Assignment 1

1.What is Object Oriented Programming in Python.

Ans:-
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. It supports different
programming approaches.
One of the popular approaches to solve a programming problem is by creating
objects. This is known as Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).

An object has two characteristics:

● attributes
● behavior

Let's take an example:

A parrot is an object, as it has the following properties:

● name, age, color as attributes

● singing, dancing as behavior

The concept of OOP in Python focuses on creating reusable code. This

concept is also known as DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself).

In Python, the concept of OOP follows some basic principles:

2.What is Self Keyword in Python

Ans:-
In object-oriented programming, whenever we define methods for a
class, we use self as the first parameter in each case. Let's look at the
definition of a class called Cat.
In this case all the methods, including __init__, have the first parameter
as self.
We know that class is a blueprint for the objects. This blueprint can be used to
create multiple numbers of objects. Let's create two different objects from the
above class.

The self keyword is used to represent an instance (object) of the given class.
In this case, the two Cat objects cat1 and cat2 have their own name and age
attributes. If there was no self argument, the same class couldn't hold the
information for both these objects.

However, since the class is just a blueprint, self allows access to the
attributes and methods of each object in python. This allows each object to
have its own attributes and methods. Thus, even long before creating these
objects, we reference the objects as self while defining the class.

3.Explain Class and Object

Ans:-
Class:-

The class can be defined as a collection of objects. It is a logical entity that has some

specific attributes and methods. For example: if you have an employee class, then it

should contain an attribute and method, i.e. an email id, name, age, salary, etc.

Example:-
 1. class ClassName:
2. <statement-1>
3. .
4. .
5. <statement-N>

Object:-

The object is an entity that has state and behavior. It may be any real-world object like

the mouse, keyboard, chair, table, pen, etc.

Everything in Python is an object, and almost everything has attributes and methods. All

functions have a built-in attribute __doc__, which returns the docstring defined in the

function source code.

When we define a class, it needs to create an object to allocate the memory. Consider

the following example.

Example:-

1. class car:
2. def __init__(self,modelname, year):
3. self.modelname = modelname
4. self.year = year
5. def display(self):
6. print(self.modelname,self.year)
7.
8. c1 = car("Toyota", 2016)
9. c1.display()
5.What is Inheritance
Ans:-
Inheritance is a powerful feature in object oriented programming.
It refers to defining a new class with little or no modification to an existing
class. The new class is called derived (or child) class and the one from which
it inherits is called the base (or parent) class.

Example of Inheritance in Python

To demonstrate the use of inheritance, let us take an example.

A polygon is a closed figure with 3 or more sides. Say, we have a class called
Polygon defined as follows.

class Polygon:
def __init__(self, no_of_sides):
self.n = no_of_sides
self.sides = [0 for i in range(no_of_sides)]

def inputSides(self):
self.sides = [float(input("Enter side "+str(i+1)+" : ")) for i in
range(self.n)]

def dispSides(self):
for i in range(self.n):
print("Side",i+1,"is",self.sides[i])

6.What is Init Method

Ans:-
The examples above are classes and objects in their simplest form, and
are not really useful in real life applications.

To understand the meaning of classes we have to understand the built-in

__init__() function.
All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the
class is being initiated.

Use the __init__() function to assign values to object properties, or other

operations that are necessary to do when the object is being created:

Example:-

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

p1 = Person("John", 36)

print(p1.name)
print(p1.age)

7.What is Delete Function

Ans:-
The del keyword is used to delete objects. In Python everything is an object, so

the del keyword can also be used to delete variables, lists, or parts of a list etc.

Example:-

x = "hello"

del x

print(x)

8.Types of Inheritance in Python

Ans:-
The types of inheritance depend on the number of children and parents involved.
There are four kinds of inheritance available in Python:

Single Inheritance:- Single inheritance allows a derivate class to inherit properties of

one parent class, and this allows code reuse and the introduction of additional features
in existing code.

Multiple Inheritance :-If a class is able to be created from multiple base classes, this
kind of Inheritance is known as multiple Inheritance. When there is multiple Inheritance,
each of the attributes that are present in the classes of the base has been passed on to
the class that is derived from it.

Multilevel inheritance,:- the features that are part of the original class, as well as the
class that is derived from it, are passed on to the new class. It is similar to a relationship
involving grandparents and children.

Hierarchical Inheritance:- If multiple derived classes are created from the same base,
this kind of Inheritance is known as hierarchical inheritance. In this instance, we have
two base classes as a parent (base) class as well as two children (derived) classes.

9.What is Method Overriding

Ans:-
Overriding is the property of a class to change the implementation of a method

provided by one of its base classes.

Overriding is a very important part of OOP since it makes inheritance utilize its full

power. By using method overriding a class may "copy" another class, avoiding

duplicated code, and at the same time enhance or customize part of it. Method

overriding is thus a part of the inheritance mechanism.

In Python method overriding occurs by simply defining in the child class a method

with the same name of a method in the parent class. When you define a method in

the object you make this latter able to satisfy that method call, so the

implementations of its ancestors do not come in play.

class Parent(object):
def __init__(self):
self.value = 4
def get_value(self):
return self.value

class Child(Parent):
def get_value(self):
return self.value + 1

10.What is Super Keyword in Python

Ans:-
Following are three constraints that we must have to follow to use the super() function
in a Python program:

● The arguments are given in the super() function and the arguments in the
function that we have called should match.

● Every occurrence of the method that we are using should include the super()
keyword after we use it.

● We have to specify the class and methods present in it, which are referred to by
the super() function.

Following are the benefits of using a super() function in child class:

 ● We don't need to remember the parent's class name while using the super()
function. This is because we don't have to specify the name of the parent class to
access the methods present in it.

● We can use the super() function with the single inheritance and multiple
inheritances.

● The super() function in Python implements code reusability and modularity as

there is no need for us to rewrite the whole function again and again.

● The super() function in Python is known as dynamical function, as we all know

that Python is a dynamically typed programming language.

class Parent:
def __init__(self, txt):
self.message = txt

def printmessage(self):
print(self.message)

class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self, txt):
super().__init__(txt)

x = Child("Hello, and welcome!")

x.printmessage()

Q.11 What is OOPs in python.

Ans:-
Python is also an object-oriented language since its beginning. It allows us to
develop applications using an Object-Oriented approach. In Python
, we can easily create and use classes and objects.

An object-oriented paradigm is to design the program using classes and objects. The
object is related to real-word entities such as book, house, pencil, etc. The oops concept
focuses on writing the reusable code. It is a widespread technique to solve the problem
by creating objects.
Major principles of object-oriented programming system are given below.

● Class

● Object

● Method

● Inheritance

● Polymorphism

● Data Abstraction

● Encapsulation

Assignment-2

1.What is Tkinter in Python

Ans:-
Tkinter is the standard GUI library for Python. Python when combined
with Tkinter provides a fast and easy way to create GUI applications. Tkinter
provides a powerful object-oriented interface to the Tk GUI toolkit.

Creating a GUI application using Tkinter is an easy task. All you need to do is

perform the following steps −

● Import the Tkinter module.

● Create the GUI application main window.

● Add one or more of the above-mentioned widgets to the GUI

application.

○ Enter the main event loop to take action against each event triggered

by the user.
2. What is the use Tkinter Module.
Ans:-

3. Write down a Basic code to generate

label,entry,listbox,spinner,radiobutton,checkbox.
Ans:-

Radio Button:-
1. from tkinter import *
2.
3. def selection():
4. selection = "You selected the option " + str(radio.get())
5. label.config(text = selection)
6.
7. top = Tk()
8. top.geometry("300x150")
9. radio = IntVar()
10. lbl = Label(text = "Favourite programming language:")
11. lbl.pack()
12. R1 = Radiobutton(top, text="C", variable=radio, value=1,
13. command=selection)
14. R1.pack( anchor = W )
15.
16. R2 = Radiobutton(top, text="C++", variable=radio, value=2,
17. command=selection)
18. R2.pack( anchor = W )
19.
 20. R3 = Radiobutton(top, text="Java", variable=radio, value=3,
21. command=selection)
22. R3.pack( anchor = W)
23.
24. label = Label(top)
25. label.pack()
26. top.mainloop()

LABEL:-
1. from tkinter.
2. import * a = Tk()
3. a.geometry("400x400")
4. a.title("test")
5. label = Label(a, text = "c# corner", bg = "green"\, bd = 100, fg = "white", font =
"Castellar")
6. label.pack()
7. a.mainloop()

List Box
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
listbox = Listbox(top, height = 10,
width = 15,
bg = "grey",
activestyle = 'dotbox',
font = "Helvetica",
fg = "yellow")
top.geometry("300x250")
label = Label(top, text = " FOOD ITEMS")
listbox.insert(1, "Nachos")
listbox.insert(2, "Sandwich")
listbox.insert(3, "Burger")
listbox.insert(4, "Pizza")
listbox.insert(5, "Burrito")
label.pack()
listbox.pack()
top.mainloop()

Entry;-
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("First Tkinter Window")
root.mainloop()

Check Box:-
from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
root.geometry("300x200")

w = Label(root, text ='GeeksForGeeks', font = "50")

w.pack()

Checkbutton1 = IntVar()
Checkbutton2 = IntVar()
Checkbutton3 = IntVar()

Button1 = Checkbutton(root, text = "Tutorial",

variable = Checkbutton1,
 onvalue = 1,
offvalue = 0,
height = 2,
width = 10)

Button2 = Checkbutton(root, text = "Student",

variable = Checkbutton2,
onvalue = 1,
offvalue = 0,
height = 2,
width = 10)

Button3 = Checkbutton(root, text = "Courses",

variable = Checkbutton3,
onvalue = 1,
offvalue = 0,
height = 2,
width = 10)

Button1.pack()
Button2.pack()
Button3.pack()
mainloop()

Spinner:-
current_value = tk.StringVar(value=0)
spin_box = ttk.Spinbox(
 container,
from_=0,
to=30,
textvariable=current_value,
wrap=True)

Q.4 What is difference between radiobutton and checkbox?

Ans:-

Sr.N Radio button Checkbox Button

o

1 It is used only when we have one It is used only when we have one or many

option to be selected from options to be selected, for Example,

several available options, for Hobby.

Example, gender, etc.

2 It is created using an HTML tag It is also created using an HTML tag

named <input>, and the type named <input>, and the type attribute is

attribute is set to the radio. set to Checkbox.

Syntax: Syntax:

<input type = "radio" name = <input type = "checkbox" name =

"radio_name" value = "choice_id"> "checkbox_name" value = "choice_id"

checked>
 3 It is represented as small circle It is represented as a small square box on

buttons on the screen. the screen.

4 There are two states in the Radio There are three states in the Checkbox.

button. It can be either true or These areas are Checked, unchecked &

false. indeterminate.

5 It is used to limit the user's It is used when you want to allow the

choice to select only one option user to select more than one option or

from the list of the options none of the options from the list of

provided in the radio box. choices in the Checkbox.

Q.5. Explain the message box in python.

Ans:-
The messagebox module is used to display the message boxes in the python
applications. There are the various functions which are used to display the relevant
messages depending upon the application requirements.

The syntax to use the messagebox is given below.

Syntax:-messagebox.function_name(title, message [, options])

Parameters

● function_name: It represents an appropriate message box function.

● title: It is a string which is shown as a title of a message box.

● message: It is the string to be displayed as a message on the message box.

 ● options: There are various options which can be used to configure the message
dialog box.

The two options that can be used are default and parent.

1. default

The default option is used to mention the types of the default button, i.e. ABORT, RETRY,
or IGNORE in the message box.

2. parent

The parent option specifies the parent window on top of which, the message box is to
be displayed.

Q.6 Write a code with label ,Entry and Button to display

square and cube of given number.
Ans:-