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    Exp 2 PH Testing Updated

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    SYIFAA
    This document provides instructions for an experiment to determine the pH of a wastewater sample. It describes the objective of determining pH, lists the necessary equipment and reagents, outlines the calibration and testing procedures, and provides guidelines for sample handling and preservation. Students are asked to record their results in a table, analyze their findings on pH, discuss potential sources of error, and answer advanced questions relating to the definition and importance of pH.

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    Exp 2 PH Testing Updated

    Uploaded by

    SYIFAA
    31 views5 pages
    This document provides instructions for an experiment to determine the pH of a wastewater sample. It describes the objective of determining pH, lists the necessary equipment and reagents, outlines the calibration and testing procedures, and provides guidelines for sample handling and preservation. Students are asked to record their results in a table, analyze their findings on pH, discuss potential sources of error, and answer advanced questions relating to the definition and importance of pH.

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    Exp 2 pH Testing Updated

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    This document provides instructions for an experiment to determine the pH of a wastewater sample. It describes the objective of determining pH, lists the necessary equipment and reagents, outlines the calibration and testing procedures, and provides guidelines for sample handling and preservation. Students are asked to record their results in a table, analyze their findings on pH, discuss potential sources of error, and answer advanced questions relating to the definition and importance of pH.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views5 pages

    Exp 2 PH Testing Updated

    Uploaded by

    SYIFAA
    This document provides instructions for an experiment to determine the pH of a wastewater sample. It describes the objective of determining pH, lists the necessary equipment and reagents, outlines the calibration and testing procedures, and provides guidelines for sample handling and preservation. Students are asked to record their results in a table, analyze their findings on pH, discuss potential sources of error, and answer advanced questions relating to the definition and importance of pH.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

    DIPLOMA OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

    ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY


    LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

    COURSE CODE DAK 23503

    EXPERIMENT CODE EXPERIMENT 2

    EXPERIMENT TITLE DETERMINATION OF pH

    DATE
    (INDIVIDUAL REPORT)

    STUDENT NAME &


    MATRIC NO. & SIGNATURE

    INSTRUCTOR Ts. Dr. Hazlini Binti Dzinun

    DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION 1 WEEK AFTER EXPERIMENT DATE

    Element Percentage
    (%)
    Attendance/Participation/Discipline /5
    Procedure /10
    Results & Calculation /10
    MARKS: Analysis /20
    Discussion /20
    Answer question /20
    Conclusion /10
    References /5
    Total /100

    RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP: EXAMINER COMMENTS:


    FACULTY: CENTRE FOR
    EDITION: 1
    DIPLOMA STUDIES
    ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
    REVISION NO: 0
    LABORATORY DAK 23503

    EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: 11/2/2016

    DETERMINATION OF pH AMENDMENT DATE: 10/10/2019

    1.0 OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT


    To determine the pH of the given wastewater sample.

    2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES


    At the end of this course students are able to:
    a) Be more proficient at performing pH determination in biological treatment of the wastewater
    sample.
    b) Be more proficient at the terms of pH which refer to the measurement of hydrogen ion
    concentration in wastewater.

    3.0 INTRODUCTION / THEORY

    3.1 The term pH refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and defined as
    the negative log of H+ ions concentration in water and wastewater. The values of pH 0 to a
    little less than 7 are termed as acidic and the values of pH a little above 7 to 14 are termed
    as basic. When the concentration of H+ and OH–ions are equal then it is termed as neutral
    pH.

    3.2 Determination of pH is one of the important objectives in biological treatment of the


    wastewater. In anaerobic treatment, if the pH goes below 5 due to excess accumulation of
    acids, the process is severely affected. Shifting of pH beyond 5 to 10 upsets the aerobic
    treatment of the wastewater. In these circumstances, the pH is generally adjusted by
    addition of suitable acid or alkali to optimize the treatment of the wastewater. pH value or
    range is of immense importance for any chemical reaction. A chemical shall be highly
    effective at a particular pH. Chemical coagulation, disinfection, water softening and corrosion
    control are governed by pH adjustment. Dewatering of sludges, oxidation of cyanides and
    reduction of hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium also need a favorable pH range. It
    is used in the calculation of carbonate, bicarbonate, CO2 corrosion, stability index and acid
    base equilibrium. Lower value of pH below 4 will produce sour taste and higher value above
    8.5 a bitter taste. Higher values of pH hasten the scale formation in water heating apparatus
    and also reduce the germicidal potential of chlorine. High pH induces the formation of
    trihalomethanes, which are causing cancer in human beings.

    3.3 The pH electrode used in the pH measurement is a combined glass electrode. It consists of
    sensing half cell and reference half cell, together form an electrode system. The sensing half
    cell is a thin pH sensitive semi permeable membrane, separating two solutions, viz., the
    outer solution, the sample to be analyzed and the internal solution, enclosed inside the glass
    membrane and has a known pH value. An electrical potential is developed inside and
    another electrical potential is developed outside, the difference in the potential is measured
    and is given as the pH of the sample.
    FACULTY: CENTRE FOR
    EDITION: 1
    DIPLOMA STUDIES
    ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
    REVISION NO: 0
    LABORATORY DAK 23503

    EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: 11/2/2016

    DETERMINATION OF pH AMENDMENT DATE: 10/10/2019

    4.0 INSTRUMENTS / APPARATUS / CHEMICAL / REAGENTS

    4.1 Chemicals / Reagents

    Buffers solution of pH 4.01, 7.0 and 9.2. Potassium chloride and distilled water

    4.2 Apparatus / Instruments

    i. pH Meter
    ii. Standard flask
    iii. Magnetic stirrer
    iv. Funnel
    v. Beaker
    vi. Wash bottle
    vii. Tissue paper

    5.0 PROCEDURE

    5.1 Preparation of Reagents

    Please prepare the buffer solution of pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2 using standard method.

    5.2 Calibration of the Instruments

    Using the buffer solutions calibrate the instrument.

    5.3 Testing of Samples

    a) In a clean dry 100 mL beaker take the water sample and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert
    the teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
    b) Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the water sample and check for the reading
    in the pH meter. Wait until you get a stable reading.
    c) The pH of the given water sample is 8.84.
    d) Take the electrode from the water sample, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently with
    soft tissue.
    e) To determine the value of pH of the given water sample the readings obtained are required to
    be tabulated.

    5.4 Sample Handling and Preservations

    5.4.1 Sample Preservations

    Preservation of sample is not practical. Because biological activity will continue after a sample
    has been taken, changes may occur during handling and storage. The characteristics of the water
    sample may change. To reduce the change in samples taken for the determination of pH, keep
    samples at 40C. Do not allow the samples to freeze. Analysis should begin as soon as possible.
    FACULTY: CENTRE FOR
    EDITION: 1
    DIPLOMA STUDIES
    ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
    REVISION NO: 0
    LABORATORY DAK 23503

    EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: 11/2/2016

    DETERMINATION OF pH AMENDMENT DATE: 10/10/2019

    5.4.2 Precautions

    The following precautions should be observed while performing the experiment:


    a) Temperature affects the measurement of pH at two points. The first is caused by the
    change in electrode output at different temperatures. This interference can be controlled
    by the instruments having temperature compensation or by calibrating the electrode-
    instrument system at the temperature of the samples. The second is the change of pH
    inherent in the sample at different temperatures. This type of error is sample dependent
    and cannot be controlled; hence both the pH and temperature at the time of analysis
    should be noted.
    b) In general, the glass electrode is not subject to solution interferences like color, high
    salinity, colloidal matter, oxidants, turbidity or reductants.
    c) Oil and grease, if present in the electrode layer, should be removed by gentle wiping or
    detergent washing, followed by rinsing with distilled water, because it could impair the
    electrode response.
    d) Before using, allow the electrode to stand in dilute hydrochloric acid solution for at least 2
    hours.
    e) Electrodes used in the pH meter are highly fragile, hence handle it carefully.

    6.0 RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

    Table 1: pH of sample

    Sample Temperature of sample pH


    No (oC)

    7.0 ANALYSIS

    Please fill in the Table 1 and explain your findings on the pH of greywater collection sample.

    8.0 DISCUSSIONS

    Compare the pH values of different sample and state the systematic bias error that could occur
    during this experiment.

    9.0 ADVANCED QUESTIONS

    a) Define pH
    b) Why is it necessary to maintain the pH of water nearly 7?
    c) What is a buffer solution?
    d) Why is it important to determine the pH of greywater? What is the effect towards drainage
    pollution?
    FACULTY: CENTRE FOR
    EDITION: 1
    DIPLOMA STUDIES
    ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
    REVISION NO: 0
    LABORATORY DAK 23503

    EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: 11/2/2016

    DETERMINATION OF pH AMENDMENT DATE: 10/10/2019

    10.0 CONCLUSION

    Conclusion is merely a summary, presented in logical order, of the important findings already
    reported in the discussion section. It also relates to the objectives stated earlier.

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