Course Outline

Database systems: Dr Mrs Eteng

Data Models: Moses Agana
Relational DB Models: Okoro
Entity Relationship Modelling: Okoro
Advanced data modelling : Moses Agana
Normalization of DBs: Dr mrs Eteng
Intro to SQL: Okoro (using mySql)
Transaction management and concurrency control : Moses Agana
Database performance tuning and query optimization : Dr mrs Eteng

TEXTBOOKS_— DATABSE SYSTEMS: Design & Implementation and

management (10th ed) - Carlos Coronel, Stephen Morris and Peter Rob

Database Applications ( exams questions)

Data, database, metadata, DBMS, DB systems.
DBMS: manages and controls(gives) access to the data and db structure.
Relational DB Models
Okoro
 Relational Database Models
Tables and Logical. ( mySql is a relational DB) as they store data in tables and rows.

Table and table characteristics

The logical view of the relational DB is facilitated by the creation of data relationships based on
a logical construct known as a Relation.

Because a relation is a maths construct end users look at it as a table

Table: is perceived as a 2D structure composed of rows and columns. (also called a relation
because the person who created it used the two terms synonymously.) so Relation = table =
entity sets)

Table contains related group of entity occurences.

Characteristic of a Relational Table

1. Table is perceived as a 2D structure composed of rows(tuples) and columns. (also called
a relation because the person who created it used the two terms synonymously.) so
Relation = table = entity sets)
2. Each Table row represents a single entity occurence within the entity sets
3. Each table column represents an attribute and each column has a distinct name
4. Each intersection of a row and column represent a single data value
5. All values in a column must comform to the same data value format
6. Each colum has a specific range of values known as the attribute domain
7. The order of the rows and columns is immaterial to the DBMS
8. Each table must have an attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely defines a
row.

Keys (https://byjus.com/gate/types-of-keys-in-dbms)
A key refers to an attribute/a set of attributes that help us identify a row (or tuple) uniquely in a
table (or relation).

1. In the relational model, keys are important because they are used to ensure that each row
in a table are uniquely identifiable
2. Keys are also used to establish relationship among tables
3. Used to ensure data intergrity

Keys consist of one or more attributes that determine other attributes

Eg an invoice number identifies all of the invoice attributes such as the invoice date and
customer name.
Given the however because the primary key

Determination is the concept of using an attribute to determine the other attributes in an entity set

Determination is the state in which knowing the value of one attribute makes it possible to
determine the value of other attributes.

Considering the attributes of the student table below

Matric number name Last name age

49

ekpo

Functional dependencies
Means the value of one or more atrributes determines the value of one ore more other attributes

Determination, determinants, dependents (read)

In functional dependencies, the ….

Using this deteminants and dependents, it is ….

Functional dependence can involve a determinant that involves more than one atribute.

Full functional dependency

In the second functional dependencies, the …

Types of keys
1. Composite keys : is a key thats composed of more than one attributes
2. Superkey : is a key that can uniquely identify any row in a table:
in other words we can say a super key functionally determines every attribute in a row
 Entity integrity
Is a condition in which each row in the table has its own unique identity to ensure entity integrity
the primary key must have two requirement ( 1. All values in primary key must be unique. 2. No
key attribute in the primary key can be Null

Data dictionary
System catalog

The data dictionary provides a detailed description of all tables in a database

A Data Dictionary is a collection of names, definitions, and attributes about data elements that
are being used or captured in a database, information system, or part of a research project.

The data dictionary contains at least all of the characteristic names and meta data.

Why Use a Data Dictionary?

Data Dictionaries are useful for a number of reasons. In short, they:

● Assist in avoiding data inconsistencies across a project

● Help define conventions that are to be used across a project

● Provide consistency in the collection and use of data across multiple members of a

research team

● Make data easier to analyze

● Enforce the use of Data Standards

System catalog
Contains meta data and can be described as a detailed system data dictionary that describes all
object within the database and includes data about including data about table names

CREATION DATE, DATATYPE CORRESPONDING TO EACH COLUMN, INDEX FILE

NAMES, AUTHORISED USERS AND ACCESS PRIVILEGES

Infact current rdb software provides only system catalog.

System catalog is actually system created DB whose tables store the user-created database and
its contents..
Therefore, the system catalog tables can be queried just like the user-created database system.

As new tables are added to the DB, the sytem catalog documents these tables, and uses it to
check and eliminate Homonyms( indicates the use of same name to label different attributes)
and synonyms (a synonym is the opposite of homonyms that is the use of different names to
describe same attribute)

Relationships within the relational database

In DB, 3 relationships exist”: we have

1. 1:1 one to one: is the norm for relational DB , it is easily implemented in a relational
model, by puting the one key.
As the name implies, 1 entity can relate to only one entity and vice versa.

This 1:1 relationships are rare

2. 1:M one to many:
3. M:M many to many: not supported directly in dbm.
You wil have to create