Challenges of Solid Waste Management and factors influencing its

effectiveness: A case study in Burao Municipality

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF POST GRATUATE STUDIES OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF BURAO

BY MOHAMED JAMA FARAH

SUPERVISOR

DR: ALI YASSIN SHIEKH ALI

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH

BURAO, SOMALILAND
DATE: SEPTEMBER, 2019

ii
 Approval Page
I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts
in social research

Head of Academic Program

Name:

Signature:

Dean of Postgraduate Studies

Name:

Signature:

Thesis Supervisor

Name: Dr: Ali Yassin Shiekh Ali

Signature:

Student Declaration

I hereby declare that all information in this thesis has been obtained and presented in
accordancewith academic rules and ethical conduct.

Name: Mohamed Jama Farah

Signature:

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 Dedication
This project is dedicated to my Mom and Dad who taught me the discipline and the patience, my
ALLAH forgive them and reward them the highest of ranks in Jannah. Also, to my wife
Maymun Jama Ali who share with me the hard time and gave me moral support while i was
preparing this thesis project. To my children Muhsin and Mahir .To my brothers Saed and
Hudayfi and to my sisters Nimco, Nadira and Hibaq. And finally, to all hardworking and
dedicated waste workers who play a crucial role in building sustainable communities.

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 Acknowledgement
In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. All the praises and thanks are to
Allah. May the blessing and mercy be upon our prophet Mohamed S.A.W. My thanks to
ALLAH the first and the last.
I would like to acknowledge the inspirational instruction and guidance of my supervisor Dr: Ali
Yassin Shiekh Ali. Who has given me a deep appreciation and love for the beauty and detail of
this project. Especial thanks to Mr. Aaron Mortaz for his valuable comments and guidance in
the early stage of proposal writing, these comments pave the way for shaping and revising the
study.
My sincere appreciation to the team contributed and helped data collection ( Mr.Abdilahi Muse
and Mr.Abdirahman Saleban) from Burao Municipality. I would also like to acknowledge the
support and assistance given me by the University of Burao.
Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Maymun Jama, for her love and patience, understanding ,
support and encouragement. I could not have completed this project without her assistance,
tolerance and enthusiasm. And also from my friends who gave me valuable comments from the
starting to the end.

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 Abstract
Solid waste management is the collection, transfer and disposal of all non –liquid and non-
gaseous solid materials from residential, commercial, institutional, construction and
demolishing and street sweeping. It is a consequence of day-today activity of human kinds
that needs to be managed properly. Burao city faces a lot of problems associated with a
poorly managed solid waste systems. However, this study examined challenges facing the
SWM in Burao city and factors influencing its effectiveness. The case study of Burao
Municipality. Moreover, challenges were conceptualized as financial, institutional, technical,
social and political aspects guided by contingency theory. Solid waste management
effectiveness was described in collection, transportation and disposal. The purpose of this
study was to examine the challenges of solid waste management and factors influencing its
effectiveness: A case study in Burao Municipality Somaliland. By using censes survey
research study, the total participant of the research were 152 respondents. The data was
collected in May-July 2019 and was analyzed using SPSS Version 21 and SmartPLS3. Using
correlations
The study established that financial constraint has a significant effect on collection and
transportation where p=.000 but does not have any significant effect on disposal where
p=.433. Technical aspect have a significant effect on collection, transportation and disposal
where p value p=.000. Institutional aspect have a significant effect on collection,
transportation and disposal where p value p=.000. Social aspect have a significant effect on
collection, transportation and disposal where p value p=0.01. Political aspect have a
significant effect on collection, transportation where p=0.000 but does not have any
significant effect on disposal where p=.107. based on the findings of this study, its
recommended strict enforcement of by law and policy, more budget allocation, technical
support by the government, development of solid waste management through waste
reduction, reuse, and recycling, retain staff with good salary, benefit and training, and
implement awareness raising programs.
Discussions, recommendations, limitations and suggestions for future research study are
further elaborated.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication ............................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................v
Abstract ................................................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... vii
List of tables..............................................................................................................x
List of figures .......................................................................................................... xi
List of abbreviations and acronym...................................................................... xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...........................................................................1
1.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Research Background .......................................................................................................
1
1.3. statement of the problem ................................................................................................
3
1.4. Research objectives.......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 General research Objectives ................................................................................................. 4
1.4.2 Specific Research objectives ................................................................................................. 4
1.5. Research hypotheses ....................................................................................................... 5
1.5.1 General research hypothesis ................................................................................................ 5
1.5.2 Specific research hypothesis ................................................................................................. 5
1.6. Research questions .......................................................................................................... 6
1.6.1 General research questions .................................................................................................. 6
1.6.2 Specific research questions................................................................................................... 6
1.7. Scope of the study............................................................................................................ 6
1.8. Significant of the study..................................................................................................... 6
1.9. Limitations of the study ................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................8
2.1. Solid waste management concept ................................................................................... 8
2.2. Factors influencing effective solid waste management practice................................... 10
2.2.1. Financial factors and SWM ......................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Technical Factors and SWM ....................................................................................... 13

vii
2.2.3. Social Factor and SWM ...............................................................................................
14
2.2.4. Institutional Factor and SWM..................................................................................... 15

vii
 2.2.5. Political factor .............................................................................................................
15
2.3. Solid waste generation (SWG) ....................................................................................... 16
2.4. Empirical literature review .............................................................................................
21
2.5. Conceptual frame work.................................................................................................. 25
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................26
3. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 26
3.1. Research Area ................................................................................................................ 26
3.2. Research Approach ........................................................................................................ 26
3.3. Research design.............................................................................................................. 27
3.4. Study population ............................................................................................................
28
3.4.1. Target population ....................................................................................................... 28
3.5. Sample and Sampling ..................................................................................................... 28
3.5.1. Sample size ................................................................................................................. 28
3.5.2. Sampling technique .................................................................................................... 29
3.6. Data collection................................................................................................................ 29
3.6.1. Development of questionnaire .................................................................................. 29
3.6.2. Data analysis ...............................................................................................................
30
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ...........................................32
4. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 32
4.1. Normality test................................................................................................................. 32
4.2. Demographic Data.......................................................................................................... 35
4.2.1. Respondent’s demographic characteristics ............................................................... 35
4.3. Goodness of the measures............................................................................................. 38
4.3.1. Reliability analysis of all the variables ........................................................................ 38
4.3.2. Validity Test Using Factor Analysis ............................................................................. 39
4.4. CORRELATION BETWEEN ALL THE RESEARCH VARIABLES ............................................. 57
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................67

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5. Summary of the major findings ......................................................................................... 67
5.1.1. Financial Resources .................................................................................................... 67
5.1.2. Technical Aspects ....................................................................................................... 68

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 5.1.3. Social Aspects ............................................................................................................. 69
5.1.4. Institutional Aspects ................................................................................................... 70
5.1.5. Political Aspect ........................................................................................................... 71
5.2. Conclusions..................................................................................................................... 71
5.3. Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 72
5.4. Recommendations for further research ........................................................................ 73
References ...............................................................................................................74
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................77
A. Questionnaire .................................................................................................................... 77
APPENDIX B .........................................................................................................81
B. Photo graphs ......................................................................................................................
81
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................82
C. Research Budget ................................................................................................................ 82
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................83
D. Time framework................................................................................................................. 83

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 List of tables
Table 1.1: Some definitions of waste
Table 2.1: Global dimensions of Solid Waste Problems
Table 4.1: Normality test for all main variables
Table 4.2: demographic characteristics of the respondents
Table 4.3: reliability test for all variables
Table 4.4: KMO and Bartlett’s test
Table 4.5: Rotated component matrix
Table 4.6: variance explained
Table 4.7: KMO
Table 4.8: financial conditions of SWM
Table 4.9: technical conditions of SWM
Table 4.10: Social conditions of SWM
Table 4.11: Institutional conditions of SWM
Table 4.12: Political conditions of SWM
Table 4.13: Effective Solid waste collection indicator
Table 4.14: effective Solid waste transportation indicator
Table 4.15: effective solid waste disposal indicator
Table 4.16: correlations between solid waste collection and influencing factors of effective
SWM
Table 4.17: correlations between solid waste transportations and influencing factors of
effective SWM
Table 4.18: correlations between solid waste disposal and influencing factors of effective
SWM
Table 4.19: zero- order correlations for all variables
Table 4.20: path coefficients of the research hypotheses
Table 4.21: path coefficients of the research hypotheses
Table 4.22: path coefficients of the research hypotheses
Table 4.23: summary of hypotheses

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 List of figures
Figure 1: conceptual Framework

Figure 4.1: Data normality effective collection

Figure 4.2: data normality effective transportation

Figure 4.3: data normality effective disposal

Figure 4.4: sex of respondents

Figure 4.5: age of respondents

Figure 4.6: level of education

Figure 4.7: rank in the organization

Figure 4.8: scree plot

Figure 4.9: structural model effective collection

Figure 4.10: structural model effective transportation

Figure 4.11: structural model effective disposal

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 List of abbreviations and acronym
ADB Asia Development Bank

ISWA International Solid Waste Association

NGO Nongovernmental Organization

SWM Solid Waste Management

MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Bank

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme

WHO World Health Organization

xii
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction
The main interest of this thesis research is to assess the challenges of solid waste management
and factors influencing its effectiveness. A case study yeka sub city . This chapter presents
the introduction and is divided as follows: Research background, problem statement, research
questions, research objectives, significance of the study, purpose of the study, and the scope.

1.2. Research Background

Degradation of the environment is among the key problems of today’s life. A need to protect our

surroundings and the environment has become more important than anything

else(Michael,2014). therefore, Solid waste management is a challenging task not only in

developing countries but also developed countries. however, generation of municipal solid waste

(MSW) is one of the important contemporary environmental problems in urban areas(Pattnaik &

Reddy, 2010). Solid waste is referred to the used and leftover materials comprising of domestic

solid waste (solid waste generated by households), industrial and commercial solid waste(solid

waste produced by shops, hotels, offices, hospitals), construction and demolition waste and

marine waste(solid waste generated from coastal zones and sea) (Jin, Wang, & Ran, 2006).

Nevertheless, solid waste management is a huge task and its major responsibilities of the local

authority and it needs organizational capacity and cooperation between the private and public

sector (Michael, 2014). The need for managing this increasing solid waste is very crucial in an

environmentally effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner (Achankeg,

2004). Even though protection of the environment is very necessary for public health, solid waste

1
management in most cities of developed or developing is unsatisfactory particularly in African

cities( Michael,2014). Therefore, proper managing, collecting and disposing of for MSW is very

important for ensuring a clean and healthy environment (Pattnaik & Reddy, 2010). Additionally,

the rise in population and urbanization increases in annual waste generation proportionally

(Hassan, 2004).

The characteristics and quantity of solid waste generated is not only the true measure of the

living standard and lifestyle of the region’s inhabitant(Nations & Programme, 2005). An increase

in urbanization affects the overall rate of solid waste production in many countries in the world.

However, collection, disposal methods, and dumping sites for municipal solid waste (MSW)

exist unsolved and complex to find a solution in many large cities(Hassan, 2004). Therefore, The

problem of solid waste management is more severe in African countries (Hufane, 2015). The

major driving force for waste generation are population, consumption, affluence and

technology(Achankeg, 2004).

Solid waste can mean different things to different people (Moore, 2012). Many people in

ETHIOPIA believe that waste is a source of an income. On the other hand, majority of the

developed countries see that waste is a problem and it must be addressed to solve it. Recognizing

trash as a problem does not prevent littering of waste(Moore, 2012). Waste management thoery

is founded on the expectation that waste management is to prevent waste causing harm to human

health and the environment.

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 Table 1.1 : some definitions of waste

Authors Definitions
(Henry, Yongsheng, & Jun, 2006) Municipal Solid waste management (MSWM)
encompasses the functions of collection, transfer,
resource recovery, recycling, and treatment
(Leyes, 1993) Garbage, sludge, refuse and other discarded solid
materials resulting from industrial, residential and
commercial activities and other operations are
defined as solid waste
(Gourlay, 1992) Waste is what we do not want or fail to use it
(Pongrácz,2002) Waste is a man-made thing that has no purpose; or
is not able to perform with respect to its purpose
(UNEP,2001) Wastes are substances or objects, which are
disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are
required to be disposed of by the provisions of
national law

1.3. statement of the problem

The generation of solid waste and final disposal presents a unique problems in all most every

country, and is evidenced by the impacts upon human health and environment when is not

properly managed. On the other hand, if there is adequate financial resources, the solid waste

management is enhanced. many cities in the developing world cannot meet the need of solid

waste management although investing a large proportion of their budget. Yet still the service

coverage is less than fifty percent of the total area a located.

As a result of ineffective of solid waste management risks to public health, societal well -

being. On the contrary, Solid waste in Addis Abeba town is accumulated and is poorly managed.

nevertheless,

3
solid waste has become an important issue in Addis Abeba. Piles of wastes are often found by

roads, rivers, and many other open spaces in the city, and this is causing significant health and

environmental problems. In the capital city of Addis Abeba, the capital production of domestic

waste is estimated at 0.45kg per person per day and the daily production of domestic waste will

be 315 tons. In addition, the amout of domestic waste removed from the city is estimated 38loads

of 6 tons each (i.e.38x6=228 tons). However, 87 tons are left abondoned in the city every day.

In contrast, The solid waste in Addis Abeba is not safely and reliably collected nor transported

neither disposed off in a timely and effectively manner. however, the main obstacles about

managing Addis Abeba waste is scarcity of skips and equipment for moving wastes, also wastes

are abandoned in drainage channels near the river, the existence of insufficient capacity in solid

waste makes impossible for waste collection. yet, if these challenges are not removed, it becomes

difficult to design appropriate solid waste managemet strategies. Than this could lead into poor

various environmentally related diseases such as malaria, typhoid, and cholera as has been seen

the case in Addis Abeba city.

1.4. Research objectives

1.4.1 General research Objectives

The general Research objective of this study is to determine the current solid waste

management practice and factors influencing its effectiveness which is managed by in Addis

Addis city Administration.

1.4.2 Specific Research objectives

The specific objectives of this research were:

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 • To determine the status of financial resources for SWM in Addis Abeba City.

• To establish the status of technical aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba City.

• To assess the status of social aspects for Solid waste management in Addis Abeba City.

• To determine the status of institutional aspects for Solid waste management in Addis
, Abeba City.

• To assess the status of political aspect for Solid waste Management in Addis Abeba city.

• To assess the association between influencing factors and effectiveness of solid waste

management.

1.5. Research hypotheses

1.5.1 General research hypothesis

This study adopted in deducted reasoning, proceeding from the general to the specific, and

arrives at specific conclusion from a broader generalization. Therefore, this study proceeds from

the factors that influence the solid waste management negatively or positively. This was guided

the general hypothesis and they are financial resources, technical aspects, social aspects, political

and institutional aspects that influence its effectiveness in solid waste management in Addis

Abeba City.

1.5.2 Specific research hypothesis

This study was guided by the following specific research hypothesis:

• The status of financial resources has a significant effect on Solid waste management in

Addis Abeba city.

• The status of technical aspects has a significant effect on SWM in Addis Abeba city.

• The status of social aspects significantly affects SWM in Addis Abeba city.

• The status of institutional aspects has significant effects on SWM in Addis Abeba city.

5
 • The status of political aspect has a significant effect on SWM in Addis
Abeba city.

1.6. Research questions

1.6.1 General research questions

This was guided by one general research question “what are the challenges facing the

management of solid wastes in Addis Abeba city?”

1.6.2 Specific research questions

This study sought to answer the following specific research questions.

• What is the status of financial resources for SWM in Addis Abeba city?

• What is the status of technical aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba city?

• What is the status of social aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba city?

• What is the status of institutional aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba city?

• What is the status of political aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba city?

• What is the association between influencing factors and effectiveness of solid

waste management?

1.7. Scope of the study

This study was investigated in Challenges of Solid Waste Management practice and factors

influencing its effectiveness. Case study in Addis Abeba city Administration. It will particularly

focus on financial resources, technical aspects, social aspects, political and institutional aspects

as they relate to effective MSWM. Therefore, data were collected using questionnaires, and then

analyzed.

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1.8. Significant of the study

The findings of this study will contribute on the current solid waste management practice and its

influencing factors in Addis Abeba city Administration. Practically, the study will show

the following

7
significances. To demonstrate about the current practice of solid waste management. To give

clear understanding on how financial, technical, social, institutional and political aspects

influences solid waste effectiveness such as, collection, disposal, and transportation which could

help the government make policies and plans for MSWM system through better understanding of

the issue.

1.9. Limitations of the study

There is variety of limitations of this study such as time limitations and cost constraint. The

study was localized in Addis Abeba city Administration. It would have been better to cover the

whole sub city in Addis Abeba in order to increase its generalizibility. But now it will only

cover small area which makes the study to be less generalizibility. While carrying out the study,

the researcher realized that some respondents had no enough information on solid waste

management. They were not aware on financial, technical, social, and political and institutional

aspects on Solid waste Management. During the research the researcher found out that some

respondents were avoiding giving sensitive information since they feared on victimization.

8
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Solid waste management concept

Municipal solid waste is refuse from households, non- hazardous, waste from industrial,

commercial and institutional, market waste, yard waste, and waste from street sweeping and all

of these encompass the function of collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, recovery and

disposal (Schübeler, 1996)

Solid waste is something that has no value and no further use and which we wish to get rid of

(sankoh and yan,2014). It comes from unusable residues in raw materials which are rejected by

the community (sankoh and yan,2014). With the progress of civilization and human

development, the waste generated became more complex in nature since waste generation

dependents on population, thus increase in population and urbanization will cause largely for the

increase in solid waste (sankoh&yan,2014). Many years ago, Beede and Bloom (1994)

approximated the global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate at 1.3 billion tons per day.

However, the need to manage this problem technologically, economically, and socially

acceptable manner is mandatory to every nations of the world (Achankeng, 2004).

The solid waste handling hierarchy is an internationally accepted and recommended and the

following ascending order of preference which are; open-burning, dump, landfill, incinerate,

recycle, reuse and prevent. While, open burning and dumping are least preferred and actually not

recommended even though many un-developed countries are highly using (Achankeng, 2004).

The problem of municipal solid waste management varies in magnitude in different regions,

nations and cities of the world. Currently, an estimated 54 per cent of the world’s population

lives in urban areas and this is expected to increase to 66 per cent by 2050, about one third or to

9
two thirds of the solid waste generated is uncollected which then dumped in the streets and in

drains, contributing to flooding, breeding of insects and contributing to the spread of diseases

(Awosan, 2017)

Table: 2.1 global dimensions of solid waste problems

As we can see from this table the major driving force for waste generation are population,

consumption, affluence and technology. Therefore, the impacts of these factors will double

global waste generation. The daily average per capita for Africa is between 0.5-0.87kg

(UNEP,2000a; ENCAPAFRICA, 2004). In Asia it varies between averages of 0.1-0.6kg in India.

And Latin America and Caribbean have averages of 0.3 -1.0kg per capita per day

( UNEP,2000d). according to cointreau (1992) stated waste generation per capita per day in kilo

gram to be an average of 0.4-0.6, 0.5-0.9 and 0.7 -1.8 respectively for low, middle and higher

income.countries.

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The classification of solid waste on the basis of source is as follows. According to hosetti(2006)

he classified solid waste as: Residential and municipal, which is the waste that originate from

residential area such as houses and apartments. The waste consists of food leftovers, vegetables,

peeled materials, plastics, wood pieces, clothes. It also includes waste originated from

demolition, construction, and street cleaning. Commercial and institutional: it is the waste that

came from stores, hotels, shops, markets and medical facilities and so on. The waste that

originate from any institution is known as institutional waste such as papers, food, glasses,

metals etc. Agricultural waste: any waste that originate from agricultural activities is known as

agricultural waste like manure and other wastes from farms and poultry houses.

As stated in hosetti(2006) he classified waste basis of their types such as Refuse: which is all

types of rubbish and garbage. The rubbish is waste material like paper, rubber, leather, wood etc.

whereas, garbage is waste materials from kitchen waste like food, slaughter houses etc.

2.2. Factors influencing effective solid waste management practice

2.2.1. Financial factors and SWM

If a system is to be fully sustainable it is very important that long term financial costs as well as

short term operating costs are taken into account (coffey& Coad,2010). Financial aspects for

Solid waste Management concern budgeting, cost accounting, capital investment, cost reduction,

and cost recovery (Schübeler, 1996). Financial resources are concerned with operating cost for

waste collection, financial cost, cost reduction and control, cost recovery and operational

financing (Coffey&Coad, 2010; Schubeler, 1996). Therefore, adequate budgeting, cost

accounting, financial monitoring and financial evaluation are very important to the effectiveness

of the management of solid waste systems (Schubeler, 1996). However, according to Schubeler

(1996) stated that officials responsible for municipal solid waste management do not have

11
accurate information concerning the real costs of operations and this is due to the lack of

capacity to use available financial tools and methods. Furthermore, financial constraints is the

main reason for inadequate collection and disposal of solid waste in most of the third world

countries where local councils are weak and lack of finance (Zurbrugg,2002;Hufane,2015).

Operating costs are labor cost, fuel, cost and maintenance cost. in addition to that, financial cost

includes costs to own vehicle including their depreciation and the cost of recovery includes

refuses collection charge, government grants, and littering fines(Coffey& Coad,2010). Generally,

the largest proportion of overall solid waste management expenditures are absorbed by the

sweeping and collection services (Coffey, M., Coad, 2010) . The main reasons for poor

collection and disposal of waste are related to insufficient funding, and causes inadequate

capacity to handle solid waste, low morale of waste workers due to poor remuneration, lack of

training, and finally lack of expertise and manpower to run solid waste (Ogwueleka, 2009).

Budgetary constraints are often felt in developing countries where resources are scarce

and dissemination of these limited resource are mishandled where many municipalities are

struggling to achieve acceptable quality service due to these financial problems

(McAllister,2015). Another major constraint seen throughout the developing world is the lack of

educational awareness and effective waste management practice(McAllister,2015). The way to

improve waste management is to improve the status of financial resources, operating cost, and

management of cost recovery (Hufane, 2015) . According to Coffey and Coad (2010) Solid

waste management in developing countries is mainly attributed to technical inefficiencies

and it also supports the view of Shubeler et al (1996) Solid waste management system in

developing countries display array of problems, but one major of contributing factor of this

12
setback is poor and inappropriate of technical aspects. The financial pressures experienced by

almost all local governments encourage

13
the tendency to concentrate only on the short term operating costs and ignore the longer term

financial costs. However, this tendency will result in a crisis in fewer years time (Coffey &

Coad, 2010). Financially, the city government should allocate enough money for the provision

of solid waste management, improving payment rate for collectors, providing incentives and

designing revenue generation mechanism (Muche,2016). Financial constrains, inadequate

service coverage and operational inefficiencies, ineffective technologies and equip

ment, inadequate landfill disposal, and limited utilization of recycling initiatives are all the

constrains of solid waste management (McAllister,2015). To improve financial situation, it is

necessary for the municipalities to adopt strategies like, waste segregation, door to door

collection, with waste being collected daily or twice a week and the waste which cannot be

composted or recycled, should be land filled (Yadav, Devi, & Singh, 2010). Financial

effectiveness of MSWM is laid on life cycle costs and long-term economic impacts.

Consequently, financial analysis is very crucial input to the strategic planning and investment

programming (Yadav et al., 2010). Furthermore, unless funds are continuously available with out

any postpone or delay, it is impossible to run a regular collection services and any system which

has been set up will collapse rapidly and come to stop (Coffey & Coad, 2010). As Zurbrugg

(2003) shows one of main reasons of inadequate collection services is the lack of financial

resources to cope with the increasing amount of generated waste produced. The largest portion of

the financial cost is spent on street sweeping, waste collection, and waste transportation and no

financial cost allocated for modern disposal system such as land filling or incineration due to

insufficient funding (Alam, Chowdhury, Hasan, Karanjit, & Shrestha, 2008). According to

Christen and Berne(1996) stated that improvement of financial aspects in MSWM can be

14
achieved by attaching solid waste fees to the billing for another service, such as water

supply(Schübeler, 1996).

15
Due to non availability of funds and resources, MSW management is becoming a difficult task as

they are generated in huge. Unscientific disposal of MSW has adverse impacts on environment

and human health (Gupta et al., 2007, Rathi, 2006 and Bundela et al., 2010). The most

sustainable method of MSW management is difficult to identify because of legisl

ative, environmental, economic and social restrictions (Adani et al., 2000 and Bundela et al.,

2010).

2.2.2. Technical Factors and SWM

Technical aspect of Solid waste Management are involved with the planning, implementation,

and maintenance of collection and transfer systems, waste recovery, final disposal and hazardous

waste management (Schübeler, 1996). Ineffective technologies and equipment is another source

that can contribute to the inadequate service coverage and operational inefficiencies

(Mcallister,

2015). The poor collection, disposal, and transfer of wastes is the result of poor status of

technical aspects (Hufane, 2015). The collection comprises household containers, primary and

secondary collection vehicles and equipment (Muche,2016). Lack of adequate modern waste

disposal equipment, lack of regular training, and inaccessibility of spare parts for damaged and

broken vehicles and equipment are more or less negatively influencing factors on the proper

waste disposal practice (Muche,2016). If the container is shared by households, there is a risk

that waste will be dumped near it and this will discourage others from putting their waste inside

the container (Coffey & Coad, 2010). All kinds of waste are the result of the absence of

management and control of waste, the management and control of solid and liquid waste remain

major problem in every town in Somalia (Health, 2010). Therefore, for waste management to be

technically effective the local authorities should provide proper waste collection systems with

16
qualified personal, and availability of modern vehicle and equipment to reduce environmental

health hazards (Muche,2016). However, techniques that have often proven effective in developed

17
world are ineffective in developing world because they do not have needed infrastructure and

knowledge to properly manage these technologies (Mcallister, 2015). Third world countries lack

sanitary landfills and their disposal sites situated long distance from communities and this creates

more financial difficulties because costs to collect, transport, and dispose of waste considerably

hard to afford(Mcallister, 2015). Due to lack of spare parts and insufficient funds makes MSWM

ineffective for the management of storage, collection, and transportation of solid waste

management(Alam et al., 2008). According to Ogwueleka, (2009) stated that traffic congestion,

city infrastructure, narrow roads, and harsh conditions of the road to the disposal site contribute

to the inefficient of solid waste collection. In order to improve technical aspect of MSWM

technical facilities must be selected carefully to their regard such as performance, maintenance

requirement, and expected life cycle costs, and sources of hazardous materials must be identified

to prevent infectious healthcare wastes (Schübeler, 1996).

2.2.3. Social Factor and SWM

Social aspects of MSWM involve waste generation and handling community based waste

management and the social conditions of waste workers(Schübeler, 1996). Public awareness and

attitudes to waste influence the people’s willingness to cooperate and participate in adequate

waste management practice (Zurbrügg, 2003). According to Marshal and Farahbakhsh(2013) the

main problems of solid waste management comes from lack of public awareness, poor condition

of waste workers, and lack of private sector and social involvement. Lack of public awareness,

lack of adequate salary and benefits and low level attitudes for waste workers are all factors

influencing the effectiveness of solid waste management (MUCHE, 2016). There is series lack of

knowledge concerning and interest in safe and reliable waste disposal among most health

workers and there is no adequate funding available for the effective implementation of safe

18
disposal procedures for medical waste (Alam et al., 2008). Social aspects of SWM can be

improved by building social awareness and educational program, waste workers are subject to

health problems therefore, giving support in their earnings, and access to social services will

make SWM efficient(Schübeler, 1996).

2.2.4. Institutional Factor and SWM

Institutional aspects concern the distribution of functions and responsibilities and correspond to

organizational structures, procedures, methods, institutional capacities and private sector

involvement (Schübeler, 1996). Successful solid waste management requires integration of many

organizations and groups into partnership such as national government, local government,

private sector, and informal sector. (Coffey, M., Coad, 2010). Local government is normally

responsible for SWM, or handed over to private sector which is responsible actual sweeping,

collection and disposal services(Coffey, M., Coad, 2010). Primary collection which is door to

door collection, and transport to the point of collection are often managed by community -

based organizations or small enterprises and often initiated by the residents desperately need for

a collection service and also willing to pay monthly collection charge(Zurbrügg, 2003). In order

to improve effectiveness of MSWM

the institution should do decentralization of responsibility, capacity building for strategic

planning and financial management, private sector involvement such as competitive bidding,

regulatory instruments and monitoring and control systems (Schübeler, 1996).

2.2.5. Political factor

Political aspect include the formulation of goals and priorities, determination of roles and

jurisdiction and the legal and regulatory framework (Schübeler, 1996). National government

have little to say in waste collection services but rather play a significant role in policy decisions

19
such as to what extent the private sector should involved, and it may control the expenditures on

solid waste management, and sometimes cover employment payment in some cases(Coffey, M.,

Coad, 2010). Local government often involve solid waste collection services, and often work

under a national legal framework rather than a local one and this makes difficult to change

framework to suit local conditions such as private sector involvement and community

involvement (Coffey, M., Coad, 2010). Out-dated policies and lack of knowledge in re- use and

recycling with effective enforcement of the law have all contributed to the ineffectiveness of

MSWM (Dominic, 2017). In order to increase the standard living of population, such policies are

required on immediate basis for example public private partnership is such a solution to the

inability to handle solid waste management operations (RODE, 2011). For the sustainable

management of waste, policy and regulations need to be clear and implementable, it needs to

have also oversight body to monitor the enactment and the implementation of those policies

(Dominic, 2017). Lack of enforcement of policies of solid waste is the real challenge to

sustainable waste management. However, straightforward, unambiguous legal and regulatory

framework, involving functioning and enforcement procedures at the national, provincial, and a

local levels is extremely important to the proper functioning of MSWM (Mcallister, 2015).

Several challenges ranging from financial constraint, inappropriate technology, inadequate

manpower, and law enforcement have play a significant role against effective solid waste

management practice (Fei-baffoe, Nyankson, & Gorkeh-miah, 2014).

2.3. Solid waste generation (SWG)

The quantity of generated waste mainly depends on population and people’s living standard.

Thus, the total solid waste generated per day in Addis Ababa is estimated to be 0.5kg per capita

per day. As a result a large proportion of the waste is remained uncollected which are disposed

20
off in open spaces (Amiga, 2002). Nevertheless, generation rates for the African countries in the

major cities are estimated to range from 0.3-1.4 kg per capita per day. The solid waste generation

per capita in ( Benin, Burkina faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana, Morocco and Uganda

are, 0.5, 0.7, 1.4, 0.7, 0.5, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.6 respectively) (Habitat, Nairobi 1997).

According to Tinmaz &Demir (2006) he found that municipal solid waste management in Corlu

town in turkey generated 170tonnes of waste each day or 1.15kg per capita per day. However,

Taylor & Koushki( 2011)Stated that an average household in Kuwait produces 1.55 large bags

and 2.46 small bags of solid waste per day.. Furthermore, The study shows that an average

household in Kuwait produces 8.39kg of waste per day. It’s also very important to note that the

rate an average household comprising of 6 persons generates 1.4kg/person/day. On the other

hand, Americans produce 1.2kg which is less than 17% what was produced in Kuwait.

Approximately 57% of household in Kuwait produces one large bag daily. Furthermore, 29%

produce two large bags. And four per cent produce minimum of two large bags.

According to Cointreau (1982), the characteristics and generation of solid waste in low income

countries: the waste generated 0.4 – 0.6 kg/cap. &day, waste density 250-500kg/m3, and water

content 40-80%. Furthermore, the waste composition is organic 40-85%, paper, cardboard 1-

10%, Glass & ceramics 1-10%. Metal 1-5%, plastics 1-5% and Dust & Ash 1-40%.

(Taylor & Koushki, 2011) in Kuwaitalso stated that food stuff consists of more than half (51.1%)

of the daily wastes. Paper material waste 19% of the total daily waste.Similarly, plastic materials

comprising 13.4% of the total. The household daily solid waste is positively related with the age

of family head, income of the family, and family car ownership.Which means that, families with

older heads, higher earnings with higher car ownership generate larger quantities of solid waste

21
each day? However, families whose heads are well educated generated fewer bags of solid waste

each day. Families with higher rate of employment produce larger amounts of solid waste each

day. Upgrading and giving general public awareness concerning the problem of urban solid

waste management should be a number one priority of the ruling policy makers. In Freetown,

Sierra Leone.(Sankoh & Yan, 2014)found that percentage weights are organic garbage (69%),

plastic 7.7%, metal 2.9% glass 3% paper and cardboard 9.2% . these results support the studies

that third world countries waste stream is majority organic materials.

According to Adeniran, Nubi, and Adelopo, (2017) in Lagos Nigeria, Solid waste types were

found to be. Polythene bags 24% (7.73 tons/day). Paper 15% (4.83 tons/day) organicmatters 15%

(4.83%) plastic 9% (2.9tons/day). Inert materials 8 %( 2.58 tons/day) sanitary 7% (2.25tons/day)

textile 7% (2.25 tons/day). Others 6% (1.93tons/day), leather 4%(1.29tons/day). Metals 3% (0.97

tons/day) glass 2%(0.64tons/day) E waste0% ( 0.0tons/day).

As stated by (Ojeda-ben, Vega, & Marquez-montenegro, 2008) in Mexico, used in his study

three different types of family typology including nuclear family, extended and mono-parental

families. A total number of households in the study was 125, 67 nuclear family, 45 extended, 13

were mono parental families. The results showed that the per capita and the average family waste

generation varies according to family typology and to the socioeconomic stratumthe results

showed that the per capita and the average family waste generation varies according to family

typology and to the socioeconomic stratum. Daily waste generation of the nuclear family was

1.1kg, extended family generate 0.78kg and the mono parental family generate 1.35kg of waste

Generally waste collections are carried out in two systems secondary collection and primary

collection. Primary collection involves storage and transportation of the waste from the

22
households to local collection points and this is however is achieved in various means (Qing,

Keat, & Gersberg, 2010). Furthermore, secondary collection are where the waste from a number

of primary collection is taken from the transfer station to the final disposal site (Qing et al.,

2010).

Therefore, waste collection methods are communal systems where containers located in public

places , block collection, kerbside collection and door to door collection. Nevertheless, source

separation means that the solid waste is classified as several different parts such as composting

materials (foods), combustible materials( fiber and paper) and recyclable materials such as

plastic, metal, glass(Hui, Li’ao, Fenwei, & Gang, 2006). It has been estimated that waste

transportation, including labour and machinery, accounts for between 70% to 80% of the total

cost of solid waste management (Imam, Mohammed, Wilson, & Cheeseman, 2008).

There has been variation exists among countries in costs allocated for waste collection,

transportation and disposal. Collection of wastes many countries has attained 100% in collection

even though collection declining in automatic techniques. For instance, Japan collection accounts

for 4%, treatment 45% and disposal 6%. While in developing countries such as Malaysia

collection alone accounts for 70% (Achankeng, 2004). A literature in the last two decades

suggest that countries with high density populations such as Japan, the Netherlands, the Uk, and

Switzerland to adopt incineration as the major solid waste management method, whereas low

population densities for example, Australia, Canada, and the US display high rates of waste land

filling (Sakai et al. 1996; OECD 2004).

23
Japan opts for incineration as its main waste disposal practice, it generates 51 million tones of

domestic waste per year and 400 million tones of industrial solid waste, 30% i s

recycled

24
(wright,2000). Sankoh and Yan, (2014)In Freetown, Sierra Leone, stated that most of the people

who dispose waste in dumpsites, drains and streets are un educated people while people who

retain waste in bags or bury and burn it at the back yard are generally those with educational

background. (Isa, Asaari, Ramli, Ahmad, & Siew, 2005)found out in his study using

questionnaires and interviews and on site observations he concluded that stated that majority of

the city inhibits show interest about recycling and like to do more about this regard. According to

Adeniran et al., (2017) Strategic policy and community involvement are highly needed for waste

reduction and segregation with improved recycling waste.

Solid waste management is a major problem to most countries especially the developing ones, as

expected, population growth coupled with urbanization will mean generation of solid waste

would be on the increase (Adzawla, Tahidu, Mustapha, & Azumah, 2019). However, the

structure of solid waste has gained two key changes, firstly the volume of waste generated by

households and secondly, the composition of waste generated has changed from organic waste to

mix of synthetic and organic matter (Faris & Scott, 2007).

However, there are variables affect the quantity of solid waste generation. However, age play a

significant role as maturity could influence the level of awareness on the environment and health

sanitation(Longe, 2015). Education of households on solid waste management is extremely

important to alleviate the level of households’ decision into collecting wastes except open

dumping or burning (Adzawla et al., 2019).Thus the educational attainment is an important

factor that could influence people’s perception on solid waste management. (Sujauddin, 2008)

stated the socio economic variables affect, the quantity of Solid waste management generated

each day which are religion, family size, family employment , age, education, land status and

duration of stay. According to Taylor and Koushki, (2011) the household daily solid waste is

25
positively related with the age of family head, income of the family, and family car ownership.

This means that, families with older heads, higher earnings with higher car ownership generate

larger quantities of solid waste each day. According to Sankohand Yan (2014) shows that there is

positive relationship between socioeconomic and waste generation such as, average family size,

income and marital status as well as educational level. However, there is negative relationship

between age and occupation (Sankohand Yan, 2014). Mukama et al., (2016) concludes that the

categories of major waste generation in households were food (38%) and plastics (37%) and

most household store their waste in polythene bags (59.1%) and sacks (20.2%) and (10.3% ) of

the households do not have waste storage containers and most of them keep their wastes outside

the house in the open atmosphere(Mukama et al., 2016).

2.4. Empirical literature review

Waste has become series problem in most of the developing world where generation of waste per
unit of output is much more than in the developed world and this is due to lack of good
manufacturing process, bad design and ultimately bad decision making. Prior studies have
highlighted that SWM is inefficient. Therefore, financial, technical, institutional, social and
political factors pose series challenge to the practices of SWM. Here are some of the prior works
in developing countries.

Alam, Chowdhury, Hasan, Karanjit, & Streshta (2008) tried to explore generation, storage,
collection, and transportation of municipal solid waste in the city of Kathmandu, the capital of
Nepal. The study found that the main source of waste generation in Kathmandu is domestic
waste and it is increasing exponentially due to lack of public awareness, haphazard urbanization,
and environmentally unfriendly materials. The waste generation in Kathmandu is 115m 3 /d, and
majority of the city inhabitants are willing to segregate organic and non-organic waste and store
them separately. Street sweeping is the main form of primary collection by solid waste
management and is not directly involved in door to door household waste collection. Moreover,
road side collection serves the main collection system. There is no transportation fixed root of
collection waste to the transfer station or disposal site and it depends solely upon drivers, and

21
70% of total cost is consumed mainly vehicle repair and maintenance mainly in spare parts. The
author recommended in order to improve the collection, transportation, and transfer of solid
waste management, the Kathmandu municipality and private sector should work together to
amend the existing legislation and policies on waste management and encourage the participation
of private limited companies and NGOs in all aspects of SWM.

According to Hosetti (2006), the situation in European countries as far as plastic waste is
concerned is as follows:

1. Total plastic consumption including virgin polymers and recycled granules continued to
increase, rising from 6% between 2000 and 2002. The significant growth occurred during 2002
(4.1%) and only 2% during 2000 to 2001.

2. The per capita consumption of virgin plastics in the Western Europe rose from 91.5kg to
94.8kg during the period 2000 and 2002.

3. In 2002 the total collectable waste recovered was 38%, it was 36% in 2000 and in tonnage
terms, it remained the same at 11%.

4. Mechanical recycling of plastic waste was 17% in 2000 and it increased to 22.5% during 2000
and 2002 in tonnage terms. There was significant increase in recycling of packaging waste.

5. The energy was recovered from 4,411,000 tons of plastic waste in 2000. It increased to
4,688,000 tons in 2002. An increase of 6.8% was recorded. However, it is not encouraging to
note that the plastic waste going to landfills also increased a little bit. Plastic consumption in the
world is at an average annual growth rate of 7.5%. That brought all solid polymers from 8
million tons in the world in 1960, to 160 million tons in 2000 and will continue to increase
reaching 300 million tons in 2010, estimated using a conservative annual rate of 6.5%. The total
world production/consumption of plastics, since the beginning at the turn of the century has kept
an average annual growth rate of 15% or doubling every ten years, until 1975 and when this
trend was broken at the first oil shock occurred. The average growth rate of plastics was 15%
from 1960 to 1974, 8% thereafter from 1974 to 2000 (Hosetti, 2006)

T. Ch. Ogwueleka (2009) conducted research using methods of document review, observation
and interview he found that poor funding is one of the main reasons for poor collection and

22
disposal of refuse. The waste management fee is insufficient to cover for waste management,
majority of environmental agency workers have little or no functional background or training in
engineering and management, so the operations result in effective and inefficient solid was
te management. Therefore, the common constraint faced environmental agencies include lack of
institutional arrangement, insufficient financial resources, absence of bylaws and standards,
inflexible work schedules, insufficient information on quantity and composition of waste, and
inappropriate technology.

Study conducted by Rasha Fahim El Gazzar, Bakr Gomaa (2014) using sorting and weighing the
wastes from one house consecutively for seven days, observations, the chief of waste collection
and environmental services were interviewed. He found out that solid waste generation rate at
house hold level was 1.2kg/person/day. He suggested that, waste problems cannot be solved by
the authorities only, but also need a public participation and awareness in achieving an
appropriate solid waste management system and waste reduction.

Joshi & Ahmed (2016) reviewed the current status of MSWM in Indian states and concluded that
lack of awareness, inappropriate technical knowledge, inadequate funding, unaccountability,
implementation of legislation and policies are major reasons for the failure of MSWM. The state
governments have to take various actions for strengthening MSWM. However, the present
scenario reveals that there is almost no segregation of garbage at source which leads to various
environmental problems and it becomes very difficult to segregate waste at transfer station or in
landfill or treatment site.

The importance to develop public awareness and community participation in waste management
has been widely acknowledged by researchers as necessary to build sustainable waste systems
and to uphold environmental citizenship amongst community members (Lumbreras Martín and
Fernández García, 2014). Normally, people are more likely to take part in waste management
activities, for example recycling, when they observe others in their vicinity recycling. In
developing countries recycling programs rare, so wealthier members of the country rely on
informal recyclers as the behavior norm (O’Connell, 2011).

The study conducted in Malaysia by Aini and colleagues (2002) found out that, in order to deal
with the solid waste problems the “conscience of the individual needs to be raised through

23
environmental awareness and concern, inculcation of sustainable consumption practices and
education on waste management.”. environmental awareness and knowledge about the
environment were found to affect recycling attitude positively but positive attitude may not have
resulted in recycling if knowledge about it was poor (Aini et al., 2002).

One more main limitation seen all over the developing world is the lack of education and
awareness of efficient waste-management practices. One study in Gaborone, Botswana, shown
that even if citizens were alert of recycling and other sustainable waste-management techniques,
this does not essentially explain into contribution in pro-environmental activities such as
recycling initiatives. They emerge to have not embraced waste management reforms along with
their limited awareness of such activities (Bolaane, 2006).

In a study conducted in India (Milea, 2009) researchers shown that even though the greater part
of respondents perceives refuse as a big problem in Delhi, there is slight awareness on the ways
one could contribute to solving it. The sense of responsibility for one’s waste was found to be the
major factor determining littering and waste separation, but waste minimization is mainly
associated with income and not perceived as part of the waste problem. Researchers suggested
that public campaigns should emphasize residents’ responsibility for their waste and the
importance of each and every citizen’s cooperation, thus creating a sense of a shared community
goal around solving the waste problem. The information and motivation campaign should be
supplemented with measures that would facilitate citizen participation.

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 2.5. Conceptual frame work
This conceptual frame work figure illustrates the relationship between influencing factors and
effective SWM. As shown in this figure the influencing factors were financial aspects, technical
aspects, social aspects, institutional aspects and political aspects and the effective SWM were
collection, transportation and disposal. However, financial aspects was (financial cost, operating
cost, and cost recovery and investment on capital) while technical aspects was modern vehicle
and equipments, skilled personnel for waste collection, transfer, and waste disposal. Social
aspect were the condition of the workers, beneficiaries attitudes and awareness raising programs.
Institutional aspects were conceptualized as integrated SWM, proper institutional framework,
and elongated contract. Political aspects were conceptualized as proper authority regulations and
rules, proper enforcement, and government priority. The conceptual framework shows that the
status of financial condition, institutional condition, technical condition, social condition and
political condition directly influence the collection, transportation and disposal.

Influencing factors solid waste

management
• Effective collection
Financial Resource • Effective transportation
Operating and financial cost
• Effective disposal
Management of funds
cost recovery

Technical Aspect
Knowledge of waste
Collection/transport
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
Modern vehicle/equipment
Skilled labor

Social aspects
Condition of the workers
Beneficiaries’ attitudes
Awareness raising programe

Institutional Aspects
Elongated contract
Municipality capacity
Institutional setup

Political aspect
Authority regulations and
rules
Enforcement

25
 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3. Introduction
This chapter discusses the research methodologies that were employed to solve the research
problems. Furthermore, it shows the research area, design, research approach, research
population, sampling, data collection methods, and analysis techniques that were used in this
study.

3.1. Research Area

This study was conducted in Addis Abeba city, the capital city of Ethiopa. The Burao city is
located 270km east of hargiesa the capital city of Somaliland, and lies on Latitude 9°
N and Longitude 45° E. The general weather is semiarid. The average temperature during the
summer months of June and August is 31°C, with a low of 20°C at night. Furthermore, the
annual rain fall is 222mm/year with two peaks during April –May and October - November.
Burao city has a population of 350,000 inhabitants, Burao was selected since it is the capital city
of togdheer region, yet it has an alarming amount of solid waste scattered in everywhere in the
town. Information from Burao city should shed light into the other town in Togdher region.

3.2. Research Approach

Quantitative is generally associated with the positivist/ post-positivist paradigms. It usually
involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be
made and conclusions drawn. Furthermore, Quantitative research approach was used in this
current research. However, quantitative research often translates into the use of statistical
analysis to make the connection between what is known and what can we learned by research.
Researchers will have one or more hypothesis. These are the questions that they want to address
which include predictions about possible relationships between the variables (Trochim 2000).
Quantitative data requires statistical analysis to test hypotheses. Deductive approach is popularly
used as it enables the research to reason from generic to specific. In addition deduction from

26
general perspectives leads the researcher to develop a theoretical framework (hypothesis) and
test it thereby concluding a specific conclusion(Trochim 2000).

3.3. Research design

To obtain the information properly, this current study has adopted a descriptive research design
which involves observing and describing the behavior of the research variable without
influencing it in any way.

Moreover, this study adopted in survey research design which is quantitative research in which a
researcher administers a survey to sample the entire population to describe the attitudes,
opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of the populations (Creswell, 2012). Additionally, the
researcher collects quantitative data using questionnaires (mailed questionnaires) or interviews
and then statistically analyze the data to test research questions or hypotheses (Creswell, 2012).
Surveys are classified into two main type’s census and sample surveys (Oso, 2013). In a census
survey, a researcher collects data from every member of the population without leaving anyone
(Oso, 2013). Whereas, in a sample survey, the data collected from part of population with the
intention of generalizing the findings (Oso, 2013). Most survey research design is
nonexperimental, is used to assess statistical relationships between variables or to describe single
variables ( price et al, 2015). A cross-sectional survey collects data at one point in a time
whereas longitudinal surveys collect data at different time from the same target population (Oso,
2013).

In general, a descriptive design is commonly used to achieve the following research objectives:
description of phenomena or characteristics associated with a subject population, estimates for
proportions of the populations that have these characteristics and discovery of associations
among different variables. However, descriptive research does not make any direct cause and
effect relationships among variables (Robson, 2002).

Moreover, the current research study establishes the causal relationships between variables so
that the researcher was attempted explanatory research design to emphasis on studying a
situation or a problem in order to explain the relationships between status of financial, technical,
social, political, institutional and their effective solid waste management.

27
The descriptive research design was considered appropriate for this study as it allowed
description of a phenomena as well as collection of a large amount of data from a sizable
population in a highly economical way. Similarly, it also made it possible to collect quantitative
data which was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition the data collected
using a descriptive survey design is used to suggest possible reasons for particular relationships.
(Robson, 2002; M. Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2007).
A cross-sectional description survey research design was adopted for the purpose of this study a
cross-sectional study involves making observation of sample or entire population of the study or
phenomena at one point in time ( Babbie,2013).However, this study is used cross-sectional
survey design and employed to assess the challenges of Solid Waste Management and factors
influencing its effectiveness. The reason for using this design is that it enables to describe factors
influencing solid waste management and their effectiveness.

3.4. Study population

3.4.1. Target population

Target population it is a portion of the whole universe of people selected as the objective
audience. It is also refers to a group of people that possess certain attributes that can be classified
properly to differentiate them from the whole population.

However,The target population of this study was consisted of all the solid waste workers in
Burao Municipality. Burao Municipality was selected because it is responsible for waste
collection, transfer and disposal of solid waste in Burao city.

3.5. Sample and Sampling

3.5.1. Sample size

This study adopted censes survey research study. The population of the study was waste workers
of Burao Municipality. Therefore, all waste workers were taken to participate the research.
Moreover, sampling techniques are only necessary when a part of the population is to be selected
for study. On the other hand, Sampling is the process of selecting part of a population to
represent it (Oso, 2013). Since no part of the population was selected, there was no need for
sampling. For this reason no specific sampling technique was adapted.

28
 3.5.2. Sampling technique
This current study adopted censes survey, the whole population of the research was studied and
no particular sampling technique was used. Sampling techniques are only essential when a
fraction of the population is to be used in a study. Sampling is the process of selecting elements
from a population in a way that the sample elements selected represent the population (Amin,
2005). In this study, no part of the population was selected and there was no need for sampling.
Hence no specific sampling technique was employed

3.6. Data collection

3.6.1. Development of questionnaire

The study employed questionnaire to collect data, the researcher collected primary data using
questionnaires. A questionnaire is a pre-formulated written set of questions to which respondents
record their answers, usually within rather closely defined alternatives.

Questionnaires are an efficient data collection mechanism when the researcher knows exactly
what is required and how to measure the variable of interest (Sekaran, 2012). Saunders et
al.(2007) affirmed using questionnaire is popular when collecting primary data. The selection of
this instrument is guided by the time available to conduct this research, research questions and
objectives of this study.
A self report type questionnaire was designed and organized. First section was Background
information about the respondents and was divided into four sub sections. Gender, Age, level of
education and rank in the organizations. In the section two, which is solid waste management it
was sub divided into eight variable indicators. Financial constraint indicators (4 items),
Technical condition indicators (5 items), Social condition indicators (5 items), Institutional
condition indicators (4 items), Political condition indicators(3 items), Effective Solid waste
collection indicators (4 items). And Effective Solid waste transportation indicators (5 items) and
last but not least Effective Solid waste disposal indicators (5 items). A 5 point likert scale were
used ranging from 1( strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree ) to assess these items. The analysis
used in this research was correlations to find the relationships between variables. After that, we
tested the reliabilities of all the variables to check the internal consistency of the constructs.

29
Furthermore, we did factor analysis using exploratory factor analysis to check the validity of our
constructs

3.6.2. Data analysis

Firstly, it was used SPSS version 21.0 to process descriptive statistics and reliability analysis on

the collected data and to assess the demographic profile of the sample and the internal

consistency of the construct. Then to analyze research study it was used Partial Least Square

(PLS) analysis with smartPLS 3.0 Software. Following the recommended two stage analytical

procedures for SEM. After that, it was tested the measurement model which is validity and

reliability of the measures and then examined the structural mode(Hair et al., 2013). To test the

significance of the path coefficients and the loadings, a bootstrapping method (5000 re-samples)

was used(Hair et al., 2013). Because structural equation modeling (SEM) requires data not to

violate the assumptions of the normality, normality of the data were tested. Several techniques

were conducted for testing the normality including sample, Histogram, Skewness, Kurtosis and

standard error. In terms of the first technique, the sample size was more than one hundred fifty

respondents. the distribution was positively skewed and used Log10 in the analysis and findings

were as follows. Effective collection scores were normally distributed with a skewness of -

0.137(standard error=0.197) and kurtosis of -0.565(standard error=0.391), for effective

transportation was normally distributed with a skewness of -0.452(standard error=0.197) and

kurtosis of 0.084(standard error=0.391) and for effective disposal scores was normally

distributed with a skewness of -0.414(standard error=0.197) and kurtosis of 0.512(standard

error=0.391). therefore, partial least squares (PLS) based SEM was used for this study. PLS is a

well –established technique for estimating path coefficients in structural models and has been

widely used in a number of research studies. The PLS technique has become increasingly

popular in marketing and management research more generally in the last decade because of its

30
ability to model latent constructs under conditions of non-normality and small to medium sample

sizes (Hair et al., 2013).

31
 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4. Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to present the findings of the data analysis which are normality
test, demographic information, the reliability and validity measures of the data, followed by
descriptive analysis of main variables, the final part focuses on detailed discussion about the
hypothesis tested using different statistical techniques such as Bivariate correlations, and
multiple regression analysis using SPSS software and SMART-PLS.

4.1. Normality test

Normality test is very important in the study especially when analyzing differences between

groups using parametric tests, a common assumption in all of these tests is that the dependent

variable is approximately normally distributed before it can be done for further analysis for the

main variables of the study; the main dependent variables of the study were effective collection,

effective transportation, and effective disposal. The researcher conducted a normality test for the

multivariate items. Several techniques were conducted for testing the normality i

ncluding sample, Histogram, Skewness, Kurtosis and standard error. In terms of the first

technique, the sample size was more than one hundred fifty respondents. Therefore, with the

large sample size, the data is approximately normally distributed. By looking at the table

below, the distribution was positively skewed and used Log10 in the analysis and findings were

as follows.

32
Effective collection scores were normally distributed with a skewness of -0.137(standard

error=0.197) and kurtosis of -0.565(standard error=0.391), for effective transportation was

33
normally distributed with a skewness of -0.452(standard error=0.197) and kurtosis of

0.084(standard error=0.391) and for effective disposal scores was normally distributed with a

skewness of -0.414(standard error=0.197) and kurtosis of 0.512(standard error=0.391).

Table4.1 : Normality test for all main variables

Variables N Minimu Maximu Mean SD Skewne Std.Error Kurtosis Std.Erro

m m ss r
Effective 152 1 5 2.5181 0.972 -0.137 0.197 -0.565 0.391
Collection 77
Effective 152 1 5 2.6053 0.896 -0.452 0.197 0.084 0.391
Transportati 78
on
Effective 152 1 5 2.6408 0.784 -0.414 0.197 0.512 0.391
Disposal 06

Figure 4.1 Data normality effective collection

34
Figure 4.2 Data normality effective Transportation

Figure 4.3 Data normality effective Disposal

35
 4.2. Demographic Data
This section investigated the demographic profile of respondents such as their age, sex,
educational background and their rank in organization for example whether they are garbage
collectors, drivers or admin in the organization. The purpose of this background information was
to find out the characteristics of the respondents and show the distribution of the population in
the study, the findings are presented below.

4.2.1. Respondent’s demographic characteristics

Sex: According to this table 4.1, sex of the respondents, the majority of them were male
constituting of (66.7%) while the femaleis (33.3%). It shows that majority of the respondents are
male because the work is being more manual and needs a lot of hardwork and cultural concepts.

Age: In terms of the respondent’s ages, the majority of them were between 26-35 with frequency
and percentage of 33 and 26.8% respectively. While 16-25 aged frequency and percentages were
28 and 22.8% respectively. The 36-45 aged frequency was 31 with a percentage of 25.2%. While
above 45 has a frequency of 31 and percentage of 25.2%. Therefore, most respondents of the
questionnaire were the age of 26-35 with 26.8%. This implies that the majority of the solid waste
workers are junior, fresh and active that have the ability to work and make the city clean if
motivated positively.

Level of education: the educational level of the respondents has been classified as University,
Secondary, Primary and non. However, majority of the respondents their level of education is
non, meaning that they never got any proper education with a frequencyof 43 and percentage of
43%. While secondary school leavers constitute of 27 with a percentage of 22%. University
graduates are very small and they make up only 6 persons with a percentage of 4.9%. whereas
the Larger partof them are primary school leavers which constitute the frequency of 37 persons
and with a percentage of 30.1%. therefore, these results show that the majority of the solid waste
management (SWM) is illiterate or unable to read or to write which make up 43% of the
workers.

Rank in the organization: table 4.2 shows the distribution of respondents according to the
position they hold in the organization. It shows that majority (31.7%) of the respondents
36
werecollectors; 24.4% were drivers, 17.4% were administrators and the remaining 26% were
assigned in other auxiliary works. Therefore, great numbers of employees need to engage in the
duty of garbage collection, since Solid Waste Management is more of a menial job and doesn’t
require many highly skilled persons.

Sex

61%
Male
Female
91%

Figure 4.4: Sex of Respondents

80
70
60
25.7 27
50 24
23
40
Frequency/
Percentage

Percentage
30
41 Frequency
20 39 37
35
10
0
16-25 26-35 36-45 above 45
Age(Years)

Figure 4.5: Age of Respondents

37
 80 75

70
60
49.3
50 44
40
Frequency/ Frequency
Percentage
27 28.9 Percent
30
20 17.8

10 6
3.9
0
University Secondary Primary None

Figure 4.6: Level of Education

70
63
60
50
41.4
Frequency and

40
33 33
30 Frequency
Percent

23 21.7 Percent
20 15.1

10
4.4

0
Collector Driver Admin Others
Rank in the organization

Figure 4.7: Rank in the organizations

38
 Table 4.2 Demographic characteristics of the respondents

Demographic Profile Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Sex
Male 91 60 60
Female 61 40 100
Total 152 100
Age
16-25 39 25.7 25.7
26-35 41 27 52.6
36-45 35 23 75.7
Above 45 37 24.3 100
Total 152 100
Educational Background
University 6 3.9 3.9
Secondary 27 17.8 21.7
Primary 44 28.9 57.7
None 75 49.3 100
Total 152
Your highest rank in the
organization
Collector 63 41.4 41.4
Driver 33 21.7 63.2
Admin 23 15.1 78.3
Others 33 21.7 100
Total 152 100
Primary source, 2019

4.3. Goodness of the measures

4.3.1. Reliability analysis of all the variables

A reliability test was conducted to assess the internal consistency of the variable by using
Cronbach’s alpha. A variable is a reliable and internal consistency when met the alpha of 0.70 or
above (Hair, Black, Babin, & Anderson,2014). However, it’s also suggested that low Cronbach's
alpha 0.5 or above is an acceptable (Bowling,2009). Based on the all variables that tested the

39
 Cronbach’s alpha are greater than 0.5. The highest alpha was obtained by social condition
indicators (� = 0.821) followed by technical condition indicators (� = 0.803), effective solid
waste collection indicators (� = 0.705), financial constrain indicators(� = 0.70), effective solid
waste transportation indicators (� = 0.666), political condition indicators(� = 0.615),instit
utional condition indicators (� = 0.504), effective solid waste disposal indicators((� = 0.5). the
lowest alpha was found to belong two variables institutional condition indicators and effective
solid waste disposal indicators, � = 0.504, � = 0.5

respectively.

Table 4.3: reliability test for all variables

No Variables Items Items deleted
1 Financial constraint indicators 4 1 Cronbach alpha
2 Technical condition indicators 5 -------- 0.700
3 Social condition indicators 5 -------- 0.803
4 Institutional condition indicators 4 1 0.821
5 Political condition indicators 3 -------- 0.504
6 Effective Solid waste collection indicators 4 -------- 0.615
7 Effective Solid waste transportation 5 1 0.705
0.666
8 Effective Solid waste disposal indicators 5 1 0.5
Source (Primary Data analyzed, 2019)

4.3.2. Validity Test Using Factor Analysis

A principal component analysis (PCA) was run on a 35 question questionnaire that measured
challenges of solid waste management and factors influencing its effectiveness on 152 people
who work in Burao municipality. The suitability of PCA was assessed prior to analysis.
Inspection of the correlation matrix showed that all variables had at least one correlation
coefficient greater than 0.3. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was
0.875, and it is exceeding the recommended value of 0.6, with individual KMO measures all
greater than 0.5, classifications of ‘middling’ to ‘meritorious’ according to Kaiser (1974).
Bartlett’s test of sphericity was statistically significant (p<.0005) with a Chi-square of
1492.4(df=231), indicating that the data was likely factorizable. further confirming that each

40
item shared some common variance with other items. Therefore, giving these overall indicators,
factor analysis was deemed to be suitable with all 35 items.

The principal component analysis was used because the primary purpose was to identify the
underlying structure.PCA and scree plot revealed four components that had eigenvalues greater
than one, initial eigenvalues indicated that the first four factors explained 35%, 10%,6%, and 6%
of the variance respectively. however, the four component explained 58.5% of the total variance.
A varimax orthogonal rotation was employed to aid interpretability.

A total of thirteen items were eliminated because they did not contribute to a simple factor
structure and failed to meet the minimum criteria of having a primary factor loading of 0.4or
above. For example the item ‘‘our vehicles always have fuel and ready for use all the time’’ had
a factor loading of .417 and .450 on two components, therefore, it's cross-loading and eliminated
from the factor analysis. Therefore, the rest of the items were executed and eliminated the other
twelve items. For the final stage, a principal components factor analysis of the remaining 22
items were extracted using varimax rotations.

The first factor was consisted of 12 items and labeled as ‘‘social condition’’ and accounted for
35% of variance explained with an eigenvalue greater than one. The factor obtained a high
internal consistency (� = 0.821). the second factors was consisted of four items and labeled

as
‘‘collection’’ and accounted for 10% of variance explained with eigenvalue greater than one. The
reliability of the factor was acceptable (� = 0.705). Additionally, the third factor was

consisted
of three items and was labeled as ‘‘ Transportation’’ the factor explained 6.3% of the variance
with eiangenvalue greater than one, the reliability of the factor was acceptable (� = 0.666).

the
four factor was consisted as well three items and was labeled as ‘‘Institutional’’ and accounted
for 6% of variance explained with eiganenvalue greater than one, also the factor obtained

41
acceptable internal consistency of (� = 0.5). Moreover, the all factors explained an

overall
58.5% of variance.

42
 Figure 4.8 Scree Plot

Table 4.4 KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling .875

Bartlett's Test of Approx. Chi-Square 1492.434

Df 231
Sphericity
Sig. .000

Table 4.5: Rotated Component Matrix

Items Component
4
.784
equipment
2 Burao City is well planned with appropriate infrastructure to .783
collect and transport waste
3 Company has sufficient manpower and vehicle to transport .762
solid waste
4 Waste personnel in our company are regularly getting training .756

43
5 Our company use covered vehicles and there is no spillover of .748
solid waste up on transport
6 There is sufficient money for the promotion of waste reduction, .730
recycling and recovery programs
7 I am paid adequate salary and sufficient additional benefits for .721
my work at our company
8 Waste workers always wear safe and protective gloves and and .707
clothes during their work at our company
9 Our company carries out awareness raising programs on .666
general public health and management of waste
10 There is full and continuous training on solid waste collection .631
in our company
11 There is adequate revenue generation, for provision of effective .626
SWM in the company
12 supervisor records the daily number of trips, the tonnage of .596
waste and route plan to drivers
13 Frequency of waste pick-up are strictly followed by our .735
company
14 The assembly enforces to implement the existing SWM law .701
15 There is adequate policies, laws that promote for effective .701
SWM
16 Our company have facilitated enough number of collection .676
points near to all beneficiaries
17 Nature of traffic condition along collection route has a jam .723
18 The existing disposal site is far-away from our collection point .696
19 There are no adequate internal roads and traffic condition .693
along collection route has overcrowding
20 The municipality does not provide clear authority and .801
Sanitation Rules
21 Presence of animal on the disposal site is common .699
22 Our company has faced frequent customer complaint about .599
solid waste management on its assigned jurisdictions

44
 Total 4.6Variance Explained
Compone Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Rotation Sums of Squared
nt Loadings Loadings
Total % of Cumulativ Total % of Cumulativ Total % of Cumulativ
Variance e% Variance e% Variance e%
1 7.717 35.077 35.077 7.717 35.077 35.077 6.625 30.114 30.114
2 2.410 10.953 46.030 2.410 10.953 46.030 2.462 11.191 41.305
3 1.407 6.396 52.426 1.407 6.396 52.426 2.054 9.337 50.642
4 1.339 6.084 58.510 1.339 6.084 58.510 1.731 7.867 58.510
5 .921 4.185 62.695
6 .864 3.925 66.620
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Table 4.7 KMO

Variable KMO Variable KMO

There is adequate revenue .888 Our company has faced frequent 0.821
generation, for provision of customer complaint about solid
effective SWM in the company waste management on its assigned
Burao City is well planned .927 jurisdictions
There is adequate policies, laws that 0.829

with appropriate promote effective SWM

infrastructure
The to does
municipality collectnot
and 0.502 The assembly enforces to implement 0.865

provide clear authority and the existing SWM law

There is sufficient money for .926 Presence of animal on the disposal site .686

the promotion of waste is common

reduction, recycling and
Our company
recovery has adequate and .923
programs Frequency of waste pick-up are strictly 0.884

modern waste followed by our company

management
Waste equipment.
personnel in our 0.916 There is full and continuous training on 0.869

company are regularly getting solid waste collection in our company

trainingworkers always wear
Waste 0.840 supervisor records the daily number of .888

safe and protective gloves and trips, the tonnage of waste and
clothes during their work at route plan to drivers
45
company
Our company carries out 0.904 Our company use covered vehicles and .907
awareness-raising programs on there is no spillover of solid waste up
general public health and on transport
management of waste
Nature of traffic condition 0.656 There are no adequate internal roads ( .648
along the collection route has alternative roads ) and traffic condition
along collection route has
a jam
overcrowding
Company has sufficient .937 The existing disposal site is far-away .679
manpower and vehicle to from our collection point
transport solid waste
Our company have facilitated .847 I am paid an adequate salary and .915
enough number of collection sufficient additional benefits for my
points near to all beneficiaries work at our company
Descriptive statistics

The objective of this study was to determine the current solid waste management practice and
factors influencing its effectiveness which is managed by in Burao municipality. The data of the
study was collected using questionnaires scored on response mode from 1=Strongly Agree, 2=
Agree, 3= Neutral, 4=Disagree, and 5= Strongly Disagree for each of these study variables and
their findings were presented below.

Table 4.8 financial conditions of SWM N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

There is adequate 2.16 1.362 67(44.1) 39(25.7) 19(12.5) 9(5.9) 18(11.8)
revenue generation, for
provision of effective
SWM in the company
Our vehicles always 2.24 1.126 45(29.6) 55(36.2) 31(20.4) 13(8.6) 8(5.3)
have fuel and ready for
use all the time
Working on the solid 2.88 1.518 38(25.0) 35(23) 21(13.8) 23(15.1) 35(23)
waste collection and
transportation business
service is an attractive

46
business
There is sufficient 2.89 1.377 31(20.4) 28(18.4) 50(32.9) 12(7
money for the
promotion of waste
reduction, recycling
and recovery programs.

As shown in table 4.8 of financial conditions (There is adequate revenue generation, for
provision of effective SWM in the company) was scored as strongly agree with the mean value
of 2.16. more than half of the respondents (69.8%) responded strongly agree and agree with the
existence of adequate revenue generation in their respective companies for effective solid waste
management, as opposed to only (17.7%) of respondents saying that there does not exist
( disagreed and strongly disagreed in total). This has an indication that there is adequate revenue
generation so that solid waste disposal service is provided effectively. Secondly, (Our vehicles
always have fuel and ready for use all the time) was scored agree with a mean value of 2.24.
Majority of the respondents (36.2) agree that their vehicles always have fuel and ready for use all
the time. On the other hand, (20.4%) of the respondents are not sure whether their vehicles
always have fuel or not. Moreover, only (8.6%) of the respondents disagree with the statement
and believe that their vehicles always do not have fuel and not ready for use all the time. Thirdly,
(Working on the solid waste collection and transportation business service is an attractive
business) was scored strongly agree with the mean value of 2.88. Majority of the respondents
either strongly agree or agree (48% total) that working on the solid waste collection service is an
attractive business service. However, the respondents who choose neutral on the statement are
(13.8%) of the total, followed by those who chose disagreed (15.1%) and strongly disagreed
(23%).

Lastly, (There is sufficient money for the promotion of waste reduction, recycling and recovery
programs) was scored agree with a mean of 2.89. People who strongly agreed constitute about
20.4% and those who agreed to constitute 18.4% as well, while 32.9% choose neutral and do not
know whether there is sufficient money for the promotion of waste reduction, recycling and
recovery programs. On the other hand, people who strongly disagreed constitute about 20.4% of

47
the total. This indicates that there is sufficient money for the promotion of waste reduction,
recycling and recovery programs. Meanwhile, it was discovered that the majority of wastes have
been disposed of but not converted or recycled to generate energy which can be sold at getting
profit. Therefore, it can be concluded that from the above indicators solid waste management
practice is highly influenced by financial conditions.

Table 4.9 Technical conditions of SWM

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

Our company has 2.60 1.434 46(30.3) 39(25.7) 18(11.8) 28(18.4) 21(13.8)
adequate and modern
waste management
equipment.
Our company usually 2.46 1.271 39(25.7) 53(34.9) 26(17.1) 19(12.5) 15(9.9)
uses environmentally
adaptable and
maintainable
equipment.
Burao City is well 2.57 1.41 41(27) 48(31.6) 24(15.8) 13(8.6) 26(17.1)
planned with
appropriate
infrastructure to collect
and transport waste
Waste personnel in our 3.04 1.323 20(13.2) 40(26.3) 34(22.4) 29(19.1) 29(19.1)
company are regularly
getting training
There are accessible 2.31 1.278 49(32.2) 50(32.9) 23(15.1) 16(10.5) 14(9.2)
spare parts when
vehicles and equipment
are a breakdown

48
As presented in table 4.9, all in five indicators were scored as agree with the average mean of

below 3. In the first question people strongly agreed and agreed (56%) that their company has

adequate and modern waste management equipment but (32.2%) of the respondents strongly

disagreed and disagreed the statement and the remaining (11.8%) answered neutrally. This

indicates that most of the companies have adequate and modern waste management equipment

according to the respondents. The second indicator which is (Our company usually uses

environmentally adaptable and maintainable equipment), (60.6%) expressed their viewpoint as

strongly agree and agree whereas (22.4%) disagree including strong disagreement while only

(17.1%) have the view point of neutral. This shows that companies have equipments which are

maintainable and environmentally adaptable which supports the previous statement that

companies have adequate and modern waste management equipment. Most of the respondents

rated the indicator (Burao City is well planned with appropriate infrastructure to collect and

transport waste) as agree including strongly agree with (58.6%). On the other hand, (25.7%) of

the respondents disagree including strongly disagree with the statement that Burao city is well

planned with appropriate infrastructure. However, only (15.8%) remained silent and responded

neutral. On the indicator (Waste personnel in our company are regularly getting

training),(39.5%) respondents agree on the statement including strongly agree while (22.4%) of

the respondents are not sure whether waste personnel are regularly getting training or not so they

remained neutral. Whereas, (38.2%) of the respondents said they disagreed and strongly

disagreed with the statement. Finally, this means that employees who are involved in waste

management work have got continuous training on how to work with solid waste management.

Lastly, (65%) of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed with the statement (There are

accessible spare parts when vehicles and equipment are a breakdown). While the rest constitute

49
35 per cent (disagreed, strongly disagreed and neutral). This indicates that there are sufficient

spare parts for the vehicles to transport the waste. In summary, the respondents mark all the

indicators of technical aspect as agreed and the average mean of these indicators turned to be

2.60. it is evident that technical aspect does pose any series of damage on waste disposal in

Burao City since it has not adequate modern waste management and the city itself is not being

well planned with appropriate infrastructure.

Table 4.10. Social conditions of SWM

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

I am paid an adequate 2.894 1.456 34(22.4) 35(23) 28(18.4) 23(15.1) 32(21.1)
salary and sufficient
additional benefits for
my work at our
company
Waste workers always 3.04 1.475 26(17.1) 44(28.9) 18(11.8) 25(16.4) 39(25.7)
wear safe and
protective gloves and
clothing during their
work at our company
Beneficiaries have a 2.763 1.436 39(25.7) 32(21.1) 36(23.7) 16(10.5) 29(19.1)
good attitude for waste
workers
Our company carries 2.927 1.405 31(20.4) 33(21.7) 33(21.7) 26(17.1) 29(19.1)
out awareness-raising
programs on general
public health and
management of waste
Each household 2.796 1.405 42(27.6) 36(23.7) 24(15.8) 11(7.2) 39(25.7)

50
collects, transfers, and
disposes of its solid
wastes at common
points

As shown in the table 4.10 of social conditions, the first indicator (I am paid an adequate salary
and sufficient additional benefits for my work at our company) has a mean value of 2.89,
respondents strongly agree with (22.4%) followed by agree with (23%). While, (18.4%)
remained silent and do not want to tell whether their salary is adequate and sufficient. Therefore,
only (15.1%) and (21.1%) disagree and strongly disagree and believe that there salary is not
adequate and sufficient and do not get any additional benefits. Secondly, (Waste workers always
wear safe and protective gloves and clothing during their work at our company) with mean value
of 3.04, (46%) of the respondents were agree including strongly agree with the statement.
Whereas (42%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree with only (11.8%) remained
neutral. This indicates that majority of waste workers wear protective gloves during their
working time. Thirdly, respondents on the indicator (Beneficiaries have a good attitude for waste
workers) have a mean value of 2.73,(46.8%) agree and strongly agree that beneficiaries have a
good attitude for waste workers whereas (29.6%) were disagree and strongly disagree with the
statement only (23.7%) remained silent. This shows that almost large majority of the respondents
believed that beneficiaries have a good attitude for waste workers. On the indicator of (Our
company carries out awareness-raising programs on general public health and management of
waste) was scored with mean value of 2.927. The respondent who has answered neutral view
point on the statement were (21.7%) of the total, Followed by those who answered agree (21%)
and strongly agree (20.4%). More precisely, people who responded disagree including strongly
disagree constitute (36%)of the total. Finally, on the indicator whether (Each household coll
ects, transfers, and disposes of its solid wastes at common points) was scored as agree with a
mean value of 2.796, majority of the people answered agree and strongly agree which form of
(50%) of the total. Only 15 percent of the total remained silent while 33 percent of the
respondents disagree and strongly disagree with the statement. This indicates that majority of the
household’s collects, transfers and disposes of its solid wastes.

51
Table4.11 institutional conditions of SWM N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

No proper institutional 2.210 1.279 61(40.1) 38(25) 23(15.1) 20(13.2) 10(6.6)
set-up for solid waste
management service
The company has 2.539 1.404 40(26.3) 54(35.4) 20(13.2) 12(7.9) 26(17.1)
carried out safe and
reliable SWM in Burao
town to the full
satisfaction of residents
The municipality does 3.07 1.357 24(15.8) 33(21.7) 32(21.1) 34(22.4) 29(19.1)
not provide clear
authority and Sanitation
Rules
Our company has faced 2.541 1.366 42(27.6) 45(29.6) 27(17.8) 17(11.2) 21(13.8)
frequent customer
complaint about solid
waste management on
its assigned
jurisdictions

As shown in table 4.11, the fourth independent variable (IV) was institutional condition
indicators which consisted of four questions. In the first Question, respondents agree including
strongly agree(65%) that there is no proper institutional set-up for solid waste management
service with a mean of 2.210 and standard deviation of 1.279 and followed by 15% of neutral.
On the other hand, respondents disagree and strongly disagree (19.8%) and believe that there is
proper institutional set up for solid waste management service.

52
Question two asked the respondents if the company has carried out safe and reliable SWM in
Burao town to the full satisfaction of the residents and the answer became agree and strongly
agree (61.7%) with a mean of 2.539 and standard deviation of 1.404. however, only 25%
disagree and strongly disagree the statement. In the third question, respondents choose disagree
and strongly disagree (41%) that the municipality does not provide clear authority and sanitation
rules with a mean of 3.07 and a standard deviation of 1.357. meanwhile, (21.1%) remained silent
and only (37%) of the people agree and strongly agree the statement. This indicates that,
majority of the people believe that municipality have clear authority and have concrete sanitat
ion rules. In the fourth Question respondent’s agree (57%) that their company has faced
frequent customer complaint about solid waste management on its assigned jurisdictions with a
mean of
2.541 and standard deviation of 1.366 respectively. Only (25%) disagree the statement and
(17.8%) remained silent and choose neutral.

In a summary, the overall mean and standard deviation of the institutional condition indicators of
the variable turned to be agreeing with a mean of 2.59 and a standard deviation of 0.79138.

Table4.12 political conditions of SWM N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

There is adequate 2.41 1.382 41(27) 53(34.9) 34(22.4) 10(6.6) 13(8.6)
policies, laws that
promote effective
SWM
The assembly enforces 2.671 1.280 34(22.4) 35(23) 50(32.9) 13(8.6) 20(13.2)
to implement the
existing SWM law
The government gives 2.553 1.228 33(21.7) 47(30.9) 44(28.9) 11(7.2) 17(11.2)
high priority to SWM

53
As shown in table 4.12, the fifth independent variable (IV) was political condition indicators
which consisted of three questions. In the first question, respondents agree and strongly agree
with (62%) of the statement that there is adequate policies, laws that promote effective SWM

54
with a mean of 2.41 and a standard deviation of 1.382. followed by (22.4%) of people who
responded neutral and are not sure whether there is adequate policies, laws that promote effective
Solid waste management. Therefore, only (15%) of the respondents disagree including strongly
disagree with the statement. Question two was asked if the assembly enforces to implement the
existing SWM law and the answer turns to be neutral (33%) with a mean of 2.671 and standard
deviation of 1.280, followed by (45%) of the people who responded agree and strongly agree. On
the other hand, (22%) disagree including strongly disagree with the statement.

In question three, respondents agree and strongly agree (53%) that the government gives high
priority to SWM with a mean of 2.553 and standard deviation of 1.228 respectively. Only (28%)
of the total remained neutral about the statement. Therefore, the overall mean and standard
deviation of the political condition indicators variable turns to be agreeing with (Mean 2.541; Sd
0.9756).

Table 4.13 Effective Solid waste collection indicators N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

Frequency of waste 2.138 1.337 66(43.4) 44(28.9) 12(7.9) 15(9.9) 15(9.9)
pick-up are strictly
followed by our
company
There is full and 2.882 1.352 26(17.1) 41(27) 39(25.7) 17(11.2) 29(19.1)
continuous training on
solid waste collection
in our company
Our company have 2.612 1.414 40(26.3) 49(32.2) 16(10.5) 24(15.8) 23(15.1)
facilitated enough
number of collection
points near to all
beneficiaries
Our Company 2.441 1.232 35(23) 62(40.8) 22(14.5) 19(12.5) 14(9.2)
maintains waste

55
spillover to the ground
at collection is cleaned

As shown in table 4.13, the first dependent variable (DV) was effective Solid waste collection
indicators which consisted of four questions. In the first question, respondents agree and strongly
agree (72%) that frequencies of waste pick-up are strictly followed by their company with a
mean of 2.138 and standard deviation of 1.337 respectively. The number of respondents that
answers disagree and strongly disagree constitutes 20 per cent and only 8 per cent responded
neutral. Question two asked respondents if there is full and continuous training on solid waste
collection in their company. Therefore, the answer turned to be agree with (44%) and a mean of
2.882 and standard deviation of 1.352. on the other hand, (25.7%) responded neutral while (30%)
of the people recorded disagree and strongly disagree. This indicates that majority of the people
believe that there is full and continuous training on solid waste collection. Question three was
asked to know whether the company has facilitated enough number of collection points near to
all beneficiaries. It resulted (58%) with agree and strongly agree respectively with mean of 2.612
and standard deviation of 1.414.however, (31%) of the people disagree and strongly disagree
with the statement.

In the question four, respondents agree (40.8%) that their company maintains waste spillover to
the ground with a mean of 2.441 and standard deviation of 1.232 respectively. However, only
(21%) of the people disagree the statement.

The overall mean and standard deviation of the dependent variable (effective solid waste
collection indicators) turns to agree with a mean of 2.518 and standard deviation of 0.972
respectively.

Table 4.14Effective Solid waste transportation indicators N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

Company has sufficient 2.388 1.469 57(37.5) 43(28.3) 12(7.9) 16(10.5) 24(15.8)
manpower and vehicle
to
Nature of traffic condition 2.480 1.366 52(34.2) 31(20.4) 27(17.8) 28(18.4) 14(9.2)

56
along the collection route
has a jam
supervisor records the 2.388 1.223 42(27.6) 51(33.6) 28(18.4) 20(13.
daily number of trips, the
tonnage of waste and
route plan to drivers
Our company use covered 3.217 1.606 32(21.1) 32(21) 13(8.6) 21(13.
vehicles and there is no
spillover of solid waste
upon transport.
There are no adequate 2.552 1.422 46(30.3) 43(28.3) 17(11.2) 25(16.
internal roads and traffic
condition along collection
route has overcrowding

As shown in table 4.14, the second dependent variable (DV) was effective solid waste
transportation indicators which consisted of five questions. The first question was to know
whether the company has sufficient manpower and vehicle to transport solid waste and the
answer is agreed and strongly agreed (66%) by the mean of 2.388 and standard deviation of
1.469. while (26%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree.

In the second question, respondents agree and strongly (54%)that the nature of traffic condition
along the collection route has a jam with a mean of 2.480 and standard deviation of 1.366
respectively. Only (28%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree the statement while
(17.8%) remained silent.

Nevertheless, question three seeks to know whether the supervisor records the daily number of
trips, the tonnage of waste and route plan to drivers. However, (61%) agree and strongly agree
the statement with a mean of 2.388 and standard deviation of 1.223. while (20%) of the
respondents disagree and strongly disagree the statement.

Question four asked respondents if the company use covered vehicles and there is no spillover
of solid waste upon transport. However, (50%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree

57
the statement with (mean 3.217; Sd 1.606). while (42%) of the respondents agree that there is no
spillover of solid waste upon transport. Only 8 per cent of the total remained undecided and
chose neutral.

Question five was to know whether there are no adequate internal roads and traffic condition
along the collection route has overcrowding, therefore, the answer became (58%) of agree and
strongly agree the statement with a mean of 2.552 and standard deviation of 1.422 respectively.
Meanwhile, (30%) disagree and strongly disagree the statement. This indicates that majority of
the responds think that there are no adequate internal roads since road infrastructure is very poor
and lack of maintenance and have overcrowding and traffic problems. Additionally, the overall
mean and standard deviation of the dependent variable (effective solid waste transportation
indicators) turns to agree with (mean 2.60; Sd 0.8967).

Table 4.15 Effective Solid waste disposal indicators N=152

Indicators Mea S.D SA A U D SD

The existing disposal site is 1.836 1.17 80(52.6) 44(28.9) 12(7.9) 5(3.3) 11(7.2)
far-

The municipality did 3.40 1.40 21(13.8) 25(16.4) 24(15.8) 39(25.7) 43(28.3)

not provide
designated and
The existing disposal site 2.916 1.45 26(17.1) 54(35.5) 13(8.6) 25(16.4) 34(22.4)

is open and it has a bad

smell to
Our company disposes 2.493 1.30 39(25.7) 51(33.6) 28(18.4) 16(10.5) 18(11.8)

waste at the designated

landfill and it is
23(15.1)
Presence of animal on 2.578 1.44 47(30.9) 39(25.7) 20(13.2) 23(15.1)
the disposal site is
common
As shown in table 4.15, the third dependent variable (DV) was effective solid waste disposal
indicators which consist of five questions. In the first question (80%) of the respondents strongly
agree and agree that the existing disposal site is far-away from their collection point with a mean

58
of 1.836 and standard deviation of 1.17 respectively. While the remaining 8 percent of the
respondents were undecided.

In the second question, however, (54%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree that
the municipality did not provide designated and accessible landfill site with a mean of 3.40 and a
standard deviation of 1.405 respectively. However, (30%) of the people agree of the statement
while 15.8% undecided and recorded neutral.

Question three was to know whether the existing disposal site is open and it has a bad smell to
the community; (52%) of the total responded agree including strongly agree with (mean 2.916,
Sd 1.450). however, (39%) of the people have opposite opinion and disagree and strongly
disagree of the statement while 8.6 per cent responded neutral.

Question four was asked respondents if the company disposes waste at the designated landfill
and it is environmentally safe; (56%) responded agree and strongly agree of the statement with a
mean of 2.493 and standard deviation of 1.302. only (21%) responded disagree including
strongly disagree while 18 per cent responded undecided.

In the fifth question, (56%) of the respondents agree and strongly agree that the presence of the
animal on the disposal site is common with a mean of 2.578 and standard deviation of 1.442
respectively. However, (30%) of the people responded disagree and strongly disagree of the
statement while 13.2 per cent respondend neutral.

Moreover, the overall mean and standard deviation of the dependent variable(effective solid
waste disposal indicators) turns to agree with (mean 2.640; Sd 0.784).

59
 4.4. CORRELATION BETWEEN ALL THE RESEARCH VARIABLES
Correlation is a statistical technique that can show whether and how strongly pairs of variables
are related and does not necessarily show causal connections. Moreover, data were
approximately normally distributed for all of the variables, as assessed by visual inspection of
their histograms. Since the data is normally distributed then Pearson’s product-moment
correlation was used to analyze relationships between each set of several variables of SWM and
their influencing aspects for instance: Financial, Technical, Social, Institutional and Political
factors or conditions as a measurement of Solid Waste effectiveness. As indicators were
measured in an interval scale for continuous data, a parametric correlation (Pearson’s ) was used.
Pearson’s correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between
two such variables and the normality of the variables are analyzed which could be true only for
quantitative variables (Jan Hauke, 2011).

Furthermore, the sign of correlation coefficient determines the direction whether it's positive or
negative or no correlation. The magnitude of the correlation coefficientdetermines the degree of
strength of the association(Jan Hauke, 2011).

Table 4.16: Correlations between Solid Waste Collection and influencing factors of
effective SWM (N=152)

Collection Financial Technica Social Institutiona Political

Condition l condition l condition conditio
Conditio n
n
Pearson collection 1.00 .545** .557** .208* .613** .650**
Correlations
coefficients
P. Value .000 .000 .01 .000 .000
**p<0.01 *p<0.05, source (Primary Data, 2019)

The above Table 4.16 shows the correlation between collection and measurement indicators
defined as: financial, technical, social, institutional and political. Solid waste Collection has a

60
positive moderate linear relationship between all variables such as financial, technical,
institutional and political, whereas it has small correlation with social. Moreover, financial has
positive correlation with collection (r=.545, p=.000), technical also has positive correlation with
collection ( r=.557, p=.000), whereas social has weak correlation with collection (r=.208,
p=.01).nevertheless, the highest positive correlation (r=.650, p=.000) is between collection and
political condition followed by institutional condition (r=.613, p=.0000). Showing effective
waste collection is associated with good institutional and political condition.

Table 4.17: Correlations between Solid Waste Transportation and influencing factors of
effective SWM (N=152)

Transportation Financial Technical Social Institutional Political

Condition Condition condition condition condition
Pearson transportation 1.00 .476** .568** .583** .275* .343**
Correlations
coefficients
P. Value .000 .000 .01 .001 .000
**p<0.01 *p<0.05, source (Primary Data, 2019)

This table indicated that there is a positive linear correlation between transportation and all other
variables such as financial, technical, social, institutional and political. Moreover, transportation
was significantly and positively correlated with financial (r=.476, p=.000), technical (r=.568,
p=.000), social(r=.583, p=.000). on the other hand, transportation has weak correlations between
institutional and political condition with (r=.275, p=.001), (r=.343, p=.000) respectively.
Additionally, the highest positive correlations were social and technical showing that effective
waste transportation is associated with good technical and social conditions.

Table 4.18: Correlations between Solid Waste Disposal and influencing factors of effective
SWM (N=152)
Disposal Financial Technical Social Institutional Political
Condition Condition condition condition condition

61
Pearson disposal 1.00 .064 .308** .250** .379** .131
Correlations
coefficients
P. Value .433 .000 .002 .000 .107
**p<0.01 *p<0.05, source (Primary Data, 2019)

Table above also shows that the correlation between disposal which is dependent variable is
correlated with independent variables such as (financial, technical, social, institutional, political).
However, correlation coefficient between disposal practice and technical, social and institutional
condition were positively correlated with (r=.308, p=.000), (r=.250, p=.002) and (r=.379,
p=.000) respectively. Whereas, financial and political condition has no significant relati
onship with disposal even at 10% significant level. The highest positive correlation was
institutional showing that effective solid waste disposal is associated with good institutional set
up.

Table 4.19: Zero –Order correlations for all variables

No Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Financial condition 1
2 Technical condition .603* 1

3 Social condition .652* .723* 1

4 Institutional condition .115 .149 .110 1

5 Political condition .446* .453* .526* .191* 1

6 Collection .545* .557* .613* .208* .650* 1

7 Transportation .476* .568* .583* .275** .343* .431* 1

8 Disposal .064 .308* .250* .379** .131 .097 .452* 1

**p<0.01 *p<0.05, source (Primary Data, 2019)

62
4.1 Hypothesis test

Table; 4.20 Path Coefficient of the Research Hypotheses

Hyp Relationship Std. Std. T- P- Decision f
o Beta Erro value valu Squar
r e e
H1 Financial->effective collection 0.16 Supported* 0.03
0.08 1.98 0.05
H2 Institutional-> effective Supported*
0.21 0.07
collection
0.08 2.56 0.01
H3 Political-> effective collection 0.39 Supported** 0.25
0.08 5.05 0.00
H4 Social-> effective collection Not
0.08 0.01
Supported
0.12 0.68 0.50
H5 Technical-> effective collection Not
0.13 0.02
0.11 1.2 0.23 Supported
R2=0.61, Q2=0.55, Significant at P**=<0.01, p*<0.05

To assess the structural model, Hair et al.(2013) recommended that at the R 2, beta , and
correspondening T values should follow the process of via boot-strapping procedure with a
resample of 5000. It also suggested that researchers should also report the predective relevance
(Q2) and effect sizes (f2). In the above table,first we explored the relationship between the
variables. Financial yeilded significant and positive effect on effective collection ( � = 0.16; 𝑃

=
0.05), institutional has significant and positive effect on effective collection ( � = 0.21; 𝑝
=
0.01). in addition, political has also significant and positive effect on effective collection(�
=
0.08; 𝑝 = 0.00). whereas, social and technical haven’t show any significant effect on effective
collection(� = 0.08; 𝑝 = 0.50), (� = 0.13; 𝑝 = 0.23)respectively. Thus, H1,H2, and H3
were
only supported and H4, and H5 were not supported see table 4.20 .moreover, effective collection
explains 61% of variance (R2=0.61) which is moderate.Chin (1998), suggested that the values of
R2 that above 0.67 considered high, while values ranging from 0.33 to 0.67 are moderate,

63
whereas values between 0.19 to 0.33 are weak and any R2 values less than 0.19 are
unacceptable.Falk and Miller (1992) propose an R-squared value of 0.10 as a minimum
acceptable level. Next it was assessed effect sizes (f 2). To measure the effect size, it was used
Cohen’s (1988) guidelines, which are 0.02 for small effects, 0.15 for medium effects, and 0.35

64
for large effects. According to the table above 4.20 shows that all relationships had small and
medium effect sizes between 0.01 to 0.25 respectively. Furthermore,Q2 was obtained using
cross-validated redundancy procedures. A Q2greater than 0 means that the model has predictive
relevence, whereas, a Q2 less than 0 means the model lacks the predictive relevence. As shown in
our model (Q2=0.55) which indicates acceptable predictive relevence.

Figure: 4.9 structural model effective collection

Table: 4.21 Path Coefficient of the Research Hypotheses
Hypo Relationship Std. Std. T- P- Decision f
Beta Erro value value Square
r
H1 Not
supported
Financial -> Effective Transportation 0.14 0.09 1.53 0.13 0.01
H2 Institutional -> Effective Supported*
Transportation 0.14 0.06 2.14 0.03 0.03
H3 Not
supported
Political -> Effective Transportation 0.01 0.1 0.04 0.97 0.01
H4 Supported*
Social -> Effective Transportation 0.32 0.12 2.68 0.01 0.04
H5 Supported*
Technical -> Effective Transportation 0.24 0.12 2.06 0.04 0.04
R2=0.41,Q2=0.34,Significant at P**=<0.01, p*<0.05

65
To assess the structural model of the Data. According to Hair et al (2013), suggested looking at
the R2, beta, t-value and P-value via boot-strapping procedure with a resample 5000. However,
researchers also report the predictive (Q2) and the effect sizes (f2).firstly, it was looked at the
relationships between all variables.however, Financial and political do not have any significant
effects on effective transportations ( � = 0.14; 𝑝 = 0.13),(� = 0.01, 𝑝 = 0.97).whereas,
institutional, social and technical were all had significant and positive effect on effective
transportation(� = 0.14; 𝑝 = 0.03), (� = 0.32; 𝑝 = 0.01)𝑎����(� = 0.24; 𝑝

=
0.04)respectively. Thus H2, H4 and H5 were all supported whereas, H1 and H2 were not
supported at allsee table 4.21. moreover, effective transportation explains 41% of variance
(R2=0.41) which is moderate. Chin (1998), suggested that the values of R 2 that above 0.67
considered high, while values ranging from 0.33 to 0.67 are moderate, whereas values between
0.19 to 0.33 are weak and any R2 values less than 0.19 are unacceptable. Falk and Miller (1992)
propose an R-squared value of 0.10 as a minimum acceptable level. Next it was assessed effect
sizes (f2). To measure the effect size, it was used Cohen’s (1988) guidelines, which are 0.02 for
small effects, 0.15 for medium effects, and 0.35 for large effects. According to the table 4.21
shows that all relationships had small effect sizes between 0.01 to 0.04 respectively.
Furthermore, Q2 was obtained using cross-validated redundancy procedures. A Q2 greater than 0
means that the model has predictive relevence, whereas, a Q 2 less than 0 means the model lacks
the predictive relevence. As shown in our model (Q2=0.34) which indicates acceptable predictive
relevence.

66
Figure :4.10 structural model effective transportation

Table:4.22 Path Coefficient of the Research Hypotheses

Hypo Relationship Std. Std. T- P- Decision f
Beta Erro value valu Square
r e
H1 Not
Financial -> Effective Disposal
supported
-0.09 0.10 0.90 0.37 0.01
H2 Institutional -> Effective Supported**
Disposal 0.40 0.07 5.75 0.00 0.21
H3 Not
Political -> Effective Disposal supported
-0.08 0.09 0.87 0.38 0.01
H4 Social -> Effective Disposal Supported*
0.22 0.11 2.09 0.04 0.03
H5 Technical -> Effective Disposal Supported*
0.29 0.13 2.31 0.02 0.05
2 2
R =0.27,Q =0.21, Significant at P**=<0.01, p*<0.05

To assess the structural model, Hair et al.(2013) recommended that at the R 2, beta , and
correspondening T values should follow the process of via boot-strapping procedure with a
resample of 5000. It also suggested that researchers should also report the predective relevance

67
(Q2) and effect sizes (f2). In the above table,first we explored the relationship between the
variables. Financial do not have any significant effect on effective Disposal ( � = −0.09; 𝑃

=
0.37), institutional has significant and positive effect on effective Disposal ( � = 0.40; 𝑝 =
0.00). However, political does not have any significant effect on effective Disposal ( �
=
−0.08; 𝑝 = 0.38). whereas, social and technical both have positive significant effects on
effective Disposal (� = 0.22; 𝑝 = 0.04), (� = 0.29; 𝑝 = 0.02)respectively. Thus, H2,H4,
and
H5 were supported and H1, and H3 were not supported see table 4.22. Moreover, effective
disposal explains 27% of variance (R2=0.27) which is weak.Chin (1998), suggested that the
values of R2 that above 0.67 considered high, while values ranging from 0.33 to 0.67 are
moderate, whereas values between 0.19 to 0.33 are weak and any R2 values less than 0.19 are
unacceptable.Falk and Miller (1992) propose an R-squared value of 0.10 as a minimum
acceptable level. Next it was assessed effect sizes (f 2). To measure the effect size, it was used
Cohen’s (1988) guidelines, which are 0.02 for small effects, 0.15 for medium effects, and 0.35
for large effects. According to the table 4.22 shows that all relationships had small and medium
effect sizes between 0.01 to 0.21 respectively. Furthermore, Q2 was obtained using cross-
validated redundancy procedures. A Q2greater than 0 means that the model has predictive
relevence, whereas, a Q2 less than 0 means the model lacks the predictive relevence. As shown in
our model (Q2=0.21) which indicates acceptable predictive relevence.

68
Figure :4.11 structural model effective disposal

65
 Table: 4.23 Summary of hypothesis

H1 Supported
Results Solid Waste Collection
Supported and influencing factors of effective SWM
Supported
H1.1 Financial has significant effect on effective collection Not supported
H1.2 Institutional has significant effect on effective collection Not supported
H1.3 Political has significant effect on effective collection
H1.4 Social has significant effect on effective collection Not supported
H1.5 Technical has significant effect on effective collection supported
H2 Solid waste Transportation and influencing factors of effective Not supported
H2.1 Financial has significant effect on effective transportation supported
H2.2 Institutional has significant effect on effective transportation supported
H2.3 Political has significant effect on effective transportation
H2.4 Social has significant effect on effective transportation Not supported
H2.5 Technical has significant effect on effective transportation supported
H3 Solid waste Disposal and influencing factors of effective Not supported
H3.1 Financial has significant effect on effective disposal supported
H3.2 Institutional has significant effect on effective disposal supported
H3.3 Political has significant effect on effective disposal
H3.4 Social has significant effect on effective disposal
H3.5 Technical has significant effect on effective disposal

66
 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

5. Summary of the major findings

This section is a summary of major findings of the study and relates to the findings of previous

research studies when it possible, and will discuss each findings more on the next section. This

study was basically proposed to identify the associations between influencing factors and

effectiveness of solid waste management. However, the objectives of this study are 1) to

determine the status of financial resources for Solid waste management in Burao City. 2) To

determine the status of technical aspects for Solid waste management in Burao City. 3) To assess

the status of social aspects for Solid waste management in Burao City. 4) To determine the status

of institutional aspects for Solid waste management in Burao City. 5) To assess the status of

political aspect for Solid waste Management in Burao city. 6) To assess the association between

influencing factors and effectiveness of solid waste management. Following are bullets of major

findings with related literature support.

5.1.1. Financial Resources

The first research question was to determine the status of financial resources for Solid waste

management in Burao City. To accomplish this research question, several possible indicators

about status of financial resources with reference to financial cost and operating cost,

management of funds, and cost recovery where asked the respondents. The survey result

indicated that the status of financial resources of solid waste management in Burao city is good

with a mean of 2.54. Firstly, 70 per cent of the respondents agreed and rated good that there is

adequate revenue generation of waste management in Burao.

The first hypothesis of this study was the financial factor has a significant effect on effective
Solid waste management (Collection, transportation, and disposal). The findings indicate that

67
financial factor has a significant positive effect on effective collection at ( � = 0.16 , 𝑃 = 0.05)
whereas, the financial factors do not have any significant effect on transportation and disposal.
However, these findings are not in line with previous studies. For example, the study of Hufane
(2015) discovered the status of financial conditions at the Solid waste management unit in
Borama is poor and that the poor financial status is one of the challenges facing the SWM in
Borama town. Another study that was done by Muche ( 2016) discovered the status of financial
conditions at the SWM in Addis Ababa is poor because of lack of financial resources.

Furthermore, If a system is to be fully sustainable it is very important that long term financial
costs as well as short term operating costs are taken into account (coffey& Coad,2010). Financial
aspects for Solid waste Management concern budgeting, cost accounting, capital investment, cost
reduction, and cost recovery(Schübeler, 1996). Therefore, adequate budgeting, cost accounting,
financial monitoring and financial evaluation are very important to the effectiveness of the
management of solid waste systems (Schubeler, 1996).

5.1.2. Technical Aspects

The second research question was to determine the status of technical aspects for Solid waste

management in Burao City. Technical condition was measured with indicators like adequate

waste management equipment with spare parts, skilled personnel and adequate infrastructure as

shown in table 4.9. The survey result indicated that the status of technical condition for SWM in

Burao city is good. This was observed from the analysis where 55 per cent of the respondents

rated good and agreed that they have adequate and modern waste management equipment and

only 32% rated it poor. However, the study of Hufane (2015) found out that the status of

technical aspects at the SWM unit is poor. Thus poor technical status is one of the challenges

facing the SWM. Moreover, according to Muche (2016) found that the status of technical

condition of Addis Ababa is poor due to lack of adequate modern waste disposal equipment and

the city itself is not being well planned with appropriate infrastructure suitable for waste

collection and transportation, most of the companies falling to give regular training to their

68
employees and inaccessibility of spare parts for damaged and broken vehicles and equipment are

more or less the influencing factor for effective waste management practice coming from the

technical aspects. Ineffective technologies and equipment is another source that can contribute to

the inadequate service coverage and operational inefficiencies. Lack of adequate modern waste

disposal equipment, lack of regular training, and inaccessibility of spare parts for damaged and

broken vehicles and equipment are more or less negatively influencing factors on the proper

waste disposal practice (Muche, 2016). Therefore, for waste management to be technically

effective the local authorities should provide proper waste collection systems with qualified

personal, and availability of modern vehicle and equipment to reduce environmental health

hazards (Muche,2016). However, techniques that have often proven effective in developed world

are ineffective in developing world because they do not have needed infrastructure and

knowledge to properly manage these technologies (Mcallister, 2015).

5.1.3. Social Aspects

The third research question was to assess the status of social aspects for Solid waste management

in Burao City. Social condition was constructed as the condition of workers, the attitudes of

beneficiaries about waste workers and awareness raising programs. Respondents were asked to

react to several statements on these indicators; the response was scored as described in table

4.10. To sum up, the study found that the status of social aspects for SWM in Burao city is

moderate with a mean value of 2.88. This is obvious from the analysis where 45% of respondents

agree that they get paid an adequate salary with sufficient additional benefits whereas 36% of the

respondents disagree with statement. According to Rathana (2009) stated the lack of public

awareness and co-operation are root causes of bad solid waste management. However, Social

aspects of SWM can be improved by building social awareness and educational program, waste

69
workers are subject to health problems therefore, giving support in their earnings, and access to

social services will make SWM efficient(Schübeler, 1996).

The third research hypothesis was stated that the status of social aspects has positive effect on

effective collection, transportation and disposal in Burao City. In this research it has been found

that social does not have any significant effect on effective collection. On the other hand, Social

has positive significant effect on effective transportation and disposal. Moreover, this

relationship has an indication that the current ineffective solid waste management is associated

with low social conditions. This result is consistent with those of (Shubeler,1996; Coffey and

Coad, 2012; Fianko, 2014; Edmealem Bewuket, 2013; and Hufane, 2015).

5.1.4. Institutional Aspects

The fourth research question was to determine the status of institutional aspects for Solid waste

management in Burao City. Institutional aspects concern the distribution of functions and

responsibilities and correspond to organizational structures, procedures, methods, institutional

capacities and private sector involvement (Schübeler, 1996). Respondents were asked to react to

several statements on these variables intended to weigh the status of these variables. The

responses were scored as described in table 4.11.The survey result indicated that the status of

institutional aspects for SWM in Burao city is moderate with average mean of 2.60.

The fourth hypothesis was stated that the status of institutional aspects has positive effect on

effective collection, transportation and disposal in Burao City. This study has found that

institutional has positive significant effect on effective collection, transportation and disposal.

This result are in line with those of previous studies that reveals the lack of effective public

participation and inadequate governance in the waste management system were institutional

70
aspect weakness (hayal Desta et al., 2014; Shubler, 1996; Coffey and Coad, 2012; Fianko, 2014;

Hufane, 2015).

5.1.5. Political Aspect

The fifth research question was to assess the status of political aspect for Solid waste

Management in Burao city. Political aspect include the formulation of goals and priorities,

determination of roles and jurisdiction and the legal and regulatory framework (Schübeler,

1996). The responses were scored as described in table 4.12. The survey result indicated that the

status of political aspect for solid waste management in Burao city is good with average mean

of 2.54.

5.2. Conclusions
This section draws the conclusions of the study which is in line with the purpose statement, and
in consistence with the findings and the discussions already made in the above sections. The
study has been conducted to address the challenges of solid waste management and factors
influencing its effectiveness in Burao Municipality. The purpose of this study was to determine
the challenges facing the SWM in Burao, but with specific focus on financial resources, technical
aspects, social aspects, institutional aspects, and political aspects. The study found out that the
financial resources, technical aspects, and political aspect were all good. Whereas, social aspects,
and institutional aspects were moderate.

Furthermore, Pearson’s correlations measurement indicated that set of indicators as influencing

factors such as technical, institutional, social, political and financial. These indicators were
significantly and positively associated at different strength with effective SWM practice with
collection, transportation, and disposal. This indicates that the current ineffective SWM practice
was associated with factors of financial constraint, technical problems, low social conditio ns
and weak institutional set up.

On the other hand, solid waste collection has a positive moderate linear relationship between all
variables such as financial, technical, institutional and political, whereas it has small correlation

71
with social. Moreover, solid waste transportation has a positive linear correlation between
transportation and all other variables such as financial, technical, social, institutional and
political aspects. However, solid waste disposal has a positive correlation with technical
conditions, social conditions, and institutional conditions. Whereas, whereas, financial and
political condition has no significant relationship with disposal even at 10% significant level.

5.3. Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study the researcher has presented that financial resources, technical
aspects, social aspects, institutional aspects, and political aspects has significantly affect the
SWM in Burao city. However, the following recommendations were made in the study.

Financially, the Somaliland government should allocate capital for the improvement of solid
waste, improving the service payment rate of private collectors, providing incentives, designing
revenue generations mechanisms and access to credit systems are required. Therefore, adeq
uate budgeting, cost accounting, financial monitoring and financial evaluation are very
important to the effectiveness of the management of solid waste systems. However, the local
government should maintain to provide regular training about financial costs in order to improve
financially the solid waste management. Furthermore, budget should be reviewed periodically to
ascertain that they are properly managed. The government should implement the waste
management through waste reduction, reuse and recycling to cut down on the amount of
waste we throw away.

Technically, the Somaliland and local government should ensure to provide adequate and
modern solid waste management so that it will be easy to collect and transport waste. Recruiting
with qualified personnel, and availability of modern vehicle equipment will reduce
environmental pollution and will prevent health hazards. The local government should provide
training to the waste workers on how to collect, transport and dispose of waste. Further training
is needed on use of proper equipment for better and sustainable SWM systems.

Socially, the Burao Municipality should provide awareness programs to inform the community
the danger and the consequences of wastes, especially on illegal open dumping. This will e
nsure proper waste management and help Burao community reduce poor sanitation activities that

72
have led several health hazards in the town. The government and local government need to
improve

73
the status and conditions of workers by providing adequate salary, protective clothing, and
medical care and increasing stakeholders perception. Furthermore, finally, should be improved
the attitudes of solid waste workers.

Institutionally, the Buroa Municipality and Somaliland Government should come up with clear
and enforceable responsible authorities and rules that can strengthen the capacity of the
municipality and other partners and increase NGO participations. Such rules should help the
municipality to regulate waste workers through appropriate system of monitoring and control.

Politically, the current research found out that There are adequate policies , laws that promote for
effective SWM but it lacks strict enforcement by-laws by the waste cleaning agency such that
dumping of waste in open pits and drainages are common. However, this research further
recommends following the rule and regulations of the municipal solid waste management.

5.4. Recommendations for further research

This current study has focused only five independent variables (financial, social, institutional,
technical, and political) and three dependent variables (effective collection, effective
transportation, and effective disposal). However, the current study has only focused in Burao
Municipality and it’s just localized in Burao town. Therefore, time and other resource limitation
restricted this research to narrow scope which only focused in municipality of Burao. The
researcher therefore recommends the study to be done in a larger scale to cover more areas
beyond Burao city with more variables and dimensions other than our research variables. Such
study should adopt more experimental methodologies since this current research only looks
beliefs and opinions of the respondents.

74
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 APPENDIX

A. Questionnaire

Introduction

Dear respondent this questionnaire aims to collect information about challenges of solid waste
management and factors influencing its effectiveness in Burao Municipality, Somaliland.
However, this study is part requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Applied
Research at University of Burao . your views as a worker of solid waste management are
considered part and parcel of this study. Please provide the following information to the best of
your ability, and return completed questionnaire to the researcher. Any information provided is
strictly confidential and will not be relayed to the third party or used for any other purpose other
than making this academic report for this study.

Part I: Background information

1. Your Gender.

Male Female

2. Your Age.
16 – 25 years
26 – 35 years
36 – 45 years
Above 45 years
3. Your highest level of education
University
Secondary
Primary
None
Others
4. Your rank in the organization
Collector driver Admin

Part II: Solid Waste Management

SA=Strongly Agree, A=Agree, N= Neutral, DA= Disagree, SDA=Strongly Disagree, SWM=

Solid Waste Management.

78
Direction: for each of the statements below, circle the number that indicates the degree to which
you are agree and disagree and give your immediate impressions. There are no right or no wrong
answers.

Financial constraint indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 There is adequate revenue generation, for provision of
effective SWM in the company
2 Our vehicles always have fuel and ready for use all the time
3 Working on the solid waste collection and transportation
business service is attractive business
4 There is sufficient money for the promotion of waste
reduction, recycling and recovery programs.

Technical condition indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 Our company has adequate and modern waste management
equipment.
2 Our company usually uses environmentally adaptable and
maintainable equipments.

3 Burao City is well planned with appropriate

infrastructure to collect and transport waste
4 Waste personnel in our company are regularly getting
training
5 There are accessible spare parts when vehicles and
equipment s are breakdown
Social condition indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 I am paid adequate salary and sufficient additional benefits
for my work at our company
2 Waste workers always wear safe and protective gloves and
and clothes during their work at our company
3 Beneficiaries have good attitude for waste workers
4 Our company carries out awareness raising programs on
general public health and management of waste

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5 Each household collects, transfers, and disposes of its solid
wastes at common points

Institutional condition indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 No proper institutional set-up for solid waste management
service
2 The company has carried out safe and reliable SWM in Burao
town to the full satisfaction of residents
3 Municipality does not provide clear authority and sanitation
Rules
4 Our company has faced frequent customer complaint about
solid waste management on its assigned jurisdictions

Political condition indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 There is adequate policies , laws that promote for effective
SWM
2 The assembly enforces to implement the existing SWM law
3 The government gives high priority to SWM

Effective Solid waste collection indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 Frequency of waste pick-up are strictly followed by our
company
2 There is full and continuous training on solid waste collection in
our company
3 Our company have facilitated enough number of collection
points near to all beneficiaries
4 Our Company maintains waste spillover to the ground at
collection is cleaned

Effective Solid waste transportation indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 Company has sufficient manpower and vehicle to transport
solid waste

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2 Nature of traffic condition along collection route has jam
3 supervisor records the daily number of trips, tonnage of waste
and route plan to drivers

4 Our company use covered vehicles and there is no spillover of

solid waste up on transport.
5 There is no adequate internal roads ( alternative roads ) and
traffic condition along collection route has overcrowding

Effective Solid waste disposal indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 The existing disposal site is far-away from our collection point
2 Municipality did not provides designated and accessible land
fill site
3 The existing disposal site is open and it has bad smell to the
community
4 Our company disposes waste at designated land fill and it is
Environmentally safe
5 Presence of animal on the disposal site is common

Dear respondent, using the following space you can put your general idea about the current
SWM service delivering practice and its basic challenges you regard as necessary

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Thank you for your positive comments

End

81
 APPENDIX B
B. Photo graphs

82
 APPENDIX
C. Research Budget
No item Description Unit cost
1 First and second draft of proposal Papers, pens, printing $20
2 Final proposal Printing $80
3 Stationary Papers, pens, printing $100
4 Personal expenses Transportation and refreshment $50
5 Thesis defense $50
Total $300

83
 APPENDIX
D. Time framework

Year : 2018
Months number Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Proposal Writing
& acceptance
First meeting with
supervisor
Read literature
review
Finalize chapter
two readings
Draft literature
review

Year:2019
Months Number Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Chapter
submission to
supervisor
Develop
questionnaire
Data collection
Data analysis
Meeting with
supervisor
Writing chapter
4,5
Submit all
chapters
Revise
supervisors
instruction
Finalizing and
binding
Master Defense

84
85