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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Every minute of the day, violence is devastating the lives of millions of
women and girls around the world. Violence against women and girls knows no
boundaries of geography or culture but those living in poverty face higher levels
of abuse. It is rooted in the inequality between men and women that women and
girls face throughout their lives.
It is one of the most widespread violations of human rights and has long-
term devastating effects on the lives of women, their communities and wider
society. 35 percent of women will experience violence at the hands of their
current or former partners in their lifetime, up to 70 percent according to some
national studies.
Violence locks women and girls into poverty. It limits women’s choices;
their ability to access education, earn a living and participate in political and
public life. Poverty exposes them to further violence and a lack of options when
violence occurs (1:2022).
A close analysis of the data uncovers that violence against women starts
at an early age, nearly a quarter of all girls have faced gender-based violence by
the age of 19, if they’ve been in a partner relationship. Physical and sexual
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assaults are now a threat to female well-being to such a degree that it could be
called a pandemic. One of the defining moral challenges of our times will be to
eradicate violence against women.
International organizations should collaborate with local government
authorities to empower women to consider sharing their stories. Offering
protection for survivors is indispensable and the international community should
provide adequate material resources to lower-income regions to build gender-
based abuse shelters. Promoting access to feminine care is also critical to the
process of empowering women (2:2022).
It is on this aspect that the researchers would like to assess and propose
a preventive and safety measures to mitigate crime occurrences against women.
Theoretical Background
Theory. This study is premised on Feminist Theory by Jo Ann Arinder.
Feminist theory proposes that when power and oppression
are acknowledged and disrupted, understanding, advocacy, and change can
occur.
The core concepts in feminist theory are sex, gender, race, discrimination,
equality, difference, and choice. There are systems and structures in place that
work against individuals based on these qualities and against equality and equity.
Feminist theory considers the lived experience of any person/people, not
just women, with an emphasis on oppression. While there may not be a

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consensus on where feminist theory fits as a theory or paradigm, disruption of
oppression is a core tenant of feminist work. As hooks states, “Simply put,
feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression
(3:2020).
The study is also anchored on Social Learning Theory by Edwin H.
Sutherland. Social learning theories emphasize the importance of the social
context and posit that individuals can learn by observing others’ actions and
whether these individuals are positively or negatively reinforced when exhibiting
aggressive behaviors.
Social Learning Theory proposes that individuals learn by observing the
behaviors of others (models). They then evaluate the effect of those behaviors
by observing the positive and negative consequences that follow. Social learning
theorists assert that members of the adolescent's social network who use
substances serve as models for adolescents. If adolescents see role models, such
as parents or friends, using substances with positive consequences, they are
more likely to develop positive expectations of substance use, which increases
the likelihood that the adolescent will use substances. Learning not to use
substances occurs in a similar fashion when adolescents who observe negative
consequences of use expect negative outcomes and are less likely to use
substances. Self-efficacy, an individual's confidence in their own capabilities, is
also thought to be learned socially.

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According to social learning theory, much of human behavior is learned
through modeling (4:2021).
Theory: Legal Basis:
Feminist Theory by Jo Ann Arinder Republic Act No. 9262
Social Learning Theory by Edwin H. Republic Act No. 11313 or Safe

Sutherland Spaces Act
Feminist theory proposes that It is hereby declared that the State

when power and oppression values the dignity of women and children
are acknowledged and disrupted, and guarantees full respect for human
understanding, advocacy, and change can rights. The State also recognizes the need
occur. to protect the family and its members
particularly women and children, from
According to social learning violence and threats to their personal
theory, much of human behavior is safety and security.
learned through modeling. Individuals It is the policy of the State to value
learn by observing the behaviors of others the dignity of every human person and
(models). They then evaluate the effect of guarantee full respect for human rights. It
those behaviors by observing the positive is likewise the policy of the State to
and negative consequences that follow. recognize the role of women in nation-
building and ensure the fundamental
Self-efficacy, an individual's equality before the law of women and
confidence in their own capabilities, is men.
also thought to be learned socially.
The Women’s desk adheres in the mandate of the State to provide protection for the
women. However, programs must also be implemented that would help the officers and women
to have good harmonious relationship to prevent the Violence against women.
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Figure 1
Theoretical Framework
Legal Basis. The study is anchored on the legal framework of Republic
Act No. 9262 “an Act Defining Violence against Women and their Children,
providing for Protective Measures for Victims, prescribing Penalties therefore,
and for other purposes.
It is hereby declared that the State values the dignity of women and
children and guarantees full respect for human rights. The State also recognizes
the need to protect the family and its members particularly women and children,
from violence and threats to their personal safety and security.
Towards this end, the State shall exert efforts to address violence
committed against women and children in keeping with the fundamental
freedoms guaranteed under the Constitution and the Provisions of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, the convention on the elimination of all forms of
discrimination Against Women, Convention on the Rights of the Child and other
international human rights instruments of which the Philippines is a party.
The crime of violence against women and their children is committed
through any of the following acts: (a) Causing physical harm to the woman or
her child; (b) Threatening to cause the woman or her child physical harm; (c)
Attempting to cause the woman or her child physical harm; (d) Placing the
woman or her child in fear of imminent physical harm; (e) Attempting to compel
or compelling the woman or her child to engage in conduct which the woman or
her child has the right to desist from or desist from conduct which the woman or
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her child has the right to engage in, or attempting to restrict or restricting the
woman's or her child's freedom of movement or conduct by force or threat of
force, physical or other harm or threat of physical or other harm, or intimidation
directed against the woman or child.
This shall include, but not limited to, the following acts committed with
the purpose or effect of controlling or restricting the woman's or her child's
movement or conduct: (1) Threatening to deprive or actually depriving the
woman or her child of custody to her/his family; (2) Depriving or threatening to
deprive the woman or her children of financial support legally due her or her
family, or deliberately providing the woman's children insufficient financial
support; (3) Depriving or threatening to deprive the woman or her child of a
legal right; and (4) Preventing the woman in engaging in any legitimate
profession, occupation, business or activity or controlling the victim's own
mon4ey or properties, or solely controlling the conjugal or common money, or
properties. (f) Inflicting or threatening to inflict physical harm on oneself for the
purpose of controlling her actions or decisions; (g) Causing or attempting to
cause the woman or her child to engage in any sexual activity which does not
constitute rape, by force or threat of force, physical harm, or through
intimidation directed against the woman or her child or her/his immediate family
(5:2004).
Additionally, the study is based on Republic Act No. 11313 or the Safe
Spaces Act. An act defining gender-based sexual harassment in streets, public

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spaces, online, workplaces, and educational or training institutions, providing
protective measures and prescribing penalties therefor.
It is the policy of the State to value the dignity of every human person
and guarantee full respect for human rights. It is likewise the policy of the State
to recognize the role of women in nation-building and ensure the fundamental
equality before the law of women and men. The State also recognizes that both
men and women must have equality, security and safety not only in private, but
also on the streets, public spaces, online, workplaces and educational and
training institutions (6:2018).
Related Literature
The following readings were associated in the study in order to give
important information that can help gain profound insights into the study.
Violence against women (VAW) violates human rights and continues to be
one of the country’s perennial social problems. It manifests and perpetuates
discrimination and gender inequality. It violates the fundamental right of women
to live a life free from violence as upheld in international commitments and their
local translation. VAW also affects women and girls’ general well-being, leaving
long-term physical, psychological, sexual, and mental consequences, thereby
hampering women from achieving their full potential.

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Global estimates by the World Health Organization indicate that about 1 in
3 women (35%) worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual
violence from intimate partner or non-partner in their lifetime.
In the Philippines, the 2017 National Demographic Health Survey
(NDHS) released by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), showed that 1 in 4
Filipino women, aged 15-49, has experienced physical, emotional or sexual
violence from their husband or partner. Since the onset of COVID-19 quarantine
restrictions in March 2020 to August 2021, a total of 18,945 VAW cases have
been reported to the PNP Women and Children Protection Center.
Aside from domestic and intimate partner violence, women and girls also
experience various forms of sexual and gender-based violence in public spaces,
workplaces, schools, and even online. Even men, boys, and members of the
LGBTQIA community are not spared from these forms of abuse which render
public spaces unsafe for them.
According to the global research entitled “Free to be online? Girls’ and
young women’s experiences of online harassment,” released by Plan
International, sixty-eight percent (68%) of girls and young women in the
Philippines have experienced online harassment on social media.
A 2016 Social Weather Stations (SWS) survey reported that three in five
women have experienced sexual harassment at least once in their lifetime. The
survey was done as part of the UN Women’s Safe Cities Metro Manila
Programme. Of the 800 respondents from two barangays in Quezon City, one in
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seven women experienced sexual harassment at least once every week in the
past year, while one in seven men have admitted to committing an act of sexual
harassment at least daily in the past year. Seventy percent (70%) of these
harassment incidents happen during the day. The survey also revealed that fifty-
eight percent (58%) of sexual harassment are experienced on the streets, major
roads, and eskinitas with majority of physical harassment happening in public
transport vehicles.
Enacted into law in 2019, the Safe Spaces Act (SSA or Republic Act No.
11313), which defines and penalizes gender-based sexual harassment in the
streets and public spaces, workplace, educational and training institutions, and
online. Its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) was approved on October
28, 2019. PNP data shows that from its effectivity in August 2019, there were
148 violations of RA 11313 reported to the police (7:2021).

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According to report of the WHO of the “Trend of calls denouncing VAW
during the current COVID-19 pandemic”. In many countries all over the world a
huge increase has been reported in the number of calls from women subjected
to violence by their intimate partner from the COVID-19 pandemic declaration in
March 2020, when the recommendation for social distancing first issued in many
countries. The World Health Organization reported that, comparing April 2020
with the same month last year, the online inquiries to violence prevention
support hotlines had also increased as much as fivefold (8:2020).
Violence against women can cause long-term physical and mental health
problems. Violence and abuse affect not just the women involved but also their
children, families, and communities. These effects include harm to an individual's
health, possibly long-term harm to children, and harm to communities such as
lost work and homelessness (9:2021).
Gendered violence against women can be classified based on the lifespan
of the victim when violated, on the type of consequence on the survivor, on who
the perpetrator is, and on the space where violence takes place. Women are
victimized at every stage of their lifespan: pre-birth, infancy, childhood,
adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood, and old age.
The consequences on the survivors are physical, sexual, psychological, and
economical. The perpetrators could be strangers, acquaintances, friends or
relatives including intimate partners of the victimized women. Women are

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victimized in public spaces, at workplaces and educational institutions, and at
homes.
Attitudes and beliefs are significant predictors of behavior. Violence
supportive attitudes and beliefs are a result of the sociocultural background of
the individual and the influence of media and pornography. Studies have
examined the nature of those violence supportive attitudes as well as the
relationship between these attitudes and factors such as substance use and
sociocultural background (10:2019).
Violence does not merely mean application of physical force, it can be
mental, psychological and emotional as well. Violence in its broadest sense has
been described as an act of a person, which encroaches upon the freedom of
another. Violence can be an overt threat or an overt application of force, which
aims at harming or destroying a person or his reputation. Even the intent of
causing harm and injury, to someone is considered as an act of violence. The
other problems being bias in job, sexual harassment, domestic violence, marital
discord which hamper the women’s development.
Violence against women can be categorized under three broad categories
(i) Criminal Violence as rape, abduction or murder (ii) Domestic Violence which
includes dowry deaths, wife battering, sexual abuse, maltreatment of widows or
elderly women and lastly (iii) Social Violence which includes forcing a wife or
daughter-in-law to go for female foeticide, eve-teasing, refusing to give a share
to women in property, forcing a woman to commit Sati, forcing her into marriage
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for business interests or family honor or harassing a woman for any other
reason.
Today, women always have to be on their guard be it in park, public
transport, cinema hall, educational institute or work place. The condition of the
rural women is even worse as in the absence of education and awareness, they
are greater victims of the injustices meted out to them. The government ushered
in the new millennium by declaring 2001 as the ‘Women Empowerment Year’.
True, with economic independence women are making their mark in many areas
like sports, literature, science, arts, journalism, politics and business world
(11:2020).
Related Studies
The following relevant studies are being presented as basis for the
conduct of this study.
In the study of Dexter C. Claus et.al. (12:2017) on “Effects of Violence
against Women” noted that majority of the victims were aged 16-20, single, do
not have children, often abused by the offender/abuser, most of them were
unemployed, high school graduate, and the relationship with the offender was
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adulteress/concubine. The abuses affected much the psychological condition of
the victims. There is significant relationship between the effects of violence and
the age in the physical and social condition and relationship and frequency of
abuse in the psychological condition suffered by the respondents.
Additionally, the study recommends to intensify the implementation of RA
No. 9262 to protect women and children particularly the young ones and
defenseless through the initiative of barangay officials, DSWD and the Children
and Women’s Desk Section of the PNP. The LGU in coordination with the Women
and Children’s Desk Police Personnel may assist the victims through referral to
psychologist for counseling or caring centers or agency for temporary shelters to
recover from trauma suffered by the victims. Local government officials may hold
regular barangay-level women empowerment orientations and Anti-VAWC Law
seminars to teach women and children their rights and protection guaranteed by
the Anti-VAWC Law to prevent abuses and other forms of violence against
women and children. Support the efforts of the Punong Barangay in the
experience of his authority to issue Barangay Protection Order as immediate
relief to women and children who reported incidence of violence against them.
According to the study on “Domestic Violence against Women” by
Abantika Bhattacharya (13:2020). The study revealed the high prevalence of all
forms of violence against women in an urban area. Older age, lower age at
marriage, longer duration of marriage, lower education of husband and wife,

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lower family income, unemployment of the husband, and alcohol consumption of
husband were associated with the occurrence of domestic violence.
Ending violence against women needs to be addressed at various levels.
The coordinated efforts of various sectors such as social, legal, educational,
medical, etc., are essential to address the various economic and sociocultural
factors that foster a culture of violence against women by
strengthening women's human and economic rights and reducing gender gaps in
relation to employment and education.
Moreover, a study on “A Scoping Review of Measurement of
Violence against Women and Disability” by Sarah R. Meyer, et.al.
(14:2022), concluded that globally, violence against women remains
unacceptably high, and women with disabilities may be at higher risk of exposure
to violence, as well as being exposed to different forms of violence. Disability as
a risk factor for exposure to violence is poorly understood, and this scoping
review provides a first step towards understanding the current status of
measurement of both violence and disability within relevant bodies of literature.
Our findings indicate several gaps in evidence, including lack of comparison of
how women with different types of disabilities experience violence differently,
and indicate future directions for research and analysis.
Furthermore, the study of Tria Marie R. Garcia (15:2020), entitled
“Violence against Women in the Philippines” concluded that VAW is a

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widespread issue in the Philippines. Although there is poor data on the
prevalence of VAW, the existing data shows that it affects women of all ages,
socioeconomic status, and all regions of the country. This qualitative study
answers the two main research questions 1) How do UN Women, relevant NGOs,
academics, and government services for GBV in the Philippines perceive gender-
based violence? and 2) How do UN Women, relevant NGOs, academics, and
government services for GBV in the Philippines address gender-based violence?
This study conducted semi-structured, in-person interviews with 11 respondents
to represent the various stakeholders. The data was then analyzed using a
combination of the Public Health Model and the Integrated Ecological Model.
The country has several laws and services to address VAW and various
GBV issues. However, the poor implementation and high unawareness of laws
and government services, in combination with cultural factors, affect the help-
seeking behavior of VAW victims and can pose as risk factors for VAW rather
than protective factors. Moreover, the VAW data is limited, erratic, and unreliable
because there is no central data bank to consolidate the reports from the
different government services. This makes it difficult to grasp the full extent of
the issue throughout the country. There are numerous aspects of the Philippine
culture that are risk factors, protective factors, and factors that affect reporting
behavior.
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The study also reveals that the different government services not limited
to the PNP and DSWD are uncoordinated and the personnel undertrained, which
affects reporting behavior, leads to a general distrust in the public system, and
hones the persistence of negative stereotypes and risk factors for VAW.
Additionally, UN Women ensures that the government adheres to normative
frameworks by working with the local government and civil society, and by
providing technical guidance and capacity building.
Despite this study’s limitations in terms of scope and methodology, it
opens up several starting points for future research. This study focused on the
cultural aspects that negatively affect GBV in the Philippines, either as risk
factors or factors that affect reporting behavior. However, it shows how aspects
of the culture can also serve as protective factors. Moreover, this study provides
cultural factors specific to the Philippines that can be used by various
stakeholders in addressing GBV through campaigns, programs, policies, and
services.
Additionally, the study of Claire Metz, PhD., et.al. (16:2018) on “Women
Subjected to Domestic Violence: The Impossibility of Separation”, noted
that all these women grew up in an environment of emotional insecurity, which
meant that they were unable for many years to distance themselves from the
violent partner. The strength of this study lies in the fact that it highlights the
deeply buried issues within these relationships that persist in spite of
considerable violence. However, one of the limits identified is that our population
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was recruited mainly through organizations providing social welfare support, so
that the number of immigrant women and women from underprivileged socio
professional categories is overrepresented. A new research study is underway
with a supportive association catering mainly to financially independent women
of French origin in order to explore the variations with the population of this first
study. The specific interest of the psychoanalytic approach is to go beyond the
current conjugal relationship and to enable us to identify its roots in the infantile
history; in particular, the unconscious issues in which the women are trapped,
without realizing it. Our hope is that these elements will serve to orient
professionals in the task of adapting structures of care for the better. It is
necessary for society to struggle to eliminate violence toward women; this
struggle can only be effective from the moment when all the issues at stake are
taken into account, and in particular singular issues.
Conceptual Background
Violence against women is a public issue and encompasses virtually all
spheres of public relations. It influences various spheres of social life, including
public health, protection of juvenile’s rights and social and economic welfare.
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The conceptual framework viewed in the schematic diagram in Figure 2
shows the flow of the study. The inputs consist of the data of the profile
of the respondents in terms of their age, gender, civil status, circumstances of
violence that received from their parents, rank, frequency in handling VAW
cases.
The process involved the descriptive normative method of
research. A self-made questionnaire was used to collect data relative to
responses of the law enforcers and community respondents. The results from
the data gathered were tallied, tabulated and processed for analysis through
statistical treatment to test the hypotheses.
The output of the study includes a proposed program for preventive and
safety measures.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Data gathered from the:
* Profile of the Respondents
* Causes of Violence
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 Distribution /
Collection of data
 Tabulation
A Preventive
 Data Analysis
and Safety
 Statistical Treatment
Measures
 Findings
 Conclusions
 Recommendations
Figure 2
Conceptual Framework
THE PROBLEM
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Statement of the Problem. The main objective of this study is to make
an analysis on the protection of women on violence in the City of Tagbilaran.
This study will be conducted in Tagbilaran City, Bohol during the year 2022 –
2023 with an end view of proposing a preventive and safety measures.
Specifically, it aimed to discover the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
A. Women Community Residents
a. Age;
b. Civil Status;
c. Educational Attainment;
d. Employment Status;
e. Do you have Children;
f. Relationship with the Offender; and
g. How often does your abuser/offender abuse you?
B. Women’s Desk / Women Law Enforcers
a. Age;
b. Gender;
c. Rank; and
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d. Frequency in handling VAW cases?
2. What are the causes of violence experienced by women?
3. What are the effects of violence to the well-being of abused women?
4. What are the actions conducted by law enforcers in order to reduce
violence against women in the City of Tagbilaran?
5. Is there significant degree of difference in the responses of the
respondents in the following context:
a. Causes of violence experienced by women;
b. Effects of violence to the well-being of abused women; and
c. Actions conducted by the law enforcers in order to reduce violence
against women in the City of Tagbilaran?
6. What proposed preventive measures could be offered to enhance the
FREE VAW community and for the safety of every woman in the City of
Tagbilaran?
Null Hypotheses
There is no significant degree of difference in the responses of the

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against women in the City of Tagbilaran.
Significance of the Study
The output of the investigation arrived with numerous advantages and
benefits to the following parties:
Women’s Desk. The result of the study would provide awareness
program designed for their benefits in order to upgrade their patrolling and
investigation skills as well as to maintain the firm relationship with their own
family, relatives and friends.
Community Residents. The output of the study would give them self-
competence, self-confidence and self-awareness to protect themselves and be
aware of their right as a woman.
Students. The study would give them information regarding violence
against women which they may aware in the future. Hence, they would then
learn to protect themselves.
Future Researchers. The ideas presented may serve as a reference to
the future researcher’s data in testing the validity of other related findings.
Scope and Limitations of the Study

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The study covered the Women’s desk of the Philippine National Police
Tagbilaran Office and women community residents in Tagbilaran City. The
researchers gathered five (5) women law enforcers and forty (40) women
community residents to respond in their study.
The study has limitations brought about by the nature of the study. The
primary limitation of this study was the concentration and consistency on the
responses of the law enforcers and community residents in answering the
questionnaires. It caused anxiety to the researchers whether it can affect the
findings and conclusions which would represent the groups as a whole. The
researchers rely on the respondent’s honesty and sincerity in answering the
questions. Such constraint was averted by securing the official permit from the
Chief of the Philippine National Police, and the City Mayor of Tagbilaran City,
Bohol.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers employ the descriptive-normative survey method using a
self-made questionnaire as the main data gathering tool to obtain the objectives
of the inquisition. This method is used in order to ascertain the normal condition,
to practice or to compare research results with a standard norm.

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Research Environment and Subjects
The study covered the Philippine National Police (PNP) Office situated at
Tagbilaran City, Bohol. The subjects were the police patrolwomen and women
community residents. The researchers gathered five (5) women law enforcers
and forty (40) women community residents to respond in their study. A total of
forty-five (45) respondents participated the study.
Research Instrument
A self-made questionnaire which was constructed by the researchers with
the assistance of their thesis adviser was used as the main data gathering
instrument. This questionnaire obtain data regarding the demographic profile
and their responses were used for this study. This consists of three parts, Part I
focuses on the profile of the respondents; Part II, Causes of violence
experienced by women; Part III, Effects of violence to the well-being of abused
women; and Part IV, Actions conducted by law enforcers to reduce violence
against women.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers secured the permission for the distribution and
dissemination of the questionnaires to the Philippine National Police Office and
the City Mayor of Tagbilaran City, Bohol. After securing the needed consent, the
researchers personally distributed the questionnaire to the respondents to get
the data desired for the study. The respondents were given enough time to
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answer the questionnaire and requested to return the accomplished form on the
agreed date.
Data Analysis
The data gathered were tabulated, interpreted and analyzed in order to
establish the norms of occurrence through the simple percentage of
computations. To obtain the percentages, the frequency of responses to each
item was divided by the total number of cases and then multiplied by one
hundred, thus: Percent = f/n x 100; where f = frequency and n = number of
cases. The data on the demographic profile was obtained using the mean as
basis of the profile table: M=∑x/n; where ∑x is the summation of all data and N
is the number of respondents.
The following weights were assigned to the scales with their
corresponding equivalents.
Weight Scale Range
4 Very Much Experienced (3.26-4.00)
3 Experienced (2.51-3.25)
2 Less Experienced (1.76-2.50)
1 Not Experienced (1.00-1.75)

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Statistical Treatment
The data gathered through the use of the questionnaire were subjected to
statistical treatment, computation and analysis. The purpose was to determine
the difference of the responses of the two different group of respondents. It was
subjected to a t- test using the formula.
Formula:
t= X1+ X2
S1 +S2
N1+ N2
where:
t= t –test
X1= mean of the first group
X2= mean of the second group
S1= variance of the first group
S2= variance of the second group
N1= number of cases of the first group
N2=number of the cases of the second group

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms used in the study are operationally defined because
they are essential to the understanding of the information presented in this
research.
Battered
It refers to a person who suffered repeated violence from a spouse,
partner, or parent.
Cases
It is an instance of a particular situation; an example of something
occurring.
Enemy
It refers to a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or
something.
Feminist
It refers to belief that women and men should have equal rights and
opportunities.
Mitigate
It refers to lessen the gravity of an offense or mistake.

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Naggers
It refers to someone who annoys people by constantly finding fault.
Physical Violence
Refers to acts that include bodily or physical harm.
Protection
It refers a person or thing that prevents someone or something from
suffering harm or injury.
Sexual Harassment
Any form of unwelcome sexual behavior that’s offensive, humiliating or
intimidating. It is a behavior characterized by the making of unwelcome and
inappropriate sexual remarks or physical advances in a workplace or other
professional or social situation.
Victim
It refers to a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime,
accident, or other event or action.
Violence
Defined by the World Health Organization as “the intentional use of
physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or

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against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of
resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation.
Violence against Women and their Children
Refers to any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a
woman who is his wife, former wife, or against a woman with whom the person
has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child,
or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the
family abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual,
psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such
acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

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ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This study is composed of three chapters:
Chapter I. The Problem and Its Scope, contains the introduction, the
rationale, the theoretical background, the theoretical framework, the scope and
limitation of the study, the research methodology which includes the research
design, research environment and subjects, the research instrument, the data
gathering procedure, the statistical treatment and the definition of terms;
Chapter II. Presentation and Analysis of Findings, contains reports,
analysis and interpretation of the data gathered in the light of the different
aspects of the problems; and
Chapter III. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations,
presents summary of the problem, the research methodology, the findings, the
conclusions drawn from the recommendations which includes a proposed
preventive and safety measures.

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CHAPTER II
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This part of the study analyzes and interprets the data gathered in the
light of the different aspects of the problem raised in Chapter I. It encompasses
the findings based on the perception of the respondents. The following aspects
of the study were treated: Profile of the respondents which are the women
community residents and women’s desk / women law enforcers and their
responses on the causes of violence experienced by women, Responses on the
effects of violence to the well-being of abused women, Responses on the actions
conducted by law enforcers to reduce violence against women in Tagbilaran City,
Bohol. For sensible presentation of the data, the percentage, weighted mean,
and T-test were used in the study. For continuity of purpose, the interpretation
presented follows the sequence of the problem.
Distribution of Respondents
Table I shows the distribution of respondents subjected in this study. A
total of forty five (45) respondents participated in the study. This consists of
forty (88.88 percent) women community residents and five (11.11 percent)
women law enforcers.

32
Table I
Distribution of the Respondents
(N=45)
Respondents Frequency Percentage Rank
Women Community Residents 40 88.88 1
Women Law Enforcers 5 11.11 2
Total 45 100 %
Profile of the Respondents
Table II presents the profile of the respondents included in this study. A
look was taken in the aspects of age, civil status, educational attainment,
employment status, do you have children, relationship with the offender, how
often does your abuser/offender abuse you and for the women community
residents; and age, gender, ranks and frequency in handling VAW Cases.
Age. As shown in the table, twenty sis (65.00 percent) aged 30 years old
and below, ten (25.00 percent) aged 31-40 years old, three (7.50 percent) aged
41-50 years old and one (2.50 percent) aged 51 years old and above. Majority
of the women community residents belonged to age group 30 years old and
below.
Civil Status. As to their civil status, out of forty (40) women community
residents, data reveals fifty (50.00 percent) were single, fifteen (38.00) were
married, three (8.00 percent), and four (5.00 percent). Most of the women
community residents were single.

33
Educational Attainment. As to their educational attainment, eighteen
(45.00 percent) were elementary undergraduate, seven (18.00 percent) were
elementary graduate, six (15.00 percent) were high school undergraduate, three
(8.00 percent) were high school graduate, four (10.00 percent) were college
undergraduate and two (5.00 percent) were college graduate. Majority of the
women community residents were elementary undergraduate.
Employment. As to their employment, twenty eight (70.00 percent)
were self employed, twelve (30.00 percent) were unemployed. Majority of the
employment were unemployed.
Do you have Children. As to their having of children, thirty (75.00
percent) were yes, ten (25.00 percent) were no. Majority of do you have children
were yes in having a child.
Relationship with the Offender. As to their relationship with the
offender, thirty (75.00 percent) were husband, five (12.50 percent) were
mother/father, three (7.50 percent) were brother/sister, two (5.00 percent) were
adulteries/concubine. Majority of the relationship with the offender were
husband.
How often your abuser. As to their how often your abuser, twenty five
(62.50 percent) were often, seven (17.50 percent) were always, five (12.50
percent) were rarely, three (7.50 percent) were never. Majority of the how often
your abuser were often.

34
Table II
Profile of the Respondents
(N=45)
Item Women Community Women’s Desk
Residents Officers
(n=40) (n=5)
Age F % R F % R
30 years old and below 26 65.00 1 2 40.00 2
31 – 40 years old 10 25.00 2 3 60.00 1
41 – 50 years old 3 7.50 3 0 ===0.00 3
51 years old and above 1 2.50 4 0 0.00 4
Total 40 100% 5 100%
Civil Status
Single 20 50.00 1 - - -
Married 15 38.00 2 - - -
Widowed 3 8.00 3 - - -
Separated 2 5.00 4 - - -
Total 40 100%
Educational Attainment
Elementary Undergraduate 18 45.00 1 - - -
Elementary Graduate 7 18.00 2 - - -
High School Undergraduate 6 15.00 3 - - -
High School Graduate 3 8.00 5 - - -
College Undergraduate 4 10.00 4 - - -
College Graduate 2 5.00 6 - - -
Total 40 100%
Employment
Self Employed 28 70.00 1 - - -
Unemployed 12 30.00 2 - - -
Total 40 100.00
Do you have children
Yes 30 75.00 1 - - -
No 10 25.00 2 - - -
Total 40 100%
Relationship with the
offender
Father/Mother 5 12.50 2 - - -
Husband 30 75.00 1 - - -
Brother/Sister 3 7.50 3 - - -
Adulteries/Concubine 2 5.00 4 - - -
Relatives 0 0.00 5 - - -
Total 40 100%
How often does your
abuser/offender abuse
you
35
Always 7 17.50 2 - - -
Often 25 62.50 1 - - -
Rarely 5 12.50 3 - - -
Never 3 7.50 4 - - -
Total 40 100%
Gender
Male - - - 0 0.00 2.5
Female - - - 5 100.00 1
LGBTQ - - - 0 0.00 2.5
Total - - - 5 100%
Rank
PAT – PSGT - - - 3 60.00 1
PMS - PEMS - - - 2 40.00 2
Total 5 100%
Frequency in handling
VAW Cases
Once a week - - - 3 60.00 1
Twice a week - - - 2 40.00 2
Total - - - 5 100%
B. Women’s Desk Officer
Age. With regard to age, three (60.00 percent) aged 31 - 40 years old,
two (40.00 percent) aged 30 years old and below. Majority of the women’s desk
officer aged 31 - 40 years old.
Gender. As to their gender, five (100.00 percent) were females. Most of
the women’s desk officer were females.
Rank. As to their rank, three (60.00 percent) were PAT - PSGT, two
(40.00 percent) PMS - PEMS. Majority of the rank were PAT - PSGT.
Frequency in handling VAW Cases. As to their frequency in handling
VAW Cases, three (60.00 percent) were once a week, two (40.00 percent) were
36
twice a week. Majority of the frequency in handling VAW Cases were once a
week.
Responses on the Causes of Violence Experienced by Women

Table III presents the responses of the respondents on the causes of violence
experienced by women.
Seven items were rated as Very Much Experienced by the women
community residents, the items were presented along with their weighted means
and ranks to wit: 1.5) Unemployment with a mean rating of (4.00); 1.5)
Extramarital relation (4.00); 3) Gender inequality and norms (3.75); 4) Unequal
distribution of power and resources (3.65); 5) Illiteracy (3.63); 6) Sexual
dissatisfaction (3.50). 7) Suspicious attitude with a mean rating (3.30).
One item were rated as Experienced. 8) Economic dependency with a
mean rating (3.10).
Two items were rated as Less Experienced. 9) Patriarchal society
(2.50); 10) Gambling with a mean rating (2.45).
The responses of the women community residents obtained an average
weighted mean of 3.39 or Very Much Experienced. The result implies that the
women community residents is most of them are unemployed. It is evident in the
result that one of the reasons of couples are being of their wives/common law
wives. Specially, nowadays the goods are very expensive and its hard for the
men to supply all the needs in the family.

37
B. Women’s Desk Officer/Women Law Enforcers

All items were rated Very Much Experienced by the Women’s Desk
Officer/Women Law Enforcers, the items were presented along with their
weighted means and ranks to wit: 4) Unequal distribution of power and
resources with a mean rating of (4.00); 4) Gender inequality and norms (4.00);
4) Illiteracy (4.00); 4) Economic dependency (4.00); 4) Patriarchal Society
(4.00); 4) Suspicious attitude (4.00); 4) Gambling; 8.5) Sexual dissatisfaction
(3.60); 8.5) Unemployment with a mean rating (3.60).
In conclusion, the average weighted mean of 3.86 rated as Very Much
Experienced was gathered by the responses of the respondents. The results
clearly showed that Women’s Desk Officer/Women Law Enforcers see that
gender and inequality and norms is the primary reason why unemployment is
existing. That, women are not given more opportunities than men. That, unlike
men wherever they applied for work they can be easily hired.
38
Table III
A. Responses on the Causes of Violence Experienced by Women

Women Community Residents (n=40)
VME E LE NE
Items 4 3 2 1
F % F % F % F % W Des Ran
M c. k
1. Unequal distribution of power and resources. 2 65.00 1 35.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 3.6 VME 4
6 4 0 5
2. Gender inequality and norms. 3 75.00 1 25.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 3.7 VME 3
0 0 0 5
3. Illiteracy. 2 62.50 1 37.5 0 0.00 0 0.00 3.6 VME 5
5 5 0 3
4. Economic dependency. 1 40.00 1 40.0 4 10.0 4 10.0 3.1 E 8
6 6 0 0 0 0
5. Patriarchal society. 1 25.00 1 25.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 2.5 LE 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6. Sexual dissatisfaction. 2 50.00 2 50.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 3.5 VME 6
0 0 0 0
7. Unemployment. 4 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.0 VME 1.5
0 0 0
8. Extramarital relation. 4 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.0 VME 1.5
0 0 0
9. Suspicious attitude. 1 45.00 1 40.0 6 15.0 0 0.00 3.3 VME 7
6 0 0 0
10. Gambling. 9 22.50 1 25.0 1 27.5 1 25.0 2.4 E 10
39
0 0 1 0 0 0 5
Average Weighted Mean 3.3 Very Much
9 Experienc
ed
Legend
Scale Description Symbol Range
4 Very Much Experienced (VME) 3.26-4.00
3 Experienced (E) 2.51-3.25
2 Less Experienced (LE) 1.76-2.50
1 Not Experienced (NE) 1.00-1.75
37
40
Table III
B. Responses on the Causes of Violence Experienced by Women

Women Desk Officers (n=5)
VME E LE NE
Items 4 3 2 1
M c. k
1. Unequal distribution of power and resources. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 4
0 0 0 0
2. Gender inequality and norms. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 4
0 0 0 0
3. Illiteracy. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 4
0 0 0 0
4. Economic dependency. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 4
0 0 0 0
5. Patriarchal society. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 4
0 0 0 0
6. Sexual dissatisfaction. 3 60.00 2 40.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.6 VME 8.5
0 0 0 0
7. Unemployment. 3 60.00 2 40.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.6 VME 8.5
0 0 0 0
8. Extramarital relation. 2 40.00 3 60.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.4 VME 10
0 0 0 0
9. Suspicious attitude. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 4
0 0 0 0
10. Gambling. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 4
41
0 0 0 0
6 Experienc
ed
Legend
38
42
Statistical Treatment. The computation in Table IV resulted a t-value
-2.49 which was found to be higher than the tabular t-value of 2.101 at 18
degree of freedom (df) and at 0.05 level of significance. There was a
significant degree of difference, leading to the rejected of the null hypothesis.
Table IV
Difference of Responses of the Respondents on the Causes of

Violence Experienced by Women
X1 X 21 X2 X 22
3.65 13.32 4.00 16.00
3.75 14.06 4.00 16.00
3.63 13.14 4.00 16.00
3.10 9.61 4.00 16.00
2.50 6.25 4.00 16.00
3.50 12.25 3.60 12.96
4.00 16.00 3.60 12.96
4.00 16.00 3.40 11.56
3.30 10.89 4.00 16.00
2.45 6.00 4.00 16.00
∑ X 1 =¿33.88 2
∑ X 1 =¿117.52 ∑ X 2=¿3.63 2
∑ X 2=¿149.48
Computation
Σ x1 Σ x2
x̄ 1= x̄ 2=
N1 N2
33.88 38.60
x̄ 1= x̄ 2=
10 10
x̄ 1=3.39 x̄ 2=3.86
n ( Σ x 1) − ( Σ x 1) n ( Σ x 2) − ( Σ x 2)
2 2 2 2
2 2
S=
1 S=
2
n ( n−1 ) n (n−1)
2 2
10 ( 117.52 ) −( 33.88 ) 10 ( 149.48 )−( 38.60 )
= =
10 ( 10−1 ) 10 ( 10−1 )
43
1175.2−1147.85 1494.8−1489.96
= =
10 ( 9 ) 10 ( 9 )
27.35 4.84
= =
90 90
S21=0.3039 S21=0.05379
Thus:
x̄ 1−x̄ 2
t=
√
df =N 1+ N 2−2 S21 s 22
+
n1 n 2
3.39−3.86
t=
=10+10 – 2
√ .3039 0.05379
10
+
10
−0.47
t=
√
df =18 .35769
10
−0.47
t=
√ 0.035769
t=−2.49
Computed T-Value = -2.49
Tabular T-Value = 2.101 @18 df and 0.05

level of significance
-2.49 < 2.101, insignificant, rejected the

hypothesis
44
Responses on the Effects of Violence to the Well-being of Abused

Women
Table V presents the responses of the respondents on the effects of violence to
the well-being of abused women.
All items were rated as Very Much Experienced by the women
community residents, the items were presented along with their weighted
means and ranks to wit: 2.5) I had the idea of attempting a suicide with a
mean rating of (4.00); 2.5) I experienced having diminished interest or
avoidance of sex (4.00); 2.5) I experience nervousness (4.00); 2.5) I have
feeling of distrust of others (3.65); 5.5) I experience shock (3.88); 5.5) I felt
shame or guilt (3.88); 7) I experienced generalized anxiety (3.75); 8) I suffer
denial and confusion (3.70); 9) Low self-esteem/self-blame (3.63); 10) I
endured depression with a mean rating of (3.50).
women community residents is most of them are experienced having diminished
interest or avoidance of sex. It is evident in the result that one of the basic
45
needs of marriage life is sex. If the woman doesn’t want to have sexual
intercourse with their husband some of them it is the primary reason why men
hits women.

Seven items were rated Very Much Experienced by the Women’s Desk
weighted means and ranks to wit: 4) I endured depression with a mean rating of
(4.00); 4) I experienced generalized anxiety (4.00); 4) I had the idea of
attempting a suicide (4.00); 4) I experienced having diminished interest or
avoidance of sex (4.00); 4) Low self-esteem/self-blame (4.00); 4) I experience
nervousness (4.00); 4) I have feeling of distrust of others (4.00); (8.5) I
experience shock (3.60); 8.5) I suffer denial and confusion with a mean rating of
(3.60); 10) I suffer denial and confusion (3.40).
Seven items were rated Experienced by the Women’s Desk
weighted means and ranks to wit: 8.5) I suffer denial and confusion (3.20); 8.5)
I felt shame or guilt (3.20); 10) I experience nervousness (3.00).
46
some of the women endured depression when there husband hits them
physically. They can’t even think positively on what they are going to do just to
surpass this kind of violence in their lives.

47
Table V
Responses on the Effects of Violence to the Well-being of Abused Women

A. Women Community Residents (n=40)
VME E LE NE
Items 4 3 2 1
M c. k
1. I endured depression. 20 50.00 2 50.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.5 VME 10
0 0 0 0 0
2. I experienced generalized anxiety. 30 75.00 1 25.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.7 VME 7
0 0 0 0 5
3. I had the idea of attempting a suicide. 40 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 2.5
0 0 0 0
4. I experienced having diminished interest 40 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 2.5
or avoidance of sex. 0 0 0 0
5. Low self-esteem/self-blame. 25 62.50 1 37.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.6 VME 9
5 0 0 0 3
6. I experience shock. 35 87.50 5 12.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.8 VME 5.5
0 0 0 8
7. I suffer denial and confusion. 28 70.00 1 30.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.7 VME 8
2 0 0 0 0
8. I felt shame or guilt. 35 87.50 5 12.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.8 VME 5.5
0 0 0 8
9. I experience nervousness. 40 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 2.5
0 0 0 0
10. I have feeling of distrust of others. 40 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.0 4.0 VME 2.5
48
0 0 0 0
3 Experienc
ed
Legend
43
49
Table V
Responses on the Effects of Violence to the Well-being of Abused Women

B. Women’s Desk Officers (n=5)
VME E LE NE
Items 4 3 2 1
M c. k
1. I endured depression. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 4.0 VME 3.5
0 0 0
2. I experienced generalized anxiety. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 4.0 VME 3.5
0 0 0
3. I had the idea of attempting a suicide. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 4.0 VME 3.5
0 0 0
4. I experienced having diminished interest 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 4.0 VME 3.5
or avoidance of sex. 0 0 0
5. Low self-esteem/self-blame. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 4.0 VME 3.5
0 0 0
6. I experience shock. 3 60.00 40.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 3.6 VME 7
2 0 0 0
7. I suffer denial and confusion. 2 40.00 2 40.0 1 20.0 0 0.0 3.2 E 8.5
0 0 0 0
8. I felt shame or guilt. 2 40.00 2 40.0 1 20.0 0 0.0 3.2 E 8.5
0 0 0 0
9. I experience nervousness. 2 40.00 1 20.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 3.0 E 10
0 0 0
10. I have feeling of distrust of others. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 4.0 VME 3.5
50
0 0 0
0 Experienc
ed
Legend
44
51
Statistical Treatment. The computation in Table VI resulted a t-value
-0.91 which was found to be higher than the tabular t-value of 2.101 at 18
degree of freedom (df) and at 0.05 level of significance. There was a
insignificant degree of difference, leading to the accepted of the null
hypothesis.
Table VI
Difference of Responses of the Respondents on the Effects of

Violence to the Well-being of Women
X1 2
X1 X2 2
X2
3.50 12.25 4.00 16.00
3.75 14.06 4.00 16.00
4.00 16.00 4.00 16.00
4.00 16.00 4.00 16.00
3.63 13.18 4.00 16.00
3.88 15.05 3.60 12.96
3.70 13.69 3.20 10.24
3.88 15.05 3.20 10.24
4.00 16.00 3.00 9.00
4.00 16.00 4.00 16.00
∑ X 1 =¿38.34 2
∑ X 1 =¿117.52 ∑ X 2=¿37.00 2
∑ X 2=¿138.44
Computation
Σ x1 Σ x2
x̄ 1= x̄ 2=
N1 N2
38.34 37
x̄ 1= x̄ 2=
10 10
x̄ 1=3.83 x̄ 2=3.70
n ( Σ x 1) − ( Σ x 1) n ( Σ x 22) −( Σ x 2)
2 2 2
2 2
S=
1 S=2
n ( n−1 ) n (n−1)
52
2 2
10 ( 147.28 )−( 38.34 ) 10 ( 138.44 )−( 37 )
= =
10 ( 10−1 ) 10 ( 10−1 )
1472.8−1469.96 1384.4−1369
= =
10 ( 9 ) 10(9)
2.84 15.4
= =
90 90
S21=0.03156 S21=0.1711
Thus:
x̄ 1−x̄ 2
t=
√
df =N 1+ N 2−2 2
S1 s 2
2
+
n1 n 2
3.83−3.70
t=
=10+10– 2
√ .03156 0.1711
10
+
10
0.13
t=
√
df =18 .20316
10
0.13
t=
√ 0.020316
t=0.91
Computed T-Value = 0.91

0.91 < 2.101, insignificant, accepted the

hypothesis
53
Responses on the Actions conducted by Law Enforcers to reduce

Violence Against Women
Table VII presents the responses of the respondents on the actions conducted
by Law Enforcers to reduce Violence Against Women.
Three items were rated as Very Much Experienced by the women
community residents, the items were presented along with their weighted
means and ranks to wit: 2) Develop a responsive plan to address violence
against women, including support services, capacity building, and referral
system with a mean rating of (4.00); 2) Coordinate and refer VAW cases to
government agencies, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), institutions, and
other service providers as necessary (4.00); 2) Passionate and resourceful in
helping the victim-survivors (4.00).
Seven items were rated as Experienced by the women community
residents, the items were presented along with their weighted means and
ranks to wit: 4.5) Assist VAW victim in securing Protection order and
accessing necessary services (3.25); 4.5) Record the violence cases handled
and submit a report to the DILG/Social Welfare Development Office (3.25); 6)
Lead advocacies on the elimination of VAW in the community (3.15); 7)

54
Address other forms of abuse committed against women, especially senior
citizens, women with disabilities, and other marginalized groups (3.08); 8)
Respond to violence cases (2.85); 9) Keep VAW cases records confidential
and secured (2.75); 10) Sensitive to the situation and needs of the victim-
survivors with a mean rating of (2.68).
women community residents must develop a responsive plan to address violence
against women, including support services, capacity building, and referral
system. It is evident in the result that the women will easily to respond and keep
away to their husband that gives them a problem in their relationship.

Eight items were rated Very Much Experienced by the Women’s Desk
weighted means and ranks to wit: 4.5) Assist VAW victim in securing Protection
order and accessing necessary services with a mean rating of (4.00); 4.5)
Respond to violence cases (4.00); 4.5) Record the violence cases handled and
submit a report to the DILG/Social Welfare Development Office (4.00); 4.5) Keep
VAW cases records confidential and secured (4.00); 4.5) Develop a responsive
plan to address violence against women, including support services, capacity
building, and referral system (4.00); 4.5) Coordinate and refer VAW cases to
55
government agencies, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), institutions, and
other service providers as necessary (4.00); 4.5) Address other forms of abuse
committed against women, especially senior citizens, women with disabilities,
and other marginalized groups. (4.00); 4.5) Lead advocacies on the elimination
of VAW in the community (4.00).
Two items were rated Experienced by the Women’s Desk Officer/Women
Law Enforcers, the items were presented along with their weighted means and
ranks to wit: 9.5) Sensitive to the situation and needs of the victim-survivors
(3.00); 9.5) Passionate and resourceful in helping the victim-survivors (3.00).
some of the women lead advocacies on the elimination of VAW in the
community. Some of them are one of the victims of VAW and they want to be
the voice of other women to prevent VAW in the community.

56
Table VII
Responses on the Actions Conducted by Law Enforcers to Reduce Violence Against Women
A. Women Community Residents (n=40)
VME E LE NE
Items 4 3 2 1
F % F % F % F % WM Desc Ran
. k
1. Assist VAW victim in securing Protection order and accessing 25 62.50 5 12.5 5 12.5 5 12.5 3.25 E 4.5
necessary services. 0 0 0
2. Respond to violence cases. 17 42.50 10 25.0 3 7.50 1 25.0 2.85 E 8
0 0 0
3. Record the violence cases handled and submit a report to the 10 25.00 30 75.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 3.25 E 4.5
DILG/Social Welfare Development Office. 0
4. Keep VAW cases records confidential and secured. 5 12.50 20 50.0 1 37.5 0 0.00 2.75 E 9
0 5 0
5. Develop a responsive plan to address violence against women, 40 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 2
including support services, capacity building, and referral system. 0
6. Coordinate and refer VAW cases to government agencies, 40 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 2
nongovernment organizations (NGOs), institutions, and other service 0
providers as necessary.
7. Address other forms of abuse committed against women, especially 8 20.00 27 67.5 5 12.5 0 0.00 3.08 E 7
senior citizens, women with disabilities, and other marginalized groups. 0 0
8. Lead advocacies on the elimination of VAW in the community. 6 15.00 34 85.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 3.15 E 6
0
9. Sensitive to the situation and needs of the victim-survivors. 9 22.50 18 45.0 4 10.0 9 22.5 2.68 E 10
0 0 0
10. Passionate and resourceful in helping the victim-survivors. 40 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 2
0
57

0 Experience
d
Legend
50
58
Table VII
Responses on the Actions Conducted by Law Enforcers to Reduce Violence Against Women
B. Women’s Desk Officers (n=5)
VME E LE NE
Items 4 3 2 1
F % F % F % F % WM Desc Ran
. k
1. Assist VAW victim in securing Protection order and accessing 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 4.5
necessary services. 0
2. Respond to violence cases. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 4.5
0
3. Record the violence cases handled and submit a report to the 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 4.5
DILG/Social Welfare Development Office. 0
4. Keep VAW cases records confidential and secured. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 4.5
0
5. Develop a responsive plan to address violence against women, 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 4.5
including support services, capacity building, and referral system. 0
6. Coordinate and refer VAW cases to government agencies, 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 4.5
nongovernment organizations (NGOs), institutions, and other service 0
providers as necessary.
7. Address other forms of abuse committed against women, especially 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 4.5
senior citizens, women with disabilities, and other marginalized groups. 0
8. Lead advocacies on the elimination of VAW in the community. 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 VME 4.5
0
9. Sensitive to the situation and needs of the victim-survivors. 0 0.00 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 3.00 E 9.5
0
10. Passionate and resourceful in helping the victim-survivors. 0 0.00 5 100.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 3.00 E 9.5
0
59

0 Experience
d
Legend
51
60
Statistical Treatment. The computation in Table VIII resulted a t-
value -2.36 which was found to be higher than the tabular t-value of 2.101 at
18 degree of freedom (df) and at 0.05 level of significance. There was a
significant degree of difference, leading to the rejected of the null hypothesis.
Table VIII
Difference of Responses on the Actions Conducted by Law Enforcers to

Reduce Violence Against Women
X1 X 21 X2 X 22
3.25 10.56 4.00 16.00
2.85 8.12 4.00 16.00
3.25 10.56 4.00 16.00
2.75 7.56 4.00 16.00
4.00 16.00 4.00 16.00
4.00 16.00 4.00 16.00
3.08 9.49 4.00 16.00
3.15 9.92 4.00 16.00
2.68 7.18 3.00 9.00
4.00 16.00 3.00 9.00
∑ X 1 =¿33.01 2
∑ X 1 =¿111.39 ∑ X 2=¿38.00 2
∑ X 2=¿146.00
Computation
Σ x1 Σ x2
x̄ 1= x̄ 2=
N1 N2
33.01 38
x̄ 1= x̄ 2=
10 10
x̄ 1=3.30 x̄ 2=3.80
n ( Σ x 1) − ( Σ x 1) n ( Σ x 2) −( Σ x 2)
2 2 2 2
2 2
S=
1 S=
2
n ( n−1 ) n (n−1)
2 2
10 ( 111.39 ) −( 33.01 ) 10 ( 146 )−( 38 )
= =
10 ( 10−1 ) 10 ( 10−1 )
61
1113.90−1089.66 1460−1444
= =
10 ( 9 ) 10( 9)
24.24 16
= =
90 90
S21=0.2693 S21=0.1778
Thus:
x̄ 1−x̄ 2
t=
√
df =N 1+ N 2−2 S21 s 22
+
n1 n 2
3.30−3.80
t=
=10+10– 2
√ .2693 0.1778
10
+
10
−0.50
t=
√
df =18 0.4471
10
−0.50
t=
√ 0.04471
t=−2.36
Computed T-Value = -2.36

-2.36 < 2.101, significant, rejected the

hypothesis
62
Summary of Results on the Responses of the Respondents on the
Protection of Women on the Violence against Women
Table IX presents the summary of the results on the responses of the
respondents on the protection of women on the violence against women.
In their responses on the causes of violence experienced by women;
women community residents obtained an average weighted mean of 3.39 or very
much experienced, women’s desk officers obtained an average weighted mean of
3.86 or very much experience. Their perception gained an over all mean rating of
3.63 Very Much Experienced.
In their responses on the responses on the effects of violence to the well-
being of abused women; women community residents obtained an average
weighted mean of 3.83 or very much experienced, women’s desk officers
obtained an average weighted mean of 3.70 or very much experience. Their
perception gained an over all mean rating of 3.77 or Very Much Experienced.
In their responses on the actions conducted by law enforcers to reduce
violence against women; women community residents obtained an average
weighted mean of 3.30 or very much experienced, women’s desk officers
obtained an average weighted mean of 3.80 or very much experience. Their
perception gained an over all mean rating of 3.55 or Very Much Experienced.
63
Table IX
Summary of Results on the Responses of the Respondents on the
Women Women’s Overall Rating

Community Desk
Residents Officers
AWM Desc. AWM Desc. AWM Desc.
A. Responses on the Causes of
Violence experienced by Women 3.39 VME 3.86 VME 3.63 VME
B.Responses on the Effects of 3.83 VME 3.70 VME 3.77 VME
Violence to the well-being of abused
Women
C.Responses on the Actions 3.30 VME 3.80 VME 3.55 VME
conducted by Law Enforcers to
reduce Violence Against Women
Summary of Difference on the Responses of the Respondents on the
Table X presents the summary of difference on the responses of the
respondents on the protection of women on the violence against women
The computation on the Responses on the Causes of Violence experienced
by Women resulted to a t- value of -2.49 which was found to be higher than the
tabular value of 2.101 at 18 df at 0.05 level of significance, there was a
significant degree of difference leading to the rejected of the null hypothesis.

64
The computation on the Responses on the Effects of Violence to the well-
being of abused Women resulted to a t- value of 0.91 which was found to be
higher than the tabular value of 2.101 at 18 df at 0.05 level of significance, there
was a insignificant degree of difference leading to the accepted of the null
hypothesis.
The computation on the Responses on the Responses on the Actions
conducted by Law Enforcers to reduce Violence Against Women resulted to a t-
value of -2.36 which was found to be higher than the tabular value of 2.101 at
18 df at 0.05 level of significance, there was a significant degree of difference
leading to the rejected of the null hypothesis.
Table X
Summary of Difference on the Responses of the Respondents on the
Items Computed df Critical Level of Test of

Value Value Significance Hypotheses
A. Responses on the Causes of -2.49 18 2.101 .05 Rejected
Violence experienced by Women
B.Responses on the Effects of 0.91 18 2.101 .05 Accepted
Violence to the well-being of
abused Women
C.Responses on the Actions -2.36 18 2.101 .05 Rejected
conducted by Law Enforcers to
reduce Violence Against Women
65
CHAPTER III
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings of the study, the
conclusions and recommendations based on the analysis and interpretation of
the gathered data. It also includes a proposed improvement measures.
SUMMARY
Statement of the Problem. The main objective of this study is to make
an analysis on the protection of women on violence in the City of Tagbilaran.
This study will be conducted in Tagbilaran City, Bohol during the year 2022 –
2023 with an end view of proposing a preventive and safety measures.
Specifically, it aimed to discover the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Age;
b. Civil Status;
c. Educational Attainment;
66
d. Employment Status;
e. Do you have Children;
f. Relationship with the Offender; and
g. How often does your abuser/offender abuse you?
B. Women’s Desk / Women Law Enforcers
a. Age;
b. Gender;
c. Rank; and
d. Frequency in handling VAW cases?
2. What are the causes of violence experienced by women?
3. What are the effects of violence to the well-being of abused women?
4. What are the actions conducted by law enforcers in order to reduce
violence against women in the City of Tagbilaran?
5. Is there significant degree of difference in the responses of the
against women in the City of Tagbilaran?

67
6. What proposed preventive measures could be offered to enhance the
FREE VAW community and for the safety of every woman in the City of
Tagbilaran?
Null Hypotheses
There is no significant degree of difference in the responses of the
against women in the City of Tagbilaran.
Research Design
The researchers employ the descriptive-normative survey method using a
self-made questionnaire as the main data gathering tool to obtain the objectives
of the inquisition. This method is used in order to ascertain the normal condition,
to practice or to compare research results with a standard norm.
The responses were tallied and tabulated in tables for purposes of
analyzes and interpretation. The degree of difference of the responses of the
respondents was subjected to t-test.
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

68
Based on the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered, these are
the findings:
1. On the Profile of the Respondents
A. Women Community Residents. Majority of the women community
residents were single, aged 30 years old and below, elementary undergraduate,
self employed, has children, most of them has a relationship with her husband
and often your abuser/offender abuse her.
B. Women’s Desk Officer/Women Law Enforcers. Majority of the
Faculty respondents were female. Belonged to age group 31-40 years old, has a
ranked of PAT - PSGT and once a week in frequency in handling VAW cases.
2. Responses on the Causes of Violence Experienced by Women
A. Women Community Residents. The responses of the women
community residents obtained an average weighted mean of 3.39 or Very
Much Experienced. The result implies that the women community residents is
most of them are unemployed. It is evident in the result that one of the reasons
of couples are being of their wives/common law wives. Specially, nowadays the
goods are very expensive and its hard for the men to supply all the needs in the
family.
B. Women’s Desk Officer/Women Law Enforcers. The responses of
the faculty obtained an average weighted mean of 3.86 or Very Much
Experienced. The results clearly showed that Women’s Desk Officer/Women

69
Law Enforcers see that gender and inequality and norms is the primary reason
why unemployment is existing. That, women are not given more opportunities
than men. That, unlike men wherever they applied for work they can be easily
hired.
3. Statistical Treatment. The computation for the responses of the
respondents on the different aspects raised in this study showed an significant
difference leading to rejected of the null hypothesis when it was subjected to
T-Test formula.
4. Responses on the Effects of Violence to the Well-being of Abused

Women
Much Experienced. The result implies that the women community residents is
most of them are experienced having diminished interest or avoidance of sex. It
is evident in the result that one of the basic needs of marriage life is sex. If the
woman doesn’t want to have sexual intercourse with their husband some of
them it is the primary reason why men hits women.
Law Enforcers see that some of the women endured depression when there
70
husband hits them physically. They can’t even think positively on what they are
going to do just to surpass this kind of violence in their lives.
respondents on the different aspects raised in this study showed an
insignificant difference leading to accepted of the null hypothesis when it
was subjected to T-Test formula.
6. Responses on the Actions conducted by Law Enforcers to reduce

Much Experienced. The result implies that the women community residents
must develop a responsive plan to address violence against women, including
support services, capacity building, and referral system. It is evident in the result
that the women will easily to respond and keep away to their husband that gives
them a problem in their relationship.
Law Enforcers see that some of the women lead advocacies on the elimination
of VAW in the community. Some of them are one of the victims of VAW and they
want to be the voice of other women to prevent VAW in the community.

63
respondents on the different aspects raised in this study showed an
insignificant difference leading to accepted of the null hypothesis when it
was subjected to T-Test formula.
6. Responses on the Actions conducted by Law Enforcers to reduce

Much Experienced. The result implies that the women community residents
must develop a responsive plan to address violence against women, including
support services, capacity building, and referral system. It is evident in the result
that the women will easily to respond and keep away to their husband that gives
them a problem in their relationship.
Law Enforcers see that some of the women lead advocacies on the elimination
of VAW in the community. Some of them are one of the victims of VAW and they
want to be the voice of other women to prevent VAW in the community.
respondents on the different aspects raised in this study showed an significant

difference leading to rejected of the null hypothesis when it was subjected to
T-Test formula.
CONCLUSIONS
After thorough study of the data, the researchers were able to arrive at
the following conclusions:
1. Majority of the women community residents were single, aged 30 years old
and below, elementary undergraduate, self employed,has children, and the
husband is often to abuse her.
2. Majority of the women’s desk officers were females. Belonged to age group
31-40 years old, married, has a rank of PAT - PSGT and has a once a week of
frequency in handling cases.
3. Both respondents in Responses on the Causes of Violence Experienced by

Women were rated Very Much Experienced.
4. There was a insignificant degree of difference on the responses of the
respondents on the Responses on the Causes of Violence Experienced by
Women thus the null hypothesis was accepted.
5. Both respondents in Responses on the Effects of Violence to the Well-being of

Abused Women were rated Very Much Experienced.
6. There was a insignificant degree of difference on the responses of the
respondents on the Responses on the Effects of Violence to the Well-being of
Abused Women thus the null hypothesis was accepted.
7. Both respondents in responses on the actions conducted by law enforcers to

reduce violence against women were rated as Very Much Experienced.
65
8. There was a significant degree of difference on the responses of the
respondents on the responses on the actions conducted by law enforcers to
reduce violence against women thus the null hypothesis was rejected.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings and conclusions drawn, the following measures are
suggested:
1. The study recommends that women must have equal distribution of power
and resources.
2. Every woman must be economically independent. They must look for income
that would help their partners.
3. Every woman must know their worth and prevent self blame to prevent
overthinking in a particular situation.
4. The women’s desk officer must provide seminars and lectures regarding on
how women will protect themselves from violence.
5. Every women must know their strengths and weaknesses inorder to surpass
their problems in life.

66
A PROPOSED PREVENTION AND SAFETY MEASURES
Rationale
VAWC is a law the seeks to address the prevalence of violence against women
and their children by their intimate partners like their husband or ex-husband, live-in
partner or former live-in partner, boyfriend/girlfriend or ex-boyfriend/ex-girlfriend, dating
partner or former dating partner.
A good harmony of the couples will lead to a success of the individuals.
It’s not only between the partners that will gain their success but also the
community and environment. Seeing the every family that is happy is one of the
successful moment of every country. It’s not only in the four corners of the
house will make the men/women/children will change their future but also the
people that sorrounds them.
In response to the women protection against violence realizes that
creating meaningful learning experiences for women. It means that it is
important also to have self value and worth inorder to prove to our
husband/partner to be aware that there is a law protecting to women.
The findings of the study showed of the respondents of the women
protection against violence were rated as Very Much Experienced.

67
OBJECTIVES
The following objectives have been formulated for the purpose of providing
direction to the proposed improvement measures.
1. To have a good harmony between the husband and wife or within the
family.
2. To help and protect women from violence.
3. To provide good quality service for the victims of violence and to be
prepared on the fear/depression they will encounter.
4. To give awareness to their husband/partners that there is a law
protecting to them.
Mechanics of Implementation
Once approved by the examining panel, a copy of this research study will
be presented to the School Director and subsequently endorse to the School
Director for approval, with the request that special attention will be given to the
proposed preventive and safety measures thereof. The items of this program are
merely suggestive thus, it may be modified to suit present conditions.
Schedule of Implementation
The immediate implementation of this proposed preventive and safety
measures will be as soon as it is approved. It will be advantageous and useful so
that weaknesses could be prevented and strong points could be developed.

A PROPOSED PREVENTIVE AND SAFETY MEASURES
Areas Objectives Strategies Persons Time Frame Success Indicator

Involved
Women To protect every woman Conduct Lectures/ Motivated and an
Community from violence. seminars to every All round empowered woman
Residents womwn in Baranggay. year in the society.
To give awareness and 2023 - 2024
help that there is a law Must be Present in Women
protecting to every lectures and activities in Community
woman from violence provided by the Residents
and harm. Baranggay.
Be Wise.
Women’s Desk To become prepared and Attend Orientations and All round Women will have
Officer/Women be mastery in their Seminars in Mastering Women’s Desk year more learnings after
Law Enforcers preparations in lectures their profession in Officer/Women 2023 - 2024 seminars and
for women in the protection for women. Law Enforcers awareness programs.
baranggay.
Provide time in
To mold every woman in enhancing their
their vision to be treated capablities in handling
well. cases for women.
68
69
Appendix A
BIT International College

College of Criminal Justice
City of Tagbilaran
April 21, 2022
Mrs. Charito C. Cadeliña, MAEd

Research Coordinator
BIT International College – Tagbilaran City
200 Gallares Street, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Greetings!
The undersigned researchers hereby submitted the proposed research

study entitled, “PROTECTION OF WOMEN ON THE VIOLENCE AGAINST
WOMEN IN THE CITY OF TAGBILARAN: A PREVENTIVE AND SAFETY
MEASURES,” for your approval as partial requirement for the subject Research
and Methodology.
Thank you very much and more power.
Respectfully yours,
(Sgd.) Kriszia Mae M. Amoy

(Sgd.) Joshua T. Bantugan
(Sgd.) Jother C. Betache
(Sgd.) Jon Ernest Gomez
(Sgd.) Marvin B. Mulato
Approved:
MRS. CHARITO C. CADELIÑA, MAEd

Research Coordinator
70
Appendix B
BIT International College

City of Tagbilaran
July 18, 2022
Mrs. Charito C. Cadeliña, MAEd

BIT International College, Main Campus
Madam:
Greetings!
The undersigned researchers hereby requesting you to be our research

adviser for the research study entitled “PROTECTION OF WOMEN ON THE
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN THE CITY OF TAGBILARAN: A
PREVENTIVE AND SAFETY MEASURES,” as partial requirement for the
subject Research and Methodology.
Thank you very much and more power.
Respectfully yours,

Approved:
MRS. CHARITO C. CADELIÑA, MAEd

Adviser
71
Appendix C
BIT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

City of Tagbilaran
July 18, 2022
PLTCOL MARY CRYSTAL B. PERALTA

Chief of Police, Tagbilaran City Police Station
Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Sir:
Good day!
The undersigned are conducting a thesis entitled “PROTECTION OF

WOMEN ON THE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN THE CITY OF
TAGBILARAN: A PREVENTIVE AND SAFETY MEASURES,” as partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
In view hereof, the researchers are asking for your permission in the
administration of their questionnaires to the Women’s Desk Officers/Women Law
Enforcers under your jurisdiction in order to obtain necessary data for the
completion of their research. Rest assured that the responses would be treated
with confidentiality and anonymity.
Thank you so much and more power.
Respectfully yours,

Approved:
PLTCOL MARY CRYSTAL B. PERALTA

Chief of Police, Tagbilaran City Police Station
72
Appendix D
BIT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

City of Tagbilaran
July 18, 2022
HON. JANE CENSORIA CAJES-YAP

City Mayor
Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Madam:
Good day!
The undersigned are conducting a thesis entitled “PROTECTION OF

WOMEN ON THE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN THE CITY OF
TAGBILARAN: A PREVENTIVE AND SAFETY MEASURES” as partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
In view hereof, the researchers are asking for your permission in the
administration of their questionnaires to the women residents of Tagbilaran City
in order to obtain necessary data for the completion completing of their research.
Rest assured that the responses would be treated with confidentiality and
anonymity.
Thank you so much and more power.
Respectfully yours,

Approved:
HON. JANE CENSORIA CAJES-YAP

City Mayor
73
Appendix E
BIT INTERNATONAL COLLEGE

Survey Questionnaire
PROTECTION OF WOMEN ON THE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

IN THE CITY OF TAGBILARAN: A PREVENTIVE
AND SAFETY MEASURES
To our Dear Respondents:
Here is a questionnaire which serves as data instruments for the study.

Kindly answer the questionnaire honestly to ensure the accuracy of the data and
for a more reliable result. All information gathered will be held confidential and
shall be used only for the purpose of research.
Thank you so much.
Researchers
Part I. Profile of the Respondents
Direction: Please indicate with a checkmark of your choice on the space
provided.
a.) Age
[] 30 years old and below
[] 31 - 40 years old
[] 41 - 50 years old
[] 51 years old and above
74
b.) Civil Status

[ ] Single
[ ] Married
[ ] Widowed
[ ] Separated
c.) Educational Attainment

[ ] Elementary Undergraduate
[ ] Elementary Graduate
[ ] High School Undergraduate
[ ] High School Graduate
[ ] College Undergraduate
[ ] College Graduate
d.) Employment Status

[ ] Self-employed
[ ] Unemployed
e.) Do you have Children

[ ] Yes
[ ] No
f.) Relationship with the Offender

[ ] Father/Mother
[ ] Husband
[ ] Brother/Sister
[ ] Adulteress/Concubine
[ ] Relatives
g.) How often does your abuser/offender abuse you

[ ] Always
[ ] Often
[ ] Rarely
[ ] Never
a.) Age
[ ] 30 years old and below
[ ] 31 - 40 years old
[ ] 41 – 50 years old
75
[ ] 51 years old and above
b.) Gender
[ ] Male
[ ] Female
[ ] LGBTQ
c.) Ranks
[ ] PAT - PSGT
[ ] PMS - PEMS
[ ] PLT. - PCAPT.
[ ] PMAJ - PCOL.
d.) Frequency in handling VAW Cases

[ ] once a week
[ ] twice a week
[ ] once a month
[ ] twice a month
[ ] Others please specify: __________
Part II. Responses on the Causes of Violence Experienced by Women
Direction: Please indicate a checkmark (√) of your response to the column that
corresponds to your answer. Numerical choices correspond to the
following quantifiers.
4 – Very Much Experienced 2 – Less Experienced

3 – Experienced 1 – Not Experienced
Items 4
3 2 1
(VME
(E) (LE) (NE)
)
1. Unequal distribution of power and resources.
2. Gender inequality and norms.
3. Illiteracy.
4. Economic dependency.
5. Patriarchal society.
6. Sexual dissatisfaction.
7. Unemployment.
8. Extramarital relation.
9. Suspicious attitude.
10. Gambling.
76
Part III. Responses on the Effects of Violence to the Well-being of

Abused Women

Items 4 3 2 1
(VME) (E) (LE) (NE)
1. I
endured depression.
2. I
experienced generalized anxiety.
3. I
had the idea of attempting a suicide.
4. I
experienced having diminished interest
or avoidance of sex.
5. Low self-esteem/self-blame.
6. I experience shock.
7. I suffer denial and confusion.
8. I felt shame or guilt.
9. I experience nervousness.
10. I have feeling of distrust of others.
77
Part IV. Responses on the Actions Conducted by Law Enforcers to

Reduce Violence against Women

Items 4
3 2 1
(VME
(E) (LE) (NE)
)
1. Assist VAW victim in securing Protection order
and accessing necessary services.
2. Respond to violence cases.
3. Record the violence cases handled and submit
a report to the DILG/Social Welfare
Development Office.
4. Keep VAW cases records confidential and
secured.
5. Develop a responsive plan to address violence
against women, including support services,
capacity building, and referral system.
6. Coordinate and refer VAW cases to
government agencies, nongovernment
organizations (NGOs), institutions, and other
service providers as necessary.
7. Address other forms of abuse committed
against women, especially senior citizens,
women with disabilities, and other
marginalized groups.
8. Lead advocacies on the elimination of VAW in
the community.
9. Sensitive to the situation and needs of the
victim-survivors.
10. Passionate and resourceful in helping the
victim-survivors.
Thank you very much for your cooperation…..

78
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women/
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pap0000186.pdf
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Kriszia Mae M. Amoy
Date of Birth : May 2, 2000
Place of Birth : Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Address : Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Parents : Mr. Rolito B. Amoy
Mrs. Ma. Fe M. Amoy
Nationality : Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary : Tocdog Elementary School
Tocdog Dacu, Loay, Bohol
Secondary : Lila National High School
Poblacion, Lila, Bohol
Tertiary : BIT International College
200 Gallares St., Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course : Bachelor of Science in Criminology
80
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Joshua T. Bantugan
Date of Birth : May 19, 2000
Place of Birth : Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Address : Gon-ob, Loboc, Bohol
Parents : Mr. Pastor O. Bantugan
Mrs. Mrs. Rosario T. Bantugan
Elementary : Triple Union Elementary School
Camayaan, Loboc, Bohol
Secondary : Camayaan National High School
Camayaan, Loboc, Bohol

81
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Jother C. Betache
Date of Birth : October 9, 1999
Place of Birth : Tinago, Ozamis City, Misamis Occidental
Address : Malayo Sur, Cortes, Bohol
Parents : Mr. Sotero G. Betache
Mrs. Jocelyn C. Betache
Elementary : San Roque Elementary School
San Roque, Cortes, Bohol
Secondary : Fatima National High School
Fatima, Cortes, Bohol

82
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : John Ernest Gomez
Date of Birth : July 27, 2000
Place of Birth : Bahay-Bahay, Sikatuna, Bohol
Address : Bahay-Bahay, Sikatuna, Bohol
Parents : Mrs. Nena S. Gomez
Elementary : Sikatuna Central Elementary School
Poblacion, Sikatuna, Bohol
Secondary : Sikatuna National High School
Poblacion, Sikatuna, Bohol

83
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Marvin B. Mulato
Date of Birth : January 30, 2000
Place of Birth : Bahi, Loon, Bohol
Address : Bahi, Loon, Bohol
Parents : Mr. Roy G. Mulato
Mrs. Josefina B. Mulato
Elementary : Nueva Vida Elementary School
Nueva Vida, Loon, Bohol
Secondary : Governor Jacinto Borja National High School
Cantaongon, Loon, Bohol


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1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Every minute of the day, violence is devastating the lives of millions of

girls face throughout their lives.

society. 35 percent of women will experience violence at the hands of their

current or former partners in their lifetime, up to 70 percent according to some

violence occurs (1:2022).

eradicate violence against women.

International organizations should collaborate with local government

authorities to empower women to consider sharing their stories. Offering

protection for survivors is indispensable and the international community should

provide adequate material resources to lower-income regions to build gender-

process of empowering women (2:2022).

a preventive and safety measures to mitigate crime occurrences against women.

Theory. This study is premised on Feminist Theory by Jo Ann Arinder.

Feminist theory proposes that when power and oppression

are acknowledged and disrupted, understanding, advocacy, and change can

work against individuals based on these qualities and against equality and equity.

Feminist theory considers the lived experience of any person/people, not

just women, with an emphasis on oppression. While there may not be a

consensus on where feminist theory fits as a theory or paradigm, disruption of

oppression is a core tenant of feminist work. As hooks states, “Simply put,

feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression

The study is also anchored on Social Learning Theory by Edwin H.

Sutherland. Social learning theories emphasize the importance of the social

whether these individuals are positively or negatively reinforced when exhibiting

Social Learning Theory proposes that individuals learn by observing the

as parents or friends, using substances with positive consequences, they are

more likely to develop positive expectations of substance use, which increases

substances occurs in a similar fashion when adolescents who observe negative

substances. Self-efficacy, an individual's confidence in their own capabilities, is

also thought to be learned socially.

According to social learning theory, much of human behavior is learned

through modeling (4:2021).

Theory: Legal Basis:

Feminist Theory by Jo Ann Arinder Republic Act No. 9262

Social Learning Theory by Edwin H. Republic Act No. 11313 or Safe

Feminist theory proposes that It is hereby declared that the State

Legal Basis. The study is anchored on the legal framework of Republic

providing for Protective Measures for Victims, prescribing Penalties therefore,

and for other purposes.

from violence and threats to their personal safety and security.

committed against women and children in keeping with the fundamental

Declaration of Human Rights, the convention on the elimination of all forms of

international human rights instruments of which the Philippines is a party.

The crime of violence against women and their children is committed

woman's or her child's freedom of movement or conduct by force or threat of

force, physical or other harm or threat of physical or other harm, or intimidation

directed against the woman or child.

the purpose or effect of controlling or restricting the woman's or her child's

movement or conduct: (1) Threatening to deprive or actually depriving the

woman or her child of custody to her/his family; (2) Depriving or threatening to

family, or deliberately providing the woman's children insufficient financial

support; (3) Depriving or threatening to deprive the woman or her child of a

profession, occupation, business or activity or controlling the victim's own

mon4ey or properties, or solely controlling the conjugal or common money, or

purpose of controlling her actions or decisions; (g) Causing or attempting to

constitute rape, by force or threat of force, physical harm, or through

Spaces Act. An act defining gender-based sexual harassment in streets, public