SELF-LEARNING HOME TASK (SLHT)

Subject: Practical Research 1 Grade: SHS Level: 11 Quarter: II Week: 3

MELC : Plans data collection, data gathering instrument, and analysis

procedures

Competency Code : CS_RS11-IVa-c-3

Name _________________________ Section _______ Date _____

School _________________________ District _____________________

A. Readings/Discussions
In the previous SLHT, you learned about research design and sampling procedures in qualitative
research. In this SLHT, you will identify different ways to gather data for your research and how to do it
and make meaning of the data collected.
To begin, let us first define data and instrument: Data refers to the kinds of information
researchers obtain on the subjects of their research. The tool the researcher uses to collect data is
called an instrument.

Data Collection Methods in Qualitative Research

1. Observation. Purposefully observing people, events, and interactions as they occur. It provides an
authentic view of what is taking place, mostly within a natural context.

Types of Observation
Participant observation. Observation in which the observer actually becomes a participant in the situation
to be observed. It can be overt (subjects know they are being observed) or covert (do not know they are
being watched).
Nonparticipant observation. Observation in which the observer is not directly involved in the situation to
be observed.
Naturalistic observation. Observation in which the observer controls or manipulates nothing and tries
not to affect the observed situation in any way.
Simulations. To investigate certain variables, researchers sometimes will create a situation and ask
subjects to act out, or simulate, certain roles.

2. Interview. Purposeful conversation between two or more people in which an interchange of views
about a selected topic occurs. It presents individuals’ perspectives, expressed in their own words, on the
topic explored.

Types of Interview
Structured interview. A formal type of interview, in which the researcher asks, in order, a set of
predetermined questions.

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Semi-structured interview. The researcher asks predetermined, but open-ended questions. Both
structured and semi-structured are verbal questionnaires.
Informal interview. It is less formal and do not involve any specific type or sequence of questions or any
particular form of questioning.
Retrospective interview. The researcher tries to get a respondent to recall and then reconstruct from
memory something that happened in the past.

3. Focus Group Discussion. Aside from one-on-one interviews, you can also interview a small group of
people to think about a series of questions and listen to their responses.

4. Documentary Analysis. Also known as content analysis. It is a technique to study human behavior
indirectly by analyzing documents such as books, journals, magazines, art works, songs, pictures, and
others.

Qualitative Data Collection Tools

Interview Protocols A range of protocol types linked with specific approaches and research
designs, used to guide a conversation
Conversation/Discourse Tools to capture the dynamics of conversations and interactions among
Logs participants in order to interpret the meaning of those conversations
Focus Group Moderator Constructed guides that direct the synergistic discussions of a group,
Guides allowing for sufficient structure to guide the conversation but leaving room
for the group to direct the sequence of topics
Observation Protocols Descriptive field notes aim to record what is happening during the
observation by describing the physical setting, the participants, activities,
and events that take place, and by documenting conversations verbatim.
Reflective field notes are used to record reflections and insights about what
is happening in the setting.
Behavior logs help keep track of the behaviors exhibited.
Photographs, videotapes, and audiotapes can enhance your capacity to
capture student behaviors, attitudes, and social interaction through
images and sounds
Document and Artifact Researcher or participant constructed documents that allow for
Rubrics categorization of documents and artifacts in order to compare, corroborate,
and analyze the data in the context of a study.
Reflective Tools Journals, diaries, and reflective questionnaires
Supplemental Tools Interviewer or focus group recorder sheets

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Research Approaches and Implications for Data Collection
Type of Defining Features Data Collection Implications
Approach
Ethnography o Oriented toward studying o Questions and observations are
shared meanings and practices generally related to social and cultural
(i.e., culture). processes and shared meanings within
o Emphasizes the insider’s view of a given group of people.
reality (emic perspective). o Traditionally, it is associated with long-
o Can have a contemporary or term fieldwork, but some aspects are
historical focus. employed in applied settings.
o Participant observation is well suited to
ethnographic inquiry.
Grounded o Inductive data collection and o In-depth interviews and focus groups
Theory analytic methods. are the most common data collection
o Uses systematic and exhaustive techniques associated with GT.
comparison of text segments to
build thematic structure and
theory from a body of text.
o Common analytic approach in
qualitative studies.
Narrative o Narratives (storytelling) used as o If generating narratives (through in-
Analysis source of data. depth interviews), then questions/tasks
o Narratives from one or more need to be aimed at eliciting stories
sources (e.g., interviews, and the importance those stories, hold
literature, letters, diaries). for participants, as well as larger
cultural meaning.
Phenomenology o Focuses on individual o Questions and observations are aimed
experiences, beliefs, and at drawing out individual experiences
perceptions. and perceptions.
o Text used as a proxy for human o In focus groups, group experiences and
experience. normative perceptions are typically
sought out.
o In-depth interviews and focus groups
are ideal methods for collecting
phenomenological data.
Case Study o Analysis of one to several cases o Cases are selected based on a unique
that are unique with (often rarely observed) quality.
respect to the research topic o Questions and observations should
o Analysis primarily focused on focus on, and delve deeply into, the
exploring the unique quality. unique feature of interest.

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Data Analysis
The goal of data analysis is to make meaning and order to the mass of collected data by looking
for recurring themes, categories, and patterns. Preparing for data analysis involves several steps:
transforming the data into readable text, sorting the data into files, creating a data file organizer, and
immersing yourself in the data.

Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Documentation of the data and the process of data collection
2. Conceptualization, Coding, and Categorizing - organize/categorize data into concepts
3. Examining Relationships and Displaying Data - connect the data to show how one concept may
influence another
4. Authenticating Conclusions - corroboration/legitimization, by evaluating alternative explanations,
disconfirming evidence, and searching for negative cases
5. Reflexivity - confidence in the conclusions from a field research study is also strengthened by an honest
and informative account

Three Phases in Data Analysis

1. Deconstruction refers to breaking down data into component parts in order to see what is included. It
requires reading and rereading interview or focus group transcripts and then breaking down data into
categories or codes that describe the content.
2. Interpretation follows deconstruction and refers to making sense of and understanding the coded data.
It involves comparing data codes and categories within and across transcripts and across variables
deemed important to the study.
3. Reconstruction refers to recreating or repackaging the prominent codes and themes in a manner that
shows the relationships and insights derived in the interpretation phase and that explains them more
broadly in light of existing knowledge and theoretical perspectives.

In data analysis, quality and rigor are important. Authenticity or quality of the data and data
collection and Trustworthiness or quality of the data analysis must be ensured.

B. Exercises
Exercise 1: Determining Data Collection Methods
Directions: Below are actual researches conducted in the Philippines. Study each title carefully. After
which, write the appropriate data collection method/s suited to the research.

Research Titles Data Collection Method

1. Funding For Research and Research Training and Its Effects on
Research Activity: The Case of the Philippines
2. Aftermath of Typhoon Frank: Perceiving Environmental Causes
and Effects towards Environmental Leadership
3. SEMANTIC FEATURE OF PHILIPPINE ENGLISH: A QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS

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 4. The Experiences and Search for Meaning in A poverty-stricken
Community in Cavite: Basis for a Life Enhancement Program
5. STUDENT WORKLOAD: ITS IMPACT ON THE LEARNING
EXPERIENCES OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
6. Ritual Dances of the T’Boli
7. Assessing the Senior High School Work Immersion with Partner
Industries: Basis for Supervisory Work Plan
8. Experiences of Science Teachers in the Implementation of
Senior High School Program
9. Parada ng Lechon in Balayan, Batangas Philippines to Honor St.
John the Baptist: An Ethnographic Study
10. Student’s Resilience as Achieved Capability: The Substantive
Grounded Theory in Public Education

Exercise 2: Planning Your Data Collection

A. Directions: Go over your own research design carefully and examine which data collection method is
appropriate. On a separate sheet of paper, explain briefly your method of choice.

B. Directions: Create a “to-do” list to schedule the implementation of your data collection, assess the time
required for each activity and ensure the feasibility of completing your study within the time available.
Take note of the example below:

Date Activity Location Participants Requirements

July 14, Interview A quiet place to talk in the Grade 11 ICT Recorder, interview guide,
2021 Senior High School building students paper and pen

C. Assessment/Application
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each statement thoroughly. After reading, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Ensuring the quality of the data analysis in qualitative research means to guarantee its _____________.
a. trustworthiness b. reliability c. validity d. objectivity

2. Securing the quality of the data and data collection in qualitative research means to guarantee its
_____________.
a. validity b. reliability c. authenticity d. objectivity

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3. Which stage in the interpretive analysis refers to recreating the prominent themes to show the
relationships and insights derived in the interpretation phase?
a. Deconstruction b. Interpretation c. Transcription d. Reconstruction

4. Deconstruction is _____________
a. making sense of and understanding the data that has been broken down.
b. breaking down of the data in component parts.
c. contextualizing the findings.
d. exploring theories which might explain relationships among themes.

5. Which data collection tool is used to record reflections and insights about what is happening in the
setting?
a. Interview Protocol b. Journal c. Reflective field notes d. Behavior log

6. By nature, analysis of data in qualitative research is _____________.

a. mathematical b. statistical c. numerical d. interpretive

7. A researcher studied the cultural practices of the Agusan Manobo tribe and learned from the selected
tribe elders that rituals, belief in the spirits, marriages, healing, settling disputes, burials and choosing new
leader were among the practices of the tribe. Which data collection method/s was likely employed in the
research?
a. focus group discussion b. observation c. interview d. All of the above

8. A research study entitled The Making of a Chef: A Phenomenological Study, detailed the lived
experiences of three chefs of a five-star hotel. Through reflections on their stories, it was revealed that
chefs must love and enjoy their work to be successful. Which data collection method best applies to the
study?
a. survey b. simulation c. content analysis d. in-depth interview

9. Participant observation is when _____________

a. a researcher watches a group but does not get involved of the activities of a group to be
researched.
b. the researcher asks respondents to record answers in writing from a list of questions in an
observatory.
c. the researcher examines a group and also participates in the activities as a member of the group
to be researched.
d. None of the above

10. Which of the following statements best describes an unstructured interview?

a. Closed in questions and question order.
b. Flexible in the questions and how they are worded.
c. Rigid in its contents.
d. Predetermined in its structure.

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D. Suggested Enrichment/Reinforcement Activity/ies
Directions: Read carefully the research abstract below. After which, identify the data collection method,
tools, and analysis employed by the researchers.

This study developed a proposed knowledge sharing model for senior high school work immersion
program, which employed qualitative developmental design in two phases: phase 1 (foundation),
and phase 2 (development). The research team used convenience and purposive sampling
techniques to recruit a total of 96 participants for the written-response interview, focus group
discussion, and round table discussion. The team used coding system to analyze the qualitative
data generated in both phases. In addition, the team triangulated the main data with observation
notes, pertinent documents, and artifacts to establish validity. The themes that evolved are in
adherence to standard, bound readiness, guaranteed commitment, discernment of proper action,
and verity of fulfillment. These results established the foundation and basis for the second phase
of the study, (model development). The researchers employed analysis-feedback method in
finalizing the developed model. Lastly, the team recommends the use of a quantitative research
design in future studies to measure the generalizability of the model called Ugnayan.

Data Collection Method Data Collection Tools Data Analysis

References

Published Books

Avilla, Ruel Atendido. 2016. DIWA Senior High School Series: Practical Research 1
Module.Makati: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC.

Buensuceso, D., Dacanay, D., Manalo, G., & San Gabriel, N. (2016). Practical research 1 (1st
ed.). Pasig, Philippines: Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources

Electronic Sources

Uwe, Flick, Ernst von Kardoff and Ines Steinke. "A Companion to Qualitative Research."
2004.books.google.com.ph/books/about/A_Companion_to_Qualitative_Research html?i
d=6lwPkSo2XW8C&redir_esc=y>.

Efron, S. E., & Ravid, R. (2013). Action research in education: A practical guide. New York, NY:
The Guilford Press.

Favila, S.A., Erfe, J.P., Pimentel, M.M., Naval, D.J., Rabina, M.G., Castro, L.A., Macascas, C.D.,
& Agustin, M.L.S. (2019). UGNAYAN: A Proposed Knowledge Sharing Model for Senior High
School Work Immersion Program. The Normal Lights, 13(2), 111 – 131.

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Other Learning Resources

Department of Education Curriculum and Instruction Strand. K to 12 Most Essential Learning

Competencies With Corresponding CG Codes. n.d. 8 July 2020.

Prepared by: Edited by:

MS. DEBORAH J. LIM MR. HENRY D. ESPINA

SHS – Teacher 1

Reviewed by:

DR. CLAVEL D. SALINAS

Division SHS Coordinator