time
cross correlation sequence
40
amplitude

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time

RESULT:-

In this experiment output with linear convolution operation and compute auto correlation and
cross correlation between signals and Sequences have been performed Using MATLAB .

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VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1. Define Convolution?

2. Define Properties of Convolution?

3. What is the Difference Between Convolution& Correlation?

4. What are Dirchlet Conditions of Fourier Series?

5. What is Half Wave Symmetry?

6. Define Linear Convolution?

7. Define Properties of Convolution in time domain?

8. What is the Difference Between Linear Convolution &Circular Correlation?

9. What are Dirchlet Conditions for Fourier Transform?

10.What is Full Wave Symmetry?

11.What is Correlation?

12. What is the importance of correlation?

13. What is the difference b/w correlation and convolution?

14.What is Auto Correlation?

15.What is Cross Correlation?

16.Relation between convolution and correlation?

17.State the commutative property of convolution?

18.State the associative property of convolution?

19.State the distributive property of convolution?

20.what is convolution integral?

21.What is quarter wave symmetry?

22.What is impulse response?

23.What is step response?

24What is ramp response?

25.What is parabolic response?

26.How to calculate DC component of periodic signal?

27.How to calculate an component of periodic signal?

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28.How to calculate bn component of periodic signal?

29.Relation between energy and correlation?

30.Defne amplitude and phase spectrum?

31.Explain hidden symmetry?

32.Explain Gibbs phenomenon?

33.What are the Dirichlet conditions?

34.Write the parsevals theorem?

35.What is rotation symmetry?

36.What is power spectrum?

37.What is compact form fourier series?

38.What is fourier transform of impulse signal?

39.What is fourier transform of step signal?

40.What is fourier transform of ramp signal?

41.What is fourier transform of signum function?

42.What is fourier transform of SINC function?

43.When a periodic is said to have a half wave symmetry?

44.When a periodic is said to have a quater wave symmetry?

45.When a periodic is said to have a odd symmetry?

46.When a periodic is said to have a even symmetry?

47.What is the relationship between cosine and trigonometric representation?

48.What is the condition for half wave symmetry?

49.What is the condition for quater wave symmetry?

50.What is the condition for odd symmetry?

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EXERCISE PROGRAMS

1.Write the MATLAB program to perform convolution between the following sequences

X(n)=[1 -1 4 ], h(n) = [ -1 2 -3 1].

2. Write a mat lab program to perform the convolution between sinusoidal and ramp function and
see how mat lab reacts to it.

3. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between square and step signal and see
how mat lab reacts to it.

4. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between sinusoidal and ramp signal and
see how mat lab reacts to it.

5. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 2 3 5] and y (n) =
[- 1 – 2] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

6. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 -3 5] and y (n) =
[1 2 3 4] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

7. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 0 1 1] and y (n) =
[1 0 0 0 0] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

8.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0] and y

(n) = [1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

9.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 1 0 0] and y (n) =
[1 1 1 1] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

10.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [6 7 8 9 10] and y
(n) = [5 4 3 2 1] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

11.Write the MATLAB program to perform convolution between the following sequences

X(n)=[2 -232, h(n) = [-24 -52].

12. Write a mat lab program to perform the convolution between step and ramp function and see
how mat lab reacts to it.

13. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between square and step signal and see
how mat lab reacts to it.

14. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between sinusoidal and square signal
and see how mat lab reacts to it.

15. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [234 5] and y (n) =
[-2 –4] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

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16. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [3 -46] and y (n) =
[2686] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

17. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [3120] and y (n) =
[2434 5] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

18.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [22 1 0211 0] and y
(n) = [1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

19.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [2 1 21] and y (n) =
[1 2 1 2] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

20.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [56987] and y (n) =
[12 3 2 1] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

21.Write the MATLAB program to perform convolution between the following sequences

X(n)=[4 -651], h(n) = [-13 -43].

22. Write a mat lab program to perform the convolution between ramp and step function and see
how mat lab reacts to it.

23. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between square and step signal and see
how mat lab reacts to it.

24. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between sinusoidal and step signal and
see how mat lab reacts to it.

25. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 5 6 5] and y (n) =
[-3 –6] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

Real Time Applications:

1.The convolution is to determine the response y[n] of a system of a known impulse

response h[n] for a given input signal x[n] to obtain y[n].

2. Correlation is used to extract second (and higher) order statistics from any random
signal.

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EXPERMENT NO: 4

VERIFICATION OF LINEARITY AND TIME INVARIANCE

PROPERTIES OF A GIVEN CONTINUOUS /DISCRETE SYSTEM

AIM: -

To compute linearity and time invariance properties of a given continuous /discrete

System.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1.MATLAB R2010a.

2.Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

LINEARITY PROPERTY

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 58
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

LINEAR TIME INVARIENT SYSTEMS(LTI)

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window
PROGRAM:-

%Program1:%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

n=0:40; a=2; b=1;

x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n);

x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);

x=a*x1+b*x2;

y=n.*x;

y1=n.*x1;

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

y2=n.*x2;

yt=a*y1+b*y2;

d=y-yt;

d=round(d)

if d

disp('Given system is not satisfy linearity property');

else

disp('Given system is satisfy linearity property');

end

subplot(3,1,1), stem(n,y);

grid;

subplot(3,1,2), stem(n,yt);

grid;

subplot(3,1,3), stem(n,d);

grid;

%Program2:%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

n=0:40; a=2; b=-3;

x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n);

x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);

x=a*x1+b*x2;

y=x.^2;

y1=x1.^2;

y2=x2.^2;

yt=a*y1+b*y2;

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

d=y-yt;

d=round(d);

if d

disp('Given system is not satisfy linearity property');

else

disp('Given system is satisfy linearity property');

end

subplot(3,1,1), stem(n,y);

grid;

subplot(3,1,2), stem(n,yt);

grid;

subplot(3,1,3), stem(n,d);

grid;

%Program3:%

clc;

close all;

clear all;

n=0:40;

D=10;

x=3*cos(2*pi*0.1*n)-2*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);

xd=[zeros(1,D) x];

y=n.*xd(n+D);

n1=n+D;

yd=n1.*x;

d=y-yd;

if

disp('Given system is not satisfy time shifting property');

else

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disp('Given system is satisfy time shifting property');

end

subplot(3,1,1),stem(y),grid;

subplot(3,1,2),stem(yd),grid;

subplot(3,1,3),stem(d),grid;

OUTPUT:-

Program1:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 62
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

Program2:

Program3:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 63
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. Define Systems?

2. What is LTI Systems?

3. Describe LTV Systems?

4.Summarize importance of Linear Systems?

5 Differentiate b/w Linear and Non-Linear Systems?

6. Summarize Properties of LTI Systems?

7.Explain two Properties of LTV Systems?

8.Appraise Superposition Principal?

9. Compare between CT and DT systems?

10.Memorize Causality of LTI Systems?

11.State Properties Of Convolution?

12.List the Applications Of Correlation?

13.Locate DFT ?

14.List classification of Continuous Time Signals? Name Them?

15Revise Examples of Causal Signal?

16.Apraise Amplitude Scaling And Time Scaling?

17.Classify Discrete Time Signal?

18.What is meant by Step Response Of The Dt System?

19.Define Impulse Response of a Dt System?

20.State The Significance of Difference Equations?

21.Write The Difference Equation For Discrete Time System?

22.What are the Properties of Convolution?

23.State the Commutative Properties of Convolution?

24.State the Associative Properties of Convolution?

25.Memorize Causal Lti Dt System?

26.What are the properties of continous Time fourier series.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 64
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

27.State laplace transform.

28.Report the condition for convergance of L.T?

29. State region of convergance ?

30.State shifting property of L.T?

31.Memorize transfer function?

32.Memorize convolution property of L.T?

33.Define Time Variant And Time Invariant System?

34.State The Methods For Evaluating Inverse Z-transform.?

35.How to obtain The output Sequence of Linear Convolution through Circular Convolution?

36.What is Zero Padding?what Are Its Uses?

37.Define Sectional Convolution?

38.Why FFT Is Needed?

39.Distinguish Between Linear Convolution And Circular Convolution Of Two Sequences?

40.Justify Differences And Similarities Between Dif And Dit Algorithms?

41.What are The Different Types Of Filters Based On Impulse Response?

42.What are The Different Types Of Filters Based On Frequency Response?

43.What is Power signals?

44.Define Systems?

45.How to determine time period of Periodic signals?

46.Define Frequency of signals?

47.What is the difference b/w stem & plot?

48.What is Energy Signals?

49.What is Power signals?

50.Define Systems?

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 65
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXCERCISE QUESTIONS

1.Write a MATLAB program to verify the linearity property of the following sequency
x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the linearity
property or not.

2.Write a MATLAB program to verify the linearity property of the following sequency
x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the linearity
property or not

3.Write a MATLAB program to verify the linearity property of the following sequency
x1= sin(2*pi*0.1*n); cos(2*pi*0.3*n),and chech whether it satisfies the linearity property
or not

4.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time invariance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not.

5.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time invariance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not

6.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time invariance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*0.1*n); cos(2*pi*0.3*n),and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not.

7.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time variance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*0.1*n); cos(2*pi*0.3*n),and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not.

8.Write a MATLAB program to verify the non linearity property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*0.1*n); cos(2*pi*0.3*n),and chech whether it satisfies the
linearity property or not

9.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time variance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not.

10.Write a MATLAB program to verify the non linearity property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the
linearity property or not.

11.Write a MATLAB program to verify the linearity property of the following sequency
x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the linearity
property or not.

12.Write a MATLAB program to verify the linearity property of the following sequency
x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the linearity
property or not

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 66
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

13.Write a MATLAB program to verify the linearity property of the following sequency
x1= sin(2*pi*0.1*n); cos(2*pi*0.3*n),and chech whether it satisfies the linearity property
or not
14.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time invariance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not.

15.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time invariance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not

16.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time invariance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*0.1*n); cos(2*pi*0.3*n),and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not.

17.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time variance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*0.1*n); cos(2*pi*0.3*n),and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not.

18.Write a MATLAB program to verify the non linearity property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*0.1*n); cos(2*pi*0.3*n),and chech whether it satisfies the
linearity property or not

19.Write a MATLAB program to verify the time variance property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the time
invariance property or not.

20.Write a MATLAB program to verify the non linearity property of the following
sequency x1= sin(2*pi*1*n);x2= sin(2*pi*2*n), and chech whether it satisfies the
linearity property or not

Real Time Applications:

1. Wave Propagation such as sound and electromagnetic waves.

2. Electrical circuits composed of resistors, capacitors and inductors.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 67
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 5

COMPUTATION OF UNIT SAMPLE, UNIT STEP AND

SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF THE GIVEN LTI SYSTEM AND

VERIFYING ITS PHYSICAL REALIZABILITY AND STABILITY

PROPERTIES

AIM: -

To Unit Step And Sinusoidal Response Of The Given LTI System And Verifying

Its Physical Realizability And Stability Properties.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1.MATLAB R2010a.

2.Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

A discrete time system performs an operation on an input signal based on predefined

criteria to produce a modified output signal. The input signal x(n) is the system

excitation, and y(n) is the system response. The transform operation is shown as,

If the input to the system is unit impulse i.e. x(n) = δ(n) then the output of the system is

known as impulse response denoted by h(n) where,

h(n) = T[δ(n)]

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 68
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

we know that any arbitrary sequence x(n) can be represented as a weighted sum of

discrete impulses. Now the system response is given by,

For linear system (1) reduces to

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window
PROGRAM:-

%calculate and plot the impulse response and step response%clc;

clear all;

close all;

b=[1];

a=[1,-1,.9];

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

x=impseq(0,-20,120);

n = [-20:120];

h=filter(b,a,x);

subplot(3,1,1);stem(n,h);

title('impulse response');

xlabel('n');ylabel('h(n)');

=stepseq(0,-20,120);

s=filter(b,a,x);

s=filter(b,a,x);

subplot(3,1,2);

stem(n,s);

title('step response');

xlabel('n');ylabel('s(n)')

t=0:0.1:2*pi;

x1=sin(t);

%impseq(0,-20,120);

n = [-20:120];

h=filter(b,a,x1);

subplot(3,1,3);stem(h);

title('sin response');

xlabel('n');ylabel('h(n)');

figure;

zplane(b,a);

OUTPUT:-

plot the impulse response and step response

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 70
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 71
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

RESULT:-

In this experiment computation of unit sample, unit step andsinusoidal response of the given LTI
system and verifying its physical realizabilityandstability properties Using MATLAB .

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 72
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1.List out operations that can be performed on signals and sequence?

2.State causality?

3.Define scaling property and give its importance?

4.Judge shifting property and give its importance?

5.Memorize folding property and give its importance?

6.Define stability?

7.Evaluate the importance of Causality?

8.Give the importance of Stability?

9.Define Impulse Response?

10.Locate Step Response?

11.What is meant by Step Response of the DT System?

12.Define Impulse Response of a DT System?

13.State the Significance of Difference Equations?

14.Write the Difference Equation For Discrete Time System?

15.What are the Properties of Convolution?

16.Memorizethe Commutative Properties of Convolution?

17.State the Associative Properties of Convolution?

18.Locate Causal LTI DT System?

19. Define Causal LTI DT System?

20.Memorize stability?

21.State Reliability?

22.Relate stability nad realiabilty of a signal?

23.compare stability nad realiabilty of a sequence?

24.What are the classification of the System based on Unit Sample Response?

25.Memorize is Recursive System?

26.State is Non-Recursive System?

27.What Is Natural Response?

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 73
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

28.Locate Is Zero Input Response?

29.Define Is Forced Response?

30.Examine Complete Response?

31. Relation between ramp and parabolic signal?

32.Define orthogonality between signals?

33. State properties of convolution?

34.Give some examples of causal system?

35. State superposition theorem?

36.How the DT system is represented?

37.What is folding operation?

38.State is shifting operation?

39.Locateis time scaling operation?

40. Define is SINC function?

41.What is amplitude scaling operation?

42.Memorize sampling function?

43.justify summation operation?

44.What is multiplication operation?

45.List some examples of random signal?

46. Relate stability nad realiabilty of a signal?

47. Justify of feedback system?

48.Memorize conditions for distortion less transmission system?

49.Formulate expression for rectangular function?

50.Write expression for tringular function?

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 74
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXERCISE PROGRAM:-

1. Write a MATLAB program for generating u(n)-u(n-1).

2. Write a MATLAB program for generating delayed unit step response

3.Write a MATLAB program for generating delayed impulse response

4. Write a MATLAB program for generating u(n)+u(n-1) and verify how MATLAB reacts to it.

5. write a MATLAB program to find the energy & power of the signal x(t)=10sin(10t).

6. write a MATLAB program to find the even & odd of the signal x(t)=e^2t.

7. write a MATLAB program to find the even & odd of the signal x(t)=sin(t).

8. write a MATLAB program to find the even & odd of the signal x(t)=cos(t).

9. write a MATLAB program to find the energy & power of the signal x(t)=sin(t).

10. write a MATLAB program to find the energy & power of the signal x(t)=e^2t.

11. Write a MATLAB program for generating u(n-2)-u(n-1).

12. Write a MATLAB program for generating delayed step response with magnitude 2

13.Write a MATLAB program for generating delayed impulse response with magnitude

14. Write a MATLAB program for generating u(n+1)+u(n-1) and verify how MATLAB reacts
to it.

15. Write a MATLAB program to find the energy & power of the signal x(t)=20sin(5t).

16. Write a MATLAB program to find the even & odd of the signal x(t)=e^3t.

17. Write a MATLAB program to find the even & odd of the signal x(t)=sin(t)+cos(t).

18. Write a MATLAB program to find the even & odd of the signal x(t)=cos(t)-sin(t).

19. Write a MATLAB program to find the energy & power of the signal x(t)=sin(t)-cos(t).

20. Write a MATLAB program to find the energy & power of the signal x(t)=e^4t.

21. Write a MATLAB program for generating u(n+2)-u(n-1).

22. Write a MATLAB program for generating delayed unit step response

23.Write a MATLAB program for generating delayed impulse response

24. Write a MATLAB program for generating u(n-3)+u(n-1) and verify how MATLAB reacts
to it.

25. Write a MATLAB program to find the energy & power of the signal x(t)=5sin(20t).

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 75
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

Real Time Applications:

1. Electronic Circuits such as amplifiers and filters.

2. Mechanical motion from the interaction of masses, springs and dashpots (dampers).

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 76
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 6

DEMONSTRATION OF GIBBS PHENOMENON

AIM: -

To demonstrate Gibbs Phenomenon using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1.MATLAB R2010a.

2.Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

Gibbs Phenomenon:

The peculiar manner in which the Fourier series of a piecewise continuously differentiable

periodic function behaves at a jump discontinuity: the nth partial sum of the Fourier series

has large oscillations near the jump, which might increase the maximum of the partial sum

above that of the function itself. The overshoot does not die out as the frequency increases,

but approaches a finite limit.

The Gibbs phenomenon involves both the fact that Fourier sums overshoot at a jump

discontinuity, and that this overshoot does not die out as the frequency increases.

The best known version of the Gibbs phenomenon is the overshoot that arises when a
discontinuous

function is represented by a truncated set of Fourier expansion terms. The situation is similar if
the

truncated Fourier expansion is instead obtained by means of interpolation on an equispaced grid.

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 77
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

PROGRAM:-

%Gibbs phenomenon%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.01:1;

N=input('enter no of harmonics');

x=square(2*pi*t);

plot(t,x);

hold on;

gp=0;

for n=1:2:N;

gp=gp+(4/(n*pi))*sin(2*pi*n*t);

end;

plot(t,gp);

hold off;

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('gibbs phenomenon');

OUTPUT:-

Gibbs phenomenon

enter no of harmonics 5

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 78
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

gibbs phenomenon
1.5

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time

RESULT:-

In this experiment Gibbs phenomenon have been demonstrated Using MATLAB .

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 79
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXERCISE PROGRAM:-

1.Write the MATLAB program to perform convolution between the following

sequencesX(n)=[1 8 9 3 ], h(n) = [ 2 4 5 9].

2. Write a mat lab program to perform the convolution between sinusoidal and ramp

function and see how mat lab reacts to it.

3. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between square and step signal

and see how mat lab reacts to it.

4. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between sinusoidal and ramp

signal and see how mat lab reacts to it.

5. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [8 5 6 9] and

y (n) = [- 1 – 2] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

6. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 -3 4 5] and

y (n) = [1 2 3 4] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

7. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 0 1 1] and

y (n) = [1 0 0 0 0] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

8.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between

X (n) = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0] and y (n) = [1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

9.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 1 0 0] and

y (n) = [1 1 1 1] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

10.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [6 9 7 5 2]

and y (n) = [8 5 6 4 2] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

11.Write the MATLAB program to perform convolution between the following

sequencesX(n)=[2 4 9 3], h(n) = [1 3 7 5].

12. Write a mat lab program to perform the convolution between step and ramp function and see
how mat lab reacts to it.

13. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between sinusoidal and step

signal and see how mat lab reacts to it.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 80
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

14. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between impulse and ramp

signal and see how mat lab reacts to it.

15. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [32 6 9]

and y (n) = [-2 –4] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

16. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [2 -42 5]

and y (n) = [4 2 3 4] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

17. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [2 1 0 1]

and y (n) = [1 0 11] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

18. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 2 1 2 0 1

0 1] and y (n) = [2 0 1 10 0 2 0] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

19.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [22 0 2] and

y (n) = [1 1 2 2] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

20. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [214 5 3]

and y (n) = [21 6 21] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

21.Write the MATLAB program to perform convolution between the following

Sequences X(n)=[2 8 7 3], h(n) = [1 4 2 9].

22. Write a mat lab program to perform the convolution between sinusoidal and ramp

function and see how mat lab reacts to it.

23. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between square and step signal

and see how mat lab reacts to it.

24. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between sinusoidal and ramp

signal and see how mat lab reacts to it.

25. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [4 5 2 1]

and y (n) = [-2 – 1] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 81
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1.Define Gibb’s Phenomenon?

2. What is the importance of Gibb’s Phenomenon?

3. What is Static and Dynamic System?

4. What is Causal Signal?

5. What is Causality Condition of the Signal?

6. Define Noise?

7. What is the importance of FS?

8. What is the importance of FT?

9. Define LTV system?

10.Define LTI system?

11.State the Commutative Properties of Convolution?

12..State the Associative Properties of Convolution?

13.Memorize Causal Lti Dt System?

14.What are the properties of continous Time fourier series.

15.State laplace transform.

16.Report the condition for convergance of L.T?

17. State region of convergance ?

18.State shifting property of L.T?

19.Memorize transfer function?

20.Memorize convolution property of L.T?

21.What Are The Desirable Characteristics Of The Window Function?

22..What Are The Advantages Of Kaiser Window?

24.For What Type Of Filters Frequency Sampling Method Is Suitable?

25.State Equations Used to Convert the Fir Filter Coefficients to Lattice Filter

Coefficient.

26.How One Can Design Digital Filters From Analog Filters?

27.Give The Bilinear Transform Equation Between S-plane And Z-plane?

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 82
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

28.What Is Bilinear Transformation?

29.What Is The Advantage Of Cascade Realization?

30.What Is Meant By Sign Magnitude Representation?

31.Define Symetric and Anti-Symmetric Signals?

32.Define Continuous and Discrete Time Signals?

33.What are the Different types of representation of discrete time signals?

34.What are the Different types of Operation performed on signals?

35.State Parseval’s Power theorem for a periodic signal?

36.What is Cross-correlation ?

37.Define ESD? Explain the relation between ESD and Auto-correlation ?

38.Define PSD? Explain the relation between PSD and Auto-correlation ?

39. State is Non-Recursive System?

40.What Is Natural Response?

41Locate Is Zero Input Response?

42.Define Is Forced Response?

43.Examine Complete Response?

44. Relation between ramp and parabolic signal?

45.Define orthogonality between signals?

46. State properties of convolution?

47.Give some examples of causal system?

48. State superposition theorem?

49.What is the importance of FT?

50. Define LTV system?

Real Time Applications:

 The Gibbs phenomenon, discovered by Henry Wilbraham and rediscovered by J. Willard

Gibbs (1899), is the peculiar manner in which the Fourier series of a piecewise
continuously differentiable periodic function behaves at a jump discontinuity.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 83
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 7

FINDING THE FOURIER TRANSFORM OF A GIVEN SIGNAL

AND PLOTTING ITS MAGNITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRUM

AIM: -

To obtain Fourier Transform and Inverse Fourier Transform of a given signal / sequence and to
plot its Magnitude and Phase Spectra.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1.MATLAB R2010a.

2.Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

Fourier Transform Theorems:

We may use Fourier series to motivate the Fourier transform as follows. Suppose that ƒ is

a function which is zero outside of some interval [−L/2, L/2]. Then for any T ≥L we may

expand ƒ in a Fourier series on the interval [−T/2,T/2], where the "amount" of the wave

e2πinx/T in the Fourier series of ƒ is given by

By definition

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 84
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an efficient algorithm for computing the DFT of a

sequence; it is not a separate transform. It is particularly useful in areas such as signal and

image processing, where its uses range from filtering, convolution, and frequency analysis to

power spectrum estimation

For length N input vector x, the DFT is a length N vector X, with elements

X(k) = sum x(n)*exp(-j*2*pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/N), 1 <= k <= N.

n=1

The inverse DFT (computed by IFFT) is given by

x(n) = (1/N) sum X(k)*exp( j*2*pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/N), 1 <= n <= N.

k=1

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-

%Fourier Transform%

clc

clear all;

close all;

syms t;

x=exp(-2*t)*heaviside(t);

y=fourier(x);

disp('Fourier Transform of input signal');

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

z=ifourier(y);

disp('Inverse Fourier Transform of input signal');

mg=abs(y);

subplot(2,1,1);

ezplot(mg);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('magnitude spectrum of a input signal');

grid;

pha=atan(imag(y)/real(y));

subplot(2,1,2);

ezplot(pha);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('phasespectrum of a input signal');

grid;

OUTPUT:-

Fourier Transform

Fourier Transform of input signal

Y=

1/(2+w*i)

Inverse Fourier Transform of input signal

Z=

Heaviside(x)/exp(2*x)

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 86
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

magnitude spectrum of a input signal

0.5

0.4
amplitude

0.3

0.2

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
time
phasespectrum of a input signal

1
amplitude

-1

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
time

RESULT:-

In this experiment the fourier transform of a given signal and plotting its magnitude and phase
spectrum have been demonstrated using MATLAB .

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 87
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1.Define Fourier Series?

2.What are the properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Series?

3. What is the Sufficient condition for the existence of F.T?

4. Define the F.T of a signal?

5. What is the difference b/w F.T&F.S?

6.Applications of Fourier transform?

7.what is plot?

8.what is stem?

9.what is difference between plot and stem?

10.what is fourier transform?

11.what is subplot?

12.what is formula of F.T?

13.what is sin signal?

14.what is cos signal?

15. Define the F.T of a signal?

16. What is the difference b/w F.T&F.S?

17.Applications of Fourier transform?

18.What is orthogonal signal?

19.what is system bandwidth?

20.what is signal bandwidth?

21.Define the F.T of a signal?

22. What is the difference b/w F.T&T.F?

23.what is fourier transform?

24.what is subplot?

25.what is formula of F.T?

26.what is sin signal?

27.what is cos signal?

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 88
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

28. Define the F.T of a signal?

29. What is the difference b/w F.T&F.S?

30.Applications of Fourier transform?

31.What is orthogonal signal?

32.Applications of Fourier transform?

33.Applications of Fourier series?

34.What is orthogonal signal?

35.what is system bandwidth?

36.what is signal bandwidth?

37.Define the F.T of a signal?

38. What is the difference b/w F.T&T.F?

39.what is fourier transform?

40.what is lineat system?

41.what is non linear system

42.what is even signal

43.what is odd signal

44.what is command for folding signal?

45.what is clc?

46.applications of BS LAB?

47.what is causal system

48.what is non causal system ?

49.what is LTI system?

50.what is system

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 89
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EXERCISE PROGRAMS

1.Write a MATLAB program to find the cross correlation using FFT.

2. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signal x(t)=t

3. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=e^-at

4. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=e^at

5. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=te^at

6. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=te^-at

7.Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=cost

8. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=sint

9. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=e^atcos(t)

10. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=e^atsin(t)

11.Write a MATLAB program to find the cross correlation using DFT.

12. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signal x(t)=at

13. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=10e^-at

14. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the signalx(t)=1

15. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=impulse function

16. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=Delta function

17.Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=cos(at)

18. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=sin(at)

19. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=e^atcos(at)

20. Write a MATLAB program to find F.T of the causal signalx(t)=e^atsin(at)

Real Time Applications:

Fourier transforms having following applications

 Analysis of differential equations

 Fourier transform spectroscopy
 Quantum mechanics
 Signal processing applications etc

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 90
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 8

LOCATING THE ZEROS AND POLES AND PLOTTING THE

POLE ZERO MAPS IN S-PLANE AND Z-PLANE FOR THE GIVEN

TRANSFER FUNCTION.
AIM: -

To locating the zeros and poles and plotting the pole zero maps in s-plane and z-plane

for the given transfer function.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1.MATLAB R2010a.

2.Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

A Transfer Function is the ratio of the output of a system to the input of a system, in the Laplace
domain considering its initial conditions to be zero. If we have an input function of X(s), and an
output function Y(s), we define the transfer function H(s) to be:

Transfer function is the Laplace transform of a system’s impulse response.

Given a continuous-time transfer function in the Laplace domain, H(s) or a discrete-time one

in the Z-domain, H(z), a zero is any value of s or z such that the transfer function is zero, and

a pole is any value of s or z such that the transfer function is infinite.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 91
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

Zeros:1. The value(s) for z where the numerator of the transfer function equals zero

2. The complex frequencies that make the overall gain of the filter transfer function

zero.

Poles: 1. The value(s) for z where the denominator of the transfer function equals zero

2. The complex frequencies that make the overall gain of the filter transfer functioninfinite.

Z-transforms

the Z-transform converts a discrete time-domain signal, which is a sequence of real or

complex numbers, into a complex frequency-domain representation.The Z-transform, like

many other integral transforms, can be defined as either a one-sided or two-sided

transform.

Bilateral Z-transform

The bilateral or two-sided Z-transform of a discrete-time signal x[n] is the function X(z)

defined as

Unilateral Z-transform

Alternatively, in cases where x[n] is defined only for n ≥ 0, the single-sided or unilateral

Z-transform is defined as

In signal processing, this definition is used when the signal is causal.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 92
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

The roots of the equation P(z) = 0 correspond to the 'zeros' of X(z)

The roots of the equation Q(z) = 0 correspond to the 'poles' of X(z)

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-

%locating poles of zero on s-plane%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

num=input('enter numerator co-efficients');

den=input('enter denominator co-efficients');

h=tf(num,den);

poles=roots(den);

zeros=roots(num);

sgrid;

pzmap(h);

grid on;

title('locating poles of zeros on s-plane');

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 93
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

%locating poles &zeros on z-plane%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

num=input('enter numerator coefficient');

den=input('enter denominator coefficient');

p=roots(den);

z=roots(num);

zplane(p,z);

grid;

title('locating poler and zeros on s-plane');

OUTPUT:-

locating poles of zero on s-plane

enter numerator coefficient[1 2 3]

enter denominator coefficient[7 6 5]

1.5 1.4
0.5 0.36 0.27 0.19 0.12 0.06
1.2
0.66
1
1
0.8
0.6
0.5 0.88
0.4
0.2

0.2

-0.5 0.4
0.88
0.6
0.8
-1
1
0.66
1.2
0.5 0.36 0.27 0.19 0.12 0.06
-1.5 1.4
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0

locating poles &zeros on z-plane

enter numerator coefficient[1 2 3]

enter denominator coefficient[1 2 3]

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 94
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

locating poler and zeros on s-plane

1.5

0.5
Imaginary Part

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Real Part

RESULT:-

In this experiment the zeros and poles and plotting the pole zero

maps in s-plane and z-plane for the given transfer function

using MATLAB .

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 95
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1.study the details of ztrans() and iztrans() functions?

2.what are poles and zeros?

3.how you specify the stability based on poles and zeros?

4.define s-plane and z-plane?

5.what is the difference b/w s-plane and z-plane?

6.bilateral z-transform

7.z-transforms

8.unilateral z-transforms

9.what is pole?

10.what is zero?

11.what is splane?

12.what is zplane?

13.what is difference between ploe and zero?

14.what is subplot?

15.what is subplot(4,5,6)?

16.define s plane?

17.define z plane?

18.define transform function?

19.what is plot?

20.what is stem?

21.what is difference between plot and stem?

22.what is subplot(2 2 2)?

23.what is system bandwidth?

24what is signal bandwidth

25.what os signal?

26.what is orthogonality function?

27.what are the classifications of sgnals?

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22.what are poles and zeros?

29.how you specify the stability based on poles and zeros?

30.Define s-plane and z-plane?

31.what is the difference b/w s-plane and z-plane?

32. what is subplot?

33.define transform function?

34.what is plot?

35.what is stem?

36.what is difference between plot and stem?

37.what is fourier transorm?

38.what is system?

39.what is signal?

40.what is trignometric series?

41.application of convolution?

42.applications of lti system?

43.what is stable system?

44.define laplace-transform?

45. what is the condition for convergence of the l.t?

46. what is the region of convergence(roc)?

47. state the shifting property of l.t?

48. state convolution property of l.t?

49.Define i.l.t?

50.applications of lti system

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 97
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXERCISE PROGRAMS

1.Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation3y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-2x(n-1).

2. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation 6y(n)-9y(n-1)-4y(n-2)=x(n)-5x(n-1).

3. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation8y(n)-6y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+2x(n-1).

4. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation 3y(n)+5y(n-1)+9y(n-2)=x(n)-9x(n-1).

5. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation6y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-2x(n-1).

6. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation7y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-9x(n-1).

7.Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation3y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-6x(n-1).

8.Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation 5y(n)-5y(n-1)+5y(n-2)=x(n)-2x(n-1).

9.Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation3y(n)-6 y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-7x(n-1).

10.Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation2y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-2x(n-1).

11.Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation 3y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=5x(n)-6x(n-1).

12. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation6y(n)-8y(n-1)-4y(n-2)=7x(n)-5x(n-1).

13. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation8y(n)-8y(n-1)+9y(n-2)=x(n)+5x(n-1).

14. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 98
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

equation 3y(n)+9y(n-1)+9y(n-2)=9x(n)-5x(n-1).

15. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation6y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=7x(n)-2x(n-1).

16. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation 7y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-7x(n-1).

17. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation 3y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-6x(n-1).

18. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation 5y(n)-5y(n-1)+5y(n-2)=7x(n)-2x(n-1).

19. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation3y(n)-6 y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=4x(n)-x(n-1).

20. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference

equation2y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-2x(n-1).

Real Time Applications:

Z-Transforms having following applications

 Analysis of differential equations

 Z- transform spectroscopy
 Quantum mechanics
 Signal processing applications etc
 Conversion of analog signals to digital signals

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 99
BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 9

SAMPLING THEORM
AIM: -

To Demonstrate Sampling Theorem and aliasing affect using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1. MATLAB R2010a.

2.Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

Sampling Theorem:

The theorem shows that a band limited analog signal that has been sampled can be perfectly

reconstructed from an infinite sequence of samples if the sampling rate exceeds 2B samples

per second, where B is the highest frequency in the original signal.

If a signal contains a component at exactly B hertz, then samples spaced at exactly 1/(2B)

seconds do not completely determine the signal, Shannon's statement notwithstanding.

Proof: Let g(t) be a bandlimited signal whose bandwidth is fm

(wm = 2πfm).

Figure 2: (a) Original signal g(t) (b) Spectrum G(w)

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 100

BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

δ(t) is the sampling signal with fs = 1/T > 2fm.

Figure 3: (a) sampling signal δ(t) ) (b) Spectrum δ(w)

Let gs(t) be the sampled signal. Its Fourier Transform Gs(w) isgiven by

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 101

BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

Figure 4: (a) sampled signal gs(t) (b) Spectrum Gs(w)

To recover the original signal G(w):

1. Filter with a Gate function, H2wm(w) of width 2wm

Scale it by T.

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Figure 5: Recovery of signal by filtering with a fiter of width 2wm

Aliasing

{ Aliasing is a phenomenon where the high frequency components of the sampled signalinterfere
with each other because of inadequate sampling ws < 2wm.

Figure 6: Aliasing due to inadequate sampling

Aliasing leads to distortion in recovered signal. This is the reason why sampling frequency
should be at least twice the bandwidth of the signal.

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-

%sampling theorem%

clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:0.001:1;

f=5;

x=cos(2*pi*f*t);

plot(t,x);

%when fs>2fm%

fs1=3*f;

ts1=1/fs1;

n1=0:ts1:1;

xs1=cos(2*pi*f*n1);

figure;

plot(n1,xs1,'r');

hold on;

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

plot(t,x);

hold off;

%when fs=2fm%

fs2=2*f;

ts2=1/fs2;

n2=0:ts2:1;

xs2=cos(2*pi*f*n2);

figure;

plot(n2,xs2,'r');

hold on;

plot(t,x);

hold off;

%when fs<2fm%

fs3=1.5*f;

ts3=1/fs3;

n3=0:ts3:1;

xs3=cos(2*pi*f*n3);

figure;

plot(n3,xs3,'r');

hold on;

plot(t,x);

hold off;

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

OUTPUT:-

Sampling

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

theorem

when fs>2fm

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 106

BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

when fs=2fm

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

when fs<2fm

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

RESULT:-

In this experiment the sampling theorem have been verified using MATLAB .

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 107

BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS:-

Sampling Theorem

1. If Sampled frequency less than nyquist rate then it is called as.

2. If Sampled frequency greater than nyquist rate then it is called as.
3. If Sampled frequency is nyquist rate then it is called as.
4. What is the cause of Aliasing effect.
5. Explain the function of Anti aliasing filter.
6. What are types of sampling techniques are there.
7. The spectrum of the sampled signal may be obtained without overlapping only if
8. The desired signal of maximum frequency wm centered at frequency w=0 may be
recovered if
9. A distorted signal of frequency fm is recovered from a sampled signal if the sampling
frequency fs is
10. Calculate the minimum sampling rate to avoid aliasing when a continuous time signal is
given by x(t) = 5 cos 400πt
11. Calculate the minimum sampling rate to avoid aliasing when a continuous time signal is
given by x(t) = 5 sin400πt
12. Calculate the minimum sampling rate to avoid aliasing when a continuous time signal is
given by x(t) = 5 cos 400πt +5sin 400πt
13. Calculate the Nyquist rate for sampling when a continuous time signal is given by
x(t) = 5 cos 100πt +10 cos 200πt – 15 cos 300πt.
14. What is low pass filter.
15. Define high pass filter.
16. Explain Band pass filter.
17. What is Band stop pass filter.
18. What is band reject filter.
19. The instantaneous sampling means?
20. The sampling technique that has the minimum noise interference is.
21. Explain clc command.
22. Narrate the term clear in MATLAB .
23. Draw the Frequency response of high pass filter.
24. Draw the Frequency response of Band pass filter.
25. Draw the Frequency response of Band pass filter.
26. Define aliasing effect.
27. suggest the method to eliminate aliasing effect.
28. compare sampling techniques.
29. Distinguish between sampling rate and sampling frequency.
30. Define sampling Interval
31. Explain cross correlation.
32. how to do the sampling process.
33. write the differences between continuous and discrete signals.
34. Write the equation of sampled signal.
35. write the formula for natural sampling.

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36. calculate Nyquist rate for Band limited signals.

37. Define cut off frequency.
38. Explain roll off rate.
39. Define the term SNR.
40. Draw the Flat to sampled signal.
41. Distingush between Natural and Ideal sampling.
42. what is meant by Ideal sampling.
43. Narrate the term Instantaneous sampling.
44. Explain the commands plot and subplot.
45. Write The properties of psd.
46. Write the applications of sampling.
47. What are the advantages of sampling
48. Explain Draw backs in Analog signal processing.
49. mention the method to avoid Interference.
50. Elaborate the term white noise.

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXERCISE PROGRAM:-

1.Write a MATLAB program to find the effect of up sampling in frequency domain.

2. Write a MATLAB program to get the above output where t0 = 2

3. Write a MATLAB program to find the effect of up sampling in frequency domain for 20khz.

4.Write a program to get the following output t = -1: -5

5. Write mat lab program to get the above output

X(t) = 1; (0<t<2)

= 10;(2<t<15) Note: Add ramp and unit

6.Write a MATLAB program to generate a sine wave with amplitude = 3, frequency 20Hz.

7.Write a MATLAB program to generate a cos wave with amplitude = 3, frequency 20Hz.

8.Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 8, frequency

10Hz.

9.Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 2, frequency 10kHz.

10.Write a MATLAB program to generate the signum function.

11.Write a MATLAB program to generate exponential growing signal.

12.Write a MATLAB program to generate exponential decaying signal.

13.Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 6,frequency

1Hz.

14.Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 5, frequency

5kHz.

15.Write a MATLAB program to generate a SAWTOOTH wave with amplitude = 8,

frequency5Khz.

16.Write a MATLAB program to generate a sine wave with amplitude = 5, frequency 5Hz.

17.Write a MATLAB program to generate a cos wave with amplitude = 4, frequency

10Hz.

18.Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 5, frequency

4Hz.

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19.Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 1, frequency

20kHz.

20.Write a MATLAB program to generate the signum function.

21.Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 4, frequency

5kHz.

22.Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 6, frequency

6Hz.

23.Write a MATLAB program to generate a triangular wave with amplitude = 8,frequency

2Hz.

24.Write a MATLAB program to generate a square wave with amplitude = 7, frequency

5kHz.

25.Write a MATLAB program to generate a SAWTOOTH wave with amplitude =10, frequency

10Khz.

REAL TIME APPLICATIONS:

 Industrial control and automation (Control the velocity or position of an object)

 Examples: Controlling the position of a valve or shaft of a motor
 Examples: Digital processing applications
 TV reception
 RADAR
 SONAR

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 111

BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 10

CHECKING A RANDOM PROCESS FOR STATIONARITY IN WIDE

SENSE.

AIM: -

Checking a random process for stationarity in wide sense.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-

1.MATLAB R2010a.

2.Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

A stationary process (or strict(ly) stationary process or strong(ly) stationary process) is a

stochastic process whose joint probability distribution does not change when shifted in time or
space. As aresult, parameters such as the mean and variance, if they exist, also do not change
over time or position..Weak or wide-sense stationaryA weaker form of stationary commonly
employed in signal processing is known as weak-sensestationary, wide-sense stationarity (WSS)
or covariance stationarity. WSS random processes onlyrequire that 1st and 2nd moments do not
vary with respect to time.

and autocorrelation function

The first property implies that the mean function mx(t) must be constant. The second property
implies that thecorrelation function depends only on the difference between t1 and t2 and only
needs to be indexed by onevariable rather than two variables. Thus, instead of writing,

Rx(t1-t2,0)we usually abbreviate the notation and write

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BASIC SIMULATION & DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

This also implies that the auto covariance depends only on _ = t1 − t2, since

Stationary and Non Stationary Random Process:

A random X(t) is stationary if its statistical properties are unchanged by a time shift in the time
origin.Whenthe auto-Correlation function Rx(t,t+T) of the random X(t) varies with time
difference T and the mean valueof the random variable X(t1) is independent of the choicet1,then
X(t) is said to be stationary in the widesenseor wide-sense stationary . So a continuous- Time
random process X(t) which is WSS has the following properties

1) E[X(t)]=μX(t)= μX(t+T)

2) The Autocorrelation function is written as a function of T that is

RX(t, t+T)=Rx(T)

If the statistical properties like mean value or moments depends on time then the random process
is saidto be non-stationary.

When dealing with two random process X(t) and Y(t), we say that they are jointly wide-sense
stationary if each process is stationary in the wide-sense.

Rxy(t,t+T)=E[X(t)Y(t+T)]=Rxy(T).

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

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PROGRAM:-

Clc;

Close all;

clear all

y = randn([1 40])

my=round(mean(y));

z=randn([1 40])

mz=round(mean(z));

vy=round(var(y));

vz=round(var(z));

t = sym('t','real');

h0=3;

x=y.*sin(h0*t)+z.*cos(h0*t);

mx=round(mean(x));

k=2;

xk=y.*sin(h0*(t+k))+z.*cos(h0*(t+k));

x1=sin(h0*t)*sin(h0*(t+k));

x2=cos(h0*t)*cos(h0*(t+k));

c=vy*x1+vz*x1;

OUTPUT:-

%if we solve "c=2*sin(3*t)*sin(3*t+6)" we get c=2cos(6)

%which is a costant does not depent on variable 't'

% so it is wide sence stationary.

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RESULT:-

Checking a random process for stationarity in wide sense by using MATLAB.

VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1. What is the value of an area under the conditional PDF ?

2. When do the conditional density functions get converted into the marginally density
functions ?
3. Which among the below mentioned standard PDFs is/are applicable to discrete random
variables ?
4. What would happen if the value of term [(m-x) / (σ √2)] increases in the expression of
Guassian CDF?
5. Which type of standard PDFs has/ have an ability to describe an integer valued random
variable concerning to the repeated trials carried /conducted in an experiment?
6. Which theorem states that the total average power of a periodic signal is equal to the sum
of average powers of the individual fourier coefficients?
7. How to Represent any function using Fourier series.
8. calculate the value of autocorrelation value at origin.
9. Write about properties of correlation.
10. Describe the properties of Auto correlation.
11. Write about properties cross correlation.
12. What is meant by continuous Random process.
13. Explain Discrete Random process.
14. Narrate the First order random process.
15. Elaborate second order random process.
16. What is meant by third order random process.
17. Explain nth order random process.
18. What is meant by random process.
19. Classify the random process
20. .What is meant by continuous Random process.
21. Write Briefly about Discrete Random process.
22. What is meant by Discrete Random sequence
23. What is meant by continuous Random sequence.
24. What is meant Ergodicity.
25. Explain Time average.
26. Explain cross correlation.
27. how to do the sampling process.
28. write the differences between continuous and discrete signals.
29. Write the equation of sampled signal.
30. Explain clc command.
31. Narrate the term clear in MATLAB .
32. Draw the Frequency response of high pass filter.

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33. What is Band stop pass filter.

34. What is band reject filter.
35. The instantaneous sampling means?
36. The sampling technique that hasthe minimum noise interference is.
37. What Types of analog pulse modulation systems.
38. Write about correlation.
39. Write about Auto correlation.
40. Explain Draw backs in Analog signal processing
41. Write the properties of Expectation.
42. How to find Mean value using MATLAB .
43. What is the Relation between Mean and Mean square value.
44. Relate PDF and CDF.
45. Write the properties of CDF.
46. Write the properties of PDF.
47. measure the mean value of Gaussian Density function.
48. Differentiate Binomial and Gaussian Distribution.
49. Calculate mean value of any distribution function at origin.
50. Find Inverse Fourier Transform of impulse function.

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EXERCISE PROGRAMS

1.Write a program to simulate parseval’s relation

2. Write a mat lab program to perform the cross correlation between sinusoidal and ramp
function and see how mat lab reacts to it.

3. Write a MATLAB program to perform cross correlation between square and step signal and
see how mat lab reacts to it.

4. Write a MATLAB program to perform cross correlation between sinusoidal and ramp signal
and see how mat lab reacts to it.

5. Write a MATLAB program to perform the cross correlation between X (n) = [1 2 3 5] and y
(n) = [- 1 – 2] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

6. Write a MATLAB program to perform the cross correlation between X (n) = [1 -3 5] and y
(n) = [1 2 3 4] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

7. Write a MATLAB program to perform the cross correlation between X (n) = [1 0 1 1] and y
(n) = [1 0 0 0 0] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

8.Write a MATLAB program to perform the cross correlation between X (n) = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0]

and y (n) = [1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

9.Write a MATLAB program to perform the cross correlation between X (n) = [1 1 0 0] and y
(n) = [1 1 1 1] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

10.Write a MATLAB program to perform the cross correlation between X (n) = [6 7 8 9 10] and
y (n) = [5 4 3 2 1] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

11.Write the MATLAB program to perform cross correlation between the following sequences

X(n)=[2 -2 3 2, h(n) = [-2 4 -5 2].

12. Write a mat lab program to perform the convolution between step and ramp function and see
how mat lab reacts to it.

13. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between square and step signal and see
how mat lab reacts to it.

14. Write a MATLAB program to perform convolution between sinusoidal and square signal
and see how mat lab reacts to it.

15. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [2 3 4 5] and y (n) =
[-2 –4] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

16. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [3 -4 6] and y (n) =
[2 6 8 6] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

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17. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [3 1 2 0] and y (n) =
[2 4 3 4 5] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

18.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [2 2 1 0 2 1 1 0] and

y (n) = [1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

19.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [2 1 2 1] and y (n) =
[1 2 1 2] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

20.Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [5 6 9 8 7] and y (n)
= [1 2 3 2 1] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

21.Write the MATLAB program to perform cross correlation between the following sequences

X(n)=[4 -6 5 1], h(n) = [-1 3 -4 3].

22. Write a mat lab program to perform the cross correlation between ramp and step function and
see how mat lab reacts to it.

23. Write a MATLAB program to perform cross correlation between square and step signal and
see how mat lab reacts to it.

24. Write a MATLAB program to perform cross correlation between sinusoidal and step signal
and see how mat lab reacts to it.

25. Write a MATLAB program to perform the convolution between X (n) = [1 5 6 5] and y (n) =
[-3 –6] and see how MATLAB reacts to it.

REAL TIME APPLICATIONS:

• Parseval’s theorem for energy signals

• Parseval’s theorem for power signals
• Digital signal processing applications etc…

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DIGITAL SYSTEM
DESIGN LAB

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EXPERIMENT 1

REALIZATION OF BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS USING GATES

AIM: Realization of Boolean Expressions using Gates

APPARATUS REQUIRED: IC 7404,IC 7408, IC 7432, Trainer kit, patch cards.

LOGIC DIAGRAM 1:

Fig1. Logic diagram 1

LOGIC DIAGRAM 2

Fig2: logic diagram 2

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IC PIN DIAGRAMS:

7432

THEORY:

Logic gates

Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. These gates are the AND, OR,
NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates. The basic operations are described below with
the aid of truth tables.

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AND gate

The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are
high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is
sometimes omitted i.e. AB

OR gate

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its
inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

NOT gate

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its
output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is A, the inverted output is
known as NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at the
outputs. The diagrams below show two ways that the NAND logic gate can be configured
to produce a NOT gate. It can also be done using NOR logic gates in the same way.

NAND gate

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This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND
gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

NOR gate

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high.

The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents
inversion.

EXOR gate

The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but not
both, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign ( ) is used to show the EOR
operation.

EXNOR gate

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The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low output
if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small
circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

The NAND and NOR gates are called universal functions since with either one the AND and OR
functions and NOT can be generated.

Note:

A function in sum of products form can be implemented using NAND gates by replacing all
AND and OR gates by NAND gates.

A function in product of sums form can be implemented using NOR gates by replacing all AND
and OR gates by NOR gates

Table 1: Logic gate symbols

Table 2 is a summary truth table of the input/output combinations for the NOT gate together with
all possible input/output combinations for the other gate functions. Also note that a truth
table with 'n' inputs has 2n rows. You can compare the outputs of different gates.

Table 2: Logic gates representation using the Truth table

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TRUTH TABLE:

Logic diagram 1:

A B A+B B’ A+B’ F=
(A+B)*(A+B’)

Logic diagram 2:

A B Y1=A*B C D Y2=C*D (A*B)+(C*D) Y=

((A*B)+(C*D))’

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the power supply

3. Verify the truth table

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The power supply pins must be checked whether power is available at

those pins using test probes.

2. No loose connections should be there and care must be taken to avoid

shorting of pins.

RESULT: Realization of Boolean Expressions using Gates AND ,OR and NOT gates NOR
gates have been verified.

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VIVA QUESTIONS

1. The boolean expression of an OR gate is _______?

2. A __________ gate gives the output as 1 only if all the inputs signals are?

3. Which of the gate will give a 0 when both of its inputs are 1?

4. The gate which is called an inverter is called _________?

5. The expression of an EXOR gate is ____________?

6. When logic gates are connected to form a gating/logic network it is called as a

______________ logic circuit.

7. The universal gate that can be used to implement any Boolean expression is
__________?

8. Electronic circuits that operate on one or more input signals to produce standard output
_______?

9. What are the universal gates?

10. A ____________ is a circuit with only one output but can have multiple inputs?

11. The Output is LOW if any one of the inputs is HIGH in case of a _________ gate?

12. How many AND gates are required to realize the following expression Y=AB+BC?

13. Number of outputs in a half adder _____________

14. The expression of a NAND gate is_______?

15. The ________ gate is an OR gate followed by a NOT gate?

16. Brain of computer is ____________?

17. What does MBR stand for?

18. In the instruction ADD A, B, the answer gets stored in ___________?

19. What does PC stand for?

20. Which of the following holds the last instruction fetched?

21. The portion of the processor which contains the hardware required to fetch the operations
is _______?

22. Causing the CPU to step through a series of micro operations is called _________?

23. The functions of execution and sequencing are performed by using ______________?

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24. What does D in the D-flip flop stand for?

25. The length of a register is called _______?

26. Opcode indicates the operations to be performed?

27. CPU has built-in ability to execute a particular set of machine instructions, called as
__________?

28. Write two characterstics of combinational circuits?

29. Explain what is excitation table?

30. Explain what is Boolean Algebra?

31. Explain what are the basic logic elements?

32. Define positive logic and negative logic?

33. Explain what is an inverter?

34. Explain what is the specialty of NAND and NOR gates?

35. Explain why NAND-NAND realization is preferred over AND-OR realization?

36. Explain why is a two-input NAND gate called universal gate?

37. Explain what is associate law?

38. Explain what is a latch?

39. Explain what is pulse logic system?

40. Implement all logic gate by using universal gate?

41. Which logic gate is a basic comparator?

42. When are two numbers are equal?
43. What are the different types of comparator?
44. What are the advantages of comparator?
45. If two numbers are not equal then binary variable will be
46. A procedure that specifies finite set of steps is called ?
47. . How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer?

48. How many NOT gates are required for the construction of a 4-to-1 multiplexer?

49. What are the applications of multiplexer and de-multiplexer?

50. In 2n to 1 multiplexer how many selection lines are there?

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EXPERIMENT 2

GENERATION OF CLOCK USING NAND / NOR GATES

AIM: Generation of clock using NAND / NOR gates

Equipments Needed:

1) Patch Cords
2) IC CD 4011, 1k Resistance , 100E Resistance , 100uF/25V Electrolytic capacitor,
Bread Board

Block Diagram:

Circuit Diagram:

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THEORY:

NAND Gate: The NAND gate represents the complement of the AND operation. Its name is
an abbreviation of NOT AND. The graphic symbol for the NAND gate consists of an AND
symbol with a bubble on the output, denoting that a complement operation is performed on
the output of the AND gate. The truth table and the graphic symbol of NAND gate is shown
in the figure. The truth table clearly shows that the NAND operation is the complement of
the AND.

NOR Gate: The NOR gate represents the complement of the OR operation. Its name is an
abbreviation of NOT OR. The graphic symbol for the NOR gate consists of an OR symbol
with a bubble on the output, denoting that a complement operation is performed on the output
of the OR gate. The truth table and the graphic symbol of NOR gate is shown in the figure.
The truth table clearly shows that the NOR operation is the complement of the OR.

Universal Gates: A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function
without need to use any other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. In
practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to
fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families. In fact, an AND gate is
typically implemented as a NAND gate followed by an inverter not the other way around!!
Likewise, an OR gate is typically implemented as a NOR gate followed by an inverter

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection as per the above connection diagram.

2. Switch On the power supply.
3. Observed the output on the CRO.
4. BY changing the value of R1, R2 and C1 to change the Clock Output.

RESULT: Clock signal is generated successfully by using nand/nor gate.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the universal gates? Why they are called so?

2. Realize the EX – OR gates using minimum number of NAND gates.

3. Give the truth table for EX-NOR and realize using NAND gates?

4. What are the logic low and High levels of TTL IC’s and CMOS IC’s?

5. Compare TTL logic family with CMOS family?

6 .Which logic family is fastest and which has low power dissipation?

7. What are the different methods to obtain minimal expression?

8.What is a Min term and Max term

9. State the difference between SOP and POS.

10. What is K-map? Why is it used?

11.What do you mean by Logic Gates?

12.What are the applications of Logic Gates?

13.What is Truth Table?

14. Why we use basic logic gates?

15.Write down the truth table of all logic gates?

16.What do you mean by universal gate?

17.Write truth table for 2 input NOR,NAND gate?

18. Implement all logic gate by using universal gate?

19.Why is they called universal Gates?

20. Give the name of universal gate?

21. Draw the circuit diagram of Half adder circuit?

22.Draw the circuit diagram of full adder circuit?

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23 Draw the full adder circuit by using Half Adder circuit and minimum no. of logicgate?

24.Write Boolean function for half adder?

25. Write Boolean function for Full adder?261.Design the half Adder and Full adder using
NAND-NAND Logic.

26.Pseudo Random Sequence Generator also known as what?

27.Ring counter belong to which type of counter?

28.What are the types of ring counter?

29. What is the difference between Johnson Ring Counter and synchronous ring counter?

30.What is meant by pseudorandom number generator?

31. List out the applications of PRNG.

32. TRNG stands for

33. Define Uniformity in PRNG

34. Define scalability.

35. Write the syntax for component declaration.

36. Write the behavioral code for IC 74x189 without declaring the function

37. Explain about different types of RAMs?

38. How to specify the memory size?

39. Explain read and write operations?

40. What are the differences between RAM and RAM?

41. Explain the steps of a compilation process of a VHDL program?

42. Explain the types of design units?

43. Why configurations are needed?

44. What is binding? What is subprogram in vhdl

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45.Write the behavioral code for the IC 74x74.

46. Write the dataflow code for the IC 74x74.

47. What is the difference between sequential and combinational circuit?

48. What is a flip-flop? Explain the functions of preset and clear inputs in flip-flop?

49. What is meant by a clocked flip-flop?

50. What is meant by excitation table?

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EXPERIMENT 3

DESIGN A 4 – BIT ADDER / SUBTRACTOR

AIM: Design a 4 – bit Adder / Subtractor

APPARATUS REQUIRED: IC 7408, 7432, 7486, Bread Board, Connecting wires.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

4-BIT ADDER USING 74LS83

IC 74LS83 PIN DIAGRAM

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TRUTH TABLE

Cin INPUT A INPUT B Cout OUTPUT S

A3 A2 A1 A0 B3 B2 B1 B0 S3 S2 S1 S0

THEORY:

FOUR-BIT BINARY PARALLEL ADDER:

In the preceding section, we discussed how two binary bits can be added and the addition of
two binary bits with a carry. In practical situations it is required to add two data each
containing more than one bit. Two binary numbers each of n bits can be added by means of a
full adder circuit. Consider the example that two 4-bit binary numbers B 4B 3B 2B 1 and
A 4A 3A 2A 1 are to be added with a carry input C 1. This can be done by cascading four full
adder circuits as shown in Figure 5.48. The least significant bits A 1, B 1, and C 1 are added to
the produce sum output S 1 and carry output C 2. Carry output C 2 is then added to the next
significant bits A 2 and B 2 producing sum output S 2 and carry output C 3. C 3 is then added
to A 3 and B 3 and so on. Thus finally producing the four-bit sum output S 4S 3S 2S 1 and final
carry output Cout. Such type of four-bit binary adder is commercially available in an IC
package. For the addition of two n bits of data, n numbers of full adders can be cascaded as

Figure : 4-bit full adder

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the supply
3. Apply the input values
4. Verify the truth table for different input values

PRECAUTIONS: -

1. Connection should be tight.

2. O/P should be finding sequentially.
3. IC’s should be handled carefully.

RESULT:- The operation of 4 Bit Adder has been verified.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. How many basic binary subtraction operations are possible?

2. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
3. A binary parallel adder produces arithmetic sum in what?
4. Total number of inputs in a half adder is
5. Controlled inverter is also known as
6. A logic circuit that provides a HIGH output for both inputs HIGH or both inputs
LOW is
7. What is the major difference between half-adders and full-adders?
8. How many basic binary subtraction operations are possible?
9. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
10. When performing subtraction by addition in the 2’s-complement system:
11. What is a 4 bit adder?
12. What is a subtractor?
13. Describe the function of a full adder?
14. Design a full adder using two half adders?
15. What is the difference between half adder and a full adder?
16. Write the applications of adders and subtractors?
17. Draw the logic diagram of adder?
18. Draw the logic diagram of a subtractor?
19. What is the use of adder in digital circuits?
20. Is it possible to construct a circuit to perform both addition and subtraction at the
same time?
21. How are adders used in processors? Explain.
22. Carry is obtained in which operation?
23. What are the limitations of half adders?
24. How many logic gates are required for designing a full adder and what are they?
25. How many number of inputs does a half adder and a full adder have?
26. For upto how many bits can a half subtractor perform subtraction?
27. What are the bits which undergo subtraction operation in half subtractors?
28. How many outputs are required for a adder and a subtractor?
29. Describe minuend?

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30. Describe subtrahend?

31. Design a full subtractor?
32. Design a full adder?
33. Which circuit provides high output for both low inputs and both high inputs?
34. Explain ex-or gate briefly?
35. What are the different types of adder circuits?
36. Write the boolean expression for half subtractor?
37. write the boolean expression for full subtractor?
38. write the boolean expression for half adder?
39. write the boolean expression for full adder?
40. draw the circuit of a half adder?
41. Draw the circuit of a half subtractor?
42. Draw the circuit of a full subtractor?
43. Design a half adder and a full adder using nand-nand logic?
44. Construct a full subtractor using half subtractors with minimum no of logic gates?
45. List out the logic gates used for the construction of adders and subtractors?
46. What is the ic used in this experiment?
47. Draw the pin configuration of ic7483?
48. Using half adder or full adder perform addition of 2 3 bit binary numbers?
49. What is binary adder?
50. Are adder/subtractor combinational circuits? Explain?

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EXPERIMENT: 4

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF A 4 – BIT GRAY TO BINARY AND

BINARY TO GRAY CONVERTER
AIM: Design and realization of a 4 – bit `gray to Binary` and `Binary to Gray` Converter

EQUIPMENTS NEEDED:

1) Patch Cords
2) IC 74LS136- 2 Nos.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC7486:

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TRUTH TABLE

Decimal B3 B2 B1 B0 Decimal G3 G2 G1 G0

PROCEDURE:

1) Make the connection as per the above connection diagram.

2) Switch On the power supply.
3) Set the 4- bit data by the toggle switch for binary to gray and gray to Binary
Converter.
4) Observed the output on the LEDs
5) Make the selection inputs as per the given below table and get the Outputs as
per below table

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connection should be tight.

2. O/P should be finding sequentially.
3. IC’s should be handled carefully.

RESULT: Convertion f binary to gray and gary to binary codes are sucessfully verified with
the help of truth table

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VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is gray code?

2. A code converter is a logic circuit that?
3. Reflected binary code is also known as?
4. Why do we use gray codes?
5. Convert binary number into gray code: 100101
6. The primary use for gray code is
7. Code is a symbolic representation of?
8. Why is the gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating
shaft?
9. If two numbers are not equal then binary variable will be?
10. 74ls85 is a?
11. What is a code converter?
12. What is the use of gray code?
13. What is the code?
14. What is the other name for gray code?
15. Why is the gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating
shaft?
16. Why do we use gray codes?
17. One way to convert bcd to binary using the hardware approach is?
18. Earlier, reflected binary codes were applied to?
19. Convert binary number into gray code: 100101
20. The binary representation of bcd number 00101001
21. Gray code representation of 14 is

22. 01001101 represents the letter m in

23. How many bits are in a byte?

24. Convert hexadecimal value 16 to decimal.

25. Are the voltages in digital electronics are continuously variable.

26. Which is typically the longest: bit, byte, nibble, word?

27. Convert the binary number 1100 to gray code.

28. Convert the gray code 1011 to binary.
29. What is the difference between binary coding and binary-coded decimal?

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30. Digital electronics is based on the which numbering system.

31. The 1's complement of 10011101 is
32. An informational signal that makes use of binary digits is considered to be:
33. The binary-coded decimal (bcd) system can be used to represent each of the 10
decimal digits as which code?
34. The decimal number 18 is equal to which binary number?
35. A code converter is a logic circuit that?
36. Reflected binary code is also known as?
37. The primary use of gray code is?
38. Code is a symbolic representation of?
39. If two numbers are not equal then their binary variable will be?
40. Ttl74ls85 is a?
41. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
42. How many outputs are on a bcd decoder?
43. What is an encoder?
44. What is a decoder?
45. In a gray code, each number is 3 greater than the binary representation of that
number is it true or false justify?.
46. Use the weighting factors to convert the following bcd numbers to binary.
47. 0101 0011 0010 0110 1000
48. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
49. How many inputs will a decimal-to-bcd encoder have?
50. A principle regarding most ic decoders is that when the correct input is present,
the related output will switch:

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EXPERIMENT: 5

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF AN 8 BIT PARALLEL LOAD AND

SERIAL OUT SHIFT REGISTER USING FLIP-FLOPS.

AIM: Design and realization of an 8 bit parallel load and serial out shift register using flip-
flops.

EQUIPMENTS NEEDED:

1. Patch Cords
2. IC 74LS165
3. Trainer kit

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Parallel in Serial out Shift resister

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 74LS165:

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TRUTH TABLE:

Clock Shift/ CLK CLK D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Dout

Pulse
No Load INH

THEORY:

The Shift Register is another type of sequential logic circuit that can be used for the storage
or the transfer of binary data

This sequential device loads the data present on its inputs and then moves or “shifts” it to its
output once every clock cycle, hence the name Shift Register.

A shift register basically consists of several single bit “D-Type Data Latches”, one for each
data bit, either a logic “0” or a “1”, connected together in a serial type daisy-chain
arrangement so that the output from one data latch becomes the input of the next latch and so
on.

Data bits may be fed in or out of a shift register serially, that is one after the other from either
the left or the right direction, or all together at the same time in a parallel configuration.

The number of individual data latches required to make up a single Shift Register device is
usually determined by the number of bits to be stored with the most common being 8-bits
(one byte) wide constructed from eight individual data latches.

Shift Registers are used for data storage or for the movement of data and are therefore
commonly used inside calculators or computers to store data such as two binary numbers

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before they are added together, or to convert the data from either a serial to parallel or
parallel to serial format. The individual data latches that make up a single shift register are all
driven by a common clock ( Clk ) signal making them synchronous devices.

Shift register IC’s are generally provided with a clear or reset connection so that they can be
“SET” or “RESET” as required. Generally, shift registers operate in one of four different
modes with the basic movement of data through a shift register being:

 Serial-in to Parallel-out (SIPO) - the register is loaded with serial data, one bit at a
time, with the stored data being available at the output in parallel form.
 Serial-in to Serial-out (SISO) - the data is shifted serially “IN” and “OUT” of the
register, one bit at a time in either a left or right direction under clock control.
 Parallel-in to Serial-out (PISO) - the parallel data is loaded into the register
simultaneously and is shifted out of the register serially one bit at a time under clock
control.
 Parallel-in to Parallel-out (PIPO) - the parallel data is loaded simultaneously into the
register, and transferred together to their respective outputs by the same clock pulse.

Parallel-in to Serial-out (PISO) Shift Register

The Parallel-in to Serial-out shift register acts in the opposite way to the serial-in to parallel-
out one above. The data is loaded into the register in a parallel format in which all the data
bits enter their inputs simultaneously, to the parallel input pins PA to PD of the register. The
data is then read out sequentially in the normal shift-right mode from the register
at Qrepresenting the data present at PA to PD.

This data is outputted one bit at a time on each clock cycle in a serial format. It is important
to note that with this type of data register a clock pulse is not required to parallel load the
register as it is already present, but four clock pulses are required to unload the data.

PROCEDURE:

1.Make the connection as per the above connection diagram.

2.Switch On the power supply.

3.Set the data by the toggle switch.

4.Set the Clock by the toggle switch.

5.Set the Preset by the toggle switch.

6.Set the Clear by the toggle switch.

7.Observed the output on the LEDs

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connection should be tight.

2. O/P should be finding sequentially.
3. IC’s should be handled carefully.

RESULT: Parallel load and serial out shift register operation is verified by using truth table

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VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define shift registers?

2. List the different types of shift registers?
3. The full form of SIPO is
4. A shift register that will accept a parallel input or a bidirectional serial load and internal
shift features is called as?
5. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
6. With a 200 khz clock frequency, eight bits can be serially entered into a shift register in
7. Based on how binary information is entered or shifted out, shift registers are classified
into categories.
8. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is
waiting to enter. After four clock pulses, the register contains
9. A sequence of equally spaced timing pulses may be easily generated by which type of
counter circuit
10. To operate correctly, starting a ring shift counter requires
11. Define shift registers
12. List out different types of shift registers.
13. The full form of SIPO is
14. A shift register that will accept a parallel input or a bidirectional serial load and internal
shift features is called as?
15. What is meant by parallel load shift registesr?
16. With a 200khz clock frequency eight bits can be entered into a shift register in.
17. Based on how binary information is entered or shifted out,shift registers are classified
into categories.
18. A serial in/parallel out 4 bit shift register initially contains all 1’s the data nibble 0111 is
waiting to enter.after four clock pulses,the register contains?
19. .a sequence of equally spaced timing pulses may be easily generated by which type of
counter circuit?
20. To operate correctly,starting a ring shift counter requires.
21. Explain the difference between serial digital data and parallel digital data

22. What is the definition of a register in the context of digital circuitry? Also, define and
compare/contrast what a shift register is.

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23. Draw the schematic diagram for a five-bit serial-in/serial-out shift register circuit, and
be prepared to give a brief explanation of how it functions.

24. Explain how a shift register circuit could be built from D-type flip-flops with the ability
to shift data either to the right or to the left, on command.
25. Explain what a universal shift register is
26. Describe how we can get parallel data entered into a shift register circuit.
27. A shift register that will accept a parallel input or a bidirectional serial load and internal
shift features is called as?
28. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?
29. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
30. The group of bits 11001 is serially shifted (right-most bit first) into a 5-bit parallel output
shift register with an initial state 01110. After three clock pulses, the register contains?
31. Assume that a 4-bit serial in/serial out shift register is initially clear. We wish to store the
nibble 1100. What will be the 4-bit pattern after the second clock pulse?
32. An 8-bit serial in/serial out shift register is used with a clock frequency of 2 mhz to
achieve a time delay (td) of
33. On the fifth clock pulse, a 4-bit Johnson sequence is Q0 = 0, Q1 = 1, Q2 = 1, and Q3 = 1.
On the sixth clock pulse, the sequence is ________.
34. The bit sequence 0010 is serially entered (right-most bit first) into a 4-bit parallel out shift
register that is initially clear. What are the Q outputs after two clock pulses?
35. On the third clock pulse, a 4-bit Johnson sequence is Q0 = 1, Q1 = 1, Q2 = 1, and Q3 = 0.
On the fourth clock pulse, the sequence is ________.

36. A bidirectional 4-bit shift register is storing the nibble 1101. Its input is
HIGH. The nibble 1011 is waiting to be entered on the serial data-input line. After three
clock pulses, the shift register is storing ________.
37. What does the output enable do on the 74395A chip?
38. In a 6-bit Johnson counter sequence there are a total of how many states, or bit patterns?
39. A modulus-12 ring counter requires a minimum of how many flipflops?
40. Stepper motors have become popular in digital automation systems because they are
driven by ---------- signals and have repetitive__________ moment.

41. A sequence of equally spaced timing pulses may be easily generated by which type of
counter circuit?

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42. The bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered (right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel
out shift register that is initially clear. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses?
43. If an 8-bit ring counter has an initial state 10111110, what is the state after the fourth
clock pulse?
44. How would a latch circuit be used in a microprocessor system?
45. A 4-bit shift register that receives 4 bits of parallel data will shift to the ________ by
________ position(s) for each clock pulse.
46. How many clock pulses will be required to completely load serially a 5-bit shift register?
47. An 8-bit serial in/serial out shift register is used with a clock frequency of 150 khz. What
is the time delay between the serial input and the Q3 output?
48. What are the three output conditions of a three-state buffer?
49. The primary purpose of a three-state buffer is?
50. What is the difference between a ring shift counter and a Johnson shift counter?

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EXPERIMENT NO: 6

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF A SYNCHRONOUS AND

ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER USING FLIP-FLOPS
AIM: Design and realization of a Synchronous and Asynchronous counter using flip-flops

EQUIPMENTS NEEDED:

1. Patch Cords
2. IC 74LS90, IC 74193
3. TRAINER KIT

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

SYNCHRONOUS UPDOWN COUNTER(IC74193):

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TRUTH TABLE:

COUNT –UP MODE COUNT DOWN MODE

States QD QC QB QA States QD QC QB QA

THEORY:

As well as counting “up” from zero and increasing or incrementing to some preset value, it is
sometimes necessary to count “down” from a predetermined value to zero allowing us to
produce an output that activates when the zero count or some other pre-set value is reached.

This type of counter is normally referred to as a Down Counter, (CTD). In a binary or BCD
down counter, the count decreases by one for each external clock pulse from some preset
value. Special dual purpose IC’s such as the TTL 74LS193 or CMOS CD4510 are 4-bit
binary Up or Down counters which have an additional input pin to select either the up or
down count mode.

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4-bit Count Down Counter

In the 4-bit counter above the output of each flip-flop changes state on the falling edge (1-to-
0 transition) of the CLK input which is triggered by the Q output of the previous flip-flop,
rather than by the Q output as in the up counter configuration. As a result, each flip-flop will
change state when the previous one changes from 0 to 1 at its output, instead of changing
from 1 to 0.

Bidirectional Counter

Both Synchronous and Asynchronous counters are capable of counting “Up” or counting
“Down”, but their is another more “Universal” type of counter that can count in both
directions either Up or Down depending on the state of their input control pin and these are
known as Bidirectional Counters.

Bidirectional counters, also known as Up/Down counters, are capable of counting in either
direction through any given count sequence and they can be reversed at any point within their
count sequence by using an additional control input as shown below.

Synchronous 3-bit Up/Down Counter

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The circuit above is of a simple 3-bit Up/Down synchronous counter using JK flip-flops
configured to operate as toggle or T-type flip-flops giving a maximum count of zero (000) to
seven (111) and back to zero again. Then the 3-Bit counter advances upward in sequence
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) or downwards in reverse sequence (7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0).

Generally most bidirectional counter chips can be made to change their count direction either
up or down at any point within their counting sequence. This is achieved by using an
additional input pin which determines the direction of the count, either Up or Down and the
timing diagram gives an example of the counters operation as this Up/Down input changes
state.

Nowadays, both up and down counters are incorporated into single IC that is fully
programmable to count in both an “Up” and a “Down” direction from any preset value
producing a complete Bidirectional Counter chip. Common chips available are
the 74HC190 4-bit BCD decade Up/Down counter, the 74F569 is a fully synchronous
Up/Down binary counter and the CMOS 4029 4-bit Synchronous Up/Down counter.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection as per the above connection diagram.

2. Switch On the power supply.
3. Set the data by the toggle switch.
4. Set the Clock by the toggle switch.
5. Set the Preset by the toggle switch
6. Set the Clear by the toggle switch.
7. Observed the output on the LEDs
8. Make the selection inputs as per the given below table and get the Outputs as per
below table

RESULT: Synchronous and asynchronous counter operation is verified by using truth table.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. State various applications of counters.

2. Difference between Asynchronous clock and Synchronous Clock
3. Draw the truth table of SR and JK
4. Draw the Excitation Table of SR and JK
5. Give the Excitation Table of D and T Flip Flop
6. What is meant of Edge Triggering
7. Types Of Shift Registers.
8. Specify the operations done on Shift Registers
9. Explain the decade counter
10. Draw the Logic diagram for Conversion
11. A MOD-12 and a MOD-10 counter are cascaded. Determine the output
frequency if the input clock frequency is 60 MHz
12. Which segments of a seven-segment display would be required to be active to
display the decimal digit 2?
13. How many AND gates would be required to completely decode ALL the states
of a MOD-64 counter, and how many inputs must each AND gate have?
14. A BCD counter is a ________.
15. How many flip-flops are required to construct a decade counter?
16. The terminal count of a typical modulus-10 binary counter is ________
17. A seven-segment, common-anode LED display is designed for:………
18. How many flip-flops are required to make a MOD-32 binary counter?
19. Using four cascaded counters with a total of 16 bits, how many states must be
deleted to achieve a modulus of 50,000?
20. A MOD-16 ripple counter is holding the count 10012. What will the count be
after 31 clock pulses?
21. The terminal count of a modulus-11 binary counter is ________.
22. List which pins need to be connected together on a 7493 to make a MOD-12
counter.
23. How can a digital one-shot be implemented using HDL?
24. Integrated-circuit counter chips are used in numerous applications
including:…………
25. Synchronous construction reduces the delay time of a counter to the delay of:
26. Synchronous counters eliminate the delay problems encountered with

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asynchronous counters because the:

27. What is the difference between combinational logic and sequential logic?
28. What is the difference between a 7490 and a 7492?
29. When two counters are cascaded, the overall MOD number is equal to the
________ of their individual MOD numbers.
30. A MOD-12 and a MOD-10 counter are cascaded. Determine the output
frequency if the input clock frequency is 60 MHz
31. Which segments of a seven-segment display would be required to be active to
display the decimal digit 2?
32. How many AND gates would be required to completely decode ALL the states
of a MOD-64 counter, and how many inputs must each AND gate have?
33. A BCD counter is a ________.
34. How many flip-flops are required to construct a decade counter?
35. The terminal count of a typical modulus-10 binary counter is ________.
36. A seven-segment, common-anode LED display is designed for:………
37. Which of the following is an invalid output state for an 8421 BCD counter?
38. How many different states does a 3-bit asynchronous counter have?
39. A 5-bit asynchronous binary counter is made up of five flip-flops, each with a 12
ns propagation delay. The total propagation delay (tp(tot)) is ________.
40. One of the major drawbacks to the use of asynchronous counters is:----------------
--
41. Once an up-/down-counter begins its count sequence, it cannot be
reversed.(True/False)…………..
42. Three cascaded modulus-5 counters have an overall modulus of ________.
43. An asynchronous 4-bit binary down counter changes from count 2 to count 3.
How many transitional states are required?
44. How many different states does a 3-bit asynchronous counter have?
45. A 5-bit asynchronous binary counter is made up of five flip-flops, each with a 12
ns propagation delay. The total propagation delay (tp(tot)) is ________.
46. One of the major drawbacks to the use of asynchronous counters is:----------------
--
47. Once an up-/down-counter begins its count sequence, it cannot be
reversed.(True/False)…………..
48. Three cascaded modulus-5 counters have an overall modulus of ________.

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49. An asynchronous 4-bit binary down

50. The final output of a modulus-8 counter occurs one time for every ________.

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EXPERIMENT NO-7

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF 8X1 MUX USING 2X1 MUX

AIM: Design and realization of 8x1 MUX using 2x1 MUX

APPARATUS: Trainer kit, Connecting wires, patch cards.

S.NO. Component Type Quantity

1 8 to1 multiplexer IC 74151 1
2 to 1 multiplexer IC 74157
2. inverter IC 7404 1
3. Digital IC trainer - 1

BLOCK DIAGRAM: IC Pin description of 74HC151

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Function table for 8x1 MUX:

Chip Enable(E) Selection lines Output

S2 S1 S0

THEORY:

8x1 Multiplexer :
In this section, let us implement 8x1 Multiplexer using 4x1 Multiplexers and 2x1 Multiplexer. We
know that 4x1 Multiplexer has 4 data inputs, 2 selection lines and one output. Whereas, 8x1
Multiplexer has 8 data inputs, 3 selection lines and one output.
So, we require two 4x1 Multiplexers in first stage in order to get the 8 data inputs. Since, each
4x1 Multiplexer produces one output, we require a 2x1 Multiplexer in second stage by
considering the outputs of first stage as inputs and to produce the final output.
Let the 8x1 Multiplexer has eight data inputs I7 to I0, three selection lines s2, s1 & s0 and one
output Y. The Truth table of 8x1 Multiplexer is shown below.
We can implement 8x1 Multiplexer using lower order Multiplexers easily by considering the
above Truth table. The block diagram of 8x1 Multiplexer is shown in the following figure.

The same selection lines, s1 & s0 are applied to both 4x1 Multiplexers. The data inputs of upper
4x1 Multiplexer are I7 to I4 and the data inputs of lower 4x1 Multiplexer are I3 to I0. Therefore,
each 4x1 Multiplexer produces an output based on the values of selection lines, s1 & s0.
The outputs of first stage 4x1 Multiplexers are applied as inputs of 2x1 Multiplexer that is present
in second stage. The other selection line, s2 is applied to 2x1 Multiplexer.

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 If s2 is zero, then the output of 2x1 Multiplexer will be one of the 4 inputs I3 to I0 based on
the values of selection lines s1 & s0.
 If s2 is one, then the output of 2x1 Multiplexer will be one of the 4 inputs I7 to I4 based on
the values of selection lines s1 & s0.
Therefore, the overall combination of two 4x1 Multiplexers and one 2x1 Multiplexer performs as
one 8x1 Multiplexer.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the power supply

3. Verify truth table

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Suitable signals must be given to enable pins of IC in order to enable the

chip.

2. The order in which we are connecting the input variables to selection

pins must be proper.

RESULT: 8X1 Mux by using 2X1 Mux is verified along with truth table

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a multiplexer?
2. Which combinational circuit is renowned for selecting a single input from multiple
inputs & directing the binary information to output line?
3. Which is the major functioning responsibility of the multiplexing combinational
circuit?
4. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer?
5. How many NOT gates are required for the construction of a 4-to-1 multiplexer?
6. What are the applications of multiplexer and de-multiplexer?
7. In 2n to 1 multiplexer how many selection lines are there?
8. How to get higher order multiplexers?
9. Implement an 8:1 mux using 4:1 muxes

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10. What is the difference between multiplexer & demultiplexer?

11. Explain the operation of a digital multiplexer?
12. What makes the circuit of a multiplexer more complex?
13. What Is data selector?
14. What is a multiplexer?
15. Which mux without any additional circuitry can be used to obtain all the functions of
3 variable but not all of 4 variables?
16. How many 2*1 mux are required to realize 4*1 mux and explain how?
17. Design a 4*1 mux using 2*1 mux?
18. What are the minimum number of 21 mux required to generate 2 input nandgate and
a 2 input Ex-OR gate?
19. How a multiplexer can act as a universal combinational circuit explain?
20. Construct a NOT gate using 2*1 mux
21. . Construct a AND gate using 2*1 mux
22. Construct OR gate using 2*1 mux with n-1 selection lines
23. Construct a NAND gate using 2*1 mux
24. Construct a NOR gate using 2*1 mux
25. Construct a Ex-OR gate using 2*1 mux
26. Construct a Ex-NOR gate using 2*1 mux
27. How many 2*1 mux are required for 8*1 mux construction?
28. How many 2*1 mux are required for 16*1 mux construction?
29. How many 2*1 mux are required for 64*1 mux construction?
30. Obtain the logic for the construction of different multiplexers using 2*1 mux?
31. How can you classify different digital multiplexers?
32. What is synchronous multiplexer?
33. What is asynchronous multiplexer?
34. What is quasi-synchronous multiplexer?
35. What are advantages of digital multiplexing?
36. Will multiplexing create additional harmonics in the system?
37. What are the two basic multiplexing techniques?
38. Why are generally multiplexers are used?
39. What is demultiplexer?
40. What are the differences between multiplexer and demultiplexer?
41. How to get higher order multiplexers?
42. What are the different logic gates that are used in multiplexers.draw their symbols?

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43. What is data distributor?

44. How many data inputs does a mux have?
45. What are the components of a mux?
46. What is a combinational circuit?
47. Hat is the ic used in the design of 16*1 mux using two 8*1 mux?
48. What is an integrated circuit?
49. Draw the pin configuration of IC74151
50. How many selectionlines are required for 8*1 mux?

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EXPERIMENT 8

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF 4 BIT COMPARATOR

AIM: Design and realization of 4 bit comparator

APPARATUS REQUIRED: IC 7485, 4-BIT Digital Comparator Trainer Kit, Patch Chords

IC PIN DESCRIPTION:

TRUTH TABLE

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LOGIC DIAGRAM: 4 BIT MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR

THEORY:4-bit Magnitude Comparator

Some commercially available digital comparators such as the TTL 74LS85 or CMOS 4063
4-bit magnitude comparator have additional input terminals that allow more individual
comparators to be “cascaded” together to compare words larger than 4-bits with magnitude
comparators of “n”-bits being produced. These cascading inputs are connected directly to
the corresponding outputs of the previous comparator as shown to compare 8, 16 or even
32-bit words.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connections are given as per circuit diagram

2) Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram
3) Observe the output and verify the truth table
RESULT:

Thus the design and implementation of magnitude comparator were done

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is Magnitude Comparator?

2. List out the applications of comparators?
3. What is digital comparator?
4. Realize a single bit comparator?
5. Which logic gate is a basic comparator?
6. When are two numbers are equal?
7. What are the different types of comparator?
8. What are the advantages of comparator?
9. If two numbers are not equal then binary variable will be
10. A procedure that specifies finite set of steps is called ?
11.How many 4-bit comparators are needed to construct 12-bit comparator?

12. What does a digital comparator mean?

13. Design a 2-bit comparator using gates?

14. Explain the phases of a simulation?

15. Explain briefly about wait statement?

16.What do you mean by Logic Gates?

17.What are the applications of Logic Gates?

18.What is Truth Table?

19. Why we use basic logic gates?

20.Write down the truth table of all logic gates?

21.What do you mean by universal gate?

22.Write truth table for 2 input NOR,NAND gate?

23. Implement all logic gate by using universal gate?

24.Why is they called universal Gates?

25. Give the name of universal gate?

26. Draw the circuit diagram of Half adder circuit?

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27.Draw the circuit diagram of full adder circuit?

28 Draw the full adder circuit by using Half Adder circuit and minimum no. of logicgate?

29.Write Boolean function for half adder?

30. Write Boolean function for Full adder?

31.Design the half Adder and Full adder using NAND-NAND Logic.

32. Draw the circuit diagram of Half Subtractor circuit?

33.Draw the circuit diagram of full subtractor circuit?

34.Draw the full subtractor circuit by using half subtractor circuit and minimum no. of logic gate?

35. Write Boolean function for half 7ubtractor?

36.Write Boolean function for Full Subtractor?

37. What is Excess-3 code? Why it is called Excess-3 code?

38.What is the application of Excess-3 code?

39. What is ASCII code?

40. Excess-3 code is Weighted or Unweighted?

41.Out of the possible 16 code combination? How many numbers used in Excess-3 code?

42.Which logic gate is a basic comparator?

43.When are two numbers are equal?

44.What are the different types of comparator?

45.What are the advantages of comparator?

46.If two numbers are not equal then binary variable will be

47.A procedure that specifies finite set of steps is called

48.How many 4-bit comparators are needed to construct 12-bit comparator?

49. What does a digital comparator mean?

50. Design a 4-bit comparator using gates?

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EXPERIMENT NO-9

DESIGN A RING COUNTER & TWISTED RING COUNTER USING 4 BIT

SHIFT REGISTER

AIM:

To Construct a Ring Counter and Twisted Ring Counter using 4 Bit Shift Register.

APPARATUS:

1. Ring Counter and Twisted Ring Counter using ϰBit Shift Register Trainer kit.
2. Patch Cords.

THEORY:
Ring counter is a basic register with direct feedback such that the contents of the
register simply circulate around the register when the clock is running. Here the last
output that is QD in a shift register is connected back to the serial input. A basic ring
counter can be slightly modified to produce another type of shift register counter called
Johnson counter. Here complement of last output is connected back to the not gate input
and not gate output is connected back to serial input. A four bit Johnson counter gives 8
state output.

PIN CONFIGURATION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Ring Counter

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Twisted Ring Counter:

PROCEDURE:

Ring Counter:

1. Make the Connection as show in the Ring Counter Circuit Diagram.

2. Connect Inputs A, B, C, D to input switch present on trainer kit.
3. Connect the Outputs QA, QB, QC, QD
4. Connect the Serial I/P to Pin 10 of the 7495 IC i.e., QD
5. Connect 8th and 9th Pin’s of the IC 7ϰ9ϱ to Clock, which is present on the trainer.
6. Connect Mode(M) 6th Pin of IC 7495 to Input Switch
7. Verify the truth table of Ring counter.

Twisted Ring Counter:

1. Make the Connection as show in the Twisted Ring Counter Circuit Diagram.
2. Connect Inputs A, B, C, D to input switch present on trainer kit.
3. Connect the Outputs QA, QB, QC, QD
4. Connect the Serial I/P to NOT Gate, which is present on trainer kit
5. Connect other terminal of the NOT Gate to Pin 10 of the 7495 IC i.e., QD
6. Connect 8th and 9th Pin’s of the IC 7ϰ9ϱ to Clock, which is present on the trainer.
7. Connect Mode(M) 6th Pin of IC 7495 to Input Switch
8. Verify the truth table of Twisted Ring counter

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TRUTH TABLE:

Ring Counter:

Set the Mode to High and Low condition for reset.

Clock QA QB QC QD
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 0 1
4 1 0 0 0
5 0 1 0 0
6 0 0 1 0
7 0 0 0 1
8 1 0 0 0

Twisted Ring Counter:

Clock QA QB QC QD
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
2 1 1 0 0
3 1 1 1 0
4 1 1 1 1
5 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
76 0 0 0 1
8 0 0 0 0

RESULTS:

A Ring Counter and Twisted Ring Counter using 4 Bit Shift Register was constructed and
implemented.

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VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define Ring counter?

2. By adding recirculation lines to a 4-bit parallel-in serial-out shift register, it becomes a
________, ________, and ________out register.
3. What type of register would have a complete binary number shifted in one bit at a time
and have all the stored bits shifted out one at a time?
4. When is it important to use a three-state buffer?
5. A bidirectional 4-bit shift register is storing the nibble 1110. Its input is LOW. The
nibble 0111 is waiting to be entered on the serial data-input line. After two clock pulses,
the shift register is storing ________
6. In a parallel in/parallel out shift register, D0 = 1, D1 = 1, D2 = 1, and D3 = 0. After three
clock pulses, the data outputs are ________
7. The group of bits 10110111 is serially shifted (right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel
output shift register with an initial state 11110000. After two clock pulses, the register
contains
8. What type of register would have a complete binary number shifted in one bit at a time
and have all the stored bits shifted out one at a time?
9. In a 4-bit Johnson counter sequence there are a total of how many states, or bit patterns?
10. If a 10-bit ring counter has an initial state 1101000000, what is the state after the second
clock pulse?
11. How much storage capacity does each stage in a shift register represent?
12. Ring shift and Johnson counters are-----------
13. What is the difference between a shift-right register and a shift-left register?
14. What is a transceiver circuit?
15. A 74HC195 4-bit parallel access shift register can be used for……………….operation
16. Which type of device may be used to interface a parallel data format with external
equipment’s serial format?
17. What is the function of a buffer circuit?
18. What is the preset condition for a ring shift counter?
19. Which is not characteristic of a shift register?
20. To keep output data accurate, 4-bit series-in, parallel-out shift registers employ a----------
--
21. Another way to connect devices to a shared data bus is to use a……………
22. A down counter using n-flip-flops count……………….

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23. UP Counter is…………………

24. DOWN counter is…………………
25. How many different states does a 3-bit asynchronous down counter have?....................
26. In a down counter, which flip-flop doesn’t toggle when the inverted output of the
preceeding flip-flop goes from HIGH to LOW.
27. In a 3-bit asynchronous down counter, the initial content is
28. In a 3-bit asynchronous down counter, at the first negative transition of the clock, the
counter content becomes
29. In a 3-bit asynchronous down counter, at the first negative transition of the clock, the
counter content becomes
30. The hexadecimal equivalent of 15,536 is ________
31. Define static RAM
32. Define dynamic RAM
33. Classify types of ROMs
34. Applications of ROMS
35. What is the difference between latch& Flip-Flop, Explain with logic diagram.
36. Explain any one application of SR latch.
37. What is race around condition? how it is avoided?
38. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
39. List counter applications.
40. State various applications of counters.
41. Difference between Asynchronous clock and Synchronous Clock
42. Draw the truth table of SR and JK
43. Draw the Excitation Table of SR and JK
44. Give the Excitation Table of D and T Flip Flop
45. What is meant of Edge Triggering
46. Types Of Shift Registers.
47. Specify the operations done on Shift Registers
48. Explain the decade counter
49. Draw the Logic diagram for Conversion of D-SR
50. List the Counter Types

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EXPERIMENT 10

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF A SEQUENCE DETECTOR-A FINITE

STATE MACHINE

AIM: Design and Realization of a sequence detector-a finite state machine

APPARATUS REQUIRED: IC 7474, Bread board trainer kit , Patch Chords

THEORY:

Digital logic Design 101 sequence detector (Mealy machine)

A sequence detector is a sequential state machine which takes an input string of bits and
generates an output 1 whenever the target sequence has been detected.In a Mealy machine,
output depends on the present state and the external input (x). Hence in the diagram, the output is
written outside the states, along with inputs. Sequence detector is of two types:

1. Overlapping
2. Non-Overlapping
In an overlapping sequence detector the last bit of one sequence becomes the first bit of next
sequence. However, in non-overlapping sequence detector the last bit of one sequence does not
become the first bit of next sequence. In this post, we’ll discuss the design overlapping 101
Mealysequence detector.

Examples:

For non overlapping case

Input :0110101011001

Output:0000100010000

For overlapping case

Input :0110101011001

Output:0000101010000

The steps to design non-overlapping 101 Mealy sequence detector are:

Step1:Developthestatediagram –
The state diagram of a Mealy machine for a 101 sequence detector is:

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Step 2:CodeAssignment –
Rule 1 : States having the same next states for a given input condition should have adjacent
assignments.
Rule 2:States that are the next states to a single state must be given adjacent assignments.
Rule 1 given preference over Rule 2.

The state diagram after the code assignment is:

Step 3: Make Present State/Next State table – We’ll use D-FlipFlops for design purpose.

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Step 4: Draw K-maps for Dx, Dy and output (Z) –

Step 5: Finally implement the circuit –

This is the final circuit for a Mealy 101 non overlapping sequence detector.

RESULT: sequence detector-a finite state machine is verified by using truth table

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. The Finite state machine described by the following state diagram with A as starting
state, where an arc label is x / y and x stands for 1-bit input and y stands for 2- bit output

2. Difference between Moore’s and Mealy models?

3. Define Moore’s model?

4. Define Melay model?

5. What are the applications of FSM?

6. What are the examples of Moore’s and Melay?

7. Draw the state diagram of FSM?

8. Derive the transistion table for FSM?

9. Define the types of FSM?

10. In mealy machine, the O/P depends upon?

11. For a give Moore Machine, Given Input=’101010’, thus the output would be of length?

12. Define finite state machine?

13. Design a circuit that detects three consecutive '1's using Mealy and Moore FSM?
14. Fault coverage is ______ in finite state machines?

15. _______ is used to control the read and write operations?

16. Finite state machines are used for?

17. How many test patterns are required to test the circuit using counters?

18. What is slack?

19. Explain about setup time and hold time, what will happen if there is setup time and hold
tine violation, how to overcome this?

20. What are different ways to synchronize between two clock domains?

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21. What is skew, what are problems associated with it and how to minimize it?

22. What is glitch? What causes it (explain with waveform)? How to overcome it?

23. What is difference between latch and flipflop?

24. Given only two xor gates one must function as buffer and another as inverter?

25. Difference between heap and stack?

26. Difference between onehot and binary encoding?

27. Tell some of applications of buffer?

28. How to achieve 180 degree exact phase shift?

29. How to calculate maximum operating frequency?

30. Draw the state diagram to output a "1" for one cycle if the sequence "0110" shows up (the
leading 0s cannot be used in more than one sequence)?

31. Design a FSM (Finite State Machine) to detect a sequence 10110?

32. What is an LFSR .List a few of its industry applications.?

33. what is false path?how it determine in ckt? what the effect of false path in ckt?

34. What are multi-cycle paths?

35. what is difference between RAM and FIFO?

36. The circle can rotate clockwise and back. Use minimum hardware to build a circuit to
indicate the direction of rotating.?

37. Is it possible to reduce clock skew to zero?

38. what is Difference between writeback and write through cache?

39. What are different ways Multiply & Divide?

40. Design a circuit that calculates the square of a number?

41. In Moore’s machine the output dependence on ?

42. In Melay machine the output dependence on?

43. What are the advantages of Moore’s and Melay models?

44. What are the disadvantages of Moore’s and Melay models?

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45. What are the state encoding techniques in FSM?

46. Define One-hot encoding technique?

47. Define Gray encoding technique?

48. Define Binary encoding technique?

49. What are the differences between Binary, Gray and One-hot encoding?

50. What are the types of representations in FSM?

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