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    CE312 Lecture2728 Fall 20-21

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    PRATEEK SHARMA
    This document summarizes key concepts about water and wastewater treatment processes, including mixing, flocculation, and clarification. It discusses the importance of rapid mixing to disperse chemicals and flocculation to bring particles into contact to form flocs. It provides details on types of mixing devices and basins, design considerations like detention time and velocity gradients, and power requirements for mixing and flocculation tanks. Upflow solids-contact basins are also introduced as devices that can perform mixing, flocculation, and clarification in a single tank.

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    CE312 Lecture2728 Fall 20-21

    Uploaded by

    PRATEEK SHARMA
    36 views13 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts about water and wastewater treatment processes, including mixing, flocculation, and clarification. It discusses the importance of rapid mixing to disperse chemicals and flocculation to bring particles into contact to form flocs. It provides details on types of mixing devices and basins, design considerations like detention time and velocity gradients, and power requirements for mixing and flocculation tanks. Upflow solids-contact basins are also introduced as devices that can perform mixing, flocculation, and clarification in a single tank.

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    CE312_Lecture2728_Fall_20-21

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    This document summarizes key concepts about water and wastewater treatment processes, including mixing, flocculation, and clarification. It discusses the importance of rapid mixing to disperse chemicals and flocculation to bring particles into contact to form flocs. It provides details on types of mixing devices and basins, design considerations like detention time and velocity gradients, and power requirements for mixing and flocculation tanks. Upflow solids-contact basins are also introduced as devices that can perform mixing, flocculation, and clarification in a single tank.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views13 pages

    CE312 Lecture2728 Fall 20-21

    Uploaded by

    PRATEEK SHARMA
    This document summarizes key concepts about water and wastewater treatment processes, including mixing, flocculation, and clarification. It discusses the importance of rapid mixing to disperse chemicals and flocculation to bring particles into contact to form flocs. It provides details on types of mixing devices and basins, design considerations like detention time and velocity gradients, and power requirements for mixing and flocculation tanks. Upflow solids-contact basins are also introduced as devices that can perform mixing, flocculation, and clarification in a single tank.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    CE312-Fall-20/21 2/7/2021

    Dr. Alanood Alkhaled

    Ch.4: Water & Wastewater Treatment

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 1

    Mixing (rapid mixing) and flocculation


     Mixing or rapid mixing is the process whereby chemicals are
    quickly and uniformly dispersed in the water (ideally the
    dispersion should be instantaneous).

     During coagulation and softening, the chemical added during


    mixing (or rapid mixing) forms precipitates ( Al(OH)3 or
    Fe(OH)3 during coagulation, and CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 during
    softening).

     After mixing the precipitates that formed should be brought


    into contact with one another to form larger particles called
    flocs. The process of contacting is called flocculation.

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 2

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    CE312-Fall-20/21 2/7/2021
    Dr. Alanood Alkhaled

    Physical process – Mixing (rapid mixing)


     The degree of mixing is measured by the velocity gradient G.
     G = the amount of shear taking place  higher G means more
    violent mixing.
     G is a function of power input into a unit volume of water:

    P
    G 
    V
    Where G= velocity gradient (s-1)
    P = power input (W)
    V=volume of water in mixing tank (m3)
    μ = dynamic viscosity (Pa.s)

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 3

    Physical process – Mixing (rapid mixing)


     Suitable G value for a particular application is selected
    based on literature, experience, lab work or pilot studies.

     The total number of particle collisions is proportional to


    Gθ, where θ is the detention time in the basin as defined in
    ch.2:
    V
    
    Q
    where,
    θ = theoretical detention time (s)
    V= volume fluid in reactor or basin (m3)
    Q = flow rate into reactor (m3/s)
    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 4

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    Dr. Alanood Alkhaled

    Rapid mixing
     Rapid mixing is the most important physical operation affecting
    coagulant dose efficiency.
     Types of rapid mixing devices:
     Tank utilizing a vertical shaft mixer
     A pipe using an in-line blender
     A pipe using a static mixer
     Other types: Parshall flumes, hydraulic jumps, baffled channels, or
    mixing by air.

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 5

    Rapid mix tanks


     The volume of the rapid mix tank seldom exceeds 8 m3 due to
    mixing equipment and geometry constraints.
     Mixing equipment: electric motor, gear-type speed reducer, and
    impeller.
     Types of impellers:
     radial-flow impeller : provides more turbulence and is preferred for
    rapid mixing.
     axial-flow impeller
     Chemicals should be added below the impeller because it is the
    point of most mixing.
     Tanks should be horizontally and vertically baffled:
     Horizontally baffled into at least two and preferably three
    compartment to provide sufficient residence time.
     Vertically baffled to minimize vortexing.

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 6

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    CE312-Fall-20/21 2/7/2021
    Dr. Alanood Alkhaled

    Rapid mix tanks

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 7

    Rapid mix tanks


     The table provides unitless tank and impeller geometric
    ratios for both rapid mixing and flocculation.
     Values in the table can be used to select proper basin
    depth, surface area, and impeller diameter.

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 8

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    CE312-Fall-20/21 2/7/2021
    Dr. Alanood Alkhaled

    Physical operation - Flocculation


     The objective of flocculation is to bring particles into
    contact so that they will collide, stick together grow to a
    size that will readily settle.
     Flocculation is the most important factor affecting
    particle-removal efficiency, while rapid mix is the most
    important factor affecting coagulant efficiency.
     In flocculation G values must be controlled within a
    narrow range because:
     Enough mixing should be provided to bring floc into contact
    and keep them from settling in the flocculation basin.
     Prevent too much mixing to avoid shearing the floc particles
    (produce small floc that is finely dispersed)

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 9

    Gθ values for flocculation


     Plant operator should be able to vary G values by a factor of two
    or three, because heavier floc (higher suspended solids
    concentration) requires higher G.
     G and Gθ values for flocculation are given in the table below. As
    can be noticed G values for softening is higher than coagulation
    due to the heavier softening floc.
     Detention time θ is temperature dependant. For 20°C water,
    modern plants provide 20 min flocculation time. For 15 °C, θ is
    decreased by 7% (more decrease at lower temperature).

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 10

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    CE312-Fall-20/21 2/7/2021
    Dr. Alanood Alkhaled

    Flocculator types
     Flocculation is normally accomplished using:
     Axial-flow impeller
     A paddle flocculator, or
     A baffled chamber
     Axial-flow impellers are recommended over other types because
    they provide nearly constant G throughout the tank.
     The flocculator basin should be divided into at least 3
    compartments. The velocity gradient is tapered such that the G
    values decrease from the first to the last compartment with
    average G equal to the design value selected from table.

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 11

    11

    Power requirements for rapid mix & flocculation


    tanks
     Impeller rapid mix and flocculation: the power imparted to the
    liquid in a baffled tank by an impeller for a fully turbulent flow:

    P  N P ( n )3  D i  
    5

    where, P= power (W)


    NP = impeller constant (also called power number)
    n = rotational speed (revolutions/s)
    Di = impeller diameter (m)
    ρ = density of liquid (kg/m3)
     NP for a specific impeller is obtained form manufacturer. For radial-
    flow impeller NP = 5.7 and for axial-flow impeller Np = 0.31.
     It is recommended that the tangential velocity (tip speed) in
    flocculation be limited to 2.7 m/s.

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 12

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    CE312-Fall-20/21 2/7/2021
    Dr. Alanood Alkhaled

    Upflow solids-contact basin


     Mixing, flocculation, and clarification may be conducted
    in a single tank called the upflow solids-contact basin.
     The main advantages for this unit is its reduced size
     This unit is best suited for constant quality influent (e.g.
    well water softening)

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 13

    13

    Ch.4: Water & Wastewater Treatment

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 14

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    CE312-Fall-20/21 2/7/2021
    Dr. Alanood Alkhaled

    Example
     A city is planning the installation of a new water treatment plant
    to supply a growing population. There will be only one rapid mix
    basin and then the flow will be evenly split between two
    flocculation basins, each with three basins equal in volume.
    Given:
     Required water depth in all basins = 4m
     Q = 11.5 x 103 m3/d
     Rapid mix θ = 2 min
     Rapid mix G = 600 s-1
     Total flocculation θ = 30 min
     Flocculators G = 70, 50, 30 s-1
     Water Temp = 5C
     Place impeller at 1/3 the water depth

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 15

    15

     Determine the following:


     Correct basin volumes
     Basin dimensions
     Tank equivalent diameter
     Required input power
     Impeller diameter (choose from table provided):

    Impeller type Impeller Power Number


    diameter (m) (Np)
    Radial 0.8, 1.1, and 1.4 5.7
    Axial 0.8, 1.4, and 2.0 0.31

     Impeller rotational speed.

    2/7/2021 CE312 / Dr. A.Alkhaled Slide 16

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