EXPERIMENT NO. 2. © ECT: - Study of CRO op! Waveforms, and measure the frequency and amplitude of different = appARATUS REQUIRED:- Tnstrumenis Range Quantity [CRO [30 vi ECRO Probe fl Function Generator ~_ [TMH CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is probably the most versatile tool for deployment of electronic = and system. The CRO allow the amplitude of the electronic signals where they are current or power to be displayed as a function of time. The CRO depends on the nts of an electron beam which is being bombarded (impinged) on a screen coated with a dffescent tnaterial to produce a visual spot. If the electron is being deflected along the ite ional axes, i.e. x-axis & y-axis, two different displays are produced. _ BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CRO Input | “sel ae | tine Luminout Signal | Le Spot Phosphor | S Seren v | Electron ~ 5 Gun “re ert ‘ } HV Supply, J >~Eeletron WW supaly iovticel | a ary vertical |} Deflection! | To all Circuits nfecstonts* | ~ - Horizontal é Gore |. [Hert Deflection Trigger Time Bae a Cirewit Generator |A PARTS OF CRO ys! «THis is cathode ray tub provide visual dispa : olsen SP VERTICAL AMPLIFIER ql hi DELAY LINE: ~ it, en oo SLAY LINE: —It is used to g, © delay si gene BASE: ~ Tt is used to gene’, w2hal for sam deflection plates Merate sawtooth _ gC HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER : This 2 applied to horizontal defect, » 'S Used to amplify the sawtooth voltage before it is fine ER CIRCUIT: This uct S use. ie ancy ei in 5 ie can be synchronized. suipply: and’a sue lo an fre (WO power supplies, a negative high voltage (HY): 400V. the negative voltage ee (LV)-The +ve voltage supply is from +300V to © Supply is fiom -1000V to -1500V. vertical section ion of the Amplifier used to amplify signal in the vetime in the vertical section. voltage which it is applied to Horizontal pont PANEL CONTROLS OF fiont panel of cathod i : eae caie Shift the we swilescope comprises of many measurement knob by which an \ nerimenter ca e-wave form according to need of measuring parameter. |, POWER SWITCH: - This is a Push button switch to turn ON/OFF the instruments. POWER LAMP: - Glows when power is on 3. INTENSITY CONTROL: - It is used to clockwise rotation increases the brightness |. FOCUS CONTROL: - It is used to adjust the sharpness of the waveform. SHROTATIONAL CONTROL: - Allows screwdriver adjustment of trace alignment with regards to the horizontal graticute lines of the CR’ 5. ACIGND/DC Switch: - to select the method of coupling, the input signal to the vertical amplifier. AC position. inserts a capacitor between the input connector and amplifier to block any DC component in the signal, GND position connects the amplifier to ground instead of the input connector, so a ground teference can be established. DC position connects the amplifier directly to its input connector, thus passing all signal components on to the amplifier. 7 VOLTS/DIV KNOB:- For selecting desired voltage sensitivity of the vertical amplifier to obtain the proper waveform on the screen. TIME/DEV KNOB: - To select the calibrated sweep rate of the main time base, the dela: tive range for delayed sweep operation. POSITION KNOB : Controls the horizontal position PAS 1 & IL KNOB: Controls vertical position of the trace. NO / DUAL KNOB: When out, selects CH J only. When pressed selects both. adjust the brightness of the waveform. ThepasSUREME 1 TECHNIQUES The objective of observing a signal on the oscilloscope screen is to make voltage a” tune measurements LA These -measuresnents may be helpful in understanding the behavior of a cicul Hinponent, or the circuit itself, depending on what has to be measure. The oscilloscope sereen consists ofthe grils which ean be exteral or internal t0 the screen of CRO, which divides both the horizontal axis (voltage) and the vertical aX! (Gime) into divisions which will be helpful in making the measurements. : 4 These values are determined by two variables namely the timeldiv and the votddiv bow of which ean be adjusted from the relevant butions available on the front panel of the oscilloscope. ZZ OF A.C. VOLTAGE Peak voltage Peak to peak voltage Fig.2 A.C. Voltage Measurement Measurement of Peak-to-Peak Voltage and Peak Voltage: |. To measure the ac, voltage of sinusoidal waveform. The input ac. signal is applied from the signal yenerator to a channel of CRO. The voltage/div switch. (¥-plates) and time bse switch (X-plates) are adjusted such that « steady picture ofthe waveform is obtained ‘on the se! Me vertical height (L) ie. peak-to-peak height is measured. When this peak-to-peak height (1.1 is multiplied by the voltage/div, (vollaye deflection sensitivity ‘n’) we get the peak-to-peak voltage (2Vpp). From this we yet the peak voltage (Vp). The rms voltage Vrms is equal to 0.707Vp, ) » MEASUREMENT.OF D.C. VOLTAGE , : Ths trace (horizontal line) is adjusted such that it lie on the X-axis of the sereen. The DC «voltage to be measure is then fed to the input channel of the CRO in the DC ~s, The shift af trace from the horizontal tine occurs which gives the measure of the the de voltage,value J Depicting the positiv ig tieipoative DS spicting the negative DC voltage Fig3 DC Voltage Measurement MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY From te trace the time period of the input signal is equal to" times the valve of time/div setting. Suppose that the time period of the input signal is T- ‘As we know frequency is the reciprocal of time period. ‘Then, the frequency ofthe signal f=1/T Fig 4 Frequency Measurement PROCEDURE 1. Connect the Funetion gene! 2. Then press te required wave 5. Select required frequency range “4 gjust the amplitude of the signal 5 ind time period of the rator to CRO through probe. form push button switeh on function push button switeh 10 required level on the fun displayed signal generator ction generator. Measure amplitude a on the CRT by using the below formulae plitude No. of Vertical Division * Postion ofthe Volts/Div Switch # position of the Time/Div Switch se Period = No: of Horizontal Division ext the time period into frequency_ praw the graph for y.anis sbRVATION op No. | Waveform] 7p Time Period Frequency (Sec) (Hz) all types of. Signal: nals by taking time period on X-axis and amplitude OP ‘Amplitude {v) 4 | Sin wave fae | Triangular wave se t f_[De Vollage = RusuLt ‘The frequency and amplitude o f different waveform on CRO are observed.