OUTDOOR AND ADVENTURE EDUCATION

MODULE 7: Introduction to Navigation

Anyplace Wild

EDUARDO B. CONTANTE, JR
Instructor

This module belongs to: ______________

 I. Module 7: Introduction to Navigation on Anyplace Wild

II. Motivation

“To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive, and true

success is to labour.”
Robert L Stevenson

III. Introduction

Outdoor Navigation consists in the navigation in outdoor environments such as nature trails. Outdoor
Navigation is used mainly by outdoor enthusiasts (such as hikers, backpackers, geocaching enthusiasts,
mountaineers or bikers) and outdoor workers (such emergency workers, wildlife preservation workers,
forestry workers, farmers or mining workers.
Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from Pedestrian Navigation or Road Navigation since it uses the
concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps are not always required since
individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present, maps are very
different from the ones used in Pedestrian Navigation or Road Navigation; outdoor navigation maps more
closely related with topographic charts and military charts, rather than being street and road oriented.

IV. Learning objectives

Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:

1. Understand the program for outdoor navigation

V. Definition of term

Barometer; an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.

Barometric Gradient; the rate at which atmospheric pressure rises of falls.
Bars Harbor Bar.
Beacon; an unlit navigation mark.
Bearing; the compass reading taken of a object in relation to the observer.
Beaufort Scale; a numerical method of describing wind strength.
Body; a celestial object.
Buoyage Marks and Systems;

VI. Course Content

History[edit]
Further information: History of navigation
See also: History of geodesy
In the European medieval period, navigation was considered part of the set of seven mechanical arts, none
of which were used for long voyages across open ocean. Polynesian navigation is probably the earliest form
of open-ocean navigation; it was based on memory and observation recorded on scientific instruments like
the Marshall Islands Stick Charts of Ocean Swells. Early Pacific Polynesians used the motion of stars,
weather, the position of certain wildlife species, or the size of waves to find the path from one island to
another.

Maritime navigation using scientific instruments such as the mariner's astrolabe first occurred in the
Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. Although land astrolabes were invented in the Hellenistic period and
existed in classical antiquity and the Islamic Golden Age, the oldest record of a sea astrolabe is that
of Majorcan astronomer Ramon Llull dating from 1295.[3] The perfecting of this navigation instrument is
attributed to Portuguese navigators during early Portuguese discoveries in the Age of Discovery.[4][5] The
earliest known description of how to make and use a sea astrolabe comes from Spanish
cosmographer Martín Cortés de Albacar's Arte de Navegar (The Art of Navigation) published in 1551,
[6]
 based on the principle of the archipendulum used in constructing the Egyptian pyramids.

Open-seas navigation using the astrolabe and the compass started during the Age of Discovery in the 15th
century. The Portuguese began systematically exploring the Atlantic coast of Africa from 1418, under the
sponsorship of Prince Henry. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Indian Ocean by this route. In 1492
the Spanish monarchs funded Christopher Columbus's expedition to sail west to reach the Indies by crossing
the Atlantic, which resulted in the Discovery of the Americas. In 1498, a Portuguese expedition commanded
by Vasco da Gama reached India by sailing around Africa, opening up direct trade with Asia. Soon, the
Portuguese sailed further eastward, to the Spice Islands in 1512, landing in China one year later.

The first circumnavigation of the earth was completed in 1522 with the Magellan-Elcano expedition, a
Spanish voyage of discovery led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and completed by Spanish
navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano after the former's death in the Philippines in 1521. The fleet of seven ships
sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Southern Spain in 1519, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and after several
stopovers rounded the southern tip of South America. Some ships were lost, but the remaining fleet
continued across the Pacific making a number of discoveries including Guam and the Philippines. By then,
only two galleons were left from the original seven. The Victoria led by Elcano sailed across the Indian
Ocean and north along the coast of Africa, to finally arrive in Spain in 1522, three years after its departure.
The Trinidad sailed east from the Philippines, trying to find a maritime path back to the  Americas, but was
unsuccessful. The eastward route across the Pacific, also known as the tornaviaje (return trip) was only
discovered forty years later, when Spanish cosmographer Andrés de Urdaneta sailed from the Philippines,
north to parallel 39°, and hit the eastward Kuroshio Current which took its galleon across the Pacific. He
arrived in Acapulco on October 8, 1565.

Etymology[edit]
The term stems from the 1530s, from Latin navigationem (nom. navigatio), from navigatus, pp.
of navigare "to sail, sail over, go by sea, steer a ship," from navis "ship" and the root of agere "to drive".[7]
Basic concepts[edit]

Map of Earth

Longitude (λ)

Lines of longitude appear vertical with varying curvature in this

projection, but are actually halves of great ellipses, with
identical radii at a given latitude.

Latitude (φ)

Lines of latitude appear horizontal with varying curvature in this

projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All
locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as
a circle of latitude.

The equator divides the planet into a Northern

Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere, and has a latitude of
0°.

 v
 t
 e

Latitude
Further information: Latitude
Roughly, the latitude of a place on Earth is its angular distance north or south of the equator.[8] Latitude is
usually expressed in degrees (marked with °) ranging from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the North and South
poles.[8] The latitude of the North Pole is 90° N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90° S.[8] Mariners
calculated latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by sighting the pole star (Polaris) with a sextant and using
sight reduction tables to correct for height of eye and atmospheric refraction. The height of Polaris in
degrees above the horizon is the latitude of the observer, within a degree or so.

Longitude
Further information: Longitude
Similar to latitude, the longitude of a place on Earth is the angular distance east or west of the prime
meridian or Greenwich meridian.[8] Longitude is usually expressed in degrees (marked with °) ranging
from 0° at the Greenwich meridian to 180° east and west. Sydney, for example, has a longitude of
about 151° east. New York City has a longitude of 74° west. For most of history, mariners struggled to
determine longitude. Longitude can be calculated if the precise time of a sighting is known. Lacking that,
one can use a sextant to take a lunar distance (also called the lunar observation, or "lunar" for short) that,
with a nautical almanac, can be used to calculate the time at zero longitude (see Greenwich Mean Time).
[9]
 Reliable marine chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century and not affordable until the
19th century.[10][11][12] For about a hundred years, from about 1767 until about 1850, [13] mariners lacking a
chronometer used the method of lunar distances to determine Greenwich time to find their longitude. A
mariner with a chronometer could check its reading using a lunar determination of Greenwich time. [10][14]

Loxodrome
Further information: Rhumb line
In navigation, a rhumb line (or loxodrome) is a line crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, i.e.
a path derived from a defined initial bearing. That is, upon taking an initial bearing, one proceeds along the
same bearing, without changing the direction as measured relative to true or magnetic north.

Three main types of navigation are celestial, GPS, and map and

compass. In order to better understand why we teach map and
compass at High Trails, it is helpful to learn the basics of all three
techniques.

Application Architecture
Handheld Outdoor Receiver
Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom Handheld Outdoor Receivers although standalone
applications running on a mobile device can also be used. Handheld Outdoor Receivers are preferred by
"heavy users" since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For
the occasional users there are applications that can run on GNSS-enabled phones with multimedia
capabilities.
These applications normally work in a totally offline mode, since cellular coverage is usually unavailable in
the places where Outdoor Navigation applications are to be used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without
embedded map support although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.
These applications have normally the following concepts [2]:
 Waypoint: Point with coordinates. The user can mark waypoints in the device and can select
the waypoint to go to.
 Track: List of sequential waypoints that lead the user from the initial waypoint to the last
waypoint through the trail.
 Waypoint Navigation: The device leads the user through the trail by leading him from the last
waypoint reached to the next one on the trail.
 Track Log Recording: The trail taken by the user is stored in the device as a successive list of
waypoints. This keeps a record of the trail done that can be later downloaded and can be used to
return back in the trail.
 Return Back: The track log is reversed and the user is lead back to the starting point of the
trail.
 Compass: These devices can be used as digital compasses. Some have an electronic compass
that can be integrated with the GNSS positioning information.
 Altimeter: These devices can be used as digital altimeters. Some have a barometric altimeter
that can be integrated with the GNSS positioning information.

These applications are considered as non-critical applications, although they can be used on emergency
situations.
The accuracy required by these applications is low. The current accuracy provided by civilian GPS is
enough for these applications. Availability, however, can be reduced by heavy foliage and deep canyons in
this type of environment.

Application Characterization
Outdoor Navigation was one of the first personal uses of GNSS and the first consumer handheld GNSS
receivers were intended for outdoor use. Normally, these devices are waterproof or at least ruggedized. An
additional design driver is a low power consumption using regular batteries to endure continuous use during
hours.

Geocaching is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.

From a technical perspective outdoor navigation is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The
receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track (loaded or recorded by the user).
No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery. Currently there
are some ongoing studies aiming of creating simple indications that may help the users to easily understand
how to reach a given destination. Two examples of those studies are the Direction Codes and Location
Codes.

Despite this, there are outdoor receivers with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn
navigation with street and road maps.

Application Examples
There are numerous outdoor navigation applications available for different smartphones and every major
consumer GNSS receiver brand has several Handheld Outdoor Receivers in their portfolio.

VIII. Student Assessment Questions (SAQ)

SAQ#1. What is the significance of navigation? Explain fully your answer (5 points)

SAQ#2. What is the importance of navigation to you as individual? Explain fully your answer (5 points)

SAQ#3. Are navigation skills essential in real life? Explain fully your answer. (5 points)

X. References

1. ^ GNSS applications on Wikipedia

2. ^ Garmin site
3. Rell Pros-Wellenhof, Bernhard (2007). Navigation: Principles of Positioning and
Guidances. Springer. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-3-211-00828-7.
4. ^ Bowditch, 2003:799.
5. ^ The Ty Pros Companion to Ships and the Sea, Peter Kemp ed., 1976 ISBN 0-586-08308-
1
 XI. Evaluation/Activity/ Quiz

____________________Waypoint: 1. Point with coordinates. The user can mark waypoints in the device
and can select the waypoint to go to.
____________________Track: 2. List of sequential waypoints that lead the user from the initial waypoint
to the last waypoint through the trail.
____________________Waypoint Navigation: 3. The device leads the user through the trail by leading
him from the last waypoint reached to the next one on the trail.
____________________Track Log Recording: 4. The trail taken by the user is stored in the device as a
successive list of waypoints. This keeps a record of the trail done that can be later downloaded and can be
used to return back in the trail.
____________________Return Back: 5. The track log is reversed and the user is lead back to the starting
point of the trail.
____________________Compass: 6. These devices can be used as digital compasses. Some have an
electronic compass that can be integrated with the GNSS positioning information.
____________________Altimeter: 7. These devices can be used as digital altimeters. Some have a
barometric altimeter that can be integrated with the GNSS positioning information.

8-10. What are the 3 main types of navigation?

For our next module, we will be discussing Module 8

You can contact me through my email or mobile number if there are certain parts of this module that you do
not understand. Thank you and God bless!

EDUARDO B. CONTANTE JR.

PE Instructor
09301071572

Edward Contante
[email protected]
 OUTDOOR AND ADVENTURE EDUCATION
Module 6: Outdoor Action Guide to Developing a Safety Management Program for an
Outdoor Organization

ANSWER SHEET
God bless You!

Name: _________________________________________________ Score: _______

Course and Section: ____________________________Date Submitted: _________

I. Student Assessment Questions (SAQ)

SAQ#1. Why is it important to know the safety of protocol when engaging in an outdoor
recreational activity? Explain fully your answer (5 points)
________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________

SAQ#2. What is the most important thing to consider before you plan for an outdoor
activity? Explain fully your answer (5 points)
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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SAQ#3. What is the importance of knowing the helpful ways in preventing the
risk factors in activities? Explain fully your answer. (5 points)
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II. ASSESSMENT:

ENUMERATION:
Directions: List down or enumerate what are being asked on each of the following item.
1-5. What are the 5 Steps to Risk Assessment?

6 -13. What are the 8 Ways to Avoid Injuries During Outdoor Activities?

14 – 15. When an accident occurs, give at least two program to reduce the possibility of a similar incident
occurring in the future?
____ 4. You wanted to go on trekking with your friends but your parents refused to let you join,
what should you do?
A. Go with your friends without your parents knowing.
B. Reschedule you’re trip until your parents agree.
C. Make a camp in your backyard and ask your family and friends to join you.
D. Plan another activity with friends.

____ 5. Which of the following statements BEST describes the difference between hiking and trekking?
A. Hiking is physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually challenging than trekking.
B. Hiking is done in mountainous area while trekking in a beautiful natural environment.
C. You need more equipment in hiking than trekking.
D. Hiking involves a long energetic walk in a natural environment on hiking trails for a day or
overnight, while trekking involves long vigorous hike for multiple days.

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY

Answer the following questions in sentence/paragraph form.

1. If you will be asked to organized a hike or a trek for your group, how will you design
your safety precautionary protocol to avoid dehydration, overexertion, hypo hyperthermia
during participation?
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 Participation in recreational activities varies from one person to another depending on one’s
intention, reason or belief.

Recreation is categorized into active recreation and passive recreation. Active

recreational activities include jogging, swimming, hiking, biking or gardening while passive
recreational activities include watching television, listening to music or reading books.

Active recreational activities can be done indoor or outdoor.

Our country has many places to explore and to start many recreational activities, whether on land,
in air or on water.

Water or aqua provides environments that are beneficial to you. An array of

recreational activities can be done in rivers, beaches, swimming pools, and the
like.

Common aquatic recreational activities in the Philippines include swimming, surfing,

boating, rafting and fishing.

Mountaineering is another outdoor recreational activity that brings you closer to

nature.

Some terms related to mountaineering are hiking, trekking, camping and

orienteering.
XII. References

1. Whitlock, W., Van Romer, K., & Becker, H. (1991). Nature Based Tourism: An
Annotated Bibliography Clemson SC: Strom Thurmond Institute, Regional
Development Group.
2. Pomfret, G. (2006). "Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual
framework for research". Tourism Management. 27 (1): 113-
123. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.003.
3. Beedie, P.; Hudson, S. (2003). "Emergence of mountain-based adventure
tourism". Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (3): 625-643. doi:10.1016/S0160-
7383(03)00043-4.
4. Apollo, Michal (2017). "The true accessibility of mountaineering: The case of
the High Himalaya". Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 17: 29-43.

XIII. Evaluation/Activity/ Quiz

Activity 1: Encircle the words related to aquatic recreational activities. Write them also inside the box
provided below.

G N I F R U S A E F Y R
C O O R I G H T S M R B
U O F F N M A U E R O J
C I R I U E D O E A E A
Q W E S T L D U T F C M
X U T H A O E I N T N E
L I D I V I N G C I L H
 S S N N B G J N A N I A
W E E G E D R E L G O D
F P L E I Y A E A F S S
G N I M M I W S K A A O
U I I S N F I R S M N N

Activity 2: GUESS WHAT?

Arrange the jumbled letters until you get the right word/s.

Jumbled Letters Answer

1. GNISIMWM _____________
2. HGFIISN _____________
3. DGIIVN _____________
4. OOMBBA FTRIGAN _____________
5, IGSILAN _____________

For our next module, we will be discussing the continuation of Module 4- MOUNTAINEERING
(Hiking, Trekking, Camping, Orienteering)

You can contact me through my email or mobile number if there are certain parts of this module that you do
not understand. Thank you and God bless!

EDUARDO B. CONTANTE JR.

PE Instructor
09301071572

Edward Contante
[email protected]

OUTDOOR AND ADVENTURE EDUCATION

Module 3: AQUATICS
ANSWER SHEET
God bless You!
Name: _________________________________________________ _______ Score:
Course and Section: ____________________________Date Submitted: _________

III. Student Assessment Questions (SAQ)

SAQ#1. Based on the lesson, how important are the aquatic recreational facilities to
your family and the community as a whole? Explain fully your answer (5 points)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

SAQ#2. Modify an aquatic activity you can do at home with your loved ones. Explain
briefly how you are going to do it.? (5 points)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

SAQ#3. Describe how you and your family support and help each other
in planning and realizing such activity. Did you find enjoyment in what
you did? What lesson did you learn from this activity? Explain fully your
answer. (5 points)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

IV. EVALUATION

Activity 1: Encircle the words related to aquatic recreational activities. Write them also inside the box
provided below.

G N I F R U S A E F Y R
C O O R I G H T S M R B
U O F F N M A U E R O J
 C I R I U E D O E A E A
Q W E S T L D U T F C M
X U T H A O E I N T N E
L I D I V I N G C I L H
S S N N B G J N A N I A
W E E G E D R E L G O D
F P L E I Y A E A F S S
G N I M M I W S K A A O
U I I S N F I R S M N N

Activity 2: GUESS WHAT?

Arrange the jumbled letters until you get the right word/s.

Jumbled Letters Answer

1. GNISIMWM _____________
2. HGFIISN _____________
3. DGIIVN _____________
4. OOMBBA FTRIGAN _____________
5, IGSILAN _____________
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