WHEELCHAIR DESIGN IN

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
http://web.mit.edu/sp.784/www
Amos Winter ([email protected])
PhD Candidate, MIT Dept. Mechanical Engineering
February 3, 2009
 COURSE INFO

Lecturers: Amos Winter, PhD Candidate, Mechanical Engineering

Amy Smith, Senior Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering

Units: 2-2-5 (Lecture-Lab-Homework)

Lecture: Required, can miss two, but not more without instructor permission. Attendance taken
starting second week of class.

Project and Labs: Project teams and class presentation times chosen next Thursday. Lab groups
will choose own meeting time.

Homework: Project and team website primary components of homework. Additionally there will be
readings and short assignments.

Grading: Final course grades will be assigned A-F.

– Class participation/homework: 10
– Strategy presentation: 15
– Concept presentation: 15
– Most Critical Module (MCM) Presentation: 15
– Final presentation and prototype: 25
– Team website: 20

Course website: http://web.mit.edu/sp.784/www/index.html

For a full description of the class, see “detailed course info” on the website
February 3, 2009
 PROJECT

Team: 3 to 5 members with lab instructor

Collaboration: Partnership between MIT students, US and European

experts, and wheelchair manufacturers

Deliverables:
– PowerPoint presentation for the Strategy, Concept, MCM, and Final
prototype.
– Poster for The MIT Museum in May
– Prototypes: Physical solution to each teams’ MCM for MCM presentation.
Proof-of-concept prototype for final presentation
– Website chronicling project development. Pages dedicated to major
milestones. Website completed by summer fellows
– Weekly update emails to community partners and mentors February 3, 2009
 RESOURCES

Monetary: $4000 for prototyping (entire class budget)

Manufacturing:

MOBILITY LAB

MIT Foundry

Parts: African wheelchairs and bicycle components

Lab Space: Project work and storage in 1-005 February 3, 2009

 FELLOWSHIPS

• ~7 available

• Bring WDDC technology back to partner workshops

• Work in any or all 14 partner shops

• ~10 weeks duration

• Apply through PSC Fellowship process or other funding sources

• Develop your project proposal through SP.719 February 3, 2009

 SP.719

Objective: Guide students through the process of forming a project and

writing a proposal
Date Speaker Topic
Feb 3 Introduction to travel abroad options as part of regular class (no night
Amos Winter
session)
Feb 11 Discussion about elements of a good proposal. What should be
Sally Susnowitz
included, how information should be presented, etc. This is meant to
(PSC Director)
be a broad overview of how one writes a good proposal.
Feb 18 Alison Hynd Discussion about the PSC fellowship process and what makes a good
(PSC Fellowship PSC project. Tish Scolnik will also talk about her projects. She and
Director) Alison will go over why her projects were successful.
Weeks of Students meet with the PSC staff to discuss project ideas, get
Feb 17, Project consultations feedback, and begin writing the proposal.
Feb 25
Feb 25 Melissa Martin- Discussion about UROPs and IROPs on international development,
Greene and elements of a good UROP project.
(UROP Program)
Mar 4 Kim Benard Discussion about prestigious fellowships (like Fulbright) to fund
(Distinguished international work. Details about the application process, deadlines,
Fellowships Office) etc. for such fellowships.
Week of Students meet with PSC staff (or applicable other funding source
March 9 Proposal review staff) to review their proposals and get feedback. The meetings need
to occur sometime this week.
Week of Students revise their proposals this week and submit them before
Proposal completion
March 16 spring break and the PSC deadline – March 20.

February 3, 2009
 WDDC SYLLABUS

Week # Tuesday Thursday Assignments Milestones

1
Introduction to wheelchairs in developing Readings about wheelchair usage and
(2/2) countries and review of potential projects Wheelchair/Trike relay race around campus distribution, Review projects
2007 summer fellow presentations on last year's
projects Designing wheelchairs for the developing world and Read 2.007 lecture notes on design process,
2 deterministic design process define functional requirements of project, Reading
Alison Hynd speaking from the PSC about from Nothing about us without us, watch videos of
(2/9) summer fellowships Choose project teams wheelchair workshops and PAWBA conference
3
Guest Speaker: Joost Bonsen Reading from HBS case study "Note on Marketing
(2/16) Monday schedule Developmental Entrepreneurship Strategy"
4 Reading from Independence through Mobility, 3/5-
Encouraged to visit 2.007 lecture, 3/8-Encouraged
(2/23) Abdullah and Daniel speaking to class Abdullah and Daniel speaking to class to visit 2.007 lecture Strategy presentations, time TBD

5 Guest speaker: Amy Smith and Amy Banzaert Wheelchair role-play

Appropriate technology, idea to product, Readings about different appropriate and
(3/2) successfully implementing technologies Results from Tanzanian Wheelchair Foundation Study inappropriate technologies
6 Power calculations from class activity, reading
Wheelchair Biomechanics/Ergonomics and from Positioning a Wheelchair, 3/1 - Encouraged
(3/9) design for human use Power output test up ramp in basement to visit 2.007 lecture
Manufacturing processes and strategies

7 Watch video from local workshops in Africa and

Vietnam. Watch economies of scale Product design and critique of existing wheelchair
(3/16) presentation from PAWBA conference. designs Reading from Mastering the Machine Concept presentations, time TBD
8

(3/23) Spring break Spring break

9
Material science/ mechanics of Material science/ mechanics of materials/welding with Reading from Mechanical principles of wheelchair
(3/30) materials/welding with Mike Tarkanian Mike Tarkanian design
Write short comment on the two movies, discuss
10 Watch "Murderball" in class Finish "Murderball" and watch parts of "Emanuel's Gift" portrayal of disability, mobility, public perception

(4/6) Amos at conference Amos at conference Project work

11 Guest speaker: Ralf Hotchkiss
Talking about his career and designing Guest speaker: Ralf Hotchkiss Most critical module (MCM) presentations,
(4/13) wheelchairs Talking about his career and designing wheelchairs Project work time TBD
12 Reading on wheelchair user image
Guest Speaker: Prof. David Gordon Wilson Guest Speaker: Rory McCarthy
(4/20) Human-powered machines Handcycle design and racing Project work
13

(4/27) Project work Project work Project work

14
Poster and presentation for MIT Museum on
(5/4) Project work Project work Project work Sat, 5/9
15
Final presentation of project with a working
(5/11) Project work Project work Project work prototype, time TBD

February 3, 2009
 MOTIVATION
World’s disabled

• The World Bank and other authorities estimate that there are as
many as 600 million persons with disabilities around the world,
making them one of the largest minority groups of unserved,
marginalised people. (UNESCO Bangkok)
• About 600 million people in the world experience disabilities of
various types. 80% of the world's disabled people live in low-
income countries; the majority of them are poor and do not have
access to basic services including rehabilitation facilities. (World
Health Organization)
• Between 20 and 50 million people globally are estimated to be
injured or disabled in road traffic accidents each year. (World
Health Organization, 2004)
• Close to ten million severely or moderately disabled people are
added each year to the total global figure – or about 25,000 every
day. (Helander, 1999)
• 70% of disabled people in developing countries are estimated
to live in rural areas (Groce, 1999)
(Statistics provided by Motivation UK)

February 3, 2009
 MOTIVATION
Need for wheelchairs

• The WHO and Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO),

estimate that only 1-3% of people with disabilities in the
South who require rehab services have access to them.
(Helander, 1999)
• Most people who sustain a spinal cord injury in the South
die within two years, compared to a normal life expectancy
in the North. (Werner, 1998)
• Conservative estimates put the number of people with
disabilities in developing countries at close to half a billion.
Of these, an estimated 20 million require wheelchairs to
be mobile. (United States Agency for International
Development, 2003)
• An estimated 95% of people who need a wheelchair don’t
have one. (Werner, 1998)
• Below 1% of the need for wheelchairs in Africa is being
met through local production. (United Nations
Development Project, 2002)
(Statistics provided by Motivation UK)
February 3, 2009
 MOTIVATION
Consequences due to lack of mobility

• Disability is both a cause and a consequence of poverty.

Eliminating world poverty is unlikely to be achieved unless the rights
and needs of people with disabilities is taken into account. (UK
Department of International Development)
• In Tanzania, households with disabled members are 20% more
likely to be living in poverty. (UK Department of International
Development, 2005)
• “98% of children with disabilities in developing countries do not
attend school.” Earlier studies by UNESCAP and UNICEF show
that this deplorable condition also applies to the Asia-Pacific region,
where only around 2% of children with disabilities – one in every fifty
children – have access to education of any sort. (UNESCO
Bangkok)
• Worldwide, only 2% of disabled children get any schooling.
(Action on Disability and Development, 2006)
• Men, women and children who are discriminated against often
end up excluded from society, the economy and political
participation. They are more likely to be poor. (UK Department of
International Development, 2005)
• Women and girls with disabilities face double discrimination
based on disability and gender. As a group, they fare far worse
than nondisabled women or disabled men on most indicators of
financial, educational and vocational success.” (Mobility International
USA, 2002)
(Statistics provided by Motivation UK) February 3, 2009
 ROLE OF MIT IN DEVELOPING WHEELHCAIR TECHNOLOGY
What MIT can offer

• Enthusiastic, creative students who

are excellent engineers and work for
FREE

• Resources, facilities, manpower to

pursue high risk/high payoff projects
that workshops or NGOs may not
otherwise be able to develop

• A fresh perspective on wheelchair

problems; new students ever year

• Opportunities for cross-cultural,

collaborative exchange of ideas

• World-wide recognition of MIT draws

attention to wheelchair issues

February 3, 2009
 BETTER TECHNOLOGY THROUGH COLLABORATION

Goal: By partnering with expert organizations, MIT can aid in making

great improvements to mobility technology in developing countries

Innovation Local knowledge Experience

MIT Example: Mobility Care Example: Whirlwind

• Next generation of great • Best understanding of • 30+ years designing
technical minds community wheelchairs
• Excellent facilities/resources • Working directly with • Experts in wheelchair
wheelchair users requirements for
• Strength of MIT reputation
developing countries
• Knowledge of local factors:
• Specialize in sound
parts/materials, labor skill, • World-wide workshop
engineering and innovation
cultural stigmas, terrain network
• Students work for free
February 3, 2009
 PERSONAL MOTIVATION TO IMPROVE WC TECHNOLOGY
Summer 2005: Assessment of WC technology in Tanzania

Parties interviewed
Supervision organizations
•Tanzanian Training Center for
Orthopedic Technologists, Moshi, TZ Wheelchair
users
•Whirlwind Wheelchair International,
San Francisco, USA

Interview locations

Wheelchair
workshops

Wheelchair
advocacy
groups

February 3, 2009
 TZ WHEELCHAIR ASSESSMENT
Opportunities for purchasing and competing with imports

45
Contributed to current WC/trike

Currently made WC’s

40 Could contribute now to new WC/trike
How much current WC/trike cost

WC Foundation
35 •$100 to 150 price
# of interviewees

30 gap between what

25 chairs cost and what
20 people can afford
15
•Most people rely on
10 donations to acquire a
5 wheelchair
0
$0US $0 to $50 to $100 to $150 to $200 to $250 to ≥$300US N/A
49US 99US 149US 199US 249US 299US

Largest donor in TZ •Since 2000, WC Foundation has

donated nearly 7,000 WCs in
Tanzania
•Each WC foundation chair costs
$150US, $50 to $100 less than
Tanzanian WCs but same price as
TZ tricycles
February 3, 2009
 TZ WHEELCHAIR ASSESSMENT
Opportunities for improved distribution/procurement
40

35

•65% crawled on the ground 30

# of interviewees
before current mobility aid 25

20
•Mean age when acquired
15
first mobility aid is 21
10
•In TZ, 2,000 people have a 5
wheelchair, 30,000 to 50,000
0
need one. Crawling Cane Crutches Push Cart Other N/A
Means of transportation before current WC/trike

25

20
# of interviewees

15

10

0
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50+ N/A
Age when received first WC/trike
February 3, 2009
 TZ WHEELCHAIR ASSESSMENT
Opportunities to better serve user needs

35

30
•36% interviewees
traveling more than 5km 25

# of interviewees
per day 20

•Largest fraction of 15

interviewees (37%) using 10

a tricycle
5
• Tricycles much more
0
common (75% of sales at 0 to 4km 5 to 9km 10 to 14km 15 to 19km ≥20km N/A
APDK, Kenya) Distance traveled to work/school

Tanzanian-made trike

Tanzanian public bus

February 3, 2009
 TZ WHEELCHAIR ASSESSMENT
Opportunity to design mobility aids to better serve users
Common mobility aids available in East Africa

USA/Europe designed, African made African designed, African made

First USA wheelchair patent

A.P. Blunt, et. all., 1869
USA designed, foreign made February 3, 2009
 LEVERAGED FREEDOM CHAIR
A wheelchair designed specifically for developing countries

February 3, 2009
 WHEELCHAIR DESIGN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Established in 2007

Motivation: Engage many bright students

in advancing wheelchair technology

Activities of students in the class:

• Use science and technology to improve the lives
of others
• Learn the technical, social, and economic
factors preventing appropriate wheelchair
technology from being implemented
• Study engineering, business, and biomechanics
theory in context of wheelchairs
• Work in teams, collaborating with developing
country partners and wheelchair specialists, to
design and prototype wheelchair technology
• Interact with faculty, professional, and
community partners during guest lecturers
• Participate in summer fellowships in developing
countries to implement class projects February 3, 2009
 PARTNER WORKSHOPS
How class projects were defined

10 countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central America

14 partner workshops
February 3, 2009
 SP.784 WHEELCHAIR DESIGN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Class project cycle

te Collaborate
a
in
e m
i ss
D
Wheelchair experts
1. Define projects with workshops
(Aug-Sept)

Students
travel to
workshops

2. Develop ideas and prototype

3. Test and implement (June-July)
(Feb-May) February 3, 2009
 2007 CLASS PROJECTS

2-speed tricycle Marketing strategies for workshops

How it works
• Pedal forwards:
you drive
normally
• Pedal backwards:
normal chain
ratchets at wheel
and figure-8
chain drives
forward
February 3, 2009
 2008 CLASS PROJECTS

Tricycle Attachment The Learning Desk

February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
1. World-wide network to connect donors local workshops
Foreign
donor
Objectives:

Delivery confirmation to donor

• Connect funds from international
donors to local workshops
• Compete with large-scale
donation organizations Log on to
network
Project details: Choose
• Assess donation capability, user country
need, and develop business model Example: APDK
• Minimal NGO required – Maximize Donate to client
fund transfer
• Inputs/outputs managed by donors Client
Provided: $50
and workshops through internet
Required: $150
• Workshops held accountable for Bio: Wheelchair
confirming delivery of wheelchair David is a polio
survivor from network website
Busia, Kenya. He
requires a
tricycle…
February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
2. Low-cost tricycle attachment
Objective: Design a new tricycle attachment that costs ~$50

Project details
• Low cost (~$50)
• Stowable on wheelchair
• Optimize usage of
bicycle parts
• Connects to both 3 and
4 wheelers made in
partner workshops
• Gear ratio appropriate
for local conditions
(may use 2-speed trike
from last year’s class)

February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
3. Small businesses run from wheelchairs
Objective: Identify ways disabled people can buy their own mobility aid and
use it to generate an income.

Project details
• Identify small business opportunities
• Develop business models for each
wheelchair-based business
• Locate resources to allow people to
buy own chairs
Ex) Mobility Care mobile
phone credit seller chair – Micro loans
– Pay-over-time plan from
manufacturers
• Optimize usage of available
materials and processes
• Work with mechanical engineers to
prototype add-ons to wheelchairs to
facilitate business

Ex) APDK retractable

mobile phone tray February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
4. Power-assisted tricycle
Objective: Design a human-powered/power-assisted tricycle

Project details
• Low cost (~$300-$500)
• Human-powered or
power-assisted or combo
(like a moped)
• Need to control engine
and pedals at the same
time
• Uses locally-available
components and parts
• Can transport the user at
~10mph for 10 miles
• Uses a locally-appropriate
fuel
February 3, 2009
 2008 PROPOSED PROJECTS
5. Adjustable gear ratio for Kien Tuong tricycles
Objective: Enable the Kien Tuong tricycle to change gear ratios on the fly

Project details
• Current tricycle only has one
gear, but great
steering/geartrain combo
• Kien Tuong would like a
system to shift gears on the
fly
• Can change gear ratio by
Change moving pivot position
pivot
point • Cannot add significant cost
• Made from local components

Cool
steering
linkage
February 3, 2009
 2008 PROPOSED PROJECTS
6. Flat-pack tricycle frame
Objective: Facilitate container shipments of tricycles

Project details
• Design a frame that can fold
down flat for shipping
• Also make foldable for
Most trikes do transport on busses
not fold • Make frame light weight –
not more than current trikes
• Optimize material usage for
high strength, low weight
• Make adaptable for different
trike designs (Kien Tuoung,
APDK)

APDK screw-together trike February 3, 2009

 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
7. Marketing and funding guide

Objective: Increase awareness of locally-made mobility aid products

and help workshops write grants, gain funding

Project details
• Study other successfully
Logo design marketed appropriate
made in 2007 technology (ex. Treadle pump)
• Identify potential forms of
media in Africa vs. USA
• Advertise to foreign donors
• Create materials for brochures,
posters, TV, and radio
• Create websites that can be
maintained by workshops
(consider internet speed)
• Assemble a grant-writing guide
to be used by local workshops
http://make.a.website.on.googlepages.com February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
8. Electrically powered wheelchair/scooter
Objective: Design an appropriate electric wheelchair/scooter

Project details
• Use locally available
motors and batteries
• Develop control system
and user interface
• Small enough to use
indoors, through
doorways
• Possibly use solar
power
Wheelchair made
by Thaiwheel • Low-cost (~$300-500)
February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
9. Sports wheelchairs and tricycles
Objective: Design new mobility aids purely for recreation

Project details
• Wheelchairs for tennis or
basketball
• Wheelchairs should conform
to international competition
standards
Disacare sports
wheelchairs • Tricycles made for sport or
commuting or possibly off-
road
• All products made low-cost
Freedom
out of local materials
Technology • Ideally produce jigs and
Racer production manuals for
products
OneOff Titanium
handcycle
February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
20. Your idea

Have an Idea?
• Write it down and we will
include it when projects are
chosen

February 3, 2009
 HOMEWORK
Due at beginning of next class

• Pick your top 5 projects

– Projects will be ranked by popularity
– Project teams formed next Tuesday 2/9

• Readings (posted on course website)

– International Society of Prosthetics and
Orthotics (ISPO): “Wheelchair” article
– Whirlwind Wheelchair International: “Proposal
to develop standards for wheelchair provision
services” article
– A. Winter: “Assessment of wheelchair
technology in Tanzania”

February 3, 2009
 NEXT CLASS
Wheelchair relay race

Turnaround in
Start E25
8-205

Finish
1-005

February 3, 2009
 PROPOSED CLASS PROJECTS FOR 2009
10. Folding 3-wheeler
Objective: Modify the popular African-made three-wheeler to collapse like a 4-
wheeled wheelchair

Project details
• Design a system to fold the
rear wheels in closer to the
frame
• Utilize bicycle parts and
other local materials
• Cannot add significant
weight or manufacturing
cost to the chair
• Can use in conjunction with
front wheel coupling
developed in last year’s
class.
Fold here too • Has to fit in the trunk of a
car or in a bus

February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
11. Wheelchair modifications for women
Objective: Design wheelchair accessories specifically for women's needs

Project details
• Enable user to easily
get down to the floor
• Carry children
• Carry supplies/
groceries/water
• Removable to reduce
weight
• Low-cost (~$20)
• Made from local
components

February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
12. Small business assessment plan
Objective: Improve practices and efficiency of local workshops and identify
supplemental income generating activities

Project details
• Create a general assessment
system to optimize local wheelchair
builders for their region
• Investigate the local market –
clients, funders, materials, labor
skill, etc.
APDK Kenya makes 200
wheelchairs per month, whereas • Determine whether to build
most local shops make 10-20 wheelchairs locally, import from
larger African manufacturers, or
import from Asia
• Identify supplemental income
sources from related products, such
as charcoal compactor or pedal
grinders

Wheelchair workshops have the capacity to produce

products like pedal-powered grinders and charcoal presses February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
13. Curriculum to teach wheelchair prescription
Objective: Design a short course to train wheelchair prescribers

Project details
• Develop a curriculum to teach
people how to prescribe
wheelchairs for different
disabilities
• Offer different levels of training
(similar to PADI)
• Make prescriber also salesman
for products
• Train prescribers so they can be
posted far away from workshop,
as to utilize central
manufacturing
• Write for people with english as
a second language
• Class to be taught by
wheelchair technicians

February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
14. Creating testing methods and instruments
Objective: Design protocols and instruments to test the appropriateness of
wheelchairs in developing countries

Project details
• All tests have to low-cost
and made from local
materials
• Modify double-drum test for
rough-road testing
• Test max user weight for
chairs
• Use tests to determine
Double drum tester appropriateness of donated
chairs
• ISO certify locally made
chairs
• Test bearings for life under
harsh conditions (wet, mud,
Imported wheelchair
sand, dust, etc)
February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
15. Organizational and logistical improvements
Objective: Optimize the logistics of workshop production and improve
product quality

Project details
Stock • Track manufacturing quality
material and customer satisfaction by
at APDK using serial numbers to trace
product defects back to the
workers
• Implement a computerized
stock room and purchasing
system
• Purchase in bulk to lower
unit cost of components
DAGE
• Outsource fabrication of
workshop some components to
specialty shops
• Apply lean manufacturing
techniques
February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
16. Optimized tricycle biomechanics

Objective: Improve functionality, comfort, and efficiency of tricycles.

Project details
• Upper body motion with highest
sustainable power output
• Gear ratio for different terrains
• Best configuration of hand
grips
Aligned or opposed hand cranks? • Best rake angle for stability vs.
comfort
• Appropriate, supportive seating
• Simplified production

WDDC 2-Speed design February 3, 2009

 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
17. Component and material optimization

Objective: Find best components and materials to reduce weight,

improve serviceability, extend life, and lower cost.

Project details
Available • How can bicycle
materials components be used more
effectively in wheelchairs?
• What components are
available
• How could they be used
differently
• Life and durability
• Cost savings of
Castor
replacement
barrel-bike
hub concept
February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
18. Welding jig and symmetric frame design

Objective: Decrease manufacturing time with better, more repeatable

welding jigs and simplified frame designs.

Project details
• Assess current process time
and manufacturing steps
• Identify bottlenecks in
production
• Find unnecessary frame
complexity
• Tolerance stack-up and
mitigation
• Simplified frame prototype
• Jig design prototype
Current Whirlwind jig with • Process plan for making
separate left and right sides frames
February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
19. Tricycle frame jig and production manual

Objective: Design jig to hold tricycle components during welding and

make a production manual to teach other workshops to make tricycles.

Project details
• Understand tricycle building
process
• Design to avoid tolerance
stack-up mitigation
• Accommodate bending errors
• Calculate process complexity
and time
• Produce a simplified frame
Tricycle frame production, prototype
APDK Nairobi • Produce a jig design prototype

February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
20. Workshop manual

Objective: Teach safe manufacturing practices

Project details
• Consider language,
literacy, and cost of
printing
• Demonstrate unsafe
practices in workshop
• Describe manufacturing
processes
Example: Manual to teach • Explain tolerance stack-up
mechanical engineering mitigation, bending errors
principles
• Introduce lean
manufacturing principles
February 3, 2009
 2009 PROPOSED PROJECTS
21. Break design

Objective: Improve reliability and safety of breaks

Reverse
break Project details
• Examine existing bike
breaking systems
Break • Calculate stopping
lever requirements
• Understand road surfaces
Drum • Consider manufacturing
break cost/complexity and tire
wear
• Prototype break for both
tricycles and wheelchairs
Flip
break
February 3, 2009