CHAP-1: Essay purpose and instructions: -

Steps to write long essay:

When the essay question is very long however, you should also analyse the structure of the question
to make sure you give a full answer without including irrelevant information. You could follow these
steps:

a) Look for the topic.

b) Use your knowledge of language to find all areas and make a note of the instruction words.
c) Use your knowledge of language to decide what should be included in your answer and what
should be excluded.

Tip: You will have to make many decisions about whether to include something in your essay or to
leave it out, but you can work out the answer: remind yourself of the purpose of essays in general,
and go back to your analysis of your specific question.

Practice-1:

Discuss the factors that give rise to parallel trade and evaluate how much o f a problem this is for
international marketers. Give examples o f what a firm can do to minimize the problem?

ANS:

Practice-2:

Discuss the factors that give rise to parallel trade and evaluate how much o f a problem this is for
international marketers. Give examples o f what a firm can do to minimize the problem?

ANS:

Chap-2: Reader expectation and essay structure: -

The three-step analysis of this question in the section Analysing key words and structure of essay
titles:

Introduction: background about parallel-trade, including definitionn

Main body: description of each of the causes of P1, P2, P3…

The aims of international-marketers / an explanation of the different problems that parallel trade
causes them Paragraph.

The importance of these problems, with reasons Paragraph

Ppossible solutions with examples

Conclusion: Ccomments about how big the problem of parallel trade is for and if it can be
successfully minimized.

 There are three parts in an essay, three parts in an introduction, three parts in a conclusion,
and three parts in a paragraph. When you plan and write your essays, the three-part
structure can help you order and shape your ideas.
  Check the logical construction of your own writing by highlighting the most important
sentences in each paragraph. If you just read those, would the essay make sense? If not,
make changes.

Chap-3: Reader expectation and essay structure: -

The essay has to introduce the topic, so must start with a relatively general comment. The trick is not
to over-generalize, otherwise the comment becomes meaningless.

Remember:

 At the start of your essay, don’t give any details but say something meaningful.
 The language you use (tenses, singular or plural, modal verbs, etc.) will depend on the
situation you are describing, its time frame and the strength of your claims.
 Define your concepts, indicate the importance of the topic, and state the aims and
organization of the essay in the introduction.
 Decide on the best organizational pattern for your essay and remember that most essays will
use a combination of patterns.
 Integrate visuals into your essay by introducing them before inserting them, labelling them
correctly, and explaining the most significant information in them.
 sUse the correct tenses in conclusions to sum up what the essay discussed and comment on
its importance.

Chap-4: Formality, efficiency, modesty and clarity: -

Remember:

 The same academic principles - formality, efficiency, modesty and clarity - matter in your
essays as before, but at university you need to be more aware of them and they are even
more important.
 Formality - use a formal, academic style. Efficiency - avoid repetition of phrases and ideas;
careful proofreading is essential.
 Modesty - the language needs to be impersonal and cautious where appropriate.
 Clarity - although some academic authors write texts that may be considered complex, you
are expected to write essays that express your ideas clearly and precisely.

Chap-5: Accuracy: -
Remember:

 Check your work for: correct tense choice subject-verb agreement

 correct use of punctuation
 correct use of the articles ‘a(n)’ and ‘the’, including whether or not you actually need to use
an article common error.

Chap-6: Research and analysis: -

Remember:

 In the research stage, you need to think your own ideas through first, then locate relevant
sources.
  It is important to choose reliable sources because you will use them to give more authority
to your ideas.
 You need to select the best type of note organization for each source. Note-making needs to
be systematic: references need to be noted, text needs to be copied or paraphrased with
precision, and information from different sources needs to be organized into categories.
 The level of depth of your research should be determined by both the word count and the
amount of explanation about the topic that an intelligent reader will need.
 You are expected to think critically, so always judge your sources carefully. Look for the
author’s opinions and judge the strength of the evidence. In your essay, explain and justify
why you have used the sources.

Chap-7: Reading comprehension: -

Remember:

 To really understand your source material, you need to use a combination of general and
detailed analysis.
 A detailed analysis can be useful for a section that is difficult or that you may want to
paraphrase.
 You can use your knowledge of sentence structure to break down the section into smaller
components that are easier to understand, before putting it all together again.
 To avoid misinterpretations, bear in mind that some nouns and verbs have the same form,
that words might be left out in relative clauses, and that noun phrases may need careful
analysis.
 For the more general analysis, look for structural signposts that tell you the function of the
section of text you are reading. Look for an argumentational pattern to see how the section
fits into the overall argument the author is making.

Chap-8: Authority: -
Remember:

 Your essays will receive a good grade if you don’t just refer to different sources, but also
comment on them and make connections between them.
 You can make your writing more authoritative if you select sources to develop your own
argument rather than just list the information you have found about your topic.
 Using ideas from published authors to support your own arguments makes your writing
stronger, not weaker.
 Equally, expressing your ideas cautiously, by talking about what is possible rather than
what is certain, will make them stronger.
 Personal pronouns can be used to indicate a personal point of view, perhaps in contrast
with that of others; and to distinguish between activities of the writer and others.
 Certain ways of arguing are not acceptable (e.g., showing bias, using personalization)
and you will need to provide solid evidence.

Chap-9: Integrity: -
Remember:

 If you are not sure whether an idea is common knowledge or not, cite it, just in case.
 You should paraphrase rather than quote where possible.
  There are many reasons why plagiarism is wrong and the penalties can be severe.
 There is no excuse for plagiarism, not even accidental plagiarism.
 Make sure you present the source text accurately, and acknowledge clearly and carefully
where it came from.
 You can also avoid plagiarism by following citation guidelines carefully.

Chap-10: Paraphrasing: -
Remember:

 Paraphrases should be used to further the arguments that are being developed in the
essay.
 This means they won’t look like the original text any more, and will be integrated in the
new text, but will still express the original idea.
 Make your paraphrases relevant, accurate and integrated by using FRANCIS.
 You should always explain the relevance of quotes or paraphrases in your text - don’t
include them without comment.
 Your choice of verb to introduce a quote or paraphrase can show whether you agree or
disagree with the paraphrase.

Chap-11: Essay process and presentation: -

Remember:

 Reduce essay stress by making a time management plan and by following the tips to avoid
writer’s block.
 None of the stages in the essay writing process should be rushed.
 After planning, analysing and researching, leave enough time for drafting, re-drafting and
proofreading.
 Don’t underestimate the importance of presentation, but don’t worry about it until the
essay is written.
 Before starting to work on a new essay, look back at previous feedback to make sure you
keep improving.
 When you are asked to write a different genre, use your essay writing skills but adapt your
style and format.

PTE Writing Task:

1. INTRODUCTION:
 Sentence-1: Rewrite ‘General Statement’.
 Senetence-2: Briefly mention side-1 & side-2.
 Sentece-3: Give your overall opinion.
2. PARAGRAPH-1:
 Sentence-1: Restate side-1
 Sentence-2: Give reason
 Sentence-3: Give examples
 Sentence-4: Conclude side-1
3. PARAGRAPH-2:
 Sentence-1: Restate side-2
  Sentence-2: Give reason
 Sentence-3: Give examples
 Sentence-4: Conclude side-2
4. CONCLUSION:
 Sentence-1: Rewrite ‘General statement’
 Sentence-2: Give your overall opinion.