Physics

Department
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AHMES SECONDARY SCHOOL

FORM VI HOLIDAY PACKAGE

PHYSICS
1. The number of particles 𝑛 crossing a unit area perpendicular to x-axis in a unit time is
(! !! )
given as 𝑛 = −𝐷 (!! !! !) where 𝑛! and 𝑛! are the number of particles per unit volume
! !

for the values of 𝑥! and 𝑥! respectively. What are the dimensions of diffusion
constant 𝐷? [𝑳𝟐 𝑻!𝟏 ]
!
2. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is given by 𝑇 = 2𝜋 !
whereby 100

vibrations were taken to measure 200 seconds. If the least count for the time and
length of a pendulum of 1𝑚 is 0.1𝑠 and 1𝑚𝑚 respectively. Calculate the maximum
percentage error in the measurement of 𝑔. [𝟏𝟎. 𝟏%]
3. A box weighing 80𝑁 is supported by two wires with tension 𝑇! and 𝑇! as shown in
the figure below. Find the tension in each wire. [𝟒𝟎𝑵, 𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟖𝑵]

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4. A jet engine on a test bed takes in 40𝑘𝑔 of air per second at a velocity of 100𝑚/𝑠
and burns 0.8𝑘𝑔 of fuel per second. After compression and heating the exhaust gases
are ejected at 600𝑚/𝑠 relative to the aircraft. Calculate the thrust of the engine.
[𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟎𝑵]
5. A spaceship is launched into a circular orbit close to the earth’s surface. What
additional velocity has to be imparted to the spaceship in order to overcome the
gravitational pull? [𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝒎/𝒔]
6. A particle of mass 0.3𝑘𝑔 moves with an angular velocity of 10𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 in a horizontal
circle of radius 20𝑐𝑚 inside a smooth hemispherical bowl. Find the reaction of the
bowl on the particle and the radius of the bowl. [𝟔. 𝟕𝑵, 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝒄𝒎]
7. A wire of diameter 0.1𝑚𝑚 and resistivity 1.69×10!! Ω𝑚 with temperature
coefficient of resistance of 4.3×10!! 𝐾 !! was required to make a resistance. What
length of the wire is required to make a coil with a resistance of 0.5Ω? If on passing a
current of 2𝐴 the temperature of the coil rises by 10! 𝐶, what error would arise in
taking the potential drop as 1.0𝑉? [𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒎, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟑𝑽]
8. Show that the total energy of a satellite in a circular orbit equals half its potential
energy.
9. A fireman standing at a horizontal distance of 38𝑚 from the edge of a burning store
building aimed to raise streams of water at an angle of 60! into the first floor through
an open window which is at 20𝑚 high from the ground level. If the water strikes on
this floor 2𝑚 away from the outer edge, sketch the diagram of the trajectory. At what
speed will the water leave the nozzle of the fire hose? [𝟐𝟒. 𝟖𝟓𝒎/𝒔]
10. A heating coil of nichrome wire with cross sectional area of 0.1𝑚𝑚! operate on a
12𝑉 supply and has a power of 36𝑊 when immersed in water at 373𝐾. Calculate the
length of the wire. Temperature coefficient of resistance of nichrome is 8×10!! 𝐾 !! .
[0.37m]
11. A simple pendulum is suspended from the ceiling of a car taking a turn of radius 10𝑚
at a speed of 36𝑘𝑚ℎ!! . Find the angle made by the string of the pendulum with the
vertical if this angle does not change during the turn. 𝟒𝟓. 𝟔𝟎
12. A hemispherical bowl of radius R is rotating about its axis of symmetry, which is kept
vertical. A small block is kept in the bowl and rotates with it without slipping. If the

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surface of the bowl is smooth and the angle made by the radius through the block
!"#$%
with the vertical is 𝜃, show that the angular speed of the bowl is given by !

13. Prove that at a very small temperature difference, ∆𝑇 = 𝑇! − 𝑇! Newton’s law of

cooling obeys Stefan’s law whereby 𝑇! is the temperature of the body and 𝑇! is the
temperature of the surrounding.
14. One mole of a gas expands from volume 𝑉! to a volume 𝑉! . If the gas obeys the Van
!
der Waal’s equation: 𝑃 + ! ! 𝑣 − 𝑏 = 𝑅𝑇, derive the formula for workdone in this

process.
15. Show that the total energy of a body executing S.H.M is independent of time. Assume
the initial phase is zero and the displacement equation is given by: 𝑦 = Asin 𝜔𝑡.
16. If the earth were made of lead of relative density 11.3, what would be the value of
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth? Radius of the earth is 6400𝑘𝑚
and 𝐺 = 6.67×10!!! 𝑁𝑚! 𝑘𝑔!! . [𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝒎𝒔!𝟐 ]
17. The period 𝑇 of oscillation of a body is said to be 1.5 ± 0.002 𝑠 while its amplitude
𝐴 is 0.3 ± 0.005 𝑚 and the radius of gyration 𝐾 is 0.28 ± 0.005 𝑚 . If the
acceleration due to gravity 𝑔 was found to be related to 𝑇, 𝐴 and 𝐾 by the equation:
!" !! !! !
!!!
= !!
, find the numerical value and percentage error in 𝑔.

[ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟑𝟗𝟑 ± 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒔!𝟐 , 𝟓. 𝟑𝟖%]

18. Suppose the slope of the best-fit line is 1.0 and slopes of maximum and minimum
worst lines are 1.16 and 0.81 respectively. Estimate the value of slope of the graph.
[𝟏. 𝟎 ± 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖]
19. A block of mass, 𝑚 = 100𝑔 is placed on a rough inclined plane. The plane makes an
angle 𝜃 = 30! with the horizontal. Determine the value of friction force that is
required to keep the block at rest. [0.49N]
20. Due to change in main voltage the temperature of an electric bulb rises from 3000𝐾
to 4000𝐾. What is the percentage change in electric power consumed? [216%]
21. An insect is released from rest at the top of a smooth bowling ball such that it slides
over the ball. Prove that it will lose its footing with the ball at an angle of about 48!
with the vertical.

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22. A ball is projected with a velocity 𝑣 at an angle 𝜃 to the horizontal. It passes through
a vertical point 𝑦 and horizontal point 𝑥. If 𝑅 is the horizontal range, prove that
! !
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ! (!!!)

23. Show that for elastic collision the kinetic energy is conserved.
24. A particle moving in S.H.M along the straight line has a velocity of 4𝑚/𝑠 when its
displacement from the mean position is 3𝑚 and 3𝑚/𝑠 when the displacement is 4𝑚.
Find the time taken to travel 2.5𝑚 from the positive extremity of its oscillation.
[𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝒔]
25. A particle executes S.H.M with amplitude 𝐴. At what distance from the mean
position its K.E is equal to its P.E? [𝑨 𝟐]
26. A simple pendulum consists of small sphere of mass 𝑚 carrying positive charge 𝑞
and suspended by a thread of length 𝑙. The pendulum is placed in a uniform electric
field of strength 𝐸 directed vertically upwards. If the electrostatic force acting on the
sphere is less than the gravitational force, show that the period of oscillation is given
!
by: 𝑇 = 2𝜋 (!!!" !)

27. Imagine a tunnel is dug along a diameter of the earth. Show that a body dropped from
one end of the tunnel executes S.H.M. What is the time period of this motion?
Assuming the earth to be a sphere of uniform density 𝜌 = 5520𝑘𝑔𝑚!! and
𝐺 = 6.67×10!!! 𝑁𝑚! 𝑘𝑔!! . [𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟗. 𝟒𝟓𝒔]
!
28. In the first second of its flight a rocket ejects !" of its mass with a relative velocity of

2400𝑚𝑠 !! . Find its acceleration. What is the final velocity if the ratio of initial to
final mass of the rocket is 4 at a time of 60 seconds? 𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒔!𝟐 , 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟕𝒎𝒔!𝟏
29. A model airplane 𝑋 has a mass of 0.5𝑘𝑔 and has a control wire 𝑂𝑋 of length
10𝑚 attached to it when it flies in horizontal circle with wings horizontal. The wire
𝑂𝑋 is inclined 60! to the horizontal and fixed to a point 𝑂 and 𝑋 takes 2𝑠 once round
its circular path. Calculate the tension in the control wire and the upward force on X
due to the air. [𝟒𝟗. 𝟑𝟓𝑵, 𝟒𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝑵]

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30. Prove that minimum height at which the body has to be released on a smooth loop-
looping apparatus in order for it to successfully complete the circular loop is given by
!
!
𝑅, where 𝑅 is radius of the loop.

31. An artificial satellite of mass 𝑀 travels around the earth just above the surface (very
close to earth’s surface). Find the length of the simple pendulum that will have the
same period as that of the satellite. (Give your answer in terms of the diameter of the
earth). [𝒍 = 𝑫 𝟐]
32. Use work-energy theorem in rotational motion to show that torque for a rotating rigid
body is given by: 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
33. An aluminium foil of relative emittance 0.2 is placed between two concentric spheres
at temperatures 300𝐾 and 200𝐾 respectively. Calculate the temperature of the foil
after the steady state is reached. Also calculate the rate of energy transfer between
one of the spheres and the foil. Stefan’s constant, 𝜎 = 5.67×10!! 𝑊𝑚!! 𝐾 !! .
[𝟐𝟔𝟑. 𝟗𝑲, 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟓𝑾𝒎!𝟐 ]
34. What amount of heat is to be transfer to nitrogen in an isobaric heating so that the gas
may perform 2𝐽 of work? Atomicity, 𝛾 = 1.4 [𝟕𝑱]
35. Show that the slope of an adiabatic curve is always greater than that of an isothermal
curve.
36. Show that the drift velocity acquired by electrons in a conductor is given by:
!
𝑣! = !"# where all symbols carry their usual meaning.

37. Briefly explain three techniques applicable for improving plant environment for better
plant growth.
38. The reading of a pressure meter attached with closed water pipe is 4×10! 𝑁/𝑚! . On
opening the valve of the pipe, the reading of pressure meter is reduced to
3.2×10! 𝑁/𝑚! . Calculate the speed of water flowing in the pipe. [𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒔!𝟏 ]
39. A hydrometer has a cylindrical glass stem of diameter 0.50𝑐𝑚. It floats in water of
density 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚! and surface tension 7.2×10!! N/m. A drop of liquid detergent
added to the water reduces the surface tension to 5.0×10!! 𝑁/𝑚. What will be the
change in length of the exposed portion of the glass stem? Assume that the relevant
angle of contact is always zero. [𝟏. 𝟖𝒎𝒎]

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40. A heavy rigid bar is supported horizontally from a fixed support by two vertical wires
A and B, of the same initial length and which experience the same extension. If the
ratio of diameter of A to that of B is 2 and the ratio of Young’s modulus of A to that
of B is 2. Calculate the ratio of the tension in A to that in B. If the distance between
the wires is 𝑑, calculate the distance of wire A from the center of gravity of the bar.
[𝟖, 𝒅 𝟗]
41. Parallel metal plates 3mm apart carry equal and opposite charge densities of
±2𝜇𝐶/𝑚! . A proton is released from rest at the positive plate. What is the speed of
proton just as it strikes the negative plate? Mass of proton, 𝑚! = 1.67×10!!" 𝑘𝑔 and
𝑒 = 1.6×10!!" 𝐶.
42. The equation 𝑦 = asin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 represnts a plane wave travelling in a medium
along 𝑥 direction, y being the displacement at the point 𝑥 at time 𝑡. Deduce whether
the wave is travelling in the positive or in the negative x direction. If 𝑎 = 1.0×
10!! 𝑚, 𝜔 = 6.6×10! 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 !! and 𝑘 = 20𝑚!! , calculate the speed of the wave, the
maximum speed of the particle of the medium due to the wave and the phase
difference between two positions of the same particle in an interval of 0.25𝑠.
[𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒔!𝟏 , 𝟔. 𝟔×𝟏𝟎!𝟒 𝒎𝒔!𝟏 , 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟎𝒓𝒂𝒅]
43. Four charges of +4, −3, +2 and +3 coulomb are placed at the corners of a square of
each side 1𝑚. Find the electric field at the centre of the square. Permittivity of free
space, 𝜀! = 8.85×10!!" 𝐹𝑚!! . [𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑪!𝟏 ]
44. A police car’s siren emits a sinusoidal wave with frequency 300𝐻𝑧. The speed of
sound is 340𝑚/𝑠 and the air is still. Find the wavelength of the waves in front of and
behind the siren if the car is moving at 30𝑚/𝑠. [𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝒎, 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝒎]
45. The face of lens has radius of curvature of 50𝑐𝑚. It is placed in contact with flat plate
and Newton’s rings are observed normally with reflected light of wavelength
5𝑥10!! 𝑐𝑚. Calculate the radii of the fifth and tenth bright rings.
[𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝒄𝒎, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝒄𝒎]
46. A radioactive source in the form of a metallic sphere of radius 1.0𝑐𝑚 emits 𝛽
particles at the rate of 5×10!" particles per second. If the source is electrically
insulated, ho long will it take for its electric potential to be raised by 2𝑉? Assuming

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that 40% of the emitted 𝛽 particles escape the source. Given 𝜀! = 8.85×10!!" 𝐹𝑚!! ,
𝑒 = 1.6×10!!" 𝐶 [𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝒎𝒔]
47. A small speaker emitting a note of frequency 250𝐻𝑧 is placed over the open upper
end of a vertical tube that is full of water. When the water is gradually run out of the
tube the air column resonates. If the initial and final positions of water surface below
the top are 0.31𝑚 and 0.998𝑚 respectively, calculate the speed of sound in air and
the end correction of the tube. [𝟑𝟑𝟒𝒎𝒔!𝟏 , 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝒎]
48. A lagged copper rod is uniformly heated by a passage of an electric current. Show by
considering a small section 𝑑𝑥 that the temperature 𝜃 varies with distance 𝑥 along a
!!!
rod in a way that, 𝐻 = −𝑘 !! !
where 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity and 𝐻 is the rate

of heat generation per unit volume.

49. A cup of tea kept in a room with a temperature of 22! 𝐶 cools from 66! 𝐶 to 63! 𝐶 in
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒. How long will the same cup of tea take to cool from the temperature of
43! 𝐶 to 40! 𝐶 under the same condition? [𝟐. 𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏]
50. A capacitor 𝐶! is charged to a potential difference 𝑉! . The charging battery is
removed and the capacitor is then connected to uncharged capacitor 𝐶! . What is the
final potential difference 𝑉 across the combination? Find the stored energy before and
after the switch is thrown and the energy loss.
𝑪𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑪 𝑽𝟐
[𝑽 = 𝑪𝟏 !𝑪𝟐
, 𝑬𝒊 = 𝟐
, 𝑬𝒇 = 𝟐 𝑪 𝟏!𝑪𝟏 ]
𝟏 𝟐

51. The spherical shell of Van de Graff generator is to be charged to a potential of 10! 𝑉.
Calculate the minimum radius of the shell if the dielectric strength of air is
3×10! 𝑉𝑚!! . [𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝒎]
52. In a Van de Graff generator, the shell electrode is at 25×10! 𝑉. The dielectric
strength of the gas surrounding the electrode is 5×10! 𝑉𝑚!! . Calculate the minimum
radius of the spherical shell. [𝟓𝒄𝒎]
53. Sketch a graph to show how a charge 𝑄 varies with time 𝑡 during discharging process
of a capacitor. What is the significance of the gradient at any point along the graph?
[𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕]

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54. A cell of e.m.f 𝐸 and internal resistance 𝑟 is used to drive current 𝐼 through a load
resistance 𝑅. Show that for maximum electric power to be transferred to the load, a
load resistance 𝑅 must be equal to the internal resistance 𝑟 of the cell.
55. An open pipe of length 15𝑐𝑚 and a pipe of length 11.5𝑐𝑚 closed at one end are both
surrounding their first overtones. If their notes are of the same frequency, what will
be the end correction of the two pipes? State assumption made in arriving at your
answer. [𝟎. 𝟓𝒄𝒎, 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑷𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔]
56. A particle rests on a horizontal platform that is moving vertically in simple harmonic
motion with amplitude of 50𝑚𝑚. If above a certain frequency the particle ceases to
remain in contact with the platform throughout the motion. Determine the lowest
frequency at which this situation will occur. At what position will the particle cease to
remain in contact with the platform? [𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝑯𝒛, 𝑨𝒕 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏]
57. A capacitor of capacitance 300𝜇𝐹 is connected in parallel with another capacitor of
unknown capacitance 𝐶. The combination discharges through a resistor of 360Ω with
a time constant of 180 seconds. Calculate the value of unknown capacitance 𝐶. What
will be the time constant if the capacitors above are connected in series?
[𝟐𝟎𝟎𝝁𝑭, 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝒔]
58. Show that the unit of 𝐶𝑅 (time constant) is seconds and prove that for a discharging
capacitor it is the time taken for the charge to fall by 37%.
59. A capacitor of 12𝜇𝐹 is connected in series with a resistor of 0.7𝑀Ω across a 250𝑉 dc
supply. Calculate the initial charging current and potential difference across the
capacitor after4.2 seconds. [𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒎𝑨, 𝟗𝟖. 𝟒𝑽]
60. Prove that if two spherical shells of a spherical capacitor have their radii
approximately equal, the device approximates a parallel plate capacitor.
61. Ice is forming on the surface of a pond. When it is 4.6𝑐𝑚 thick the temperature of the
ice in contact with the air is 260𝐾 while the surface in contact with the water is at
temperature 273𝐾. Find the rate at which the thickness of the ice is forming. Given
𝜌!"# = 920𝑘𝑔𝑚!! , 𝑘!"# = 1.6𝑊𝑚!! 𝐾 !! and 𝐿!"# = 334,000𝐽𝑘𝑔!!
[𝟏. 𝟒𝟕×𝟏𝟎!𝟔 𝒎𝒔!𝟏 ]
62. Two spherical soap bubbles of radii 30𝑚𝑚 and 10𝑚𝑚 coalesce so that they have a
common surface. If they are made from the same solution and the radii of the bubbles

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remain the same after they join together, derive the formula for radius of curvature of
𝒓 𝒓
their common interface and find its value. [𝒓 = 𝒓 𝟏!𝒓𝟐 , 𝟏𝟓𝒎𝒎]
𝟏 𝟐

63. An electron beam passes through parallel plate capacitor with a velocity of 10! 𝑚𝑠 !! .
The length of each plate is 10𝑐𝑚 while the distance between the plates is 5𝑐𝑚.
Calculate the deflection angle of the beam if the electric intensity between the plates
is 20𝑉𝑐𝑚!! . Given 𝑒 = 1.6×10!!" 𝐶 and 𝑚! = 1.67×10!!" 𝑘𝑔 [𝜽 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟎 ]
!"
64. A stationary wave is given by 𝑦 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 !
𝑐𝑜𝑠40𝜋𝑡, where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are in 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑡 is
in seconds. What are the equations of the component waves whose superposition
𝟓 𝝅 𝟓 𝝅
gives rise to the above wave? [𝒚𝟏 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑
𝒙 − 𝟒𝟎𝝅𝒕 , 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑
𝒙 + 𝟒𝟎𝝅𝒕 ]

65. The e.m.f (in microvolts) in a lead-iron thermopile, one junction of which is at 0! 𝐶 is
given by 𝑉 = 1784𝑡 − 2.4𝑡 ! , where 𝑡 is the temperature of the hot junction.
Calculate the neutral temperature. [𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝑪]
66. A uniform spring has a certain mass suspended from it and its period for vertical
oscillation is 𝑇! . The spring is now cut into two equal halves and the same mass is
suspended from one of the halves. The period of vertical oscillation is now 𝑇! .
Calculate 𝑇! 𝑇! ? [ 𝟏 𝟐]
67. Two similar balls of mass 𝑚 are hung from silk threads of length 𝑎 and carry similar
charge 𝑞. Assume 𝜃 is small enough that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. To this approximation, show
!
!!!
that: 𝑥 = (!!! !"
)! where 𝑥 is the distance of separation.
!

!!"#(!! !!! )
68. Show that the radial heat flow across the coaxial cylinder is given by 𝐻 = !
!" !
!!

where 𝐾 is the thermal conductivity, 𝐿 is the length of the cylinder, 𝑟! and 𝑟! are the
radii of inner and outer parts of the cylinder respectively.
69. There are two angles of projection for which the horizontal range is the same. Show
that the sum of the maximum heights for these two angles is independent of the angle
of projection.
70. A large open tank has two holes in the wall. One is a square of side 𝑙 at a depth 𝑦
from the top and the other is a circular hole of radius 𝑟 at a depth 4𝑦 from the top.

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When the tank is completely filled with water the quantities of water flowing out per
second from both holes are the same. Find the value of the radius. [𝒍 𝟐𝝅]
71. If the energy required to blow a soap bubble of radius 𝑟 is 𝐸, show that the extra
energy needed to double the radius of the bubble is given by Δ𝐸 = 24𝜋𝛾𝑟 ! where 𝛾
is the surface tension.
72. A horizontal tube A of length 50𝑐𝑚 and radius of 0.1𝑚𝑚 is joined to another
horizontal tube B of length of 40𝑐𝑚 and radius 0.2𝑚𝑚. If a liquid passing through
the tubes enters A at a pressure of 85𝑐𝑚 of mercury and leaves B at a pressure of
76𝑐𝑚 of mercury. What the pressure in 𝑁𝑚!! at the junction of tubes?
[𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟗×𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑵𝒎!𝟐 ]
73. Ultrasound of frequency 4.0𝑀𝐻𝑧 is incident at an angle of 30! 𝐶 to a blood vessel of
diameter 1.6𝑚𝑚. If a dopper shift of 3.2𝑘𝐻𝑧 is observed. Calculate the blood flow
velocity. Assume that the speed of ultra sound is 1.5𝑘𝑚/𝑠. [𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝒎𝒔!𝟏 ]
74. An X-ray unit operating at 100𝑘𝑉 produces a current of 20𝑚𝐴. Use this information
to calculate:
(i) The number of electrons striking the target per second[𝟏. 𝟐𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔/𝒔]
(ii) The speed of electrons incident on the target. [𝟏. 𝟖𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔]
(iii) The lowest wavelength of the continuous X-ray spectra. [𝟏. 𝟐𝟒×𝟏𝟎!𝟏𝟏 𝒎]
75. The half-life of 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑢𝑚 − 90 is 28.8𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠. Find
(i) Its decay constant in seconds. [𝟕. 𝟔𝟑×𝟏𝟎!𝟏𝟎 𝒔!𝟏 ]
(ii) The initial activity of 4𝑔 of strontium. [𝟐. 𝟎𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝑩𝒒]
(iii)How much activity will be remaining after 4 half lives. [𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝑩𝒒]
76. A non-viscous fluid of constant density 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚! flows in a streamline motion
along a tube of variable cross-section. The tube is kept inclined in the vertical plane
as shown in figure below. The area of cross-section of the tube at two points P and Q
at heights 2𝑚 and 5𝑚 are respectively 4×10!! 𝑚! and 8×10!! 𝑚! . The velocity of
the fluid at point P is 1𝑚/𝑠. Find the work done per unit volume by gravity and
pressure forces as the liquid flows from point P to Q. [𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓𝑱𝒎!𝟑 ]

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77. A vertical capillary tube 10𝑐𝑚 long tapers uniformly from an internal diameter of
1𝑚𝑚 at the lower end to 0.5𝑚𝑚 at the upper end. The lower end is just touching
the surface of a pool of liquid of surface tension 6×10!! 𝑁/𝑚, density 1200𝑘𝑔𝑚!!
and zero angle of contact with the tube. Calculate the capillary rise, justifying
your method. [𝟐. 𝟑𝒄𝒎]
78. A long straight conductor P carrying a current of 2𝐴 is placed parallel to a
short conductor 𝑄 of length 0.05𝑚 carrying a current of 3𝐴. The two conductors
are 0.1𝑚 apart. Calculate the flux density due to P at Q and the approximate force
on Q. [𝟒×𝟏𝟎!𝟔 𝑻, 𝟔×𝟏𝟎!𝟕 𝑵]
79. An electron moving along the +𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at a speed 𝑣 = 5.5×10! 𝑚/𝑠 enters
a uniform magnetic field that makes an angle of 72° with the +𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. If
the magnitude of magnetic field is 0.32𝑇, calculate:
(i) The pitch [𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝒎𝒎]
(ii) The radius of trajectory [𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟑𝒎𝒎]
(iii) The time required for one trip around the helix [𝟏. 𝟏𝟐×𝟏𝟎!𝟏𝟎 𝒔]
80. Find the current through a loop need to create a maximum torque of 11.8𝑁𝑚.
The loop has 100 square turns each of length 22𝑐𝑚 and placed in a uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.96𝑇. [𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝑨]
81. A toroid of 1200 turns with an air core has a radius of 15𝑐𝑚 and cross section area
of 12𝑐𝑚! . What is the self inductance of the coil? [𝟐. 𝟑×𝟏𝟎!𝟑 𝑯]
82. (i) What are the sources of heat energy within the interior of the earth?

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(ii) What are the factors that influence the flow of heat from the interior of the
earth?
83. A transmitting antenna at the top of the tower has a height of 32𝑚 and that
of receiving antenna is 50𝑚.What is the maximum distance between them for
the satisfactory communication in line of sight? [𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝒎]
84. Consider a common base transistor, prove that:
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛
85. When light of frequency 5.4×10!" 𝐻𝑧 is shone on metal surface the maximum
energy of the electons emitted is 1.2×10!!" 𝐽. If the same surface is illuminated
with light of frequency 6.6×10!" 𝐻𝑧, the maximum enegy of the electrons emitted
is 2.0×10!!" 𝐽. Calculate the value of Plank’s constant and work function in 𝑒𝑉.
[𝟔. 𝟔𝟕×𝟏𝟎!𝟑𝟒 𝑱𝒔, 𝟏. 𝟓𝒆𝑽]
86. Consider the alpha decay equation: !!"
!!𝑅𝑎 →
!!!
!"𝑅𝑛 + !!𝐻𝑒 + 𝑄
Given the masses are 226.0254𝑢 for !!" !!!
!!𝑅𝑎 , 222.0175𝑢 for !"𝑅𝑛 and 4.0026𝑢

for !!𝐻𝑒.
(i) Calculate the 𝑄 value for this process. [𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝑴𝒆𝑽]
(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the alpha particles from this decay process.
[𝟒. 𝟖𝟓𝑴𝒆𝑽]
(iii) Why are the answers in (i) and (ii) different?
87. Write down the Boolean Expression for 𝑌 from the figure below.

88. Two garages have a common gate that needs to open automatically when a car

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is detected to enter either of the garages. Draw a truth table and its equivalent
logic gate circuit.
89. Show that de-Broglie wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated through
a potential difference 𝑉 from rest is approximately given by:
12.27
𝜆= Å
𝑉
90. The circuit diagram below contains a capacitor, resistors and three cells of
negligible internal resistance. Compute the current passing through the 3Ω
resistor and the charge on the capacitor. [𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝑨, 𝟒𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝝁𝑪]

91. Explain conduction of electricity of electricity in gases

92. Study the figure below then answer the questions that follow.

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!
(i) Show that the gain is given by: 𝐴 = 1 + ! !
!

(ii) Suppose that 𝑅! = 9𝑘Ω and 𝑅! = 1𝑘Ω. Calculate the output voltage if the
input voltage is 0.5𝑉. [𝟓𝑽]

‘Happy holidays’

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