Work and Heat Transfer

By: S K Mondal Chapter 3

3. Work and Heat Transfer

Some Important Notes
-ive +ive +ive -ive
W W Q Q

Our aim is to give heat to the system and gain work output from it.
So heat input → +ive (positive)
Work output → +ive (positive)

f vf

Wi− f = ∫ pdV = ∫ pdv

i vi

d Q = du + dW
f f

∫ dQ = uf − ui + ∫ dW
i i
vf

Qi− f = uf − ui + ∫ pdV
vi

Questions with Solution P. K. Nag

Q3.1 (a)A pump forces 1 m3/min of water horizontally from an open well to a closed
tank where the pressure is 0.9 MPa. Compute the work the pump must do
upon the water in an hour just to force the water into the tank against the
pressure. Sketch the system upon which the work is done before and after
the process.
(Ans. 5400 kJ/h)
(b)If the work done as above upon the water had been used solely to raise the
same amount of water vertically against gravity without change of
pressure, how many meters would the water have been elevated?
(Ans. 91.74 m)
(c)If the work done in (a) upon the water had been used solely to accelerate
the water from zero velocity without change of pressure or elevation, what
velocity would the water have reached? If the work had been used to
accelerate the water from an initial velocity of 10 m/s, what would the final
velocity have been?
(Ans. 42.4 m/s; 43.6 m/s)
Solution: (a) Flow rate 1m3/hr.
Pressure of inlet water = 1 atm = 0.101325 MPa
Pressure of outlet water = 0.9 MPa

Page 15 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
∴ Power = Δpv
1 m3
= ( 0.9 − 0.101325 ) × 103 kPa ×
60 s
= 13.31 kJ
s

(b) So that pressure will be 0.9 MPa

∴ hρg = 0.9 MPa
0.9 × 106
or h= m = 91.743 m
1000 × 9.81
1
(c)
2
m (
 V22 − V12 = Δpv )  = v ρ
where m

1
or
2
(
ρ V22 − V12 = Δp )
Δp
or V22 − V12 = 2
ρ
Δ p
or V22 = V12 + 2
ρ
2 × ( 0.9 − 0.101325 ) × 106
= 102 +
1000
V2 = 41.2 m / s.

Q3.2 The piston of an oil engine, of area 0.0045 m2, moves downwards 75 mm,
drawing in 0.00028 m3 of fresh air from the atmosphere. The pressure in the
cylinder is uniform during the process at 80 kPa, while the atmospheric
pressure is 101.325 kPa, the difference being due to the flow resistance in the
induction pipe and the inlet valve. Estimate the displacement work done by
the air finally in the cylinder.
(Ans. 27 J)
Solution : Volume of piston stroke
Final volume = 3.375×10 m3
-4
= 0.0045 × 0.075m3
= 0.0003375m3
∴ ΔV = 0.0003375 m3
as pressure is constant
= 80 kPa
So work done = pΔV
= 80 × 0.0003375 kJ
= 0.027 kJ = 27 J Initial volume = 0

Q3.3 An engine cylinder has a piston of area 0.12 m3 and contains gas at a
pressure of 1.5 MPa. The gas expands according to a process which is
represented by a straight line on a pressure-volume diagram. The final
pressure is 0.15 MPa. Calculate the work done by the gas on the piston if
the stroke is 0.30 m.
(Ans. 29.7 kJ)
Solution: Initial pressure ( p1 ) = 1.5 MPa
Final volume (V1) = 0.12m2 × 0.3m

Page 16 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
= 0.036 m3
Final pressure ( p2 ) = 0.15 MPa
As initial pressure too high so the volume is neglected.

Work done = Area of pV diagram

1
= ( p1 + p2 ) × V
2
1
= (1.5 + 0.15 ) × 0.036 × 103 kJ
2
= 29.7 kJ
p
1.5 MPa

0.15 MPa

neg. V

0.36 m3

Q3.4 A mass of 1.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi-static process from 0.1

MPa to 0.7 MPa for which pv = constant. The initial density of air is 1.16
kg/m3. Find the work done by the piston to compress the air.
(Ans. 251.62 kJ)
Solution: For quasi-static process
Work done = ∫ pdV [ given pV = C
v2
dV
= p1 V1 ∫ ∴ p1 V1 = pV = p 2 V2 = C
v1
V
⎛V ⎞ p1 V1
= p1 V1 l n ⎜ 2 ⎟ ∴ p=
⎝ V1 ⎠ V
⎛p ⎞ p1 V2
= p1 V1 ln ⎜ 1 ⎟ ∴ =
⎝ p2 ⎠ p2 V1
0.1
= 0.1 × 1.2931 × ln MJ given p1 = 0.1 MPa
0.7
m1 1.5
= 251.63 kJ V1 = = m3
ρ1 1.16
p2 = 0.7 MPa
Q3.5 A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 80 kPa, 0.1 m3
to 0.4 MPa, 0.03 m3. Assuming that the pressure and volume are related
by pvn = constant, find the work done by the gas system.
(Ans. –11.83 kJ)
Solution: Given initial pressure ( p1 ) = 80kPa
Initial volume ( V1 ) = 0.1 m3

Page 17 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
Final pressure ( p2 ) = 0.4 MPa = 400 kPa
Final volume ( V2 ) = 0.03 m3
As p-V relation pV n = C
∴ p1 V1n = p2 V2n
taking log e both side
ln p1 + n ln V1 = ln p2 + n ln V2
or n [ ln V1 − ln V2 ] = ln p2 − ln p1
⎛V ⎞ ⎛p ⎞
or n ln ⎜ 1 ⎟ = ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ V2 ⎠ ⎝ p1 ⎠
p ⎛ 400 ⎞
ln ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ 80 ⎠ = 1.60944 ≈ 1.3367 ≈ 1.34
or n= =
V ⎛ 0.1 ⎞ 1.20397
ln ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ V2 ⎠ ⎝ 0.03 ⎠
p1 V1 − p2 V2
∴ Work done ( W ) =
n −1
80 × 0.1 − 400 × 0.03
= = − 11.764 kJ
1.34 − 1

Q3.6 A single-cylinder, double-acting, reciprocating water pump has an

indicator diagram which is a rectangle 0.075 m long and 0.05 m high. The
indicator spring constant is 147 MPa per m. The pump runs at 50 rpm.
The pump cylinder diameter is 0.15 m and the piston stroke is 0.20 m.
Find the rate in kW at which the piston does work on the water.
(Ans. 43.3 kW)
Solution: Area of indicated diagram ( ad ) = 0.075 × 0.05 m = 3.75 × 10 m
2 −3 2

Spring constant (k) = 147 MPa/m

Page 18 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
Q3.7 A single-cylinder, single-acting, 4 stroke engine of 0.15 m bore develops
an indicated power of 4 kW when running at 216 rpm. Calculate the area
of the indicator diagram that would be obtained with an indicator
having a spring constant of 25 × 106 N/m3. The length of the indicator
diagram is 0.1 times the length of the stroke of the engine.
(Ans. 505 mm2)
Solution: Given Diameter of piston (D) = 0.15 m
I.P = 4 kW = 4 × 1000 W
Speed (N) = 216 rpm
Spring constant (k) = 25 × 106 N/m
Length of indicator diagram ( l d ) = 0.1 × Stoke (L)
Let Area of indicator diagram = ( ad )
ad
∴ Mean effective pressure ( pm ) = ×k
ld
pm LAN
and I.P. =
120
[as 4 stroke engine]
a ×k L×A×N
∴ or I.P. = d ×
ld 120
I.P × l d × 120
or ad =
k×L×A×N
⎡ πD2 ⎤
=
I.P × 0.1 L × 120 × 4 ⎢area A = ⎥
⎢ 4 ⎥
k × L × π × D2 × N
⎢⎣and l d = 0.1L ⎥⎦
4 × 0.1 × 120 × 4 × 1000
= m2
25 × 106 × π × 0.152 × 216
= 5.03 × 10−4 m2
= 503 mm2

Q3.8 A six-cylinder, 4-stroke gasoline engine is run at a speed of 2520 RPM.

The area of the indicator card of one cylinder is 2.45 × 103 mm2 and its
length is 58.5 mm. The spring constant is 20 × 106 N/m3. The bore of the
cylinders is 140 mm and the piston stroke is 150 mm. Determine the
indicated power, assuming that each cylinder contributes an equal
power.
(Ans. 243.57 kW)
ad
Solution: pm = ×k
ld
2.45 × 103 mm2 N mm × N ⎛ 1 ⎞
= × 20 × 103 Pa ∴ × 3 ⇒ =⎜ ⎟N / m
2

58.5 mm m m × m2 ⎝ 1000 ⎠
= 837.607 kPa
L = 0.150 m

Page 19 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
πD2 π × 0.142
A = =
4 4
N = 2520
n=6
pm LAN
∴ I.P. =
120
×n [as four stroke]
π × 0.142 2520 × 6
= 837.607 × 0.15 × × kW
4 120
= 243.696 kW

Q3.9 A closed cylinder of 0.25 m diameter is fitted with a light frictionless

piston. The piston is retained in position by a catch in the cylinder wall
and the volume on one side of the piston contains air at a pressure of 750
kN/m2. The volume on the other side of the piston is evacuated. A helical
spring is mounted coaxially with the cylinder in this evacuated space to
give a force of 120 N on the piston in this position. The catch is released
and the piston travels along the cylinder until it comes to rest after a
stroke of 1.2 m. The piston is then held in its position of maximum travel
by a ratchet mechanism. The spring force increases linearly with the
piston displacement to a final value of 5 kN. Calculate the work done by
the compressed air on the piston.
(Ans. 3.07 kJ)
Solution: Work done against spring is work done by the compressed gas

φ 0.25m

1.2m
120 + 5000
Mean force =
2
= 2560 N
Travel = 1.2 m
∴ Work Done = 2560 × 1.2 N.m
= 3.072 kJ
By Integration
At a travel (x) force (Fx) = 120 + kx
At 1.2 m then 5000 = 120 + k × 1.2
∴ Fx = 120 + 4067 x

Page 20 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
1.2
∴ W= ∫ F dx
0
x

1.2
= ∫ [120 + 4067x ] dx
0
1.2
⎡ x2 ⎤
= ⎢120x + 4067 × ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦0
1.22
= 120 × 1.2 + 4067 × J
2
= 144 + 2928.24 J
= 3072.24J = 3.072 kJ

Q 3.l0 A steam turbine drives a ship’s propeller through an 8: 1 reduction gear.

The average resisting torque imposed by the water on the propeller is
750 × 103 mN and the shaft power delivered by the turbine to the
reduction gear is 15 MW. The turbine speed is 1450 rpm. Determine (a)
the torque developed by the turbine, (b) the power delivered to the
propeller shaft, and (c) the net rate of working of the reduction gear.
(Ans. (a) T = 98.84 km N, (b) 14.235 MW, (c) 0.765 MW)
Solution: Power of the propeller = Power on turbine shaft

The net rate of working of the reduction gear

= (15 – 14.235) MW
= 0.7647 MW

Q 3.11 A fluid, contained in a horizontal cylinder fitted with a frictionless leak

proof piston, is continuously agitated by means of a stirrer passing
through the cylinder cover. The cylinder diameter is 0.40 m. During the
stirring process lasting 10 minutes, the piston slowly moves out a
distance of 0.485 m against the atmosphere. The net work done by the
fluid during the process is 2 kJ. The speed of the electric motor driving
the stirrer is 840 rpm. Determine the torque in the shaft and the power
output of the motor.
(Ans. 0.08 mN, 6.92 W)

Page 21 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
Solution: Change of volume = A L
πd 2
= ×L
4
π × 0.4 2
= × 0.485 m3
4
= 0.061 m3
As piston moves against constant atmospheric pressure then work done = pΔV

φ = 0.4m
M

0.485m

= 101.325 × 0.061 kJ
= 6.1754 kJ

Net work done by the fluid = 2 kJ

∴ Net work done by the Motor = 4.1754 kJ
There for power of the motor

4.1754 × 103
= W
10 × 60
= 6.96 W
P
Torque on the shaft =
W
6.96 × 60
=
2π × 840

= 0.0791mN

Q3.12 At the beginning of the compression stroke of a two-cylinder internal

combustion engine the air is at a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Compression
reduces the volume to 1/5 of its original volume, and the law of
compression is given by pv1.2 = constant. If the bore and stroke of each
cylinder is 0.15 m and 0.25 m, respectively, determine the power
absorbed in kW by compression strokes when the engine speed is such
that each cylinder undergoes 500 compression strokes per minute.
(Ans. 17.95 kW)

Page 22 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
Solution:
πd 2
Initial volume ( V1 ) = ×L
4
π × ( 0.15 )
2

= × 0.25 m3
4
= 0.00442 m3
Initial p r essure ( p1 ) = 101.325 kPa.
V1
Final volume ( V2 ) = = 0.000884 m3
5
p1 V11.2 = p2 V21.2

p1 V11.2
Or p2 = = 699.41 ≈ 700 kPa
V21.2

Work done / unit stroke − unit cylinder ( W )

⎛ 1.2 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ × [ p1 V1 − p2 V2 ]
⎝ 1.2 − 1 ⎠

⎛ 101.325 × 0.00442 − 700 × 0.000884 ⎞

=⎜ ⎟ × 1.2
⎝ 1.2 − 1 ⎠
(-ive work, as work done on the system )
W × 500 × 2 × 1.2
Power = kW
60
= 17.95 kW

Q3.13 Determine the total work done by a gas system following an expansion
process as shown in Figure.

(Ans. 2.253 MJ)

Solution: Area under AB

= (0.4 – 0.2) × 50 × 105 J
= 10
6
W = 1 MJ

Page 23 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
A B
50
bar
p pV1.3 = c

0.2 0.4 0.8

V1 m3
⎡
Area under BC ⎢ Here pB = pB = 50 bar = 50 × 105 Pa
⎢
p1 V1 − p2 V2 ⎢ VB = 0.4m3
= ⎢
n −1
5 5
⎢ VC = 0.8m3
50 × 10 × 0.4 − 20.31 × 10 × 0.8
= W ⎢⎢ pB VB1.3 50 × 105 × 0.41.3
1.3 − 1 pC = =
⎢ VC1.3 0.81.3
= 1.251MJ ⎢
⎢⎣ = 20.31 × 105 Pa
Total work = 2.251MJ

Q3.14 A system of volume V contains a mass m of gas at pressure p and

temperature T. The macroscopic properties of the system obey the
following relationship:
⎛ a ⎞
⎜ p + 2 ⎟ (V − b) = mRT
⎝ V ⎠
Where a, b, and R are constants.
Obtain an expression for the displacement work done by the system
during a constant-temperature expansion from volume V1 to volume V2.
Calculate the work done by a system which contains 10 kg of this gas
expanding from 1 m3 to 10 m3 at a temperature of 293 K. Use the values
a = 15.7 × 10 Nm 4 , b = 1.07 × 10−2 m 3 , and R = 0.278 kJ/kg-K.
(Ans. 1742 kJ)
Solution: As it is constant temp-expansion then
⎛ a ⎞
⎜ p + 2 ⎟ ( V − b ) = constant ( mRT ) ( k ) as T = constant
⎝ V ⎠

Page 24 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞
∴ ⎜ p1 + 2 ⎟ ( V1 − b ) = ⎜ p2 + 2 ⎟ ( V2 − b ) = ( k )
⎝ V1 ⎠ ⎝ V2 ⎠
a ⎞ constant ( k )
2
⎛
W = ∫ p dV ∴ ⎜p+ V ⎟ =
1 ⎝ ⎠ V−b
2
⎛ k a ⎞ k a
= ∫⎜ − 2 ⎟ dV or p= −
1⎝
V − b V ⎠ V − b V2
2
⎡ a⎤ 1 1
= ⎢ k ln ( V − b ) + ⎥ −∫ dv = + c
⎣ V ⎦1 V2 V
⎛ V − b⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= k ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ + a⎜ − ⎟
⎝ V1 − b ⎠ ⎝ V2 V1 ⎠
⎡⎛ a ⎞ V −b ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜ p1 + 2 ⎟ ( V1 − b ) ln 2 + a⎜ − ⎟⎥
⎣⎝ V1 ⎠ V1 − b ⎝ V2 V1 ⎠ ⎦
⎛ a ⎞
⎜ p + 2 ⎟ ( V − b ) = constant ( mRT ) ( k ) as T = constant
⎝ V ⎠
Given m = 10 kg; T = 293 K; R = 0.278 kJ/kg. K
∴ Constant k = 10 × 293 × 0.278 kJ = 814.54 kJ
a = 15.7 × 10 Nm4; b = 1.07 × 10-2m3
⇒ V2 = 10m3, V1 = 1m3
⎛ 10 − 1.07 × 10−2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
∴ W = 814.54 ln ⎜ −2 ⎟
+ a⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 1 − 1.07 × 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 1 ⎠
= (1883.44 − a × 0.9 ) kJ
= (1883.44 − 157 × 0.9 ) kJ
= 1742.14 kJ

Q3.15 If a gas of volume 6000 cm3 and at pressure of 100 kPa is compressed
quasistatically according to pV2 = constant until the volume becomes
2000 cm3, determine the final pressure and the work transfer.
(Ans. 900 kPa, – 1.2 kJ)
Solution: Initial volume ( v1 ) = 6000 cm 3

= 0.006 m3
Initial pressure ( p1 ) = 100 kPa

Final volume ( v 2 ) = 2000 cm3

= 0.002 m3
If final pressure ( p2 )
p V 2 100 × ( 0.006 )
2

∴ p2 = 1 21 = = 900 kPa
( 0.002 )
2
V2

Page 25 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
1
work done on the system = ⎡p2 V2 − p1 V1 ⎤⎦
n −1 ⎣
1
= ⎡900 × 0.002 − 100 × 0.006⎤⎦ kJ
2 −1⎣
= 1.2 kJ

Q3.16 The flow energy of 0.124 m3/min of a fluid crossing a boundary to a

system is 18 kW. Find the pressure at this point.
(Ans. 8709 kPa)
Solution: If pressure is p1
Area is A1
Velocity is V1
Volume flow rate (Q) = A1V1
∴ Power = force × velocity
= p1A1 × V1
= p1 × (Q) p1
0.124 V1 A1
∴ 18 = p1 ×
60
18 × 60
or p1 = kPa
0.124
= 8.71 MPa

Q3.17 A milk chilling unit can remove heat from the milk at the rate of 41.87
MJ/h. Heat leaks into the milk from the surroundings at an average rate
of 4.187 MJ/h. Find the time required for cooling a batch of 500 kg of
milk from 45°C to 5°C. Take the cp of milk to be 4.187 kJ/kg K.
(Ans. 2h 13 min)
Solution: Heat to be removed (H) = mst
= 500 × 4.187 × (45-5) kJ
= 83.740 MJ
Net rate of heat removal
=H −H
rej leak

= ( 41.87 − 4.187 ) MJ / h
= 37.683 MJ / h
83.740
∴ Time required = hr
37.683
= 2 hr. 13 min . 20 sec .
Q3.18 680 kg of fish at 5°C are to be frozen and stored at – 12°C. The specific
heat of fish above freezing point is 3.182, and below freezing point is
1.717 kJ/kg K. The freezing point is – 2°C, and the latent heat of fusion is
234.5 kJ/kg. How much heat must be removed to cool the fish, and what
per cent of this is latent heat?
(Ans. 186.28 MJ, 85.6%)
Solution: Heat to be removed above freezing point
= 680 × 3.182 × {5 – (-2)} kJ
= 15.146 MJ

Page 26 of 265
 Work and Heat Transfer
By: S K Mondal Chapter 3
Heat to be removed latent heat
= 680 × 234.5 kJ
= 159.460 MJ
Heat to be removed below freezing point
= 680 × 1.717 × {– 2 – (– 12)} kJ
= 11.676 MJ
∴ Total Heat = 186.2816 MJ
159.460
% of Latent heat = × 100 = 85.6 %
186.2816

Page 27 of 265