The 2nd International Student Conference

ORIGINAL ARTICLE/ CASE STUDY/ REVIEW ARTICLE October, 2022

MENTAL HEALTH SCREENING TOOLS AMONG MALE JUVENILE

OFFENDERS IN INCARCERATED JUVENILE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Prasetyo Aji Nugroho1, *Somporn Rungreangkulkij1

1Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Background: Juveniles will have high levels of mental health problems during incarceration. The prevalence
of mental health problems in male adolescents increases conduct disorder risk. Additionally, male juvenile
offenders, possibility, will have a psychotic illness, major depression, ADHD, and PTSD. A previous study
reported that male juveniles incarcerated experience psychological distress: sleep disturbance, depression,
hostility, inferiority, and anxiety. The increasing frequency of mental health problems in incarcerated juveniles
begins with mental health screening. Screening aims to recognize high-risk juvenile offenders who need
medical care and those requiring further assessment.
Purpose: This study aims to describe the mental health screening tool among male juvenile offenders in
incarcerated juveniles.
Methods: The method of this study is a literature review.
Results: There are many mental health screenings for incarcerated across the world. Each country has a
standard to measure mental health problems using mental health screening. Considerations for mental health
screening are ease of access, time and cost-effectiveness, and cross-cultural validity.
Conclusion: This review will illustrate the significance of mental health awareness among male juvenile
offenders. Therefore, the psychiatric and mental health nurse is essential in caring for incarcerated male
juvenile offenders.

Keywords:
Mental health screening tools; Mental health problems; Male juvenile offenders; Incarcerated juvenile
 the Netherlands, the screening tools used
Introduction
are the Baris Raads Onderzoek (Basic
More serious mental problems have Protection Board Examination, or BARO).
routinely been documented in correctional The mental health screening form in
settings compared to the general Britain is called the Mental Health
population1,2. Poor mental health is not Screening Questionnaire Interview for
only among young adults in prison3 but Adolescents (SQIFA)6.
also among juvenile offenders during
In Indonesia, the screening steps are the
incarceration4. The study from Beaudry5
officer recording the data and the contents
reported that male juvenile offenders,
in the screening form mental health, the
most of the population in juveniles
officer submitting mental health screening
incarcerated, have severe mental
data to medical staff, and Medical Officers
problems of conduct problems,
receiving mental health screening data. In
additionally, major depression, psychotic
Indonesia, screening for juvenile offenders
issues, and ADHD.
uses the Strengths Difficulties
Addressing high prevalence rates of Questionnaire, a self-report survey, which
mental health problems in incarcerated includes a 25-item covering mental health
juveniles begins with mental health problems such as emotional symptoms,
screening. Mental health screening is behavior problems, hyperactivity, and peer
conducted when male juvenile offenders problems10.
interact with the juvenile justice system
In this literature review, we aimed to
within 24 hours, which aims to recognize
identify and describe the mental health
juvenile offenders who need medical care
screening among juvenile offenders in
in high-risk crises and those requiring
incarcerated juveniles. The mental health
further consideration. The study by
screening tools included unidimensional
Vincent7 and Evans8 elucidates the
and multidimensional mental health
purpose of screening. First, identify
screening to identify the mental health
juvenile offenders who need an immediate
status during incarceration.
response at the time of the first contact
with the juvenile system, such as those
who need treatment or suicide control
Methods
placement. Second, screening is likely a
triage process to classify those more likely This literature review begins with topic
to have a condition requiring additional selection, strategy for searching, and
treatment. selection of paper. The author conducted
a literature review from 2011 to 2021 by
The previous study's systematic review
examining six digital databases: Science
reported correctional institutions' most
Direct, Medline, PubMed, ProQuest, and
promising mental health screening tools9.
Google Scholar, as well as manual journal
However, this study focused on young
searches. The author followed the
adult offenders. Currently, there is no
PRISMA reporting and the analytical
updated review on mental health
guidelines11. The terms of the search
screening in juvenile offenders.
strategy included: mental health AND
Based on a literature search from various screening assessment OR tools AND
studies, the author found that in 41 adolescent offenders OR young offenders
American states, Australia, New Zealand, OR juvenile OR youth detained AND
England, Canada, and Korea. The mental illness OR psychological distress
Massachusetts Youth Screening OR mental disorder OR mental distress
Instrument-Second Version (MAYSI-2) OR mental health problems AND prison
included a 52-item self-report survey. In OR incarcerated OR detention.
This review's selection criteria include 1) screening and management for juvenile
papers reporting research on mental incarcerated: multidimensional and
health screening, 2) a full-text peer- unidimensional. Multidimensional refers to
reviewed paper, thesis, and guideline numerous dimensions or aspects,
book published in English, and 3) All whereas unidimensional refers to a single
young male participants or the majority of extent or part. The multidimensional
young males aged 24 and below. indicator scale measurement helps detect
Exclusion criteria examined only young the components that impact it. On the
females or the majority of young females. other hand, Unidimensional can only
measure specific indications and has no
depth or breadth12.
Identifying studies using databases and
registrations There are eight multidimensional tools
available. The following multidimensional
tools are used: Massachusetts Youth
Studies
Identificati

identified from Duplicate Screening Instrument—2nd Edition

(MAYSI-2), The DISC Predictive Scales
on

Databases records removed

(n = 1142) (n = 932)
(DPS), Global Appraisal of Individual
Needs - Short Screener (GAIN-SS); Child
and Adolescent Needs and Strengths
(CANS), The Westerman Aboriginal
Records Symptoms Checklist-Youth (WASC-Y),
Studies
screened excluded due to Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire
(n = 210) non-relevant (SDQ), Baris Raads Onderzoek/ Basic
studies
(n = 136) Protection Board Examination (BARO),
Screening Questionnaire Interview for
Adolescents
Screening

Retrieval of (SQIFA)6,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23.
Unretrieved
reports sought papers
(n = 74) Four unidimensional tools are available.
(n = 92)
Then there's the Car, Relax, Alone,
Forget, Friends, and Trouble 2.1 (CRAFFT
2.1), the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire
(SIQ), the Suicidal Behaviors
Eligibility
Studies
Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), and the
(n =18) Adolescent Subtle Screening Instrument
(Adolescent SASSI)7,13,19,21,24.
Description of mental health screening
Included

Studies tools
included
(n = 18) The MAYSI-2 is a 52-item, dichotomous
(yes/no) mental health screener used to
recognize juveniles who may require
"Figure 1: Review Process PRISMA additional examination. The MAYSI-2
FLOWCHART" comprises seven subscales: alcohol/drug
use, angry/irritable, depressed/anxious,
somatic symptoms, suicidal thoughts,
Results thinking disturbance, and traumatic
Overview of mental health screening events. Each person needs between 10
tools and 15 minutes to administer it. It has
strong internal consistency (Cronbach's
There are two types of mental health
alpha per subscale, range: 0.61- The SDQ, a behavioral screening
0.86)13,14,15,16,17,25,26. questionnaire, has 25 items for children
ages 3 to 16, classified into five
Counselors can use the DPS to appraise
categories.: emotional symptoms (5
psychological morbidity and recognize
items), conduct difficulties (5 items),
juvenile adolescents requiring mental
hyperactivity/inattention (5 items), peer
health care. Only the most predictive
interaction problems (5 items), and
aspects of mental health issues are
prosocial behavior (5 items). It takes
included when coupled with the more
between 10 and 20 minutes to administer.
comprehensive DISC (including
The reliability is 0.73, the sensitivity is
substance abuse). The 56 items in the
0.67, and the specificity is 0.6810,22,30.
inventory are from the previous year. The
administration takes about 15-20 minutes. The BARO evaluates psychopathology
The subscale sensitivity range is 0.40- and creates a template for each young
1,00, and the specificity range is 0.400- person's final Report. The interview
0,9818,27. includes nine topics: eight regarding the
juvenile's growth and functioning and one
The GAIN-SS is widely used as a
about living conditions: family, school, and
systematic method for detecting
community. Delinquent conduct, physical
adolescent behavioral and mental health
and psychological development,
treatment requirements. This instrument
internalizing difficulties, externalizing
category is crime and violence, substance
problems, functioning at home, school,
disorders internalizing disorders, and
leisure time, and environment/
externalizing disorders, covered by a quick
circumstances are the domains. Each
5-10-minute tool created. The reliabilities
section has roughly 20 questions. It takes
of this measurement ranged from 0.61 to
40-125 minutes to complete. The validity
0.7019,20,21.
is 0.69, and the reliability is 0.70. The
For juvenile services, the CANS, a specificity is 0.69, and the sensitivity is
multipurpose tool, was created to support 0.816,31.
quality improvement activities, monitor
The SQIFA is 16 questions about
service outcomes, and assist in decision-
emotional development and mental
making processes such as level of care
health. It includes eight common or
and service planning. The six domains are
significant adolescent mental health
behavioral/ emotional needs, caregiver
problems: alcohol and drug use,
needs and resources, cultural factors, life
depression, anxiety/ worries, trauma and
functioning, risk behaviors, and strengths.
psychotic symptoms, self-harm, and
The administration time is 45 minutes.
ADHD/ hyperactivity. The reliability
Case records are reliable (0.84), whereas
coefficients for overall needs assessment
live cases are more reliable (above
interview scores varied from 0.73 to 0.85.
0.90)21,28.
It takes 15-20 minutes to administer6,32.
With the help of the WASC-Y, it is possible
The CRAFFT is a drug and alcohol
to identify indigenous youths at risk for
screening test that identifies substance
depression, suicidal ideation, drug and
use, drug-related riding/driving risk, and
alcohol abuse, impulsivity, and anxiety. It
substance use disorder for juveniles aged
also includes easily identifiable cultural
12 to 21. Each of the six questions that
measures of resilience. It has 52 questions
assess the amount of service can be
and is intended for young people aged 12
answered yes (1 point) or no (0 points) (0
to 17. It takes around 15-20 minutes to
points). Everyone who has used alcohol or
administer. The dependability factor is
any other substance in the previous 12
0.7023,29.
months earns a score between 0 and 6. It
takes around 1-2 minutes to administer. 0.61-
The sensitivity, specificity, and internal 0.86), and
it has
consistency of the CRAFFT instrument been
ranged from 0.61 to 1.00, 0.33 to 0.97, and normed.
0.65 to 0.86, respectively13,33. 2. Children
can be
The SIQ is a 30-question self-report given
screening tool for suicidal thoughts in affordable
adolescents individually or in a group tools
setting. The SIQ is intended for within 48
hours
adolescents in grades 10-12. The
after being
administration takes 10-20 minutes. The admitted
coefficients of dependability are 0.977,19,34. to a
correction
Researchers intended to detect suicide al
risk among youths aged 13 to 18 using the institution.
SBR-Q, a psychological self-report 3. The ability
questionnaire. The youngsters have five to detect
minutes to complete the four-question test. juveniles
who
Reliability is 0.87, sensitivity is 0.83, and exhibit
specificity is 0.9619. signs of
distress
SASSI for teenagers, a self-report that are
screening instrument, examines alcohol indicative
and drug dependence symptoms and of
other indicators. In addition to 25 illnesses,
questions, the Adolescent SASSI employs as well as
those who
a third-grade reading level to assess both express
evident and subtle indicators of thoughts
alcoholism. It takes 15 minutes to and
administer. The dependability is 0.8821,24. actions
2. The self- 1. the DPS is 1. Take
Table 1. Multidimensional Tools DISC admini potentially time
No Mental Type Strength Weaknes Predict stered a set of longer
Health s ive (paper very cost- to
Screen Scales and effective adminis
ing (DPS)1 compu diagnostic ter.
8,27
ter) tools. 2. Its
1. Massa Electro 1. The tools 1. Take
audio 2. The DPS cross-
chuset nically used a time
admini can cultural
ts (web- nationwid longer
stered, reliably validity
Youth based) e sample to
compu identify has not
Screen or on of adminis
terized patients been
ing paper imprisone ter.
intervi who can examin
Instru d children. 2. A
ew be spared ed
ment The clinical
additional
—2nd internal diagnos
diagnostic
Edition consisten is
inquiries in
(MAYS cy of this cannot
any area.
I-2) scale is be
13,14,15,1 Such an
relatively made
6,17,25,26 approach
high using
has the
(Cronbach the
potential
's alpha MAYSI-
to speed
per 2
up formal
subscale,
diagnostic
range:
 interviews, the needs juvenile
an If you of children 3. Take
have a full in urban time
DPS, you and rural longer
can utilize settings to
it to screen adminis
properly ter.
for cases 5. Wester Paper- 1. The 1. Take
of man based reliability time
particular Aborigi is 0.70. longer
DSM-III nal 2. Identify to
3. Per Sympt aboriginal adminis
subscales, oms juveniles ter.
the range Checkl at the first 2. Necess
of ist– stages of ary
Sensitivity Youth risk and Purcha
0,40-1,00 (WAS deal with ses
and C- risk mental 3. It has
specificity Y)23,29 health been
0,40-0,98 problems. used in
3. Global the 1. Quickly 1. There aborigin
Apprai paper and is no al.
sal of versio accurately suicide 6. Streng Paper- 1. It can be 1. The
Individ n, screen scale; th and based used for standar
ual electro 2. Cost- nevert Difficul and large d of
Needs nic effectiven heless, ties web- groups or screeni
– Short admini ess the Questi based small ng use
Screen stratio 3. Reliabilitie Interna onnair via ones. paper-
er n via s (ranging lizing e https:// 2. Cost- based.
(GAIN- gaincc. from .61 to cluster (SDQ) www.s effectiven
SS)19,2 org, .70) has 10,22,30
dqscor ess.
0,21
and 4. Other one e.org/ 3. Easy to
intervi youths are item use
ewing from about 7. Baris Intervi 1. It can 1. As a
various suicida Raads ew identify result,
backgroun l Onder psychopat this
ds (clinical though zoek/ hology. instrum
and non- ts. Basic 2. It is helpful ent
clinical 2. Need Protect to educate does
settings). more ion the judicial not
time to Board authorities conform
intervi Exami . to all
ew nation best
4. Child Online 1. Case 1. It is not (BARO practice
and (Web- records a self- )6,31 guidelin
Adoles based) have more report es since
cent and excellent questio it takes
Needs Paper- reliability nnaire. training
and based (0.84), 2. The and is
Streng while live staff time-
ths cases needs consum
(CANS might the ing to
)21,28 have training adminis
reliability to ter and
of above obtain score.
0.90. certifica 2. Its
2. It has also tion to cross-
been used intervie cultural
to wing validity
distinguish the has not
 been practice
examin s.
ed.
8. Screen Paper- 1. This tool is 1. The
ing based a quick SQIFA
Questi and and is not
onnair intervi comprehe require
e ew nsive self- d to be
Intervi report given
ew for questionn when a
Adoles aire that youngst
cents contribute er joins
(SQIF s to risk a youth
A) 6,32 assessme custodi
nt and al
monitoring facility,
. but only
2. The when
SQIFA they Table 2 Unidimensional Tools
has come
No Mental Type Strength Weakne
relatively into
Health ss
high touch
Screen
sensitivity with the
ing
and youth
1. Car, Electro 1. No time Its
specificity justice
Relax, nically longer to cross-
rating. system,
Alone, (web- administer. cultur
3. It is meant which
Forget, based) 2. It may be al
to be used falls
Friend or on more suited validit
repeatedly short of
s, and paper to y has
over time suggest
Troubl adolescents not
and does ed best
e 2.1 with easily been
not need practice
(CRAF memorized exami
clinical s. The
FT 2.1) mnemonics, ned
expertise. SQIFA 18,27
self-
is not
administerin
require
g
d to be
capabilities,
given
and the
when a
ability to
youngst
computerize
er joins
quickly.
a youth
3. The
custodi
sensitivity,
al
specificity,
facility,
and internal
but only
consistency
when
of the
they
CRAFFT
come
instrument
into
ranged from
touch
0.61 to 1.00,
with the
0.33 to 0.97,
youth
and 0.65 to
justice
0.86.
system,
2. Suicid Paper 1. Reliability 1. Neces
which
al and coefficients sary
falls
Ideatio pencil, are 0.97 Purch
short of
n Online 2. A diverse ases
suggest
Questi admini variety of to use
ed best
onnair stratio adolescents the
 e n, and in clinical instru Discussion
(SIQ)7, scorin and non- ment
19,34
g via clinical 2. Some Mental health screening is a crucial
PARiC settings, as resear component of conducting the institution-
onnect well as from ch has based program effectively that observes
many ethnic been
mental health status among male juvenile
origins done
on its offenders6. Our review identified that most
usage mental health screening tools, either
in multidimensional or unidimensional
certai questionnaires, have good reliability and
n
validity10,13,14,15,16,17,22,25,26,30. However,
situati
ons, partially, its cross-cultural validity has not
althou been examined6,18,27,31,13,33, 21,23,24,29.
gh it is Therefore, these mental health screenings
still need reliability and validity in several
restric
countries.
ted.
3. Suicid Paper- 1. Due to its 1. Use in The mental health screening tools which
al based public juvenil have easy to use and highly accessible
Behavi domain e
ors status, justice are SDQ, CRAFFT 2.1, Adolescent
Questi simplicity, setting SASSI, and SBR-Q10,22,30. Some
onnair ease of s has screening tools need to purchase for
e- administrati been training and accessing the application.
Revise on, and the limited However, MAYSI-2, DPS, GAIN-SS, SDQ,
d absence of
(SBQ- material and SBR-Q have low cost-
R)19 costs. effectiveness10,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,25,26,2
7,30. Therefore, these tools do not need
2. Youth are
from various much financing and can reduce
background institutional financing expenditure.
s, both
clinical and The duration for filling out the
non-clinical. questionnaire, which has a quick filling, is
3. Reliability
0.87,
CRAFFT 2.1, around 1-2 minutes18,27.
Sensitivity Next, The MAYSI-2, WASC-Y, SDQ, SIQ
0,83 and SBR-Q, and Adolescent SASSI need 5-20
specificity minutes to administer the
0,96 questionnaire7,10,13,14,15,16,17,19,21,22,23,24,25,26
4. Adoles Online 1. Easy to use 1. Neces ,29,30,34. These mental health screenings
cent (Web- 2. Very sary
Substa based) accessible Purch are taken by self-report. The staff does not
nce and 3. Quick to ases need to wait for the male juvenile offender
Abuse Paper- take and 2. Take for a long time to finish the questionnaire.
Subtle based score time On the other hand, mental health
Screen 4. It can be longer
screening tools that have to take longer to
ing used for to
Instru large groups admini execute more than 20 minutes are DPS,
ment or small ster. GAIN-SS, CANS, BARO, and
(Adole 3. It has SQIFA6,18,19,20,21,27,28,31,32. These
scent low screening tools are not only filling the
SASSI reliabil
questionnaire but also interviewing.
)21,24 ity on
the Conclusions and Suggestions
indirec
t Mental Health screening is an essential
score. component of an incarceration mental
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