B.

TECH FIRST YEAR

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-2023

Course name: Basic Civil Engineering

COURSE CODE : CV1001
LECTURE SERIES NO : 03 (THREE)
CREDITS : 03
MODE OF DELIVERY : OFFLINE (PPT)
FACULTY : MR. SOURAV KUMAR DAS
EMAIL-ID : [email protected]
DATE OF DELIVERY : 21-October 2022

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Topics to be covered
Brick
a. Importance of brick
b. Manufacturing process of brick
c. Classification of brick
d. Test of bricks

Relevant course outcome

Students will be able to understand various properties of brick and its uses.

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 Brick
Brick are the clay products which are produced by moulding clay in
rectangular blocks of uniform size and then drying and burning these
blocks. Its uses during construction of building, bridges, dams, culverts,
pavements, kerbs partitions and as fire resisting structures, ornamental
works etc.
Composition of Good Brick
CONSTITUENT % FUNCTION EXCESS QTY. LEADS TO

Clay 20 to 30 Plasticity Shrinkage

Sand 50 to 60 Prevents cracking Brittleness

and shrinkage

Lime 10 Prevents shrinkage Swells and disintegrate

Helps binding
Iron oxide 4 to 5 Gives red colour Becomes dark blue
Magnesia Small Imparts yellow tint Decay of bricks
quantity and decreases
shrinkage 3
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICKS
Preparation: Moulding: Drying: Burning:
Unsoiling, Digging, Hand moulding on ground Natural drying In air and In the clamp or kiln,
Cleaning, Weathering, (for small scale) Machine artificially drying through Temperature range from
Blending and Temping moulding on table ( for dryers 800 to 1100 km.
large scale) OR

IS:2212-1991 Code of practice of brick work deals with construction of clay brick
The harmful ingredients present in brick earth
Lime : When it is present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and cause disintegration of bricks.
Pebbles, gravel and stones : Spoil appearance.
Alkalis : Cause efflorescence if come in contact with moisture.
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Organic matter and vegetation – Increases loss of ignition.
 QUALITY OF GOOD BRICKS:
Size and Weight of Brick Shape and size Uniform with straight edges
 19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm o (Nominal Size, BIS) Colour Deep RED, cherry
 20 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm (including mortar) Texture and Compactness No fissures and holes
 3-3.5 kg Hardness and Soundness No fingernail impression

Classification of brick Compressive strength [ 10.5 N/mm2]

Based on the manufacturing process: Water absorption [ Not more than 20%]
 FIRST CLASS BRICKS Density [ 17 to 19 kN/m3 ]
 SECOND CLASS BRICKS
Shear strength 5 To 7 N/mm2
 THIRD CLASS BRICKS
 FOURTH CLASS BRICKS Fire Resistance High
Soluble salts Free
Tests on bricks: Breakage When dropped from 1m height it
(As per IS 3495- 1992 )
should not break.
 Compressive strength test
 Water absorption test
 Efflorescence test

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TESTS ON BRICKS: IS 3495- 1992

1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
 Both faces made smooth
 Immersed in water for 24 hrs for three days
 The specimen is then placed between the plates of the
compression testing machine
 Load is applied axially at a uniform rate 14 N/mm2and
maximum load at which the specimen fails is noted for
determination of compressive strength not less than 3.5
N/mm2
 Again, immersed in clean water for 3 days
 Tested in compression testing machine.
 Compressive strength = Load at failure/ Area of the
cross section of the brick
2.WATER ABSORPTION TEST:
 Dry brick weighed (W1)
 Immersed in water for 24 hrs Percentage of water absorption = [W2 – W1]
 Again weighed (W2) W1

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3.EFFLORESCENCE TEST:
 Bricks placed in water of 2.5 cm depth till water is absorbed
or evaporated
 After drying again placed in water
 Examined for efflorescence
 Efflorescence is classified as follows:
Nil 0%
Slight 10%
Moderate 10 to 50%
Heavy more than 50%

Typical Test Results of Brick Samples

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ADVANTAGES OF BRICKS:

 Brick do not burn, buckle or melt.

 Brick do not rot and allow termites to invade.
 Brick do not rust and corrode.
 Brick do not dent.
 Brick do not fade from the Sun's UV Rays.
 Brick do not get damaged by high winds, rain or hail.
 Brick do not require constant maintenance.
 Brick do not devalue.
 Brick do not limit your personal asthetics.
 Brick do not limit your design options.

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 Stone
Stone: It is naturally available construction material derived from rocks.
Rock : A large concreted mass of earthy or mineral matter or broken
pieces of such a mass. Rocks are made up of two or more minerals.
Such as
 Rocks are made up of minerals. Such as
 Feldspars
 Quartz
 Micas
 Hornblende
 Kaolinite
 Calcite (CaCO3)
 Dolomite (MgCO3)
Civil Engineering Uses
 Construction of residential and public buildings
 Construction of dams, weirs, harbors, bridge abutments, etc
 Face work of structures for appearance and ornamental value
 Road metal and railway ballast
 Aggregate for concrete
 Stone dust as substitute for sand
 Thin slabs for roofing, flooring and pavements
 Limestone for manufacture of lime, cement, 9
GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

Igneous Rocks Formed by cooling and thus

solidifying from a molten state. (Granite, Basalt).

Sedimentary Rocks Formed by a process of

cementation of small particles that result from the
disintegration of rocks. (Limestone, sandstone)

Metamorphic Rocks Formed by gradual changes in

the structures of either igneous or sedimentary
rocks caused by heat, water, pressure. (Marble,
Slate).

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 COMMONLY USED BUILDING STONES

GRANITE BASALT LIMESTONE SALTE MARBLE

Granite: It is an Intrusive igneous rock which get Limestone : It is a Sedimentary rock. It is used as
crystallized slowly within the earth. It is strong, hard & coarse aggregates for concrete production. It is also being
non-porous rock. It is a desirable foundation & building used in the production of cement & lime
material.
Basalt : It is an Extrusive igneous rock which get rapidly Marble : It is a Metamorphosed limestone but harder
crystallized on the surface of earth. It is hard & strong, but than limestone. Used for interior works or wall or column
porous & have internal fractures. facing.
Slate : It is a Metamorphosed clay and being majorly
used for flooring, interior or exterior wall facing.
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Desirable propertıes of stones Typical range of compressive strength for different building stones
• Durability : mainly abrasion
• Strength
• Porosity
• Water Absorption
• Coefficient of thermal expansion
• Fire resistance
Note: Both strength & durability are affected by the texture & mineral
composition, chemical charactersitics & physical characteristics.
Merits of Building Stones Demerits of Building Stones
• Stone is natural construction material. • Stone is an expensive construction material.
• Highly sustainable and durable building • Stone constructions need very skilled labour because of its
material. characteristics.
• Better resistant against water, fire and wind • Highly time-consuming process from collection to supply
than other building materials
• High transportation cost and time in construction.
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Topics to be covered
• Timber
• Types of tree
• Cross Section of Tree
• Seasoning
• Uses of timber
• Defects in timber

Relevant Course Outcome

Students will be able to understand various properties of timber and its uses.

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 Timber
TIMBER: The wood which is suitable or fit for engineering
construction or engineering purpose is called timber
WOOD: The organic matter obtained from trees is called wood.
TYPES OF TREES :
Trees are classified into two groups depending upon growth pattern.
1. Endogenous trees : The trees which grow, inwards in longitudinal
fibrous mass are called endogenous trees.
2. Exogenous tress : The trees which grow in out wards across
horizontal section of stem are called exogenous trees. These trees
are only fit for engineering construction. Exogenous trees are again
subdivided in to two types.

a) Conifers or Evergreen: They give soft wood. They have pointed

leaves. Examples: Deodar, Pine, Chir, Kail, etc.
b) Deciduous: These have hard wood. These have broad leaves.
Examples: Teak, Sal, Shisham, etc.
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 Cross Section of Tree

Fresh timber which is obtained from trees contains about 30 to 40 % sap or moisture. This sap is very harmful for the life
of a timber. Therefore, it is necessary to remove that sap by applying some special methods. All those methods which are
used for removing the sap from timber are collectively termed as Seasoning of Timber. 15
 Seasoning of Timber
Types of Timber Seasoning : The main types of
timber seasoning are as under.
1. Natural Seasoning,
2. Artificial Seasoning,
(a) Kiln Seasoning
(b) Chemical Seasoning,
(c) Electric Seasoning,
3. Water Seasoning,

Advantages of seasoned timber: It has reduced weight, It is

strong and durable, It has resistance to decay or rot, It takes
high polish, It is easier to work, Its life is more.

Uses of timber :
• Construction of beams, rafters, bridges, piles, poles,
railway sleepers, furniture, etc.
• For packaging of materials.
• For manufacturing of agricultural implements,
• For making toys, etc.
• For manufacturing of veneers and ply woods.

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 Defects in timber
A defect is an irregularity or abnormality occurring in or
on wood, which is responsible for its
• Strength reduction and decay
• Lowering of durability
• Lowering of utility
• Poor appearance

Most common defects in

timber are as follows:
Natural defects Artificial Defects
• Heart Shakes • Warp
• Star Shakes • Bow
• Cup Shakes • Cupping
• Radial Shakes • Twisting
• Rind Galls • Checks
• Wind Cracks
• Knots
• Dead Wood 17
Topics to be covered
• Steel
• Types of steels
• Stress-Strain graph of steel
• Merits and De-remits of steel

Relevant Course Outcome

Students will be able to understand various functional properties of steel and its uses.

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 Steel
What is steel?
• Steels are essentially alloys of iron and carbon, but they always contain other elements, either as impurities or
alloying elements.
• Steel is man made metal containing 95% or more iron and 1 – 2% carbon, smaller amounts (around 1.6%) of
manganese and nickel to improve certain properties.
• Addition of carbon improves strength and hardness but reduces ductility and toughness.
• Low carbon steels are not used as structural materials.

Different types of steel

Carbon steel is steel where the main
alloying constituent is carbon.
Stainless steel, is a steel alloy with a
Low Carbon Steel (up to 0.25%). Carbon Steel Stainless Steel minimum of 10.5% and up to 30%
Medium Carbon Steel (0.25% to 0.45%).
chromium content by mass.
High Carbon Steel (0.45% to 1.50%).
Steel
Alloy steel is steel alloyed with a variety Tool steel refers to multiple carbon and
of elements in amounts of between 1 alloy steels that are particularly well-suited
and 50% by weight to improve its Alloy Steel Tool Steel
to be made into tools.
mechanical properties. Better hardness, abrasion resistance,
Ex. Aluminum, Copper, Manganese, resistance to deformation at elevated
Silicon, Vanadium, etc. temperatures
Stress vs Strain graph of Mild Steel

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Stress vs Strain graph of Mild Steel

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Stress vs Strain graph of Mild Steel

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Merits of steel:
• High strength to low weight - good for long span bridges, tall buildings.
• Lightweight compared to concrete - can be handled and transported and prefabricated.
• Uniformity in its properties due to manufacturing in a controlled environment.
• It’s a ductile material, hence, does not fail suddenly and gives visible evidence of failure by large deflections.
• Modifications of structural alignments can be made easily.
• Fast construction pace as compared to reinforced cement concrete.
• Steel has the highest scrap value.

De-merits of steel:
• Possibility of corrosion is too high.
• Overall construction cost increases multifold as compared to reinforced cement concrete structures.
• Steel structure or any item prepared, requires high maintenance cost.
• Needs fireproof treatment, looking into the possibility of fire breakout where the overall temperature can rise
beyond 1000℃.

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B.TECH FIRST YEAR
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-2023

Course name: Basic Civil Engineering

COURSE CODE : CV1001
LECTURE SERIES NO : 03 (THREE)
CREDITS : 03
MODE OF DELIVERY : OFFLINE (PPT)
FACULTY : MR. SOURAV KUMAR DAS
EMAIL-ID : [email protected]
DATE OF DELIVERY : 26 NOVEMBER 2022

1
Topics to be covered

1. Type of cements
2. Test of cement
3. Concrete and it’s type
4. Properties of fresh and hardened concrete
5. Admixtures and it’s classifications

Relevant Course Outcome

Identify various types of building materials and floor areas and investigate their suitability in sustainable
construction works.

2
 CEMENT
Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium silicates & other calcium compounds having hydraulic properties.

Type of Cement
1. Hydraulic Cement. 14. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
2. Natural Cement 15. High Alumina Cement
3. Portland Cement 16. White Cement
4. Portland lime-stone cement 17. Coloured cement
5. Blended Cement 18. Pozzolanic Cement
6. Pozzolan lime Cement 19. Air Entraining Cement
7. Masonry Cement 20. Hydrographic cement
8. Aluminous Cement
9. Fly Ash Cement
10. Rapid Hardening Cement
11. Quick setting cement

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Test of Cement
Normally two types of cement tests are conducted laboratory test of cement & field test of cement
Laboratory test of cement
For examining the suitability of cement in
the laboratory, the following tests are
performed
1. Fineness test
2. Consistency test
3. Specific gravity
Soundness test using
4. Initial and Final setting time test Le’Chatelier Mould
Fineness test Compressive strength test
5. Soundness test using sieve
6. Compressive strength test
7. Loss of Ignition Test

Field test of Cement

1. Cement colour
2. Checking of any hard lumps
3. Water sinking test
4. Glass plate test Setting time test
Soundness test Fineness test using
using Autoclave Hydrometer 4
 Concrete
Concrete is one of the most commonly used building materials. Concrete is a composite material made from several
readily available constituents(aggregates, sand, cement, water).

Advantages
1. Ability to cast in any shape
2. Economical
3. Durable
4. Fire resistant
5. Energy efficient
6. On-site fabrication

Disadvantages
1. Low tensile strength
2. Brittle failure
3. We need to use reinforcement

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Types of concrete
1. Conventional concrete
2. Coloured concrete
3. High density concrete
4. Light weight concrete
5. Reinforced cement concrete
6. Air entrained concrete
7. Pre-stress concrete
8. Pre-cast concrete
9. Smart concrete
10. Shotcrete

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Properties of fresh concrete
1. Workability
2. Segregation
3. Bleeding
4. Setting Time
5. Unit Weight
6. Uniformity

Bleeding Segregation 7
Properties of hardened concrete
The principal properties of hardened concrete which are
of practical importance can be listed as:
1. Strength (Compressive, Flexural, Split
Tensile)
2. Permeability & durability
3. Shrinkage & creep deformations
4. Response to temperature variations

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Admixtures
Introduction: Admixtures is defined as a material, other than,
Cement, Water & Aggregate. That is used as an ingredient of
concrete and is added to the batch immediately before or during
mixing.

Classification of admixtures
1. Chemical admixtures
2. Mineral admixtures

Types of chemical admixtures:

According to the characteristics and effects produced by Mineral admixtures:
chemical admixtures they are of following types. • Cementitious Pozzolanic
• Plasticizers • Ground Granulated Blast Furnace
• Super Plasticizers Slag(GGBS)
• Retarders and retarding admixtures • Fly ash
• Accelerators • Silica Fume
• Air-entraining admixtures • Rice Husk

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Why admixtures are used?
To modify properties of fresh & hardened concrete to ensure the
quality of concrete during mixing, transporting, placing & curing
overcome certain unexpected emergencies during concrete
operations (i.e., set retarders)
• Increase slump and workability or accelerate initial setting
• Reduce or prevent shrinkage
• Modify the rate or capacity for bleeding
• Reduce segregation
• Retard or reduce heat evolution during the early hardening
• Increase strength (compressive, tensile, flexural)
• Decrease permeability of concrete
• Increase bond of concrete to steel reinforcement
• Increase bond between existing and new concrete
• Improve impact and abrasion resistance(hardness)
• Inhibit corrosion of embedded metal
• Produce colored concrete.

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B.TECH FIRST YEAR
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-2023

Course name: Basic Civil Engineering

COURSE CODE : CV1001
LECTURE SERIES NO : 03 (THREE)
CREDITS : 03
MODE OF DELIVERY : OFFLINE (PPT)
FACULTY : MR. SOURAV KUMAR DAS
EMAIL-ID : [email protected]
DATE OF DELIVERY : 26 NOVEMBER 2022

11
Topics to be covered

1. Foundation & its requirement

2. Types of foundation
3. Spread footing
4. Combined footing
5. Strap footing
6. Raft foundation

Relevant Course Outcome

Identify various types of building materials and floor areas and investigate their suitability in sustainable
construction works.

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A foundation is a lower portion of a building structure that
transfers its gravity loads to the earth under it.
•The basic function of foundation is to transmit the
load from building to the subsoil, in such a way that
• Settlement are within permissible limit
• The soil does not fail in shear
• Reduce the load intensity
• Even distribution of load
• Provide level surface
Types of foundation
Foundations may be broadly classified as
• Shallow Foundation
• Deep foundation
Shallow Foundation: If a foundation’s depth is equal to or less
than its width its called Shallow Foundation.
Types of shallow foundation: Spread footing Combined footing
Strap Footing Mat Foundation or Raft Foundation

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Spread Footing – Spread footings are those which
spread the super-imposed load of a wall or column over
larger area. Spread footing support either column or wall.
In which the loaded area of column has been spread to
the large size through single spread. Stepped footing for a
column: This type of footing is provided for heavily
loaded column which required greater spread with steps.

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Combined Footing: A spread footing that supports
two or more columns is termed a combined footing.
The combined footing may be of the following
kinds.

Rectangular combined footing: The combined

footings will be provided rectangular in shape if
columns carry equal loads. The design of
rectangular combined footing should be done in
such a way that centre of gravity of column
coincides with the centroid of footing area.

Trapezoidal combined footing: If columns carry

unequal loads the footing is of a trapezoidal shape
is provided. Combined column-wall footing: It may
be required to provide a combined footing for the
column and wall. Such combined footing are
shown in figure.

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Strap Footing: If an Independent footing of two columns are
connected by a beam, it is called a strap footing. A strap footing
may be used where the distance between the column is so great
that trapezoidal footing becomes quite narrow. The strap does
not remain in contact with soil and does not transfer any
pressure to the soil.

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Raft foundation: A raft Foundation is a combined footing
that covers the entire area beneath a structure and
supports all the walls and columns. They are used in
areas where the soil masses contain compressible lenses
or the soil is sufficiently erratic so that differential
settlement would be difficult to control.

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B.TECH FIRST YEAR
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-2023

Course name: Basic Civil Engineering

COURSE CODE : CV1001
LECTURE SERIES NO : 03 (THREE)
CREDITS : 03
MODE OF DELIVERY : OFFLINE (PPT)
FACULTY : MR. SOURAV KUMAR DAS
EMAIL-ID : [email protected]
DATE OF DELIVERY : 26 NOVEMBER 2022

18
Topics to be covered

1. Building By-Laws Definition & Purpose

2. Regulations For Different Types Of Buildings
3. Floor Space Index (F.S.I)
4. Types of Building Areas

Relevant Course Outcome

Identify various types of building materials and floor areas and investigate their suitability in sustainable
construction works.

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 Building By-Laws Definition
As per building Bye-law: the construction of any building, certain
restrictions are laid down by Municipal bodies, Urban development
authorities and other government departments to provide clear open
spaces, left around the buildings for specific purposes.
Examples: JDA, BDA, BBMP, MUDA, CITY Corporation etc.
Unplanned City

Purpose
If certain rules and regulations are not made, house owners may
construct the building as per their whims and fancies. Hence it is
essential to maintain and implement the bye-laws to provide proper
ventilation, privacy, security and safety between the neighbours.
To Ensure public health and safety throughout a building.

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Tuesday, 20 December 2022 Planned City
Regulations For Different Types Of Buildings
1. Open space around residential building
2. Min standard dimensions of building elements
3. Provisions for lighting and ventilation
4. Provision for safety from fire and explosion
5. Provisions for means of access
6. Provisions for drainage and sanitation
7. Provisions for the safety of works against hazards or
accidents
8. Requirements for off-street parking spaces
9. Requirements for greenbelt and landscaping
10. Special requirements for low-income group housing
11. Sizes of structural elements.

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Tuesday, 20 December 2022
Floor Space Index (F.S.I)
Floor Space Index (FSI), also referred to as Floor Area Ratio
(FAR), is the ratio of total floor area of a building (Built up
area) to the total Plot area (land). This numeric value indicates
the total amount of area (on all floors) you can build upon a plot.

FSI regulates by development control regulation department of a

particular location and according to the National Building Code
of India.
They will regulate the FSI value based on city zone, type of
building and other amenities. Construction can only build up to
the FSI imposed by the government.

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Advantages:
1. It maintains the ratio of open space to built space.
2. It maintains the skyline line of the city.
3. A average F.S.I value ensures a good development of the project.
4. Maintaining equilibrium between sustained, planned growth and
development is important.

Disadvantages:
1. F.S.I is considered a poor predictor of physical form.
2. With less F.S.I values the employment and the idea of
accommodating the ever increasing population suffers.

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Tuesday, 20 December 2022
 Type of Building Areas

Carpet Area Built Up Area Super Built Up Area

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 Type of Building Areas

Carpet Area Built Up Area Super Built Up Area

Carpet Area Built Up Area: Super Built Up Area

• Area calculated from inner wall to The built-up area includes the carpet Super built-up area includes
wall distance inside the house. This area and thickness of external walls, common amenities, such as the
would also include steps if any, inside internal walls, columns, ducts. It is area of lift shafts, lobby,
the house. So essentially, carpet area typically 10-20% more than the carpet corridors, club house, stairs,
is nothing but the net usable area area and is also sometimes known as entrance lobby, electrical room,
inside the house. the plinth area. pump room, swimming pool, etc.
• While computing the carpet area, the Super built up is usually around
terrace and balconies are usually Areas included in Built Up Area/ 25% more than built up area.
considered as half the actual area. Plinth Area
• Entire carpet area
Areas included in Carpet Area • Internal and External Walls
• All room including living room, • Utility Ducts within walls of the unit
bedrooms, dining room, dressing Areas not included in Built Up Area/
room, kitchen and bathrooms and Plinth Area
balconies. • Common Areas
Areas not included in Carpet Area
• External and internal walls
• Common areas
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