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Physics Project

This document summarizes a physics project to create an automatic night lamp using a transistor. The night lamp will turn on automatically at night when it gets dark based on a light dependent resistor (LDR), and will turn off during the day. Key components include a transistor, LDR, LED light, resistors, and battery. The circuit works by using the LDR to control the transistor, which then controls power to the LED light based on the light or dark conditions sensed by the LDR. The goal is to solve issues with street lighting in some areas and save electricity by only powering the light when it is dark.

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Amrita Rajesh
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60 views4 pages

Physics Project

This document summarizes a physics project to create an automatic night lamp using a transistor. The night lamp will turn on automatically at night when it gets dark based on a light dependent resistor (LDR), and will turn off during the day. Key components include a transistor, LDR, LED light, resistors, and battery. The circuit works by using the LDR to control the transistor, which then controls power to the LED light based on the light or dark conditions sensed by the LDR. The goal is to solve issues with street lighting in some areas and save electricity by only powering the light when it is dark.

Uploaded by

Amrita Rajesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS PROJECT

AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP USING A


TRANSISTOR

AMRITA RAJESH
XI TAKSHASHILA
Abstract:
In some cities and villages, sometimes street lights glow in day time
without any reason. In mining regions people face many difficulties due
to absence of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face
many problems due to damaged street lights. For solving these
problems, we create a device in which the lights glow in night and in
day time, they get switched off automatically and do not glow. Due to
use of it, we can solve above problems and can also save electricity.

Objective:
To construct an automatic night lamp using a transistor and LDR

Theory:
1. Transistor: A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify
or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of
semiconductor material with three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.
Emitter (E): It is the left-hand side thick layer of the transistor
which is heavily doped;
Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is lightly
doped;
Collector (C): It is the right-hand side thick layer of the transistor
which is moderately doped;
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of
thin layer of n-type semi-conductor in between two relatively thick
layers of p-type semi-conductor. A n-p-n junction transistor is
obtained by growing a thin layer p-type semi-conductor in
between two relatively thick layers of n-type semi-conductor. In
the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is used. n-p-
n junction transistor
2. Carbon resistor: A carbon resistor has generally four rings or
bands A, B, C and D of different colours corresponding to the
value of resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of 1M
ohms and 330 ohms.
3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to
complete the circuit.
4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.
When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons. In this project, we
use led of white colour
5. Battery: This is a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and
a polarized snap connector at the top. In project, we use 9-Volt
battery.
6. Wires: A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod
of metal. These are used to connect components.
7. Breadboard: A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping
of electronics. Because the solderless breadboard does not require
soldering, it is reusable.

Materials Required:
1. A n-p-n transistor;
2. Breadboard;
3. Resistors:330Ω, 1MΩ
4. Connecting Wires;
5. LED;
6. LDR;
7. 9V Battery

Principle:
This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). LDR is a
resistance, in which opposing power of current depends on the presence
of quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or
decreases, according to quantity of light which falls on it. If LDR places
in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and when light falls on it,
the resistance of LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the
presence of light and darkness changes its resistance is depending on the
different types of LDR.
Procedure:
• Take a breadboard and connect its two halves
• Connect a 9V battery on the breadboard.
• Connect an NPN transistor on the breadboard with its three legs
(Emitter, Base, Collector) inserted in three different columns of the
breadboard.
• The emitter of the transistor is grounded. Connect one leg of a 1
MΩ resistor to the base of the transistor, and its other leg to any
different column of the breadboard. Connect the corresponding
column to Vcc. Automatic Night Lamp
• Connect an LDR between the base and emitter of the transistor.
• Connect one leg of a 330 Ω resistor to the collector of the transistor,
and its other leg to any different column of the breadboard.
• Take an LED. Connect its negative terminal to the right leg of 330
Ω resistor, and its positive terminal to Vcc. Observation Table
When the circuit is exposed to light, the led remains off. When the
circuit is taken into dark, the led glows.

Precautions:
• Excess current should not be passed through LED.
• Make all the connections neat, clean, and tight.
• Never exceed the ratings for the current given in the transistor
manual.

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