1969 Binford & Binford Stone Tools and Human Behavior

Stone Tools and Human Behavior
Author(s): Sally R. Binford and Lewis R. Binford

Source: Scientific American, Vol. 220, No. 4 (April 1969), pp. 70-87
Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
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other groups and so on. The behavioral
modifications prompted by such consid
erations will be reflected in the sOciety's
use of a territory.
In addition to these factors that can af-

fect the archaeological material left
behind by a society, there are other de
terminants that profoundly modify site
utilization. It is the kinds of site used for
different activities and the way these
•
specialized locations are related that are
respectively termed settlement type and
settlement system.
In technologically simple societies we
can distinguish two broad classes of ac
tivities: extraction and maintenance. Ex- TYPICAL BORER BEC
traction involves the direct procurement
of foods, fuels and raw materials for
tools. Maintenance activities consist in
the preparation and distribution of foods
and fuels already on hand and in the
processing of raw materials into tools.
Since the distribution of resources in the NATURALLY BACKED KNIFE
environment is not necessarily related to
the distribution of sites providing ade-
quate living space and safety, we would
not expect extraction and maintenance
activities to be conducted in the same
places.
Base camps are chosen primarily for
living space, protection from the ele
ments and central location with respect
to resources. We would expect the ar
chaeological assemblages of base camps
to reflect maintenance activities: the
preparation and consumption of food
and the manufacture of tools for use in
other less permanent sites.
Another settlement type would be a
work camp, a site occupied while smaller
social units were carrying out extractive
tasks. Archaeologically these would ap
pear as kill sites, collecting stations and
TYPICAL END SCRAPER
quarries for extracting flint to be used in
toolmaking. The archaeological assem
blages from these sites should be domi
nated by the tools used in the specific
extractive tasks. If a work camp were oc
cupied for a rather long period and by a
fairly large subgroup, we would antici
pate that some maintenance activities
would also be reflected in the archaeo
logical remains.
It is the way these two general classes
of camps are used by any society that
defines the settlement system. If a hunt
ing-gathering society were relatively sed
entary, we would expect the tools at the
base camp to exhibit little seasonal vari
ation because the base camp would have ATYPI CAL BURIN
been occupied for most of the year. Un
FIVE CLASSES OF STONE TOOLS predominate in the largest of the five groups, or fae-
der some conditions, however, we would tors, revealed by the authors' analyses. Of the 40 classes of tools subjected to multivariate
expect to find more than one kind of base analysis, 16 appear in this cluster, named Factor I. Few of the classes seem suited to hunting
camp for a society. If the organization of or heavy work; they were probably base-camp items for making other tools of wood or bone_
71
© 1969
All use SCIENTIFIC
subject AMERICAN, INC
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what is creativity?
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man activities and then to determine
how these tools were distributed at dif
ferent types of site.
T he kind of analysis we carried out

might well have been impossible
without the basic work on the classifica
tion of stone tools done by Fran90is
Bordes of the University of Bordeaux.
The archaeological taxonomy devised by
Bordes for the Middle Paleolithic has be
come a widely accepted standard, so that
it is now possible for prehistorians work
ing with Middle Paleolithic materials
from different parts of the world to de
scribe the stone tools they excavate in
identical and repeatable terms.
In addition to compiling a type list of
Mousterian, or Middle Paleolithic, tools,
Bordes has offered convincing arguments NOTCHED PIECE SIDE SCRAPER WITH
against the "index fossil" approach to the ABRUPT RETOUCH
analysis of stone tools. This approach,
borrowed from paleontology, assigns a
high diagnostic value to the disappear
ance of an old tool form or the appear
ance of a new one; such changes are as
sumed to indicate key cultural events.
Bordes has insisted on describing as
semblages of tools in their entirety with
out any a priori assumption that some
tools have greater cultural Significance
than others. This radical departure in
classification, combined with highly re
fined excavation techniques, provides a
sound scientific basis on which much
current prehistoric research rests.
According to what has become known
as la methode Bordes, stone artifacts are
classified according to explicitly stated
attributes of morphology and technique
of manufacture. The population of stone
tools from a site (the assemblage) .is then
described graphically, and the relative
frequencies of different kinds of stone
TRUNCATED FLAKE
tools from various sites can be compared.
Such a statistical technique, which deals
with a single class of variables, is quite
appropriate for the description of assem
blages of stone tools. The explanation
of multiple similarities and differences,
however, requires different statistical
techniques.
The factors determining the range and
form of activities conducted by any
group at any site may vary in terms of
many possible "causes" in various com
binations. The more obvious among these
might be seasonally regulated phenom
ena affecting the distribution of game,
environmental conditions, the ethnic
RACLETTE
composition of the group, the size and
structure of the group regardless of eth DENTICULATE
nic affiliation and so on. Other determi UNIDENTIFIED TOOL KIT, with five predominant classes of arl.ifacts, comprises Factor
nants of activities might be the particu IV. The tasks for which it was intended are not known. Bordes has suggested, however, that
lar situation of the group with respect to denticulates (bottom left) may have been utilized for the processing of plant materials.
77
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food, shelter, the supply of tools or the examples, we wanted to ensure that the France. One of us had excavated a cave
availability of raw materials. In short, archaeological materials we analyzed site in Israel (Mugharet es-Shubbabiq,
the "causes" of assemblage variation are were made by men whose psychological near Lake Tiberias) and had analyzed
separate activities, each of which is re capacities were not radically different the stone tools found there in Bordes's
lated to the physical and social environ from our own. The Mousterian, a 'cul laboratory and under his supervision. We
ment and to the others. ture complex named after the site of Le also used assemblages that had been ex
Given this frame of reference, the Moustier in the Dordogne, dates from cavated in the 1930's by Alfred Rust at
summary description of frequenCies of about 100,000 to 35,000 B.C. Mousterian Jabrud, a rock-shelter near Damascus in
tool types in an assemblage, which is tools are known from western Europe, Syria; this material had been studied
the end product of Bordes's method, rep the Near East, North Africa and even and reclassified by Bordes. The French
resents a blending of activity units and central China. Where human remains material came from the open-air site of
their determinants. We needed to pat"ti have been discovered in association with Houpeville and had been excavated and
tion assemblages into groups of tools that Mousterian tools they are the remains of analyzed by Bordes. We chose these
refleCt activities. To use a chemical anal Neanderthal man. Once considered to be samples because they represented three
ogy, the end product of Bordes's method a species separate from ourselves, Ne kinds of site, but more important because
of describing the entire assemblage is a anderthal man is generally accepted to they had all been classified by Bordes.
compound; we hoped to isolate smaller day as a historical subspeCies of fully This meant that extraneous variation due
units, analogous to the constituent ele modern man. A great deal of archaeolog to the vagaries of classification was elimi
ments of a compound, that would rep ical evidence collected in recent years nated.
resent activities. In our view variation in strongly suggests that the behavioral ca To describe the two Near Eastern sites
assemblage composition is directly relat pacities of Neanderthal man were not briefly, Shubbabiq is a large cave located
ed to the form, nature and spatial ar markedly different from our own. in a narrow, deep valley that is dry for
rangement of the activities in which the most of the year. The cave mouth faces
tools were used.
Since the settlement-system model we
T he Mousterian assemblages we chose
for our analysis came from two sites
east and its floor covers nearly 350
square meters, with slightly less than 300
had in mind is based on ethnographic in the Near East and one in northern meters well exposed to natural light. Un-
10 30 40 50
50
40
30
10 20 30
STONE TOOLS of the Mousterian tradition are found throughout 35,000 years ago and are associated in many instances with the re
Europe and also in the Near East. They were made from 100,000 to mains of Neanderthal man (colored dots). The authors' statistical
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fortunately the Mousterian deposits in tion level correspond to any single hu "retouched Levallois point" and the
the main part of the cave had been de man activity, or does information sum "Mousterian pOint." Side scrapers of four
stroyed by more recent inhabitants. Five marized in a single class of variables classes are the other tools that show the
of the samples from Shubbabiq used in obscure the fact that each assemblage highest measure of mutual dependence:
our study came from deposits in the rear represents an assortment of activities? the "simple straight," the "simple con
of the cave. The sixth, Unit 200-208, Second, is there any regularity in the vex," the "convergent" and the "double"
was a small deposit outside the cave en composition of assemblages at a single side scraper [see illustration on next
trance. The Syrian site, Jabrud Shelter I, location that can be interpreted in terms page].
is long and narrow. Like Shubbabiq, it of regular patterns of human behavior? In Factor III the main diagnostic tools
faces east, and because it is more open Third, is there some kind of directional are cutting implements. They include the
it is much more exposed to the elements. change over a period of time in assem "typical backed knife," the "naturally
Located on the edgeof the Anti-Lebanon blages from a single location that sug backed knife" (also found in Factor I),
range, it looks down on the Roor of a val gests evolutionary changes in human be "typical" and "atypical" Levallois Rakes,
ley. At the time of the occupations that havior? "unretouched blades" and "end-notched
interested us the shelter had about 178 The statistical analysis of a single class pieces" [see illustration on page 81].
square meters of Roor space. Rust ex of variables is termed univariate analysis. With the exception of the end-notched
cavated a trench some 23 meters long Multivariate statistical analysis allows pieces all these tools appear to be imple
and three meters wide along the shelter's one to calculate the measure of depen ments for fine cutting. Their stratigraph
back wall. The shelter yielded many dence among many classes of variables in ic association with evidence of fire sug
layers of Mousterian tools, but only the several ways. Because we needed to de gests that Factor III is a tool kit for the
upper nine strata contained assemblages termine the measure of dependence re preparation of food.
that could be compared with those from lating every one of some 40 classes of Factor IV is distinctive. Its character
Shubbabiq. tools found in varying percentages in 17 istic tools are "denticulates" (Rakes with
Our study sought to answer three different assemblages from three sites to at least one toothed edge), "notched
questions. First, does the composition of every one of the remaining 39 classes, we pieces," "side scrapers with abrupt re
the total assemblage from any occupa- faced a staggering burden of calcula touch," "raclettes" (small Rakes with at
tions. Such a job could not have been least one delicately retouched edge) and
undertaken before the advent of high "truncated Rakes." We find it difficult
speed computers. Factor analYSis, which even to guess at the function of this fac
has been applied in areas as unrelated as tor. Bordes has suggested that some of
geology and sociology, seemed the most these tools were employed in the proc
appropriate method. Our analysis was essing of plant materials.
run at the University of Chicago's Insti The tools with the highest measure
tute for Computer Research, with the aid of mutual dependence in Factor V are
of a modification of a University of Cali "elongated Mousterian pOints," "disks,"
fornia program for factor analysis (Mesa "scrapers made on the ventral surfaces
83) and an IBM 7090 computer. of Rakes," "typical burins" (as opposed to
The factor analysis showed that in our the atypical burin in Factor I) and "un
samples the different classes of Mous retouched blades" (which are also found
terian artifacts formed five distinct clus in Factor III). The fact that there is
ters. The most inclusive of the five only one kind of point and one kind of
Factor I-consists of 16 types of tools. scraper among the diagnostic imple
Within this grouping the tools showing ments suggests that Factor V is a hunting
the highest measure of mutual depen and butchering tool kit that is more
dence are, to use Bordes's taxonomic ter specialized than the one represented by
minology, the "typical borer," the "typi Factor II.
cal end scraper," the "bee" (a small,
beaked Rake), the "atypical burin" (an
incising tool) and the "naturally backed W hat answers does the existence of
five groups of statistically interde
knife" [see illustration on page 71]. pendent artifacts among Mousterian as
None of these tools is well suited to semblages give to the three questions we
hunting or to heavy-duty butchering, raised? In response to the first question
but most are well designed for cutting we can show that neither at Shubbabiq
and incising wood or bone. (The end nor at Jabrud does the total assemblage
scraper seems best adapted to working correspond to any single human activity.
hides.) On these grounds we interpret The degree to which individual factors
Factor I as representing activities con account for the variation between as
ducted at a base camp. semblages can be expressed in percent
The next grouping produced by the ages [see illustration on page 72]. To
factor analysis we interpret as a kit of consider the Shubbabiq findings first, the
related tools for hunting and butchering. percentages make it plain that, with the
The tools in this group-Factor II-are of exception of a group of tools in Unit
12 types. Three varieties of spear point 200-208, the assemblages as a whole are
analyses utilized tools from two sites in the are dominant; in Bordes's terminology internally quite consistent. The major
Near East and two in Europe (open circles). they are the "plain Levallois point," the part of the variation is accounted for by
79
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DOUBLE SIDE SCRAPER
LE VALLOIS POINT
RETOUCHED LEVALLOIS POINT MOUSTE RI AN POI NT
CONVERGENT SIDE SCRAPER
STRAI GHT SIDE SCRAPE R CONVE X SI DE SCRAPE R
POINTS AND SCRAPERS outnumber other kinds of tools among evidently an assemblage suited to hunting and butchering animals.
the 12 classes comprising the second-largest factor_ The seven pre This illustration and the others of Mousterian tools are based on
dominant classes in the assemblage are illustrated. Factor II is original drawings by Pierre Laurent of the University of Bordeaux.
80
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among living hunter-gatherers women
are responsible for the collectin g and
processing of plant m aterials.
Recent advances in understandin g of
the minimum number of persons needed
to maintain a self-sustaining human so
cial unit provides additional evidence in
favor of our view that Jabrud served as
a work camp and that Shubbabiq was
a base camp. William W. Howells of
Harvard University has suggested that
a self-sustaining group must number be
tween 20 and 24 individuals. (He does
DISK not imply that the group would neces
sarily remain together during the entire
year.) Taking Howells' estimate as a
starting point, we can propose that any
base camp where a group could live at
full strength must include enough space
for the daily activities of 20 to 24 people
over a period of several months. Raoul
Naroll of the State University of New
York at Buffalo suggests that the mini
mum amount of sheltered space required
by an individual is some 10 square
meters. On this basis the 178 square
meters of Boor space in the J abrud
shelter could not have accommodated
more than 18 individuals. Shubbabiq
cave has enough sheltered Boor space
SCRAPER ON THE VENTRAL for 25 to 30 individuals. Taken together
SURFACE OF A FLAKE with the differences in the composition
of the tool assemblages at the two sites,
this leads us to conclude that the sites
are basically different types of settle
ment within a differentiated settlEment
system.
T Serie
he tools from Houpeville, called the
Claire, has a totally different
geographical context. S ince Houpeville
is an open-air site and the only one in the
study, we feel that an attempt to draw
conclusion s about its function would be
almost meaningless. The Serie Cla ire
'
sample n onetheless offers a further
demonstration of the power of multivari
ate analysis. When calculated by uni
variate statistics, the total configuration
of the Houpeville assemblage strongly
resembles that of Shubbabiq, that is, the
TYPICAL BURIN summarized statistics of frequencies of
tool types are very similar. When sub
jected to factor analysis, however, the
assemblages from the two sites look quite
different. Factors I and V are missing
altogether at Houpeville; Factor III, the
cluster of food-preparation implements
that constitutes a minor percentage of
the variability a t Shubbabiq, is the ma
jor component of the Serie Claire.
UNRETOUCHED BLADE ELONGATED MOUSTERIAN POINT Although we found the results of this
MORE HUNTING TOOLS are found in Factor V; the five predominant classes are illus factor analysis provocative, it was quite
trated. The presence of only one class of points and one of scrapers suggests, however, that clear that many of our specific interpre
Factor V reflects specialized hunting rather than the general hunting implied by Factor II. tations of the factors could not be tested
82
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Our engineers hell? roll
the financial "\VorIH.
You wouldn ' t expec t to find cash register people in in terested in tomorrow-and a whole new changing
banks. B u t we are . Because we're not j us t cash register world-get i nvolved with N CR.
peopl e . With our electronic equipment we can au to Write to our people in charge of t h i s fas t m oving
mate any bank in the coun try. And these are total world. Execu tive and Professional P lacement, N CR,
·1TH( N"'TION"'l C","S1H IUc

GIST[R co. OAY1 TONR
4�09 1
com p u ter systems that handl e data from tel l er win Dayton, Ohio 45409. A lot
dow to final report.
O ther proj ects keep u s busy, too. I f you 're really
of new worlds are wai ting.
An Equal Opportunity Employer
N
4P
85
© 1969
All use SCIENTIFIC
Pro pe l l i n g o u r m a n there fi rst
is o n e cha l l e n g e . An other
wi l l be to m a ke space
e n g i nes so effi cient that
m o o n tri ps bec o m e
c o m m o n place.
The Moon :
getting there is
ho f the problem.
Repa i rs en route ca l l fo r way-out

ki n ds of we l d i n g mac h i n es.
And o n-board p ower sou rces to ru n the m .
86
© 1969
All use SCIENTIFIC
You get to the m o o n a n d what h a p pens?
N o ta xis. B u t with jet- p ro pel led o utfits l i ke
__....iaIIi�
i ...... these, w ho needs them?
_
Any way y o u look at it, the

m o o n ' s a c h a l lenge.
At U nited Ai rc raft, we ' re meeti ng
that c h a l lenge: with stra p-o n back
packs that c reate a p o rta b l e
atm osphere . B i g g e r systems t h a t d o
t h e sa m e fo r s paces h i ps . Fuel-ce l l
powe r p l a n ts fo r o n - b o a rd e lectricity
a nd water. C ryoge n i c rocket e n g i nes.
Tiny roc kets that h e l p a man o r
s pacesh i p m a neuve r . E l ectro n-bea m
we lders fo r space c o nstructi o n
proj ects . E l ectro n i cs t o h e l p g u i de l u n a r
spacec raft.
S o m eday, the m o o n m a y
be a w a y stati o n i n a m a m m oth,
ea rth-based transpo rtati o n system . And
h e l p i n g to b u i l d this idea l system
c o o rd i nated, effi cie nt-is o n e of
o u r p u r p oses at U n ited Ai rc raft.
Where new i deas ta ke off.
U n ite
f:l i rc raft
®
P R ATT & W H I T N EY A I R C R A F T ·
H A M I LT O N STA N D A R D ·
S I KORSKY A I R CRAFT · N O R D E N ·
U N I T E D T E C H N O LOGY C E N T E R ·
ELECT R O N I C C O M P O N E N T S ·
U N I T E D A I R C R A FT R E S E A R C H
L A B O R ATO R I ES · U N I T E D A I R C R AFT
OF CANADA L I M I T E D ·
To su rvive i n
space, even a l u na r St. Berna rd
wi l l need h i s own p o rta b l e c l i mate.
87
© 1969
All use SCIENTIFIC

1969 Binford & Binford Stone Tools and Human Behavior

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Stone Tools and Human Behavior

Author(s): Sally R. Binford and Lewis R. Binford

Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to

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