'++;-ii:+jirt+ffi .i, l,r;,.:,,t..:r'it::-alt,t.il.

,:ltlt:r1:

'.'i.';r;:ii.ii;iffi

Functions

:'

:.

'.::

RELATIOHS

,at-,

F.unctionnotafions

x' '-t t,
f,::'x+,3x'-tr
:r,i
1;iii!'Me
,...OJ.,r,:::i:

,flxf.=

$q-

C:1,1 e
I

:,i.{ '?af1gp,of,a. Fora,relation between:set X and set Y, where set'X..i$

$tlon,,','',,,r

,,lmage,

:(s)

(b) orrdered paifs.

sn,arrow,diapm;

&aErt:-vl!lv*!!r:

cdldthgr,ed r. . ,: '," , ,, fud"*epts in set X 'i;'1'"1i$ t:ai trt" rrfu*:u*..tld"r"*i"tt**t r,'' ,'* (eJ the set of irmegpq,is,ealtd,fu 1lpge. ' For example, ,.t ,' ': ' , .i*
(b) set tt ls
,,,.i

{a},setX is called *e aornal:n. faliitX (c) the obSects'a""

*e,aornatn.

r'

r*

,|1

,,',i,,j_{
',
i

r ,:

,,

T:'hearrorarnia,shows
. ::::: . :,

the relationfac-rorofbetrueed
:t -: : ::
:

(b) [t0,.,0); {r, 1); (2,4}. (3" 9),{4,:15)]

II

r;\'gfl
X ,Wd
e.-a

!,:

:. .

tt

'

:l,r,i:t

:: l:rt :, .:ll :.,:::,:::li

Dsnrain={4,6,9} ,

: ,t .,:,,:,it:$ :: ,: Itr t: :,::...*

'
|l

Codomain = [2, 3,4,5J Range = [2,3,41 4 ir the: objeet of, images ?,arrd 4, 3 is the image of objects 6 and 9.

]]: :.: ]jl :14 :/|! ' :,:,,:r:ui i.1E : j,:: .rt.rie
]ll. :

' :

: , .,:t,
:

:: ::4 .i::4 I :i :ir: ,Jj 'I:ia I :;,: :: r,:tai , t .ri..il,,::

,: :. :tii

t\

F+iytlr##
X s{parc

twtol

t:
I'
t6
25

#
square root

,1tq,rolriA'rffiffie
Kr, z), tz,3), (4, 6), (s, 6). (7, 8)t The ordercd pairs above show a relation between set X
and set Y.

lo fs
le

r-=

rf.o\$ diagram shows the relation

the codomain.
range.

of

=:=iil s! X and set Y.

::st

I r:r the domain.

(a) List the domain. (b) List the range. (c) State the image of 2. (d) State the objects of 6. (e) State the type of relation.
l

!'-are the obiect cf 3. S:are the images of 4.

-:si the

l
l

:*irrion

. : : .

ilomain = [4,9, t6,25]

Codomain = t-2, 2,3, 4, 5, 6]
Range = {-a,2,3, 4, 5J ?he object of 3 is 9. ?he images of 4 are -2 and 2

(a) Domain = [1,2,4, S, 7] (b) Range = [2, 3,6, S] (c) The image of 2 is 3. {d) The objec* of 6 are 4 and (e) Ma1y.16-sns relation

Soliltiort

5.

3 il"iunction notation

A
l.
2.

Secognisc a fimction as a special

L" lunctions

can be represented try small Iettem

relaSon
A function is a special relation in r*'hich er object in the domain has onlv one image in
mnge.

;r 1, g, lr, elc. X' { tunction I which maps s in the domain onto r :he ange can be written as f : x -+ y.
r

in

Only a ore-to-one relation or a many.to'( relatioa can be a functifff. Fot example,

l\e can also say that the

A function
(one-to-one relation)

tn,
p
timeszdnd
sdd 5

/lr-\
Pl.Q

inrage

of

under
and y is the

rinction l'is 1 and is written in the form f{x} = y.

Not a lunction (a is mapped to
t'*.o images.) ior- the function /i*) =.y, :.:l:rge. For example,

* is the obiect

/rA
2>

\"7
l(1) = 7
A

\ l-7 <9 f2x+ 5 /

i;'.rm the above arrow diagrarn,

function

(many-to-one

relation)

Not a function (b is not mapped to any image.)

i{?) =

f(r)=2r+5

1,,

-'--l
I

,, r: :.:), {?,4), (3,.6), (4, S)l .'' : : +), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7)J
i ,- i:;ir i
*#*riolr

f.f EIAMPE w
i:i-:-= each of the ordered pairr trelor.v in function n<-,tation.

i
I i

i.

l:-.,-;-s,

:-.

the fuirclion is l{s) = 2r or /': x -+ lt. ,rnaqe is obtained by actding 3 to rhe object. -i . -'"- the funcl"ion isl(r) =-r + 3 orl':* -+"t 3.

:1.

image is obtained by ruultipll.ing the obiect

o)

the hnagc undcr a functfun glven the oqect and vke vera

2.

To ftnd the image under a function ghen theobject, substitete the talue of Lhe object into the function. To fiad the object given the image, equate the

* *J---=t fiil+F
ri
! j'rr I

frnction to &e image and solve the equation.

tt
Given thgtg : x 1nx - 6, {ind {a} the irnage of 2. (b) tlre object which has an image of 3. (c) the object which maps onto itself.

Tl*e affisr* diagraru +hcre,u' t;ll rlm tdu*lt n{'rir En*l $.

tht function /':

--+a

: + &'

{bl rle inuge u[

3S

t'rl

the rrbj+t't +f

,ftd*r{an

Giveng:*-+xr-6.
(a)

Solalfan

{xl f,iiwrr f(rl

-6 g(2)=a-6 -_t
ek)
= -r!

For easier calculation, we ure the.$otatrion f{s = ylather than

{{-1i = il .-!o+}*ll

itit = : s+&-J
.-14

= rr"r

* *.

f:x-+y.

ffi *ff,
--1

. -9
--1

(b)

e(*) = 3 -t'-b=-t

$rftxtituts s = -J iato

rt =

"t:=9

r=t{F
=t3
{b}
Maps onto itsIf meaBs that the image is the same es the
object-

Tlnuti.E=-]endl:=5-

,fu=l A*i

0.

(c)

(,9-3Xr+2i=0 x - 3 = 0 orr + 2 = 0
;r:=3

*r-6=.t ;r-r-6=0

s(*) = 'r

lir) = .-5.r- o ! j:i,lt=J{-lJ+5 z -9* 5

==4

.l' = -2

,(

1*i-"-ji

sffi,
*e ill - F nf b*ulir=rrr
.

{iir,en rh+ i:unrli*r.r

{al
{b}

I'ind
finqN

f{-l},

{s}

dntr.l,'thc

lix' l*le ctul-rlsitt $,lat* rhp rungrr *l lir:i fl'.rr g '=:, n t' i.
g.rrrSr}r 3

tlr* r'Er}rl* ol-,r in n:hir:h Jt+: = +"

*rl=.*

"*..

'r.
i

f +.r r

F-=

3r'r.r-rrr diag";rr,-n

rhrrrw tltt' lstFr:tifln I :

:rr;

-$ndaficnr

ta! ll*3! ,' i*{ * e lil

f-'ffi ffiffif,
Thir$

{l -+-"1 Ir-f

I ;;. fi6{ : -(j rlhtl.s

L5

lyfd nf

hft|tirlFt

,:,.3r 1i;1g
in;q-af

,rf r,, !{*ltte fif &,

aEtd

t.

tbl

a+lhri uhq*rl$F *qht{{J

i!.,;-fi=+ tt -$ * 4
].r E
.f=1

ftrl

,*, .1

frr6#ti{E}" lt *.Hsrr- thst d"!! tirlE${ .in s {xeitire

i,,,:ri

ion

lll

rclr,l*
-+ign

n*dX'.

It?l - r

rhe irlrrrU diagt;irn,

Whein

tlrx

ffi*dult!:i

[a*-S:*4
5.. - I

thc Fe*rlting v'dltx tirn h{ [s]Ei t*!'4:,dr r!*g*r!\''r,

ili rcrnrrt*tl,
;-1;

l'lr -Ir

finl o
4l

.f-it

,l

.t,

.r*l

t.t

1;'-1

:-: {l

I Jil.i"'1{}
4
I'

t['.tt-]
,a$

3- lt-l$[

Thrrt, s =

li and -r = 5.

&=3
,1

{rr11
643f}

, = I(li - 3
it.,
l.:'.
.J

'$

IEIFT

=-i
Ital
?

-l

iilJ -:.*

= -l

?* =ti

r..]rl ".l rt*(}

-t

{ff3,.5
Thr' rangr

Thr,r*.,r1

0.

*[

t]n' ltrnt'{i+n r* fi

';

"

J g11{ s: e .1.

I{|

t ";

{t

F..r tlre lrrrrttirut/i.*l =

rffircE&T lft'fun:cfl-.l{^ri={ilh'lgl
lVhr:-n -r

3.r:'J*lJ

-a

r,r lrt tlclineil,

&ei
.:l

loi*

the thtc* thrifiI!" lr: rrftr*it th* Er-:4dl,

flr! ={}, q = }-

= 1..fir] =

"1,

I *.:..
i

tus, {; = ;.

Ir{,FHtErufS A Co4ecUnoftmffiru
l" \f hrn.r lttnrlirrrr i npfrr L.l ,l (rot{, r<r.}',rnd:l luta--lintt { ttL}ft} rr'l l'onlo =t 1. th.-rrnnhirtrrl Itrnr-lr.tn ia Lnlrtrn ilr:r ernfilpnrdte fuglktfi rthieh tltitl-'t B'l \ .xrlri rr't Lrn1l i* dcrr,it*j irr *J{ tl. f's I ,+ y +r,rt_ r. ,ri---:., r.r.. r. flrt ri 4,;.i . . *l '_;'
:,

rr.ti.ri

nr iih'rr

;rh

J tfl"'rF\

i rrtF{i'il Iil'i;:t lrr:lrrr:4

{lli i il,*hirh

i
I

ttn.'l in rtl'i iinus

'rr

r:L;rrllri{ . ii i ir

l',
i I

n:s:r.n: tl}L {Ltflrt.irrr, rrr:r1lrf| i. Ir:fit(i{Ji{| ll:u itrnr-lirrn ittl+! l"irerd r1 ir ilrr' ;!ii l!'rl i1i rll,agri,lur ir r.ihlttinttl

ITAilFtE
{::

;r: llllr*ur.
-.

,rrl llurl i*r q lri ih; rj-i '

r

.r;

"*trlnlrirn

{iiri..t:

:'r.r

.-

utr'i;n'rli.*:irur:r,:liitl. 3il . tl. Altr'r'rrillir,-lr,l l,' -t t l ;ritrr::; -.r. r ir.. r;,ri!i . tiiiit.li : ril- ' ll li -lir.
l-'trrnt llrr:

:l
{

EX*mtLt
r.;t

"j

j"

ii. " {ltt*lt,' t :"3 \r, J;ttil {;t!.rtithtl.littr"tilrill'i, it1 ti'ttl hlnltl;,t,?' l*fi]l i{4 ,t1;i'1 rrl lttr" lttl[rirliar!' lltllt li"rln
l' :.f

sfAffitE ii
:.,-

lh]

J,":

,:
lf i lt

r 'f.r

,t,,nri.l ::

j.!. -i .-l *.r, linLl {lr* rltlrrr: ,ri {l.ri *;i!1.

-$r.

Strlnfiu,m

l;rl,,j:{1i

. -:p41y55
i,

l
.il.

h6-il

, .. .'

.:,: jr. - ir.tlrrl,,:lrl* i

:. rr I '{', ;

qt./l

ril nl*[n\

i{thatsi!]lIL:

, lii

ti:u r;tllrr rd'.li^'rl intri

H*'trrr.'. qlt r.' =

I ! I.r

4i

" lt1

{ii
fl

r'

; ,' i.'rl:

il' $i . -li i

.$ill

'

-=lf.r

*IIilgffiEEWAT
i'r:i;lr

''

- lt <-, - - l{r

i'i r ; lt :r

$r f'

,f,f,tftPll,":',;
f.j

{iilr'ri r;ilt:.', {.lirru

il't:,rt ',1

i : { -'! iir , }i :rt;ij

;rrtl,J ;t

.'r', . Ii:.

limrl tlrr

l+

,t

liil

Snlslirrrr

j'l r} . 1;.1 . ir. i'irl: jiii: . ir1 " ;Jlr'r . lllt i i'r ,,rtI"ilir-Jr (irrtiFlrli'rq:1ir ,'lii. rir {t;r,, rilr' t -. r}q * i41 illlr':tt i', a'l: - it ii=:J \\lrr,l,. - i, \i, _ j, 1I, jjr ,. tr l:$ i, . ii.' ir = li i-llrr.f i
?

lr'.

ln

!r:

'--

{l'

-;'i

c gul$*rrftikr re
r

o.f

t*E ftmrttoff gtr*n

rdiltcd funttkn

tonrporlf;* funqtlnn

sld tht st}lr

r$il{ff}oflf
:r,.ii r,,j:+

,.

*ae ft Siser* le'{r} aru{ frr}, flnd strl"

f,*-r :...;-iti+t1 I : l.-'s 1'li'tiipr.t aitli{t't'. thr'n

ir::'r,ilil-,n

tht ifirt'ut's* trill lnilF 1r{il(} r'' li thr: ift,'**'tr: i'ni i: tlrr' irl\r.'rrr, 1,,1lE 1itn ir dcrtt*rrl lrr i :j

$sfu**n|l

.l+5gi.r)=S-.1.c 5r{.rl = h * -}r

r--

fg{r}*fr"-.1-r lT.*L';i'l ,fr 3r

=]
1r

.f,. --++<f

i
I

*
", 4

r ln lirJ Fnh g{n. TtE3. ftri lK{lrass fig{i}|.

Ftetr3af,e

')

. l- 1r Lr: J : :- J-

i$"f*lrd

;ii-:h:.',iljin:

krYerue E PFhg ,,;sl rhrvifx lht litnr:lirxt llll = r + f.

n$Grtr by

.'@'glj.r+
Cas
l

I*

Cl+*n tri'{.rl and C{r}, End lt"t}.

ilidF6r?.:

Er,*ffitE.Ir,
I

lsl

{j}'**ts :,t
.gplrrriorr
i#{.q}
.! -i'-1i--1

=+=r

=}

rpd$ I r -+rr * 6r
?
J+

+ ?, find

iixl

,*3,.:r.+;i::
i+*.=1,.-ir.

iia:

&r't'{.Rf i5

rer'*:lxgl.

''}"rl

,i r,.l:tl.:r

I ;lliti 4 *.rtr{r*3

ir,:i

gt't f lelntirin rrhir:ft rlnrl*tl itt,ftkgr-"url ih}-

".*,r-

{r.r

lec. 1'=.t-3
i:ler*-c .r .' r'
i:

-Cl1 3

" +

$rtsgitusF
.$.+1

=I*3'
ue

,'fl
" --I.-"--tt S .' ,-:1, .1." r:' . ;-{-J i *.-_i "t 1. ...2 i F4*r1.-r r.-il '
.. ,u !., 1.*,-.r i
1 ;

t'l* {r' + 3}r - 6{r' * 3l n 7 r: u tr.r.-.J - tla ll{ . -r'i-f

hp*, {{.ri = .r':

Ittltliirr i ui{[r.r.
"f

*
-;
.+.

!,, 4 .j

_r

tlFg!ffitntr
fi,r .ir=r fir+e{r+?. rJ+-i
3{t .lt
RrFNuc{ Js . -11 niilh flh*.r,,li.n$ = r:
+ I I Ir: .- 1 r{ !
.r-.

il19+ :j1*i:..i::t ij;*gregrr

,r\,,1,i .itrii I lrl

* n

**1*rtrl rll"" llrrrr'tilrn ll rl = 1r "- 5, Finat ucitrF i*rur,r'r+ lrtal4ritlg

Jq{rl=1 -frt+?

g{fl=r-J .

g-fcf

.:*c&+f*!*r
j:..,t :l 'i

-l

'I

*I
l/{\

ffiHr*rArffi"_
s!i: {,r{rr}iuftl*. LI l#f.rl tl irnrl ,lr.
Sadlr*i*n {ji$en Jt-r-l ,' * fi[r'err /i-r

ir; i -+ t'; = el 'r 1 . ':i It = lt tl,tr t .. .l I ,i.a i" _!l

tdr: t-' $ ,rrrri

"lr . rr iiril "' 'l

tt

."

.[x iind

q l! -

g|r! *

{,s:r

{l. rvh*m *r anr} b S.r, linrl rhe ralur* r.rf

l'

-{s ;*ttri f{.11 ,.

ller

li.

leltl-l{-.I(fu{-l}l
tilnntprare

.. ff + .l{r .' tf$.r

*.+}l-t:
ltu:

*'iih ie{,l'l =

tI

.-

fi:,

4J'=+

&=

.$ ,_l v ".-

flr''*s"ir = j-;radi = l.

G
i-r,;r
'..-

'"D+t*rrnfu*e
,,

ttt

iu*er** frrl*{f*ott*
Fl*t.rllilr:r i
;ltrnl
r'1.

i*lhr*irtg tmBli*r;llilrrr* r+l'l le ll5fll i* Iirxl irrt'*rre

"ttf
,

:rli: d*f:[rr*rl hl'

'I.
:ettri t:l.t

:f ".,r La * { jlf}d {d!

{.-$l

fl , . f{r}, lh+n l"[.r'] = r. .=.i il r, j '{r-}, 6!trr} fi t } ," .{' =

=:

..:{ 'fr--iFintl rhr

Seifiltltnr

t'

(;tr.,n i{11 - 1l -:t

! - l.L -

.f

l.ri

r' ,.

.-1.r''

..

Lrt r'=ltr"1
Tlrris- rl

'ffiris t lri= r,ll -'

._i '[ri . ::--:-

i*l I

'{r}.

*rlarfrrn
{;r! {ii1r_,6.4.ri

3r * t,

ffifim}rss
F.,li-rrs

l,et

.u -'.,, 1 fr = r' + .1 lri I':'..

''
'l

lirl sul ttr!" *,t'

J'

ggfi c{Brd*d{ tlhfi

-tt

*r

a "1
'f 4ru*,

4rr* I i I
F*fiace

uy

r.

i -i$

1't**rr,
:1

I -Jirt;

rr-{mlr#5 g.l 'l.ti

r
r

d: {,.ri

I '{.''il
r-.1
f' .g

.,. r r.l
Thil,. I'tfr= ' t,1.1 :*.-,a5l r^ | :..1-:. .-.J

1 =

'_t:*
lttr{

:,1

'

I t -:-

{tllf
I

={.

ki! *fiq] . t'{}.r - 9i * !i.:i} _ 9i

s F.i 11

l,,lt

'l = S*:r
! L:

r'. ll
b

15

Errfrtr"G
{;r}Jg',{.t1.

;t
{"-l + !:*rrl.l ,g(.r}

Tlrur. {sl'I

{iiren thi}l f{r'} *

r }.t - 5. tjnd
3

{,t " -L-:-f tt

'g
I

{tr} lhc ultlrre r:il.rr lis'which

,*ofutdtrm

'i..i-i "

f;rnm l,r:l *lxJ trtr, \+tt L'st {,{.rllgfurle th$J"

irrl [.*r e{J} * }'

},r
{i"!

-i
.1

f=--*-

t-ft,,;i1'"j i'+tffh'*'li -'--' *--'._ t:1__-''---' ' --,-_ _-F1.rm

{-{-{

f -\*'-\

t' s' rft,*.r-"\.-r-".-',

= {Ef }

r.

r+i .q Ltt * - ' 1

,r-E. ll ,l ui = l;-;=: ':r
I

-i

'{

*tu *m:rw eliagrr*rr. ll,lr r".nll *a\r {.lgr${y thr{ = t&,,1 t'.

=+i '_i
-h

t=:11':

"1.r"!$.ti
= 2tj

thlfq i*l 't'

=i--r ll: " tfi 1r-l*, j1

3.!:

+l*i.ro

l-

'. ]e

le . -l'1

,='3

.r.-lJ

fi

*bethef rh* in*'el:,i,c *l e*ch firnr:ti*ilr he{uw iu funeticn, {ii*s * mrrsen }rx' r*rul a:$*hei:
f lJd
d : "r -* -t:l .: .[
::r.$f|&.dislr , :e,, fiitrn ,f{.ri

/ -]r

r,e..r,

1,':.ri

l,*;' 1;*,r,:irlucs

in ti:r*tr af'r':, r.rf p iI fi ,6$r) _

ll - glil + f]jl.

L*

; 7 - 5.r. v=?'-3"r

I:

J'{r}= ''" :l
.'"
is ;r

.,rr:.',

Th*e,
{ji,,,+,tt

$iir-16{rnr figr{i{rtr.
r $r o functirrn,
.t-,- , 4.

l.*t .,

*{.r'l r

' .

; .rl .: { rt*Yr4
r'
.$

r.f{;;T
6r'j'11
$!ll:-I!)-{litr llHlgiirrn,
lri n*rt x fir*cti*a:.

; ' i.s rrrti Tfulr.r, H'

s-'{.r} =

:-r :' ilf: - li:g[fi +FlsJ JP; * l * {! + g}: * l f,n: -l*l.fprlrj-l ll:-l*il ,1 " ig;r- il=0 :-.!=* r.g p.l*O :, * 3 p = -l

, I *rtr, ='_* tiri_:*J:,r+0.

{a} Gircn rhst .ry -+ {r + l, lhrd i"ti. Clven f{rl = & - 1* *nd $x} = fux + Ir, *,here s and F arr ({}n*ant$. th} lf rgtri - ri - 3x, fhrd the vrJuer ni rr and lr

. .

Tir lSS lufi*rnin

f lrl lirsl 6ft9 then *rrbsfiihjh elciti! i} g iet i l3] = :r. MnUs,
*$*3. r#hd

i3j. yru eBi lifl# shs irr$er*

So*xt{sr

tai fiiEclr firF* 4$ + 3.

L.rT

4x+ Z= !
4N= |

IIfl- l

r=

r:t.31

ih! J*lxi * ffii;$ + &t *S*-1i3x.r+{:l '**- ]fr-$srx

fn

I **-*

pars 19i{h J{i{#'f * S - :tr(. i**3*t=":t apd 9a=l ol* I ?

lnstead ot r-eng frO c{ Etx! gruoa lgi*l sld l4ri. e rs es*ier tfu ****+ ts @ #*.{snfo6ii8 fUE&Af-rr lFlrl flant rlri and giri rhfifl,-ErnperG 4 to F+ given |alus d &lxl

k@ ii

Thtts,

g'

1*1 =

h= --L
-1

ri.llion'lng infnrrn*tinn rEfrr$j t{} lhe ft ltfi.csn

f and g,

FFB'llis irHBrsa lunclitr$ f'r.

f,:r*+3x-? g:,r-+6x*3
i':i',.:;*''.s

nt{lt$rrhs lhst loc ihE ffirry*${g

ftsKlix} fPttlt, c'lt*{ie$s Estsrg{bfi

t'hbg

6l'iirl.
sf-u{x}- s{["+gf

Ee ter?lul nfrl !s fiii*,lst{*

.,:.. *f'ffi , *:. fir) = ]x - 7 and gtrt = Str - J, _{:. 1,mfr1i} *:i3: ;, f{H = x : l "Jt*?-x
u* ::.--I'| =
.}

{d''trt

sf!{d f*r

-r = 5ja

t li3

i l*.u,

=3x+4*1

y.,ia1* &3-L

*?r+l

Quadratic Equation's

#.ffi
ceaeial fsrm of a:quadratic eauation , .{
@ryry11#@t;\'i*d1*@# t-'
::

ax2+bx*c=0,o*0

'

-.." ..

Roorsorreuenons l .". "."- **;,-"^'^" *"*{

.. ..::.-.....

...,

,:: ,
Determine whether a value is the root of a quadratic equation by

:
*..-i:

,Solve a quadratie e4uationbyl*,

. subtihrtion

. .

inspection trial and improrement

. completing the square . wing the formrda

factorisation

:,''rypqs,ofi,roots
,r T\,trs

*_K-t
:
',,If

-61^fF-uc

dlstinct reioB,
-,

.+b?-.4ds7g
. 'llrro equal roots

.+bz - Lac=o
NO

' .

;bz

roo-ts,:' : : *.,4cte'4:o':'
,

-+b2
oetermine the equation gven the roots

ti,vo rsai roof5- I Aiai>.ou

aandf aretlie,rootsbf theequationc;?:+

or
1no

!1g,+ c = g,

the equation is .ts - Fum of rootslx + pnrduct of roots = 0

'.'

'a

:., ., ..::

'.a. ': .

,; :

:.:

yZ-

gp

+ AP = A,

:.

wherea+fl--!*d*f=+
EXAfiIH,"E

ry. t=;J
(b)-t=s
(cl ,{
=

i I

Deteirnine which of the values o{-r below is a rr>ot of th" quadratic equation 3*: + l4x-5 = 0 b-vsubstitution.

ffi
values
By inspection, determine whether each of the following

(a),t=1
Satla,tiot

-5

of x is a root of the quadraric equatioi (3r-2Xtu"1)=0.

1l (o)x=i i1\

(a) Substitute "r'= l. 3x: + 14.r- 5 = 3(l): +

(al"=*
:

(c),r=-7

Thus,.ru = 1 is not a root o[ the quadlatic equalion. (b) Substitute "r -i 3.t2 + 14* l 5=3(5)r'+14(5)-5, , ,,

=12

I4(l)- 5 =3+14-5 : ',i, ,, :

0

Solution 1 (a) When x = J

+,

3r

2=

,,1

Thus, .r =:5 is not a root of the quadratic equation.

3-r'r

,=75+?0',5 =140 O

l,: 2.is a raot ol the quadratic Thus, * = f -f

, =?*0

l{41-z ,=0 \J/ :

equation.

'

(c) Substiture.r' = -5.

+ l4r

5 = 3(-5): + l4(-5)

=75*70-5 '
=0

Thus; -r = *5 is a root of fhe quadr:atic equation.

3r-2=3(;J-t =-:+0
1

I r\

l[.tr*rr=$isrnoraroor of the quadratic

equationj

uficnr=--f,
i::.:,:i:la, .:'

2.r

.ffuf= -f

+ r = r{-+) , ,: i, =Q

"

, :

is a root of:the quadratioequarion

uad;:aric equation x: - 1l* + 24 = 0 has irs lrt.t t =i = q and ? < :t' < 10. BY trial and ie:er.rnine lhe roofs of the equatioo.

,#lLtu l'oots of the quadralic. eqq4tion

Fi::*l'rlle,tatle, bf a. Flence,, by fac torisation r*;rt*:rhe other root,of the equation.

i*;, ,'t,ti'fi + ?4 = 14,{too big}' ** - llit}) + 21 = 6 (close to 0) gt*-tri{3)

&-.4. *

ih;r'equation a.tf

11 -,3' =: 6. 3=o

+24=o 3is - root of the quadratic equation'

:oJ

=$ :', *.:
: : 1,, 9:

"l*-i'-r{*Jo?
l6a=2
a=8 9
:

n? - l'L'11 . 24 = -4 {too small) i,*-il st+24=o qrradratic qq.uatiol'

lF,&iv,rot llls

*a-*-3=0 to /,

Therefore, the equation is 8rr

Factorise the equation. (4x - 3XZt + l) = 0
B*v

-2r-3=0.
2x,
,l

inspeclion: When x = -7,

=
,"

z(-{) .
: ,, :i t t

r,
l
i

Thus,:the other rcot rsr,=

::

=0

1J..

,'i:

'l:'

,A,tinoot3 61'a-quSatlc,Gq$atldr,, : 1,',

The'roots,of a quadratic equation can:ne'. determined
by

Soru

(a)2f-x-15=0
bfution
,

tfre

:folUwing quadratic quations by factorimtion.

ffi"::'
:1
3

(a) factorisation. (b) iompleting the"squffe';,'; (c)

usuag.theq"rifirry.

:,;,

:,'
,

"',,,

(b)r{x-s)=6 (c) .r{2x - l) = 4(x + 3) ,lt:, ,: ::::: ..',, t,

r:t:: t::

:.':.',

{a}, ''7xt'-,1; ':15 =Qr:' (1r+5Xr-3)=0

:, "23 + 5 =,0 : rror ::,5 jt'=,'a
=0
=-t

Factorisation

If a quadratic equation can'be factorised, the equation c,an: Le'explrssei'in the form (a.t + b)(cx + d) =:0" ,

Then, ax+b=0 or cx+d=0 , .,,,,, b,l',,,,. ;;,, d',

Thusi the;rno1s of the eguation are

:' Th,r",:th",r*ts of the equation ,,ru -f itd'3,

r: (b) tll ::::r(t;6,= xk-5)=6 g : I : :
:

-i

g2

and

1l',,'

(;r - 6X.r + .x--: 6

,yt=:6 ',

=0',or:, r

I)

=6

, ,, ,,,, . , ,, ,,
: ,
, , 1:

,, ,

:,
i,'

,:1 i,=-1,

+':l =.0 ;,; ::

' , :, i :

,, ,1

Thus, the roots of the equation are -1 and 6.

': : ' x(Lx.' l),=,4{i + k2-x-*t-12=0'

,,

r:

2r:J:5i*12-A+,.

Remmbr to exprsss

qfion in the gnera{

toirii tilore: tactorising:.

r: ::rr:r :r r'r'r'!':: :': '":'i tuorfs ' ''r"''r':' l:,:,;,::i::;;+::*.::: ,,,, ,l.r.,,:,:,::,,::'::',,,:::,,,t, r,:.1;.,,j
j , : r. l ir,: r
:

-i;4

::l

i ,:to'soivean, qqiratio* ineans

to,frnU, rtre rqot,nf ttre.'eqq4tiorr-

Solve the :following quadratic equations,by,completin!

quadratic eqr:atiqll: by ushg

(b)?-3x-3.t2=0

tt-q.

:-6x+(+i=r+(+)'
t:-6r+(-3)!=-7+(-3)z
(x-3)2 =2

+.7 =O.t'- OI = -,

Rpanange in lhe totm xz + px a:q.

^* {*Tfliir[ b
@!sids.

Zxz*7*+4=0. r,b = . -b.t ^'lb2 - 4ac - ---:-T=

!::,0

l,r':-

,'X=3tl

.r-3=t

, = 4.414

or

,
1.586

zzj ,-'t tttTfl]-fr *4

Y&us, the roots of,the equation are'1,586 and 4.414.

k2-5$,-l=0 ,: .l5z_Ja=l ,)t *:2*=t i:.i..,,: j r:" . 5 ,'-Tt j /5\2l25

_7iln =-4
.q+ = ---vi ----7--

t:

Qtlqnge lhG ooeltident

1r,l : comFbting$Sql.Ffe

of

lo

betorer

::

* / 5\, = I / 5\2 l- 4) Z* \-Z)

I,

::r ' ,:=2.'187 or Q.7:192.,r .r rlt ,::::r ;,. : :: I r: I ::: ,, : ,,: ,: ,t ., ' ,, , , Thug, the roots of the equation arc 2J81:and03192.
I :. : l : II
:

t'r-z) =zrG
5 .J33 x-4=t-TsrJ33 _ ---V'---33 t6

(b) Given 7 -3x

.:e=-3,5=-3,c=f ',
31,1e=:l{l)fi} ;..= ----l(:Jf-

3r2 = 0.

,:,

a 3+J9J
-6

3-"F
-6

iF, =,'l ,
14 = 2.686
S,hus,
:,r:::: :, _ 1;_:-- __.::

or

-:---:-;------l
I

-.6t

=-2.197

ot l.t(n

or
:l:

-0.1861
::. l.:_
l

'

.,,

I ,:,,,,,
:
,
:

r - -

Thus, the roots of the eguation are -2. 1 0? and r :: . : I

*rlarat

the roots of the: equation are -0,1 861 and 2.686. :: ,_.,, :

glYen

Forn quadratk cquatlons from the

Folm the quadratic qqualigas.yth

ffi

$e. foUq!,ingt,uots

l. Il a and B are the roos of a quadratic equarion,

then the quadratic equation is

rcott

l(a).-3andz''(b)3and.}....'...
ir'r'

l ,, ' ,,ooo"r*, 2: Thus, a quadratic eguation can be written 12 - (sum of roots)r + product of rosts = 0. 3. Compare with the general form.

'

' , r;or

x2-(aa: B11+Ap=O

(x-a)(x'-F)=0 x2-o.,-ft+cp=g

' " "',

r(a) Sumof roots= -i +7 =4 l r Pncduct of roots = -3 x 7. =

The quadraric equation is

Wtlon'

':"1""":l -21
l

: '

"'
I

',

,,',

x2-4x+(-21)=0
12-4x-21=0

as

l: t"''"' :' l-^ .r =' - and I 7 a$ thelroo15, :UAl:'':'': :: : ::'i.rt. thsn,,. .. :: I If -3 ' =
:

: ' *a

,b x-+-r(*9=o
product of roots is

axz+bx+c=0

.t'-7x+3x-21 =O :.
,'

(rt3X.r-7)=0

-.4x.:-21,=O

Hence,:sum of roots,is,a + ,fr,=],

{b) The quadratic eeuation with roots,{ and

aflii',*

-.'-(3.*),-{*.*)=o

is

Multiw boft
dde6.by,6;
'

,,

, r, iltollHmrr*x
arc the roots, then,

6x2-7x+2

=O

)t lfr = -a and r = 7

(3.r-2X2r-l)=0 3xr-3-r-4.r'+2=0 ' 6xr-7r+2=0

-.
,
Given one
x1

(a) the values of ft(b) the roots of the equation. Solution

Let the roots be a and 2a.

of the roots of the quadratic equationl - {k + 8}r- + rt2 + 16: : Ois'twice the 66}is1'roo1. ;pind:l

=-,+E=rhe rools of the quadratic equation 3:(3r -,5) + p -=:=ie,*r and lr for rvhich nr = 4n. Find the value of p.

a+2u=irr=k+8

.O

= -lrr, then the roots are

k(3r'-5)+p=r! gxz - l5;t'+p = Q

and 4n

ax 2a = 2d = k'1+ 16 .... @ k = 3a. S ..., @ From @: Substitite @ into @. ,, lqz;:=(Js.8)?+16 :i: , r l :::: =9a2-484+64+ 16 7a1-48a+80=0 :,'

::l r:: ::

-5 :tl =T
' l: n=Z

{7r:-20)(a*4!=9,'',,', :,,',',
a= J I
20

or d=q

:lct'of: rootsl ' '4n' = L : ::r: I

..,,i r, ,,0(*):+
:,',
,P=4

(a) when a= ,:t

: ,'

$,t=':(fJ-I : i
60

,
i

,,7,1-,8"'

4,
I

,.

whenc=-1,t=3(4)-8
(b) when

.r"=4#) The roots of the equation are

Whenc=4,2a=2@l=8.

"= +

#^,
?
and

40

The roots of the equation are 4 and 8.

* :.i
The:

.DIffE
ot'rnots,of quadratk,quatbns

TY,P-..G1S..:Of..,.f,O.OlfSi1,,'r,..:::.1.:.:,',;.,'..

;.ffi:.', '-..1'
'r,

, ',

,,t

, .'
'

:'

:,

belou:. r:

Determine the iype of roots ol Cach quadratic equation

tipes,of roots oftquadratic equations can be determined bv the discriminant bz - lac. (a) When E - 4ac > 0, there are lwo disfinct roots. [U) Wh.n U - 4ac = 0, there ilre two equal roos. [c) When b2 - 4ac < 0, Lhere are no roots. [d) Wn.n b2 - 4ac > 0, there are two real roos.
I I

(a),Zt':+81,+8=0:: :r :r , ', (b)3rt'x+9=0' ':r ,i i',i (c)0-2.t--r2:=0, i (d):fu(5'-3;=t3:5r+ 2''''':

:

:' ,

Solution (a) Given 2r: + 8x + 8

:::

u=2,b=8,c=8 If-4ac=8:-4(2X8i

='0.
:

:',

I ' tI

NOTES
roots.

., -64-64:
=0

| . No aoqs means no real rools. | . f*o real roors rneans two aqunt ot two distinL:t
I

, ' The'equalior har trio "qoul r*>ts: (b) Given 3.r: -r + 9 = 0. : ,:l' .: e'= 3, b:=;-1, C =:9 ", b2 - 4*c = Fl): ::4(3X9) ' :, ., r,,: l:1'08 ' , .,107,(0 ,,:": ,,' = :
The equarion has no roots.
:

Find the range of 'values o[

3rr- 4r + p

p for r+hich

= O has no roots,

(c)

tultion

For,no roots,

3x1-4x+p=0 b2 - 4ae.<
16

Civen6*tu'-r:=0. a=-1,b=-2.c=6 , b, - 4ac = 1-2), - 4(_lX6)

0. ,, ' , ' (-4).-4(3Xi)<O ,, 1, ,: ro-'i)p<0, , :

=1-21

'
:

:The equation has

=28>0

txo disrinct

roots.

,1
l

,t , , :

< l2n ' :'. ."16 : : p >::-= 12 , , , , pr 4' l

(d) Given Zt(-t - 3) = -r: - 5r = 2. 2rz - 6t -r: + 5.t - 2 = 0

,,

b'1-4et = (-1): - 4(l)(-2)

a=l,b=-l,c=-2 =l+8
=9>0

-t2-x-2 =0

The:equation has trvo distinct roots:

t\D

Fomfif;r

I
S/cr O
,

%
*,$lai

the quadratic equation.r,: for all the values of ft. ''oots

:

{2

- k)x -

2k = 0

:,hat the equation lr(x2,+ 9)'= 5kx has,two equal $nd:the':ratio /r :: ft. Hence, lolve the quadtatic

,-,(2-k)r-zft=O. I 1{{2 -,fr)} - 4{1)(-2ft) :,4-4ft+t1 +.8ft ,'

=,k2'i 4k + 4
=,

(l ;

2),

equal roots, bt - 4ac = O. (-5k\'1*4h(9h)+0 : : 'z5kt-361t:=o', r :,'

lur-5,t.r+9ll=0

ir(;i: + 9) =

E- p,Wuate,of :a number is grEater or iqual ,to 0, t",,,,,

fu',>0.-,',',,,
,r ,t.'

:, : :,,,

25F = 36li

;fu:quadratic equation,has ieal roots lor all the

h - 5 T 6 '' '' ttil{=)iO

It = ]k intoCt). o-

tK = 6h

Eelore finding the

ralg: lYfite !he-

relalion il{he lorm ol a lraclion.

(:r-r3Xr,- 3):= 0,

'.r:.-6r+9=0

- :: jJ.(r'* 9) = 5&: t! ' r'*'g = 62 ,5=l:

:

the quadratic equation has hvo equal rcots, that is 3-

The ouadratic aguxlisn x?''

p ind q. Civen thltthe equation has fwo equal rools' find ia),the values of,k.'

I = k(x' 3), where ft is a constant' has roots

Whrn k'= 4, the equation is

:31e.

hqlgp r.lhe q$66rarie,, gguqliq|l: geseidilolm: Jilrsf :T-he*;ritser'the'

:,:

.qqr1@nau.:*ae.J0
factors should be obtaiftd.

t!'l
.

*-8=k{x*3) {a} ,*zr-:B:=rkx - 3k x2*,ftx+3k;'8=0: for'two, equal,'roots, W - 4ac = A. g:

'
:

furhttion

It is Saled ttrat the equatirln hm e$rai rools. By lactonsation, lhe two equal,

1fo)

*-4x+4:0. *-4x+4=0
-At L

(x-2Xx-2) =0

k2

,'

{(}){3ft:_:ff) = ,k2, i2k + 32 = 0 , U(- 4Xk - g) ='6

Thus,P=Q=7'

k=4 or k=8

, '

When k = 8, the equation is

#-8x+16=0.

(x-4Xx-4) =0. x=4 Thus, P= q = 4'' ' :"

,f-8x+16=0,',

gP-ag*5.f tr+:g{t"es-rt9J!-"?}
pslm, the' quadratic equation which has the ,oot,
answer

-|

!r,Sltq!:-uti0g..tlg,!c,,rn*e.. and 4. Cive the

,

i. :tt!at-r

in the,form at' +

bx +,c = 0, where a, b and c are corstrntS;

rtttsi,Signsl :tald,:.orlp{Er:,.41$$ :towr*e xlor.the,mi4ldlryj :.,Ftl!F1'!!!r ard '= 0l at the erxd ol Sre equatisr.

fheequationofaquadraticequationis
t'-(surn.of.roots)x+.product:_of:roots=:0.1.
Hence, the equation is

Solntion

, '

,'

,c-Ll++)x+(-1"+l=o t t \t \l

x'-,|x-6=o
'ai:f5:.

'

-.siq+:'-. r*:qji, j!i&. !ff]

2x2-5x-12'0

Quadratic Functio'ns

GRAFHS(FQ{IADRATICFUNCIIONS I '=*;-:-+:+a, *+**d

rc
.rositions:ofgraPhs,artd,,E roG
fQ/J

a>

f(x) a<0

a<6

.L/_,r\
';.. a.i,O, a*it
,,

: . . ', :

-:: '.::::l:'.1,i.:i.

a i-r'ir::::rr:::iri:

::i:=::

::i:-:::i::'-l:-:=,:..11

Casg,Il: g

Pints
<
0

Sketching of quadntic graPhs

'" - i 4'r '*-;-';;*d

':'' q\

.lF

i.:At6--,pp+ q

/{x}.=,s-{x.-.PJz +

Maximum,pgint: {P. q}

grrpbs,,,, 1. If a table of values is given, choose a suitable scale and label borh in u Cu.r.ri* ot"*. ur"

8r,,, p;6l .nuadratk,,firnction,,

the ordered pairs,from the table of .values to plot 'the points on the Carteiian plane. Join the points

"**

a0I23436 g,tts0-3-.4-30s
The table slrorvs the vajues of -r and /(,r) of the quadrari function f(:r) = rt - 6r' + 5. Using a t,ritubl. r*t*, a*, the graph of lh). Hence, state the (a),-r.intercept.

2.

3.

4,

r are given, use the values o[r to calculate the values of /(r). Construct a table o[ ralues and follorv the steps above to plot thi graph, The graph of a quadratic function is a curve called l a.ryraq9l3: a parabola. :,: ::rr , j All parabolas are symmetric with respect to a line I called the axis of

with a smocith'it1.i.e If a function f(r) and a fttnge of values of

:r .l

(c) axis of symmetry

(d) coordinates of the minimum point.

(b) r-intercept.

, r ::.: , symmetry.

Solation

Use suitable scaies $rch as 2

' 5. 6.

the maximum point or minimrm point. The value of -.r- rryherc the cur-re intersects thc ,r-axis is called the r-intercept., SimilarlS the val* oj,fl where the cune inierse.ts th",r,-a*i i.l"arui
the y-interrcept.

The aris o[ symmerl-v intersecrs the parabola al ::

cn to 1 ir*it,'Z unlrs, 4:units 5 uairs,,10 units, ek:,A scale such as Z cm to'3 units 7 units; etc. is oot suitable since it is drfficult to plot

f{g :,111..9x+ $

i:

:7,

The maximum or mininrum point is also -' theturningpoint.l '

,

ca

, " (c) The a-riis of slmmerrr is -t '= 3. (d) The coordinares o[ the minimum point arc (3, -4t

b of the quadratic function l(r) = -x2 + 2t | *. From rh" goph, state the axis of symmetry

ary *rs

minimrrm point.
4

tintJicept

and:the coordinates,o{,the

1'''-1 ,:.0, .1' 2: , :3: 4 ":-4 r: ::-l:.,, :.'0 , : -f, .:4,"

-g

.:

:::::

::

r{r):=:+2r-,1

symrueFy

ii r

=:1.

is'1.

is:1.
tes of,the maxtmurn:point are {1, 0).

the x-axis.

(aj :$hen

'-l'

i,^ritt-t.tit drawing- the graPh'

fir

shape

of the graph of each quadratic function

t@, !ya. points ' are the'rcots,of,tlie equation fli) =,0,, : I (b) When b'- fuc = O (two equ*t roots), the graph '-t
',

graph'flr) inter:ects the *-axis'at.two diffelent

f - fu > n' $wo:distirrct:;rug1s),,

the

foints.,the :r.coordinates of

'

',"i'-airordinate,,of this"poinr is"the root o{ the ',

tt*l

touches the l-axis at onlY one pcint' The

(c) W'hEn F t
r ,i '
f(x): ,

Pt=..3x '2-r?

3,r qqg-,ha)O
r
:,

graph f(rJ - 4ac < O (ro roots)"the :: intersect'the r-axis' 'does not " ' 'j,'
'

eouation f(x) = 0.

=-?<0 is n-shaped

*-4ac<O

='4r'z-lzx+9 a=4>O

4.', Casg,II:,a:,< 0

it "
,ur;,n
it

et"Ph is u-shaPed'

:;i,ll,_ty;
--l+4x-4x2
is

*,

'4=-4(0 itt" guPh

rrsha@'

ueltrrrurE if 're srsr!! of Determine * the graph v-each quadratic function interscts the r-axis.

ffirffi
r[i*[.]

belorv

F:
I
I

Stlltilt(r'

t'fffi':;Fit*#:t4' r [;
fdi =i (c)/(x)=2t:+r+5
+ 6x +
3

ra1s3.of P I lt+ t19 --t;i;'"- values ip * 4 is n"etio" ror ati :. 6t;;-' -of :t:h l!i: tt 115= ;t'i"= l; I

values of

't'

-4(3X3)

bhttion ia) f{r) = 3cr '''

| solution I fitt= (2 -3;;rr:: - 5P': -3p + 4 i '

1-

at only one point' Thus. the graph touches the -t-axis

=7' a' - 4s = 36 =0
o' a'

the graph of ti /1,t ) is negatir e ior all the values of :r , funcrion is alu a1s belorv the -r-aris, that is h2 - 4ac <

If

a-

tb)ii.r,=2-ir-{r:

''' [il ll;tl

Points.

4ac

= (-3):-- 4(-4X2)

(6Pi: 36p:

0 " 36p -32+72P-36f<0

- {E l8P 9P', t72p

- 42-

3Pi{-3P +

4l <

rr

different 'I'trrrs' the graph intersects the *-axis at trvo

=noJ 3to

<

32

,aL '72
t'g

ilj;Lrl='.lr-+r-5 '-'
*i:rr*"i.1

,a!

= o, a'

4ac

=I

the r-aris' Thus, *re graph does nc)i intersecl

=-39<0

-- -l(2X5)

L;-!.:-:';:.:;:=A,e:r
sirce the sraph of t|xi
=

ffi"ln:5"ril."'t-l?,. nlt a*uvi above th functiron is alwaYs Posltive'

i:-**?ffiTii:f; !x.'. ,{l-.5^ the x-axis and

i.* t-*",-.
I

imr,
Given the straight line 2y = 3 + 2x and the cunr ! = Lr2 + 4r. + k, shorv that the straight line does nc;
intclsect the cunc if
A'

\.

> 23 '8'

ti\

'\.

Spilution

2Y=3*2x 3+Lt

"" \:/
3+2x

Substitute @ into the equation o{ lhe cuwe,

+ (2p + 8)r + 4 + 7p The graph of the function l1'r) = nitta the values of p' ur ontv Jt'e'polnt'

2i

.r'=lt:+4r+/t. i

;;F;'r.h.*-.*i' iltfiistt + 4 + 7P i{-.} = rt' * {2P +8}r+oiT:zr"* -t: r-r

T=k?+4x+k 3+2x=4x2+8x+2k .1_..+6x+2k-3=0 :

,:

that there is oniS The eraph touches rheli-axis implies 4a' = 0' "". fu"i, that is br_.{(2X4 + 7p) = o "n. '"""{;;-8),
64 - 32 - 56p = o ip' - 24p + 32 = o P''6P*q=9 (P.-2\b-+)=9 P-=2 or lt=4

If rhe straight line does not interseci the cut-ve, there ar, no roots tbr this guadratic equation.

Hence,

,'

br -4ac < 0 36-4(4)(2k-3)<o

36-32k

-fiI3"
,84 *t.12 .k>2+
tt

ffi:irnxlmum
A

AND Mtltlmum

VALUES OF QUADNATrc HntlCTtONs

=ri+8.{+4:-4:-5 =Lrt-l)r-21
> 0, l(t) has a minimum value. Jhe 6inimr-rm value of flx) is -21. iJ-rl is rninimum when -r + 4 = 0, that is x = -4.
Since a

"Determine the maximum or mlnlmum value of a qudrati( fumtion

1. The marimum clr minimum value ol a quadratic : function can be determined by completing tlre
squane.

' l5-j iiif=:2h:r+

3F-i-6-

2. Afier

completing the square, a quadratic function can be written in the form flx) = a(x - hjz + k. (a) When a
when x = /r. The minimum point is (iz, k). (b) When a < 0,1(.r) has a marimum value of when r = h.The maximum point is'(ft, ft).

-.21''-+.F#-F+I]-.-.-

> 0,11r) has a minimum ralue of ft

&

Since a

<

0.

f(x) has a matimum value.

BTAUPTEm
Find the madmum or minimum vaiue lor each quadratic function trelorv. Then, state the corresponding value of .t for the maximum or minimurn value of /(r), (a) flT) = t' *_E- 5_. G] f(x) = -Ztj o 3.t * 6

The maximum value of l(.t) is

i'- lft)

is mirxirnunrrt'hen."

f,. -ftq6'lua itt-3;

_( \-., \r)

--Isf,TES
, Wtcn rlr
:I'

,--.mEcofEdaraasa@

cnetTrcier* of -rr is

n* I' facrorise b fuin

r
rcfbr all the values of x. Hence, find the minimum cf i.,:l in terrns o[ /r.
r the: lunction l(.-) = rt + 2x + h2 + 3 is alwars

,.: t(f,*l\2+hz+2 *e g,+ i ): is lrt.rsitive for all the values of .r and h, + 2

l

d td: values of "r.

Given the minimurn value is

or all the values o1'/r, l(.r:) is alq,ays positive

-4'

minirrum value ol

lie

g. /1-r:) is obtained rvhen {.t + l)'?= mininnrm value of /(.r) is /rr + 2.

f{x)

=;e 141-5

ExAfiIPtE
Sketch the graph of each quadratic function belorv.

(a)/(x)=x2+4x-5 (b)f(r)=6-4x-2x2 (c)lk)=3x2-3x+2

Solution

(b)/(r) =6-4x-Lt2 Since a < 0; the graph is n-shaped and

marimunr point.

has

lQ)=A-4x-Lr2
= -2(x'1+ 2t'

iAltrl=x2+4r-5
Determine the shape and the maximum or minimum point. :since a > ,0, the" gtapb is u-shaped 'and has :

Hence, the maximum point is (-1, S).

+ lr - 1:) + 6 =-2(x+l)1+2+6 =-2(x+l):+8

On the r'-axis,

= 0.

minimum

point.

4'

Hence, the;'-intercepr is 6.

(0) = 6 -

4(0)

=6'

2(0)?

f(x)=.r'?+4.t-5

=(x+2\2-4-5 =(x+2\r-9 Q
on
nlna they-intercept.
the_y-a.ris,

=x2*4x+22-22-5

b2-kc=(-4):--+(-2X6)
The graph intersects the.t-aris at trvo diflerent poinis

::

=64>O

=16+48

Hence, the minimtiffir point is (-2, -9).

On the x-axis, l(.r) = 0.

x = 0:f(0) = ff + 4(0)-

Hence, the-r-intercepts are -3 and

6-4x-2x2=A {2-2re)(3+r)=0 r = I or-3

l.

=-5'

Thus, the sketch ol the graph is as shorm belo+,

Hence, the.v-intercept is -5.

@ rina
b2

the .r-intercepts.

The graph interseits the*-axis at two different points.

'

=36>0 Onthe*.axis,f(r)=0,, :: : x2+4x-5=0 (x-l)(x+5)=0 : ,' r=lofi=-s

:

- 4ac= 16 - 4(lX+)

(c)l(x)=3x2'3x+2
Since
:

Hence, the .r-intercepts

r,, are -5 andl 1.

a > 0, the graph is u-shaped and has ' minimumpoint. r : l,l ' , l{x)=3Jr*}r+: 2, ',
=

'

'

3f,',-'. (-+)'- (-+)'l-'

-

{$

sketctr the graph.

r . . .

Sketch the trshaped graph and mark the minimum

point. -qdd th..v-axis and tlre y-intercept. Add the r-axis and the r-intercepts. Uark the axis of symmetry, if required by the
quesdon.

*)'- *J . l\'-3,t ' =tl,- 2J 4'' "r' =3('-+)'.+

= 3[('
Hence, the minimum poinr is

(+,+)
3(0) + 2

on

the y-axis,

= 0./(0)

Hence, the y-intercept is.2.

: t(0)'-

There are no r-inl.ercepls.

b2-4ac=g-24 =-15<0

Whenx=

Herrce, the third point is (1, 2).

l,fll) =3-3+2 -')

,::Giveny:=

(a),Find.the values;of p'and q in ti*trl1 -of nr andlor n' for the graph oj.v, ,' (bi ,ii* = 4; state the ;ds'of ai;meuy ici,It is,also kno*m'that the straight line -v = 5'touches ' ::1, , , the'graph of -l = rit+,net,:tt'l ,' ,,1, i', ," , ,':'(i):rf,,api's55 n in'reilns of ti , : :r : :' : l , .iii1 rrgqce, skerch the graph:of tor =,,0, '
,

tt+tru

-x2

=p'{r+q):.',:,'.,

,,,

,m

,,,,,

(a)v=n+rllr--t:

Solation

l.-' .-... . I =-r'-"Lt+\ tn\2 -l-*\'f -. 2J -lJ,I*" ..i rrr\t n*+4n. =-f - 2J *- T= 71-,

:
t,

l:13

Thus,,the

sket

of,the,graph is,irs shown be,l,g-

[r

:+.q)f

:, :-

:---:

',i

v.
+

,a: ,:i:

(b),Whenm r::,: Thusi tlte axis of symmeu-v is -t= 2-

:': :: r.i ::: ''', (c) {i) ,the straight tne}:5'touches r!4 gr4ph, Hence, ' ::' :i *1o ma*imum *t relof the gmph is 5. l , - tl+4rt
:
,

:: =4,q =-2' : :

i..:
,:::4.

20=mr+4n ,, , .; 2Ol_*! = 4p, :':. , :: :t : ::::tj , , :,29- ln2

'

:::
,

t =

---:-;- I

(ii)When

m=4,n-24=rc-l P=r,q=-t ' ,, the equation'of,the graph is :,,,:,' y=1,i {a;72::,:; :' I ::,, l,',,y=5jG-:2)2::r r:l , lhimiximumpointris (2, 5). ,. The-];-intercept is',1, , :' On the r'axis,.y = 0. ,;r.'::,:,i : t:+4r)x:2:= fl l r::r' :; ::.:::
,

la?:4f

l::.0

:::

':,

;: r'

a = ----i:--:z

". '1*16

+4

=:4.2A,, 61., -624:,

sf ,vducs'of r,drat ratisfles

+j&:e a'qr.Edr?tic ingquality is to fiad:therangE eai*qs,ef,r, \\'hich satisfies:the inequality. , , 1,

II:a<0

:-or-iie the quadratic ineqrralily

to get the Use:ther-inlercepts to sketch the curve. are fn'o cases depending o* tl-rg valuesrof a.

,$, eni,<.r, orx

S-hen

r,,

the,Curve is below thg

f(r) > 0. rv]:,\" : vr .' Thus, for l(.r) < 0, r < lg.:r:e+"Ys) :.-i ].>,0,tt, d x.l xz:l1.iren'

r..hich means

r, ( x (

-r,, the cuwe is above the x-axis

xe|

'

or

x> r, ""d ft
l

r,

( r, 91 1 )'rr,
;

the cqrve f(r), is, above

:-*-'r.axjs which means fix),>,,0. *-hen rc,, < x < n2,,the qlrIe is belo* the .rr-axis -=*,hjch mearrs flrJ <,0, '" ,,1.,, ' '. j': : ' " u- for,/(4),>, g,';6 {,lr, or:r, },xr, and for -:,..=r],<0;, rj <.r. < *;.
:

F
ioilowing quadratic inequalities:-:. 1!l:-- 8 < 0 ,, (b) 12 - 5x:- 2r2 < 0

-=

:=-:=3-T:+10x-8.

-:':'$.f-8<0l

Find the range of values of p such that the quadrat equation x2 + px + 3 - p = 0 hzrs no rool.s.

- 2X: + 4) = 0 1 ;=.,==: Of i=:4

:=,-:..'.i.:

-,

=:.:+, ,ihe,cur!'e

is u-shaped,
as
:

+tch of the graph,is

sketch, for 3r2 + 1&r - I < 0, that is,:for the .t*,be below:the *-axis, the range oJ values of x ==-1$ t : :,;.:::::::;:,,: I

;:.:#,:iie

P2-4(1X3.p)<0 :, ,i, , :, 'pt-12+4p<0 " , Pl, + 4P - 12 <,0':" , ", ,' (p+6Xp-2)<0 Lety=(p+6)(p-2). ,,, : ' ll, , When-r,=0,p=-4 lorp=2.
i

Solutiwt For:r2 + pr'+ 3 - p:= A to have no'roots- 6t -

::,

4g < O.
,

,'

r-:'.r(*.

J J

The sketch of thc graph is as follorvs.

ft)12-5x-2r!<0: ", Let _y = 12 - 5-r - 2.rr. ' On the,;u-axis, Y = 6. , ,' ' l2-5;;-2x.2=0 ' ,: :, (3-2x\(4+x)*O ,' ': I 1
' , a < 0, the curve is n-shaped-t={L or'.r=-4

From the sketch, the range of values of p is -6 < p < 2

The sketch of the graph is -as follot's.

From the stetch, for 12 - 5r - 2*r:< 0, that is, for the graph to be belo.ly the x-aiis' the range of values of *

isr<-4ott>f'

Given that l(:r) = r: + 2i ' 4, find 'the i"anges of Yalues of .r which satisfy '4 < /(x) < 4,
Given l{"r) = x} + 2,x When fl:r) > '4,,

i4

and

-4 < Jfr} <

4.

.x!+Zt-4>:4: , xz+2x20 r(x+2]>O

+
I

,tplEFoRmATffi
Solutinn

-.

,, ,'

',,,':'.

'!

r=0orr=-2

When-t(,r + 2) ='0.

Given the slraight line.r" = ttt.t + 3 does not interc-ect'i cun'e lr = Lst i x + 5. Find the range of values of nl.

-r)0;

From the sketch; the rang of values of

, < 4; , When llr) -t2 +,2d'.4:< 4 f+Zt-8<0

,

is r':< -2 or

Solve the lollowing equations simtrlta neottsl\l

I=rn-r+3
Substitute@ into

'

r:

:-=2x2+r+5 @ @- +3=2f1 +'r+5 ', , " : r rIzX

,

{-r+4)ft'2)<0
-

Lrz+(l-m)-t+2=O

When (;t + 4Xr

.r=14or:,t=2

2) = 0, l

The straight Iine does'not intersect lhe cuwe, So thergi :Thus,

no point-of conlact.

Fmm'the sketch, tlre range rif values of :: is -4 < x < 2. To find the ra[ges of- values o[ .r which satisfu both

quadratic equalion ?-rr + {1

- rrl):; + 2 =,0-, ' ,

:,

there are no roots for,

,,,

',':

inequalities;usea.numbelline,
i,
I

. i:: .; 4'2A2

f..-.."_j_-..._t:

, , , :rt:,', i,----.i* ,,
:

Using&:'-tlac,<0.',,' (l - rtt)'1- 4{2)(2\ < t : l-2trt+nf- 16 10 ' nrt-2ttt' 15 <0

(rn+3Xrrr-5)<0
Thus,

r#::

r:

-3

nt

From:the number line, the rangesr of values of

-4<,r<-2and0<*<2.

' ::,, ::
Basg';' :io$,tts'llder(
,," , ,,.

.'

i .'

tf iV,:

lqgaritlgns ,d;ttnn bg,rV=x.

':

:-

:::-:_

::-'

'

i'r":':

'

q\,:- 6vga.;.1':g;g

':Exrs,d:fu .,Iogolf: kgo**

F-'

. hC";'=bqrt-l;t
.loe .fl=iha x

.
i:,tnryitrE

re,b=d;,
;

lo's b

'luC"b.

Given that 3' =

Sofu/jtori2

lf,

express c

in terms'of a"a\db.

5 = 2.322, find the

lf = ft, where ft is a constanl : Then, 3 = ft;, 5 = &6and 15 = ftF. 1+1-t 3x5=15 rrtabc le-xkT=k7 a+b =T f*l b=k.r ab fta Thus, = @I,et 3" = 5, =

ttt

(cj logr27

;-log (3 x 5)
= logr 3 + lqg,

5* - @"ry=tog,x+lq"y

'F..t.585 + 2.322

" a+b

=i{}.737 .e'27

tou,

3+=

bg"'o=

n log" x

;,-= x

1.585

=,4.755

\1
']
I

ffikpfiep*
ym
Yun
Padi

Find llle:equaligl! of thepel-i@d: area phnted with yam. Find lhe equation of lhe area

lvlsrpadir

' ,,

', , ,dar#d ',

b

'

Solve the equations simultaneousry

lird the values oI x and y. 20m m shows Encik Ali's rectangular plot of land which is planted with

yam. The yam is planted on the small rectangular section of the n the area planted with padi is 230 m2 and the perimeter of the area with yam is 38 m. Find the area of land planted with yam.

',,: equai'on,,@-ru.UO.*'1*s,.0!,
phnted wifr yam.

rl,I Sqbstitute, the,values :ot' x,ard-,t:,!t$

*f the land = 20x

(20-ylm
m2

'-: 2x-20+40-2y=38 Zx-Zy=lg .i, x- Y= 9 .:;,:: x=9*y "':: :t,

of land planted with yam = 38 m '. l(s - l0) + 7(20 - Y) = 38

I
Padi

v"t

-10)m l0m

20m

...o
...@
m2

*f,land I:: planted with yam = - 10X20 - /) =20x-xy-200+lOY

(x
:...{?0x

+f land planted with Padi = 230 - xy - 200 + 10y) = 230 ;..,r:r xy + 200 - 10y = 236 xy- 10y= 3g

....o

::.:,,9y+f'?-|Ay=39

:..,{9+)4-lOY=39

te @ into

..-, y2-y-30=0 ..,,'{7 + 5XY- 6) = 0 y=-5 or Y=6

ion of length is positive, y > 0. Hence,

y:

6.

O: x=9+6

r = 15 E: Area of land planted with yam = (x - 10X20 - )r) =(15-10X20-6) .',:' = 5(14) '-..r. ' :70 mZ

Claned SPilll
solve the simultaneous equations 4x+ y = *6 and

* + x- y= 4'

ldentty ihe linear equadorr. Make

':

tumiou
From@:
Substitute

ol.:t,i!nb,.:.a,.:l!q ioear..,@@

su@

of th

qualbn; Ths subsffnJ

-

=4 t'+x-Y=4
4x+Y

....o

$mpter.
lnx.::.
Use

...o
...o

Y=-6-4x
@ into @.

Sriu&itu-re"ti"i6li'.'6 ,'to:ryineqrndB&

:::: : .

*+x-(-6-4x1=4 .*+x+6+4x=4 . f+5x+2=0

i =--

[E

lotmula x =

rb:

b,lird:lhe iaks3,of x:

-s

r{25-m
2

hdb u:

C,dreqt|adratc

-5 t.JT7

-5

+./T7 vr22
or

-5

-.,I7
;$ ril
r:ll

= -0.438

-4.562

Substitute x = -0.438 into @.

I=-6-4(-0.438)
=

iil

4.248

l
@.

rit

Substitute x = -4.562 into

..j

Y=-6-4(4.562t
= 12.248
orre

,l
,.:ii

iiJ

i!:

Thus, the solutions

x.= -0.438, Y = 4.248 and x = 4,562,

f = 12,248'

.ii

SPM
simultaneous equations *

{l= I and f - 3 = 3x.

x+|l=

o
@ @

y2-3=3x *= t -+i
into @.

-yz-i=r(t
y?-3=3-y
+r)

y2+y-6=0

1y+3X/-2)=0 y.=-3 ot y=2

:..

WhenY=-3,x=1-*(-3)

=l
I

WhenY=2,x=l-+(2) J r1
3

solutions are

"J

x= 2, y = -3

and x =

*,

y = 2.

t'. lSobrton

Solve the simultaneous equations m= answers coffect to three decimal places.

p-

and pz

+2m= lg.

Give the

the subject of the eguation.

substitulion
equatbn is

ldentify the linear equation..Make

p2+2m=78

p-m=4 P-1fi=4

From@:
Substitute

m=p-4

o o
@
Using the formula,

lirsl degree.

Wer

of m into a

Ths" non-linear,
m

became

of

$u

Subslitule
in p.

rn inlo the non-linear:

eqplion, loobtain a guadrafc eguatior:

'

n_ ,2 -z t,[4 -@l

t+2p-8=18 t+2p-26=0
=
-2 1{m5
2

@ into @. +2(p- 4) = 18

use ttre tormura

o --b 'Dqf

t'[FZTil

t'

lo find the values of p.

A:

"

-b!,{6F=Z;; F=---*-E,,[08

*ientific,:cAlculabi ilah. tie,:trsed

he-lp-

yor solve:lhe guadraiic

e

Set.lhe:'id(irhtortofix,
3 decimal places.

_ -2 +_{108
= 4.196

2-'2
or

or -z -6.196

Substitute p = 4.196 into @.

m=4.196-4

l_.1

I I i

= 0.196 Substitute p = -6.196 into @.

m=-6.196-4 m=-6.196-4 = -10.196

.j!

Itnur,_,n.:olutils

are p=4.196,

ra=0.t96 arrdp=*6.196, m=-10.t96

0\

Simultaneous Equations
j.

'Httr*s{llls

=:

'

LINEAR AND.NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

j
With fractions

frf=12',,*
.
Identifylinearand
non-linear equations

Simple x+y=31

u+y=5
fi,;: ,}

Solvi4g equations
Solve simuttaneous equations
:i

I i

using the substitution mefhod.

-+-=

3xy

21

Change to a non-fraction equation by finding the

common denominator

:,:,

Single equation

'*
-.$
',rl,i,fi

3x+2y=4ry*5y'=1

'
t
I

Separdte to form two equations:

on'e linear and one
:.; :'..'.''

'tT

nonlinear

't.:-.!ii:.'::ir

/'.x

t I

fl

.**

-*:r.

--traight line x + y - 5 =0 intersects the curve Find the coordinates of these two points.

t'

+ x'

- xl = 7 at two

ldentiiy the lineat equation. Make ythe su$ect of the equation.

Substitute yinto the nonlinear eq.ratbn,

*noa r:
$:

X+y-5=0
Y2+x2-xY=7

.o
@

to obtain a quadratic equation in

Y=5-x

Factoris. th quadratic equation to fnd the values ol:x,

5e=:ut. @ into @. (5-x)2+x2-x(5-xl=7 := li - iOx+x2 +x2- 5x+x2 = 7 :. 3x2-l5x+18=0 x2-5x*6=0 (x-3Xx-2)=0 x=3 or x=2
a::-

$ubslrlule,ttre values ol x into fe l*rcar equgtion to SJain the nespordr valuesol y.

'

:,.:.

i*!G

1.

lVhenx=3,y=2. \Yhenx=2,y=3.

#
'::

rne coordinates of the two points are (3, 2) and (2' 3).

Cf

SPffi',QseSfion:rt
@rg Sre qtndq@ irequality, grqg.,:it ::jnte:,ll&.,.9.$.pr;q1:., ;f5|gf.! ,.::,.gf
Bebrg
:

Frrd &a rmge of values,ef x,for whj6[.rx(1 :,6], <,16;

5tffitt , :: : : ::: ::: r{x-6)<16 ,, f -6x-:f$<0,,,,

(x-8Xx+2)<0 Lt/=(x-8Xx.+,2i, , ,.
When, y = 0,,X,=,g,Oa X =

,,-::iif+...,,1hi+.

c.:<, .:,.,-,:i;;|,r,:.;,..:,,-fi

;-,,:gyqid,fte:
.{r6)
..:,

adii.9r",.,,;
16

.;.iffi,,xAl$.:cr.,;,,*..=,'S'<:,,tr,,:i
-t,1:,.i.

<

-,,-r-i,r:t"t'att-..xt<,f
:::
:

4,
-2'< x < 8.
:.

,'

'::
r :

From the'skCtch'of:,the graPh,'the range of values,of x is

a ::

.::=
:

:a

:. Claneic SPm
The,diagram shows: the gtaph,of a function ,' i =,(x- k)? + 2, where k is:a: constant. Find,': (a) the value of k (b) the equation of the axis of symmetry. {c) the coordinates of,the minimum point, i l
::.ther@,.ihAl graph'F symlljetrical abort the axis symmetry, the value ol *between x=

:.

Afid.t

;.2,i9,,f,.,=:id.,,r':'rl.:,,.'1.r, :'r':"',,.,."

Solvtiorlt (a) The,,graph passes,through the,point {0, 3}.

::r,J=r{0-k}2+2,,: , ': ;: ,: ,'. ,r ', J=l{+2 k2= I k=tl when k = 1, the function is y = (x - l), + 2. Substiiute x = 2 and /= 3 into the equation. ,:,, ',,,, ,', 3-i{2,:::IJ2 +2,,: : , :;:

::r.:: ::

:,',llgnee,: :,;

Hence, the point (2, 3) satisfies the function

3=3

l=Ix-llz+2whenk=1.

,
,
,

= -1, the function is y = {x + l}: + 2. Substitute,x = 2 and y = 3,into the,equation.

When k 3

Hence,,the point,{z, 3} does notisatisfy,the,,

* ll

:: : :

:: ':, ,,

:,

rr:,

:,r,,

Thus, th equation:of the axis of symmetry is x = 1, ' ,, I

,,', :

,:',

{c) ,From

the'funCtion;4 = (x

1)?

+ 2: the minimum value of }t is,Z'when

,' , Thu$, the coordinates'of the:minimum poinr is (1,:2).

' ",.' , | ,"

Given that rz = log, a and n = log, b, express the following in terms of m and n.

(a) log, ab'

(b) log, 9a2'{T

t.)

loer*

tuIution (a)2log,o5+log,o4
(b)

(a) Iog, ab' =lo1ra +logrbt

us.

64

log. 5oo

=logza+3logrb =m+3n (b) Iog, 9ot'(b = Iog: 9 + log

a2 + loe,

blution
{a) 2 loe,o 5 + log,o

= log, 3t + log, a2 + log, b2

: i::: ;;,..l;i_
= log,o 100

=z+2logrc+ lvrrgra

=Z+znt+|n
(c)

&)

log,o 102
I

=2

log,9 = .r.

Y-

.r, u
log. b

bg.64 - log,

56'9 = log,

"' 500 ,4 = lo8s 800 ,1 tog.

=

64f - log. 500 los- 'G4-

= log. o7 =

l. , log, e"-log. b I =7n_n

--

l25

log.

5-3

=_3

i.F
q2

nrffi
(if)

ETIiI?tE
i
i

Express each of the follorving as a single logarithm. (a) log' 15 + log. 6 - lo& 18

Simplify the follorving expressions. (a) Iog. I50 + log,. 12-1og,,450 {b} log
p1

(b)3-log,35+2logr14
Solution

i I
I

2 log, pq + log"

(a) log, 15 + log, 6 - log- 18 = log:

.t

I
I

Splll,idion

= log: 5

(a) log" 150 + log, 12 - log" 450

, i150x12\ = t"e,,

(b) 3 - lo& 35 + 2 log, 14 = logs 53 -log, 35 + log,

=

450

=1o44 = Iq!"Z' = Zlog,Z

(b) log" p2 - 2 log. pq + lo9 Q2 =log"pt -log, lpd, +lo9"Qt
=

rr,

(r#g)

= log- 700

= log"

k* lf * 4t1 . ""I @S)'|

1

i
Given that
53p

use rhe taws of logarithms. . tos,x"=nlos,x

= 9(3&), prove that p

toA,?=

lo&

9.

=0

. log, xy= log" x+ log"y . !ts,i= loga x- logaJl

Solution
Given
5rP

9(3'1P).

Take the logarithms to base

equation.

a on both

sides

of

the

log* 5rP = log" 9(34) 3p log, 5 = log, 9 + log.

3p log,, 5 =
3'?t'

lo4 9 + 2P log.,

3p

log 3 *

2p log,3 = log,, 9 2 log, 3) = log, 9

3'?)

p(3 log. 5

p(log" 53* log, p(log" 125

= log 9

log, 9) = log 9

, rcr,? = log, e

-,.J ..-Change the basel of logarldrmr

Simpli!'each of the fcllowing (a) log +p +lWf &) lo%

nf -W' -*4 4 !og;

rT

L Ir

b=a, .....A
log" b =

Soltfu
(a)
IoS=

;' then

4p + log.

.....

=lqlra

+ bg, O _

Take the logarithms to base equation @. Hence, log"b = log" a*

,'

c on both sides of

-2+lagr,

-?ry
f)

=Z + 2log,p
2(logr2 + log

log"b = xlog,a......O

Substitute

@ i"to @.

Thus, log. 6 = (log" b)(loe. a)

= 2log,2p

Or
a

IOe O=

Iog-b
lag"a

o) foc, 27f

-w-,.* ='"-r#:;^
3l
=

logrlTl" togrfi

##
T
-

In the case when c = b

tot!^o = log^b
logh a

*,on

27x6

2log.{T

or

los.b= = I ea logua

= loqv5

t^ffrlu
({i')'

, = rogr

.
blution
(a) rog,

+g
'd
Given that rz = log:r and in terms of m and n.

= log, 3r

l_

3x2

Evaluate the following using a scientific calculator. (a) log, 5 (b) Ioe,0.0562

r = logy, express
(b)

the following

"

Change to base 10.

(a) log. JF Sorutian

(a) log,

l"c{t#

= 2.3219

ft)

!'0562 loe. 0.0562 = !99!q

G,y

bg,
=

{r'y

fog'J

Change to base 10'

logr 4

= _2.6204

fc*, olt
2

; :

Evaluate the following.

{a) log"zl

Nr*,o * log y) =\lm *n) 4'

=
{b)

(b)lo&3xlogr4xlog*8

Hution
(a)
Iogn

.4f tog'-_. los 4Y' = "jr * lqgr,{T _

logr4 + 2logry -logrx

,, =Y;t+

caansetobass.

=l
2

=2(2+2n-m)

(b)log,3xlogr4xlogo8

. log,4 log" 8 " :"n : lt# " G4 = logr g -3

=

chanse to base 2'

Given that log, r = a and log. terms ota and b.

= b, express

log 45 in

Sohnirin loC.45 = log. lbe logaritbm

of a trumber can be changed to any required base. For example,

(32

5)

= log. 32 + log 5

=2log,3+log5
=

Ioo-3 =

logr3

logr5 logr5

logr3

log,o3
logro5

./ log, 3\ log'\l.s]/ * l"s. *

5

-i

-a

2l

2b+a
ab

:r'Ib eyalude a lxrrber

rt$

b ntyfouer, ,""
.

Forexanpb,

'
'

futF v*ntnE

l7|*flrel"
qxsaver e
24{1.

F'ttF'r27'rtuirlv

E*E

**'
'/yodd

E]E@trtr p. n"
,t"*,

n*or*.

l$lE tlat f,ica.trsiE brd(eb, ll

"rU

t|e ansrer dFplayd b

btufE bpffrns H bs. asag' prers I bg I foilowed by s.349 ano [J. lte answer is disprayed as o.Tal{az2ssl. r' hd d b tre 6| delree of accuracy. For instance, corecl to lour decimal places, tre ansrver b 0.72&'. 3 bftfnasogaifum ol given logadthms . fu srTh, ftrd tte vah6 of xirilog,o x .l.gg{!. =
ob

. **l oitt
frcrd

lo,lznoFlrorrowed

by trrelrog lkev.

rhe degay

'lGrhtregivenlogadhm,

1'6943andpr"""E.Thercquiredantibgbdftphyedo*.*. ,, ,
erre$,t=

"wl"1p@orl*1,

'

'

ofi to ti desired degree of accuracy. For instarrce, @nec* to frrur st$li6qant

qry
and

ls .19_i$z

Formrpre
dsFayed

#5

shourd be

*n* n ;;;;
accuracy.

;@til tr @tr tr,

fte answer is

,r fuud d

6
to

2.3219A8095.

tfe Gsired degpe of

necessary.

5:Use t@ets u{renever

::i, !, Forxarple,

pedorr lhe

cahulafui
ov

fo9ro2

',,*"'

o' " El lE] is dlsplayed

rurornea

El EJ tr

fCJ

EJ

11!.d

as 5.884949j99. ofi to the @s!@ dryree of accuracy S.BBS (conecr to toursignifiCqlt {guresJ.

El tr

tr EJ E E fj-J l-=rl,

"no

*'e

"ns,"o

Solve the equation,

!

logr2x- log. (x*

3) =

l.
'gbgtriihmic lo dtah.an
.

boffiot
log, 2x

log, (x

2x

3) =

los,;ft_
x_

=,

l{
-J

::

:'a:::a a

::.

:aa

:.

-: :.::
:

a.: :l: :

d.51;5;

2x=5x-15 3x= lS

x=5

..::,:tiffi :..'
...:..,,

:*',+ives,*rlt,logr,P: log, Q= 2, express

.

in terms of

Q.

'ffi lo$arithm'd.,$ls6:',$,:6 ' @6i'ifirns- of, :,basg: 3:-so-i:{hat. th g

:

bsarflms now have fte same

.,.Thst;.usq,
lhe,
:

base.

,Igg;:f:logn Q=

Aws.,d;hElarithms : lq

Ir^o o- logrQ -"Iog.

corbftlethem into a sinSE ch$geaxthelogafithfrls

ryai$m

Ctrape tre equalion in Ure ngartUrm*

bm

to an index form,

P-19}3 =,
loSro=a
P2
ta
s2

lld<e Pthe subject ot ttreieqntlm as

teqied

2logrP-logrq=4

. l{ob H 81 is a perlect sgrrare, so its i: .:riod,:dr0qEle s*npBfFd, gr'*ndillol .-::let _aq,.Jti.' ', i,,t,.,,,,,,,, ,r,r'. t,-,.'-

a p2=8le F=9{O

Solve'the equation 5r = 33x-2.

[email protected]@q'of.f g+tualirxr,

tuturton Given 5" = ttx-2.

Take logarithms to base 10 on both sides of the equation.

cannol:bee
ln lhe
terms on

in"iir.!t4,,

,to'

the same base, use fre tedrniqr taking logarihms on {!-s.

@r

process

log,oT' = log,o 3t'-,

ol siir;rfying

the

equation, 3

bing ail the nrnts inwlvirp tre ofrer *fe.

x logro 5 = (3x
3x log,o 3
,

2) log,o

x b <rE ,side, id:baw,,tlrc,rwiibtarlt Avoirl firdirg

x{3 log,o

* xlog,o 5 = 2 log,o 3 3 - log,o 5) = 2 logro 3 fiog,o3

3 log,o 3
1.3029

qe.

A!e.

erihms.nt.,this.'i

lHb xte s"@

@'the:a+
5
6r,

ol the eqrdion and

Ii.:,:

UsitE,*'cakifAlot;,,,

log,o

Solve the equation 3x+4

3x+2

2. :,,;,l$ltE

tuIntion 3x+4-3x+2=2
{31(34}-{3"X3'?)=2
7213"'

8l(3")-9(3"1=2

Nde tlat 3. is common ln Oottr lerms so that lhe difierence ol the trvo ie.nns can be found.

::

e'=I -36
l0
on both sides of the equation.

. . .

Sdw the resufting equation by UknU the logarithms,

Use a calculator to evaluate the final expression.

Take logarithms to base

logro 3- = log,o

$
$-

Give the answei to

degree
4

of

accuracy,
fuures.

x log,o 3 = log,o

sfficant

a reasonaHe lor hmtance,

. x=-

,or,o

*-

Iog,o 3

= -.3.262

Use

6u *kn

he q{E ot.iggryilhlBs

to, e,otr?ss,]

&ar log.5 = h and log" 7 = k, expresr

foS" (A9C'J

in terms of h and

k.

the single logadFm ao the sum ard

he difiererce ol logarihms.
Note that log" a vafues of a.

= 1 for all

posftive

log,49 + logoa - log" tZS "r, t#f)= log. 7, + 1 - log, 53 =

AltlarSh tre question Sates that he

answeiohouH,be,linlerms ot h and &;, ctnstants such as'1'may be irrcft.rded
in the answer.

-2log"7+L-3log"5

=2k+l-3h

g@tfg__q*o#pr*ry,
5oltt
the equation
93x+4

.-s.
tl eqtaliryl,are po-ners.of.3. :$o; botr sides can be expessed in index lorm to the base 3.
:

27x+3.

tuIcf*n

9lr={ _

27x+3 (3r)x+3
3ltx
+

i3:Ft-{ .lf 3:!3r -

l) a. -' Exprs

in index form compare the indbes.

tothe

basq 3 and

When bolh sides have tfre same base, just compare the indices in or&r to find ihe required solulion,

l+3x+4)=3(x+3) 3x=1 I *=5

6x+8=3x+9 .*

CtonedSfJf
5olxfur
h,g. S.45 =

*Qg-e*s.fb.a*,
log,
5

-'d-ren that log, 3 = a and

o

= b, express

logn 0.45

in terms of a and

b.

All the logarithms are to the same base, so changing of bases is not
necessary.

loC.;o

enli8

tp

relalion tlett-rreen,the:given
S, and

numbers3and
in ttre question.

ihe,numk!t0.45

=;eg.
= log.

-J1

Once the relation is known, use the laws of logarithms to simplify it

3'- log, 5 - logn 4 =2log.3-logl5-1 =7a-b-1

-*1P*fu;Y.,P

nhq$
.

m@tuur#.t.t

/xr+4 /r+Iz\

t3'21

erda

r-Gq*td,fonr

l+E lh ln

/ trr +tilr t0& +nrr \ \-.rr1ffi-'-rn+*t*/

tlnnhr