p where 3 is the remainder when ab is divided hy p. °.0< s < p—1. (©) coli ae =lat+ijeR +: ¥ [4], [0] € R= [c] + [0] € 2,» Closure law is satisfied. (b) Consider, fa) + {(0]+ fol) .0 p/a or rib > a =0(mod p) b= 0(mod p) {= (0) ald=(0 fll = fo) = fol = 1 or (= [Phe no zero divisor. - Ris an integral domain. "If p is prime then R is an integral domain. addition and multipli- follows: « ® b ‘We know that the set of real numbers is a field with respect to usual addition and mul- jie, (R, +y~) is a field. Leta, bE RS atd+1ER ie, a@dbeR ,bER>aSbE Closure law is satisfied. 4 by De M.RRAJESH KANNA 5giary Rings and Fields with prablome Problems of Rung Pelds and Ingral domaine (i) Consider, a @ bea @@b=bea YaberR. + Commutative law Is satisfied. /. (R, ©, @) is a commutative ting rove that totality ? of all ordered pairs (0,5) of real numbers is a flold under the ‘addition and multiplication defined by ap @) (a1) + (cd Tatatt dand Neel) (ac bd ad + be). (a,b) /a,bER) where R is the set of real numbers. (od) #a=candb=a. (i) (a, 0) + (6d) = (+6644) W(a,8), (yd) eF. (Git) (0, 5)(e,d) = (ae — bd, ad +-bc) Y (a, 0), (cd) EF. 111) © F, y= (0) ba) € F and z= (@a,bn) € F (a) Consider, 2+ = (a1. ti) + (a2, ba) = (a1 +42,b) +02) EF [Since a, +02, b +b ER) satyeF Vay €F +24ye F, -, Closure law is satisfied. (b) Consider, = + (y+ 2) = (a1,b1) + K(a2y ba) + (aa, ta)) = (a1,01) + (a2 + a3, bo + bs) lax + (a2 +a3),bi + (ba +bs)] (ax +02) +a3,(h1 +b) +a] [By associative law in R] (a, + 02, by + be) + (a3, ba) (01, b1) + (a2, bo) + (a3sb3) (x+y) +2 nt(ut2)=(ctu)+2 Vayy, = € F. :, Associative law is satisfied. ‘We know that 0 = (0, 0) € Fis the identity. Since z+0=0+2 =z, Consider, x +0 = (ai,bi) + 0, 0) = (a, +0,b1 +0) e2t0=2. ‘Similarly, 0 + 2 == "0 is the additive identity. .. Identity law is satisfied. “The inverse of z= (a1,b1) 8 —z = (a1, -) € F. Since z+ (—2) Inverse law is satisfied. = (a; +2) b1 + ba) = (az +41,42+bi) [By commutative law in B | (an, ba) + (a1,b1) +e eatysyte Vx, y€P. :, Commutative law is satisfied. 7 © by DeMR RAJESH KANNAary Rings and Pek with probes Problems on Rings Fels and tniegral domaine m= ae e+e The inverse of 2 = (a1, bi) £0 is y = (en, ) = [q2Xg, 44 - pet 4 (east) = [ap —g| €F (3 gene eee a by are not both equal to zero. ie af-+ Uf = 0 <=> a, =O and bi = 0) 1) Comsides, 2°y (21, by)(a2, be) (ora — bite, aids + bag) (a4; — baby, aah + bray) | By commutative law in R] se-y=y-e Waly 6 F. -, Commutative law is satisfied. ¢) i) Consider, x -(y +2) (a1 ,1){(a2,b») + (aa, bs) (abi )(a + ax,bo + bs) 1 (a + a3) ~ by (ba + bs), x(a + bs) + bi (a2 + aa)) = [ayaa + arog — byba — bibs, abs + aby +bi02 + bias): Consider, zy +2-2 (01, bs) (a2, ba) + (a, bs) (a0, bs) (a; a2 — by bp, ayby + agb,) + (2,03 — bybs,a;b3 + abs) (2442 — byby + a0 — Bybs, abr + aah + 0,05 + abs) na (yt:)—e-yt2 2 Vay z2eF Similarly, i) (w+ y)-2—2-24+y2 We,y2€F. +, Pisa field ow that the set 2 of all real valued continuous functions defined in the closed interval 1] is a commutative ring with unity with respect to the addition and multiplication f functions defined as follows: (f+ 9)(2) = {(z) +(z) and. (f9)(«) = f(e)a(2) where f ‘gare any two members of FR. olution : (a) If fis a roal valued function defined in the closed interval (0, 1}, then f(z) is a real mmber ¥ x € (0, 1]. We know that the sum and product of any two real numbers are also real ais, Also the sum and product of two continuous functions are also continuous functions. . Ris closed with respect to the given compositions. ) Let f,9,h eR, 2 € (0, 1). Consider, [(f +9) + A(z) (CF + o)(2)) + A(z) [la) + oe) + Me), (x) + (a(x) + RG) ($C), afer), h(z) are real numbers and ‘addition of real numbers is associative] = Sz) +19 + AN) = [f+ (9+ Wz) eA +a) + Alle) = + (9+ Wl) Ye [0, 1) ie, (f+9)+h=S+(g+h) VSghER. -, Associative law is satisfied. t) We know that O(z)=0 Wa (0, 1]. Thn0ER, Consider, (0+ f)(x) 2 by DeM.RRAJESH KANNAwe a = lomntary Ringe and e ol drs ‘Problems on Rings Fields and Tats = 0(2) + fle) =0+f(2) =s(e) (0+ A(z) = f=) ie, OFF = ; the aye O(c) = 0 is the additiv (€) Let f € R we know that (~/)(z) =U) Consider, {-f + 1) (Ae) + Fle) =e) +f) vze (0,1) ve identity, °. Identity law is satigg vr (0,1,.-fER 2) of + Se) =0(2) Vx € [0,1] hew-f+f=0 -: the function —f is the ndditive inverse of f. +, Inverse law is satisfied (©) Consider, (f+ 9)(2) = 12) +02) = a(t) + f(z) [-, addition of real numbers is commutative ] = (0+ Sz) “FFNz)= (94+ Nl) V2 e|0,1] be: f¥o>0%f VJ,g€P. . Commutative iw is satifed, j (f) Consider, ((f4)h](<) ‘ =[(F9)(a))rcz) } = [F@) o(@))h(z) = Fa)lo(z)hz)) [~~ mutiplicat F(a)lgna), = lorN(z) (FOAM) = Pome) v2 € (0,1) “A DK= Sh) Vf, 9, (f) Consider, [f(g + h)}(z) = S@)[9+ h)(x)) = Me)lalz) + ha)) (z)o(x) + J(z)h(x) | = (fa)(2) + (fn)(c) = [fo+ fila) “UO+ Mz) = fot fia) vee (0,1) je, fO+h) = fo+th Vig her | Similacly, we can prove that (f+ a)h — fh gh Yhoher “7 Distributive law is satisfied, is a ring ith respect to the ion of real numbers is associative ] HER. , Associative lay ix Satisfied, Bomex by Dr-M.RRAJESH KANNA 20Problems on Rings Pies and ntegral domals {(b) Consider, (f0)(=) = Seale) = 9(e)J(2) [2 mulipieation of real numbers is commutative ] (of)(z) U9)(2) = (of) (2) Vx € (0, 1] fie, f9—9f © fg ER. +.Commutative law is satisfied. , Ris commutative ring. () Let (z)=1 Vxe [0,1] thenieRr, Consider, (.A)(2) = i(e) f=) Se), fe) Vee) f VJ € R. "The fnetion és te mallplicaive ident. Tdentity aw is sntinfied, ‘Thus the ring fis a commutative ring with unity element. ution : Consider the functions f and 9 defied on (0, 1] by j-2 0 constitutes a commutat ‘ive ring, where 4 and M denotes the symmetric ‘ce and intersection operations respectively. AABEP(X). WA, BE P(X) = AABE P(X). -. Closure law is satisfied. A(BAC)=(AAB)AC ¥ A,B, CE P(X) ». Associative law is satisfied. Since AAg =¢AA=A. VAG P(X) -, Identity law is satisfied. 31 22 by DeBER RAJESH KANNAElementary Riga Rion rots nd tte me? i) Consider, ADA ; ~a-au(A-4) U6 nverso lnw is satisfied. =i . tone of AA WA€ P(X): (c) Consider, AA B A—B)u(B- A) (B—A)u(A- B) BAA law x) -, Commutative Am aa eS acstio ul is satisfied, (0 YA BEP(X) > AnBe PIX) VA, B.C € PtX) 2. AasoeeR (©) We know that AN(BNE)=(ANB)Ne VAM, i Consider, AN (BAC) piace 2) m ([Ani(B- C)U[AN(C- (An B) ~(Anc)|U((AnC) - (ANB) =(ANB)A(Anc) 7 ; “AN(BAC)=(ANB)A(ANG) VA, B.C € P(X) be i. Simi AB)NC=(ANC)A(BNG) VA, B,C e P(X). ++ Distributive law is satisfied.» (P(X), A, 0] is a ri (i) We know that ANB=BNA YA, Be P(X). =[PQ), 0,0) a commutative is satisfied. (uy) 25. Give an example of @) a finite commutative ring and (ji) an infinite non-commutative ring, Solution + (i) Le, Be, Gc) ix finite commutative ring ab (i) A(z) = { ( es ) Vitae 2} 4s a infinite non-commutative ring with Tespect to mnntrix addition and multiplication } 26. Give an example of } (® finite integral domain and (ii) an infinite integral do; Solution + ()) (£1; @s, Bs), (Zs, Os, @s), (Zr, @, ®,. wo Bute integral do, main | I ) (Z, +), (YD), +, +), Za), +, +} are infinite integral domains iW 21, Give an example of c | (i) a finite field and (ii) an infinite feta, Solution : (i) (25, Bs, @), (Za, 7, @r) are finite felts, i) (Q +, -), 1(V3), ++}, (B, +,-), (6, Fe) Ate hifinive foray, 28, Give an example of } @) a ring with zero divisors and (ti) a ring without 2506 divin, Solution + (i) (Ze, Oa, Ge), (Ze, Or, ®s) are examples of Ting with 1 (Bang Uni, Dee © divisors, (i) @, 4,9, (V2), +, 5, (ZC), +, fre examples of a i h ui), + ie Without zeny aeProblems ow RingsFioes and Integral dorm gary Rings ond Fld with problems ive an example of an ring which is not a field. lution : (Z,+,°) Is ating, which is not a feld, Fea pto ot ni nnalta tice ant eat iy) pion : (22, +,» ), (8%, +,°), 4%, +, +) are the ive an oxample of a ring which is not an integral domain. [Kar Uni. Jun 07) egral domain. nite rings without unity element. lution : (Zo, Oe, @e) iv n ring which is not an that an integral domain with six elements does not exist. LD be an integral domain with 6 elements. (D, +) 18 nn abelian group of order 6. two non-zero elements «and bin D. Zand 3 are lonst: povitive integers such that, 24 =O and 3b Consider,2a = 0, Multiply both sites by & 3 20-b=0-6 ie, 20:b=0 0 where a Oand 264 0 is implies that D has zero divisors and hence D is not an integral domain, , a(b) = 3. ich that ofa) = 0 respoctivaly. ance there exists no integral domain having six elements. ‘c | BN Di) = {a + bil a, b EZ} wee = {a +bV2|a,bEQ} Soe Lage iy Figure 1: Partial lattice diagram of © that (92, +, -) is a commutative ring without unity element. , how that the 0? € D =0 VaeD. : je, (o+at +0) (ator inta)=0 Kerrier 29) (Geoeee teh a) aia VWaeD ie, pa: 0 or ga Wa € D| Since D is an int {is a contradiction, since p there exists no positive integer ‘The characteristic of a ring of rational numbers is zero, Yainaring. ‘a ring such that a? =a ra=0 VacR, (ii)a+b=0> Inj. June 07,08, Dec 08, Kar Uni. Jun 05,06, Dec 10) (®) Given a? vaeR. etaeh+ataeR. w(ate=ata WaeR VoeR vaeER | By distributive law] Wa € R (Boolean ring) then prove that Va, ben. (a+a): (ata) =a+0 a-(a+a)+0-(e+a)=eta ata-e+a-ata-a=a+G at ar+al+ai=ata vaeR ata+ata=ata WaeR "By let cancellation law, we have, atata=a VacR at+ata=ct+0 VaER ‘By left cancellation law, we have, a+a=0 YacR ii) We know that ata=0 WaeR [From (1)} waeR ar > by DeM-R RAJESH KANNA( by DrMARLRAJESH KANNA. 38 Characteristic fing vena b= 0-4 (2) i 2) we hawatanath nce, it is proved fom (1) and gins ae Fy et emealation iw Hees ? sitative. Aba? =a Va€ R then prove that, ‘Ris commute’ Jun 05, Deo 07,10} Solution + Given, alma Wae Re» (1) Similasly, @—b WOER---> (2) - (ab) 4, (ab) (ab) = [/= from (1) and (2)] [ By associative in F ] [ By left enncellation la J (bea) b= (ab) b { By associative in F } ba = ab [ By sight cancellation law J ab © Rls commutative, 4. Find the characteristic of the ring (Zo; ®o1 Gs): Solution : Consider, 6 x ©; 161615151 =6=0 in Zo, Gs 2 Ge 2 Ge 2 Be 2 Ge 2 = 12 = 0 in Zo, Bc 3 Be 3 3B; 3.O¢ 3 = 18 = 0 in Ze, @p 4 Bp A Do 4 Dy 4 Oo 4 = 21 =Oin Zo, 6X 5=5 Oy 5 G5 5 Oo 5 Oy 5 Go 5 = 40 = 0 in Ze, ‘Thus; the ring (Z¢, #6, @s) has charnctaristic 6 ox 6xa 6x4 5. Find all the idempotent elements of (Ze, 2, &.)- Solution : Zs = {0, 1, 2, 3, , 5}. Binary operations are @¢ and @s. We know that 0 =0 @ 0 = 0, © cerca te Mempotent ahd rilpotentalaments of (2,04, 0,) Solution : Z, = {0, 1, 2,3}, Binary operations are @ and Gy ‘Wo know that 0? = 0 @ 0=0, P=1@41 Cin Zs, 3 =3 9 3=9=1inZ, ~ Oand 1 are idempotent elements of the ring Za. © 21s the nilpotent. element of the ring: Zq. (ays Uni. Jn 08, Deeary Sings and Fels with problems ‘Summary of Ring Pislde and Integral domal how that the only idempotent elements of an integral domain are 0 and 1. (Kar Uni. jun 05) felution : Let H de an integral domain, Let x € R such that 2? =<. ippose £0 then consider, 2? = 2 e.g e:1-¢2=1 [By letvenncelation lw and = #0) in, i # 1, comider, = 39 2-2-2=02(z-1)=052=0 inco R ix an intogral domain and 41). Henee,2?=2=2=1 or 2=0. jummary of Rings, Fields and Integral domains Summary - Table ‘Commu | Intexral Ring lement | Unity | -tative compecite 2p, p prime yee yes es yes yes. yes Po yea yen 20. Pd ye = ye yes otbia bed a+ bu; a, DEQ a+ bisa, be Za o+bvi a, bEZ a+bV9iabEQ (a,b)tary Rings and rvrers om Rig, Ps ad otra doa gral domains Inte . ings) Felts a jlation laws hold in 2. ne cancel 1,8 Theorems 01 f and only 1f'¥ 4 by & € Ry ab visors iff tl 1. A-ring 2 is without zero divisors 20° 8 is on intogeal thak axing 7 is on FS iar Vi. Doe 05,08, Jun 10) jsors. To prove Proof ; Lot R be a ring without 2070 divi sate Tot 0, b, c€ Rauch that as b=a-ennd & itd ; One Baws dus ve ia eee inessanis poate [etvomatten ot —¢ [Right cancellation law ) , Sinilay,0-a=e-eadazoa b= | zero divisors, Conversely, gvwa cancellation laws iold in 2. To prov that 22 hes nO Assume that Phas aero divisors, Lev a £0 md) £0 Ruch that a-b=0 : ‘cds leva-b=a-O i. 0. [By left cancellation law J, which is a contradiction [ Sj Similarly, conser a « a-b=0-d >= 0| By right Cancellation Law }, which isa contradiction | Since a #0] = Fels no zero divisors, "how that a skew feld has no zero divisors. (Ms Uni. Jun 09} seroet + Let F be askew Bld. «16 a ring with unity element in which every nom Ins n multpictive inverse, Leta" aad are tho coment of a shew ld F such that a Ma= 0 then there & nothing to prov. MeO tes a7} eit nF fF ia show fod) Consider, a:b = 0 Presmultiplying both sides by a=! = —-K(0) (a"ta)b=0 [By associative Jaw), ie, bo cancellation laws hold in pa c=0>4- (bag oa Proof : Let F hea ficld. .. Itiv a commutative ; Held eva sing with uni lement bas a mulplicative inverse, Lt a and Y aethe aie ta pn non Ho 0 then there is nothing to prove, MIE exc ng Ma #0 thon a! existin Ff mis a field) oi Consider, 2-=9 a ou Premultipiving both sides by at Hla 8) alo)age so Pla th robles ‘Thorens on Rings Pid and integral drains [By asvocintive Inv + Zero divisors are bsent. Fi an integral domain, field isn integral domain. , converse is false i) (Z, +, +] i an integral domain but not x fied, (ii) [Z (79), +, -] is an intogral domain but not field. fom integral domain but not a field. ~ that every finite integral domain is a field. ys Uni, Ju 09,11, Dec 05, Bang Uni. Dec 07,00, Kar Uni, Dee 05,06,09.10, Jun OF,98 11 Gof + Lat D be n finite integral domnin, Let ,2yaay.-+s An bo n diferent elements of D. fay D = {0j02,035---sdn)s Leb a #0 € D and D! = {orem easy sater---rtun) a €D, ax. €D= aa, €D | By closure law) ey € Dyan € D+ mam €D | By closure law] ay € Dy, € D = agax €D._ [By clowure law] am €D, ay € D> @ndx €D {By closure low | ‘losure law all the clemonts of set DY are present in the set D. “All the clements of the set DY are different. if any two clements of 7’ are equal, ie, aor = 0304 fori #7 ajo = Ofori #5 (1 0j)a = Ofori #5 oy FO=> = aj = 0 for i # J [ Dis an integral domain } ay 0, = a; for i # j which ia contradiction. ws Teis-a field. (by DeALR ASEAN HANAjegral dora ‘orem on Rings, Fields and Inieeral Pa etn: tat J Note: Canin th orl 2 san integral d Bren tink ang Uni Dec {[Mys Uni, Jun 10,03, Dee 06,10, Bang cow that ‘n? is prinne. Proof Assume that ‘n! is not a prime m has a non-trivial factoriz Letn=a-b wherel b= 0 ~:e-and 6 are zero divisors, whiel Conversely, given ‘n’ is prime. ‘To show that Z, is an integral domain. Leva, b€ Z,, such that a -b = 0, :,ab=nk, where k is an integer. P= KZ = fab +? ei mn intoget, ‘Thus n/a or n/b[-: nis a prime} + There exists two intogers ky and ky such that 2 nn or b= hyn = 0 a=0orb= Sea oa, Kee Uni, Deo 06) Jonah lonin, To sb Sivon Zi is an integral a then ‘n’ isa composite number ation andi cbcb=0 #@and b are zer9 divisors, whi +40 [Sie in Z,,n 30) ch i a contradiction, Hence ‘n? ig Prime num, ner, Conversely, given ‘n’ is prime. To show. that Z, is a field EP eG ie ahh rd a ie, ab ea -* ‘ 16 ig = hs where bis an integer => nfab-—> n/a op 7) [Since ni + There exists two integers ky and hy such that “8 Drime | nah © Say ahi atin a=0 b=0 [Multiples ofn are zeroes in 2), )Phiines nnd Fistas with protien Subrine Dorb=0. is an integral domain. We know that Zi, is finite: that the unity of a ring with unity is unique. of: Let be a ring with unity element. ‘show that unity clement is unique in R, ssume that unity element js not unique in R. Let 1 and 1’ he two different unity elements of Q) co) V', which is a contradiction, ,. unity element is unique in R- is a non-trivial ring with unity 1, then show that 1 0. poof : Since Ris a non-trivial ring, there exists a non-zero element ‘a? in PR, 3 thiat 1 =O, pre-nultiplying both sides by a, we have, a0 = a=0, which is a contradiction. iF. non-trivial ring /t with unity, show that zero has no multiplicative inverse. of = Let 1 be the unity clement in R. that ‘0? has a multiplicative inverse in R. ’, there exists an element b in R such that 0.b=b.0=1...... (1) (2) ‘contradiction. ‘0’ has no multiplicative inverse. (A, +, ring, Let ‘5” be a non-empty subset of R. If‘? is also a ring with, 0 is ie ae ne operations defined eR then S is called a Subring of R. Uni. Jun 09, Dec 10,11, Bang Uni. Dec 07,09, Kar Uni. Dec 05,08.1un 08] mples : 1) (22, +t, ) isa subting of (Z, +) °) 2) (82, +, ) is a subring of (Z, +, )- em 1: A non-empty subset Sof a ring R, is a Subring of Rift aeS,beSsa-bes , i) aeS,be$a-beS. [Mys Uni. Jun 08, Dec 10, Kar Uni. Dec 05,08] + Necessary condition : t (5, +>) be a subring of (R, +, +) yeS—beS [-:Sisaring] '§ [By closure law in S] a, bEeSsa-bes. beSsa-beS ([Byclosure Law in 3) beS+a-bes. SfoletacS,acSaa-aes , which is the additive identity. 0€ S,aeS0-aeS, © by DeMRRAJESH KANNAovata ses bes fa! ire inverse of he nditive iver a= (0) Egor addition “since SS) je, 2 € 5, which 15g, be 5 > (a teat be 8, which i the Let a, cE S74 HE a (at (b+) = (a+b) +e (2) a:(b-<) (a)a-(b+ (0) (00) (5) a4+b=b+0. 5 Gio yebegere neseARte oie Sis. ring and given $ CR. Sis.a two subrings Is also a subring, theorem 2 : Show that intersection of any IE [Mrs Uni, Dee 10, Bung Uni, Doe 08, Kor Url, Poe Proof : Lat $ and Tho any two subrings ofa rng WoknowthatOeSand0eT (+'S and T ares s0esnr =snT4¢. We know that $C Rand TCR» SNTCR LtacSnTsacS ad oeT anddeSNT>beS and beT aeS md beS+a—beS is a subring } aeP and beT4a-beT |*:Tisasubring] Sa-besnT Wa, bE SAT > a-besnT aeS ad beSsabeS [-:Sisasubring] eT and bETSa-beT [+ T isa subring } SabesnT 2¥a,beSnT > a-beSnT Intersection of any two subrings is nlso a subring. Note Union of any two subrings of a ring need not be a subiin Example» We know th 2 ee ie 42,44, 46,48, yy waibeg ofZ. 10, £3, 46, £9, 21, .} is a subri Z i USE = (0, 42,49) 24, 26, 4 4g, NNE OFZ, tape ee | Welknow that 2 € 24 USZ and 3 ¢92,U 92. but 2 44 : } 2 2ZUSE is not a subring of 2. (hye Uni. Jon) | Problems _ 1. Prove that the set of even integers B with 0 is | ‘ 8 subri Proof: B= (0, 41,42... and B= (0,494, » ef the ring z, Let a, be > a=2m and b=2n, focsome m,n ¢ ) Cleary, ¢4ECg, Consider, a—b=2m—2n=2(m—n) EB [Since 9 Va beBsa-beb. Consider, a b= 2m. 2n = 2(2mn) ¢ B “Wa, bEB Sa DEE, « Bisasubring of Z, . Let F be the ring of integers. Let m be any fixed inte, that § = (mr/x € Z}. Then show that $ is a subsine =? 24 S yg R AnY subset ¥ 44 m9) 69 0lng and Paide with probleme tion + Givon, $= {mz/x ¢Z). Clearly, dx SER. pa=rmeSandb=omeS whorer,s €2. sider, a~ b =rm-sm (r=#)meES [Sincor—s eZ] Ha-bES, 4VabeSsa—bes. iden, a-b = (rm) - (sm) =(ram)m ES [Since rem € Z] ea PES. -VabES>a-bES. -,8 ivasubting of R. ow that s-{ ( Cs ) / ab <2} is a subring of a ring of all 2 x 2 matrices. ution We now tat ( § ESS #O y SM where M is the ring of all 2x2 matrices. a(0% =(0 2 6 ft )esontp G £2 ) 8 wre a. by ba € “WA, BES>A-BES. ~, Six.a subring of M. ) fo vea} is a subring of a ring of all 2x 2 matrices. Is S nutative? [Mys Uni. Dec 07, Jun 07,12] or Jbring of a non-commutative ring be commutative? Justify. June 2008, Dec 2010) consider the subset, $= {( =e ) /* bez } of the non-commutative ring Ma(Z) 2 matrices over the set of integers. 2 by DrMRLRAIESH KANNA meBlomontary Rings Sutiee ) € 5 here a1, a2, 6), eve wa=(4 @)eswia=(6 by 4 weer = 2 )=(" noe Jig 4 ; Ss in) pn) a Tasoe=( 3 )-( ac ay09 moan=(% 2)(F 2)=CO +S isa subring of Mo(Z), : am 0\(4 0)_ (am 2) coisa (% 2)(9 o)=(S ah .AB=BA WA,BES. » 4 (S(Let (® be a ring, ‘a is the fixed clement of a ring /?. Show that Ra = is a subring of 2. [Mys Uni. Jun 11, Bang Uni. Dec 06,09, kar Uni, Jun 11) Glearly, Ra © R. Sis commutative, {ee R/a-2=0) Solution : Given Ra De Ra. Ra Zé. We know that a 0 = Let r¢ Ra->a-2=Oondy€ Raa-y=0. Consider, a : (2~ 3) =or~ay =0-0 =0 @ *e—y@ Ra..V x, ye Ra ty € Ra. Consider, a (xy) ify (0-2) y BYE Ra. +. S2°YE Ra, FT “Vay Ra>a-y 5 Rais.a subzi ‘ ring of Re | 6 Show that [2(i), +,-Jisa subring of (6, bs | Solution : Gio i) = (a + ib / we 2 be Bag | We know that 0+ i0 < 2(i) 5 i ie, 0 €Z(i). ». Zi) #9, w Clearly, Z(i) © ©. Let x= ay + it / Consider, r~y Ce te czy Where ai, as, 5 = (41+ ib) — (09 + iby) ie = (a1 ~ Aa) +(b; —b)i €Z(i) ON 2 y EZ) > 2— ye Hy). ; ‘ Consider, x+y = (01 + ith)(a» + iba) = (ass + iayby + ibjaq— bbs) I = (aia ~ bibs) + (abs + a3b;)i € Z(i) “Vay €Z(i) > 2-y eX(i), ©. Eli) is subring of C, v=}.Ringe an Pelds wit probiems rt ‘subring i bearing. The center of R=C={2ER/az-2a ¥ : = az=aa Ye A}. Prove that the GFA ring i asubring. [Mya Uni, De OTAl, Kas Osi, Dee OG) ae” rE R/ ea arVa €R}. hat 0 0 VacR .0eC..C#¢¢, HOCR. Let eR-+za-ar YaeR, ye R>ya=ay VaeR. (= —n)o =20-ya |By distributive law) ax —ay o(e—y) Wack VayeC>2-yee. = (ya) [ By associative law } =a(ey) [Since ya =ayVaeR] (za)y [ By associative law } (az)y [ince a= 02 Vac R| = aay) [ By associative law | a(zy) VaeR €C€ 2Vx,y EO > ry EC... Cisasubringol R. an example of a ring which has a unity element but its subring may not have an ty element. We know that (Z, +, +) is a ring with unity element. Jis a subring of (2, +) without unity element: ww by example that a ring R without unity, may have a subring S with unity. ‘Dee 08] : ab Consiter tho sat R= {( 5) fave}. is a ring under matrix addition and multiplication. Further it has no unity element. (3 9) jeez}. isa subset of Further tenn be 10 10\/a0\_(20 JO £)-(6 a)(8 0)= (0.0), vee -subring of with nity ( td ): shown that § is a subring of R. “be the subring of f. Show that the unity clement of S may be different from the ‘element of 2. [Bang Uni. Dec 08] + Consider the ring Ma(Z) of all 2 x 2 matrices over Z. ng with unity foment ( t) wa s={(§ on [eca}: 2. by DEMGR-RAIESH KANNA aTPg Fields with problems. Sobtela Bonsider, A- B =(47 2 (ae (Pon as Ma antint+an tut iuve auntum+aoy -[ dean + tne + Aeita Dui eae | oe tiny +cmt+eu tym tn tnt yA, Be R(A) > A+B ERO), -. R(A) is a subring of Af(R). of matrices o| Geils) Igow that the sot of matrices of the form ( oye an ) where a, 6 € Z form a subring af Ma(Z) and show that it is commutative, [Kar Uni Jun 08} a by jE Yo, 2}. We know shar o= (3 o Sse Hoeariy, SC Ma(Z). Let A= ( es Be ) € S where ay, b €Z and B= (ig M2) es wiwrean ta eZ Consider, A — B ay ni Ve 02 a) af one (hNS | es. .vABes=A-Bes. =| Ghee Consider, A - B & v5 ay bv - (20/7 eee) ayy Ship __ arb aabiv | af aghy —Shin-+e2m aay — bby __(aaba ands VE | es. = [ =(ayby +agb:)VB axa — Sbiln “VA, BES A-BeS-2(t) as maminne ot MAZ)- Consider, B- A W “(ate tot) -( hie) aoa Shin eaiyS-+ abv =| ees — Shiba +2201 (osi-+ aay | =). aya; — 5 - (arb + a2bs V5 : From (1) and (2) = AB = BA. +. is commutative:Diviabitiy, Amocintes and Uris Espow that the set Q(V3) of al mur Seer) of real numbers. (Myx Uni, dune ga ot ve exists an element oe : f D be an integral dom ran ate tid be auy two non-zero cloments of D, i o/b and b/a th let re called associates. (Mys Un}. Dee 06, Jun 13) Te: D be an integral domain. Let a by ip D. [Mys Uni. Dec 06, Jun 11) e AY NON-7°ro element of D, if a/1 then ‘a’ is called a unit ilo a unit. is any clement having multiplieati sample: —1 isa unit in Z but —1 is not a unit Prime element = of an integral domain D is called a prime element or Irreducible clement ‘A non-zero eloment “ jfit is not a unit and its only divisors are units and associates of ‘a’ Unique factorization domain + iAnintegral domain D is snid to be a unique factorization comin if every non-zero clement iD is thar mnt or is expressible as the product of afinite numberof prime elements of D and this factor- ation apart from order and associates, is unique, It is deoted by UEP. Problems |, Show that 3+ VS and 1 — V5 are associates 4m (V5). (Mys Uni. Dee 06, Kar Uni. Jun 06) 2) ce Js Gens) Or & Solution : Consider, 244% a SEA 6), |. AC TRAIESH ANNAwith problems 2-9 -8Vir /2— Vir, Consider, = = sea gira OWE _ =52-13yi% ir =a = =4+VITEAVM). .29—yiT/-9-2vit 2— VIT and -9 — 2VT7 are associates of Z(VI7). ‘show that 9+ 4V5 is a unit in Z(¥5). Solution : Consider, 5275 i =a ard 9n4¥8 a wate = ona = I= 1005) oe = 31-80 = oats =9- Wace j S 1.04 Ay5/1in (vB), Hence, 9 4V5 win ZC » Show that 2+ V3 is @ unit in Z(V3). Ds Solution : Consider, eh fae 5 1 ae =X Ea x De Uni. Dec 06, Jun 10,12) wa) ¢9)tungy on Pols i problem Pivinbily, Associaton mat na clement A is invertible if and only gp 4) <4, units of the ring 2 where p= | Ott c+ id ‘ et ot] /atnaca} ata - ponuitae a=| ib chia f eater. met id an ih | Downit in Ren 4-1 A= 0? + +P +d? 0, since AMT exist, 1 a-ib -e~id er: 7 rere eae ani ATER AO +P +e +e ay exists and A+} € R. - Since a, b, 6, de Z, a=1, b=0, cao b=0, b=1, =0, b=, b=0, ‘Therefore, there are 8 units which are (1 (e Sh Te ahlieth (22h 2) (23 ae 8 units form a multiplicative commutative group. This ring o oe i aa = ee ‘own as the quaternions. This group is Hamilton's quaternions and its elements are kn¢ as the quaierni heorem 1: Prove that the relation’ domain, (Mys Uni. Dec 07,09,11, Kar Proof : ~ a and a are associates in let a and b be associates in D- + a/b and bain D ’ vad oe aaecitet a een >: Let « and b be associates in B, b and ¢ De-ess08 87I with problerne Pislaitiy, Associates and Unit multiple of aye and ¢ 40> kt=0 ing, Bene een) #0 divisor of Z,,. is a unit ina ring R "ing R with unity, then show that its x tip n‘a’ is aunitin R, peice (a-c) { From 2} ws) ¢ [ Associative law J +e From 1] = [ Identity law] is a contradiction. -, Inverse of « is unique in R. ‘Theorem 8: If ‘a? is a unit in a ring R with unity, then show that ‘a? is not a divisor of zero. Proof : Let 1 be the unity element of a ring Re Given ‘a’ isa unit in R, at exists in Re Let’ be an element of R such that a b= 0 Premaltiplying both sides by a", a=! (ab) =a-t (0) (a-Ma)b=0 1-b=0 b=0 ~‘e’ is not a left divisor of zero. let ‘c’ be an element of R such that e-: i is not a right divisor of zero. ‘a! is not a divisor of zero. is a multiplicat ‘Theorem 9 7 Show thae Uelsen ofetnon ts iy En Saat oup, ‘i x sit in R} Front: Let. be te unity mont of ing ena U & (2/6208 ee "e know that 1 is a unit inWor edefne norm of N(e) =a? = 5b cain, NCOP) = N{(a-don, 2 +0) = alla, bo (g msironson ad oT (a) Consider, (+ » es iba) + (2 +H) = alles +03) +H(0i +) +n)jon and omorophio iomnorphien atc 5 Let 2 be a ring of al ana mapping ¢: R-» F defined by (2) =( 9 9 we ={(¢ 4) Jost oduct} 6: RRR defined by $a) G i) VaeR Similarly, (8) = iG 1) Yee k Consider, d(a+4) = (oth 0 Tu 0 aio =) ee G O(a) + 9(0) 2 H0+0) =a) +460) V,