IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)

Vol. 12, No. 2, June 2023, pp. 974~983

ISSN: 2252-8938, DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v12.i2.pp974-983  974

Using skeleton model to recognize human gait gender

Omar Ibrahim Alsaif, Saba Qasim Hasan, Abdulrafa, Hussain Maray

Department of Computer Systems Technologies, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Biometrics became fairly important to help people identifications persons by
their individualities or features. In this paper, gait recognition has been based
Received Jan 27, 2022 on a skeleton model as an important indicator in prevalent activities. Using
Revised Oct 30, 2022 the reliable dataset for the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA) of
Accepted Nov 11, 2022 silhouettes class C database. Each video has been discredited to 75 frames for
each (20 persons (10 males and 10 females)) as (1.0), the result will be 1,500
frames. After Pre-processing the images, many features are extracted from
Keywords: human silhouette images. For gender classification, the human walking
skeleton used in this study. The model proposed is based on morphological
Artificial neural network processes on the silhouette images. The common angle has been computed for
Gender recognition the two legs. Later, principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to
Human gait reduce data using feature selection technology to get the most useful
Morphologic filter information in gait analysis. Applying two classifiers artificial neural network
Skeleton model (ANN) and Gaussian Bayes to distinguish male or female for each classifier.
The experimental results for the suggested method provided significant
accomplishing about (95.5%), and accuracy of (75%). Gender classification
using ANN is more efficient from the Gaussian Bayes technique by (20%),
where ANN technique has given a superior performance in recognition.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Omar Ibrahim Alsaif
Department of Computer Systems Technologies, Northern Technical University
Mosul, Iraq
Email: Omar.Ibrahim [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Now, growing interest in identifying individuals effective to prevent terrorist attacks led to proposed
biometrics techniques. These techniques have appeared to identify and verify individuals such that concern:
face, palm print, fingerprint, iris, deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA), walking, or a mixture of these characteristics
[1], [2]. It is worth mentioning, people can be classified using most biometrics, like gender classification by
analysing voice, face, and gait [3]–[7]. Generally, gender classification plays an important and big role in many
fields of life. Gait recognition is defined as an ability that existing for most people. When a computer can
recognize gender, it will increase work robustness, such as, gender classification which can analyses clients for
administrators, employ people with proper works, and so on [4]. Unlike current recognition methods, like
facial, iris, and fingerprint recognition are physical information that requires characteristics or traits for people,
therefore there challenging to distinguish individuals use remote methods. Nevertheless, walking as a feature
of people does not have these limitations. In recent times, gait is a good biometric feature. As many researchers
have increasingly interested in this topic. So, walking has become a serious issue in advanced computer
technologies [8]–[10]. Additionally, gait classifications have many effective parameters such as age,
pregnancy, and sick. Human gender gait recognition has become an important topic for researchers [11], [12].
In 2001 Tanawongsuwan and Bobick studied learning to walk via the bottom parts of the human body [13].
Some researchers provided a clear process for estimating the place of compensation in flat form between signs.

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  975

The given displacements that researchers used to calculate common angle pathways aimed at compensating for
systematic time differences. This study recognition was applied in databases of 18 people who performed
further than 150 places of walking by the adjacent neighbor procedure and Euclidean space as assessment
procedures [13]. In 2009 Ming et al. discussed the descriptor-based silhouette and explained the area of the
border was suggested in a way that describes the shape of the walk [14]. The wavelet transformation was
applied on the boundary area and extracted the parallel descriptors concurrently. Xiao et al. [15], proposed a
strategy in 2010 based on the use of skeletons to determine walking. This skeletal structure allows us to express
every gait. Consequently, a recognition rate of 96.21% was reached. In the same year, Li and Yang, [16]
introduced a recognition system based on the legs and ankles. These two types of optimal characteristics were
addressed by using the feature incorporation strategies, where the test outputs in the gait database were showed
reasonable results [16]. In April 2013 Arai and Andrie described a method for extract features from the skeleton
human body using support vector machine (SVM) that estimates average foot angle, where reached
classification accuracy is about 85.33% [5]. In 2020, suggested analysis in the time domain of many features
using classifier [17], [18].

2. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Basically, this paper has proposed a method for gender classification based on the skeleton model. It
depends on trusty Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA) database gait, class C, with kinds of walking views
of images and many changes for silhouette pictures [19]. Figure 1 explain the framework of the proposed
method that used in this paper.

Figure 1. The framework of the proposed method

In the proposed method skeleton model have been used on reliable silhouette image CASIA database that
depends on the following steps:
a. Applied several morphological operations.
b. Create three lines to get a triangle.
c. Determine gait cycle.
d. Distinguished between two legs.
e. Estimated points between two legs of the body.

2.1. Pre-processing
The proposed human gait model is a specific feature of the proposed model using many operations.
At first, silhouette images have been converted to a binary image. Then applied morphological operations for
the creation of a skeleton. By using close operation (dilation, erosion), and removes (prunes) all branches
shorter that specified length [20].

2.2. Hinge points for a single image

Figure 2 illustrate the overview of the manner of the individual's gait model. In the human skeleton
model can be found 20 joint points from head to toe see Figure 2. They provide many features which that play
role to obtain gait properties exactly for each person or to give the ability for classification between men and
women [21], [22].

2.2.1. Gait cycle estimation

Human gait is considered as a cyclic motion for all individual gait cycle. Can be computed from heel
strike to heel strike of a single leg and can be viewed as the time between two similar events during a walking
person. In the gait cycle, there are two basic phases called stance and swing as Figure 3 [23].

Using skeleton model to recognize human gait gender (Omar Ibrahim Alsaif)
976  ISSN: 2252-8938

Figure 2. Skeleton joint points

Figure 3. Gait cycle of individual

2.4. Angle estimations method

Using a simple trigonometry formula, compute the angles of each point: a and b represent a vector as
Figure 4 [24].

𝑎⃑. 𝑏⃑⃑ = |𝑎|. |𝑏| cos θ (1)

⃑⃑
𝑎⃑⃑.𝑏
cos(θ)= |𝑎|.|𝑏| (2)

Therefore, the angle of  is calculated as shown,

⃑⃑
𝑎⃑⃑.𝑏
θ = cos −1 (|𝑎|.|𝑏|) (3)

principal component analysis (PCA's) purpose is to minimize the data's dimensionality while keeping as feasible
in the original huge data. It's a technique for discovering patterns in data and explaining them in a way that
emphasizes their resemblances and differences in fact, PCA is extremely closely related to means Figure 5.

Figure 4. the angle between two vectors Figure 5. Dimensionality reduction

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  977

2.5. Feature extraction

One of the difficulties that researchers confront while analyzing data is the problematic of expressing
data owing to the large amount that is difficult to obtain. principal component analysis is a well-known as
dimension reduction method used in pattern recognition. PCA technique is mostly used to pick important data
and eliminate irrelevant. The feature selection strategy used to determine which data provides the most relevant
information in gait analysis. PCA primarily computes variances function by transforming information into
orthogonal linear space. The variances are then sorted by the magnitude of the differences, with the largest
variance value are calculated [25]. PCA's purpose is to reduce data dimensionality while maintaining as much
diversity as possible in the original large data set.

2.6. PCA algorithm execution steps

Suppose x1, x2, xM are Nx1 vectors,
Step 1: Calculate the average,
1
𝑋̅ = ∑𝑀
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 (4)
𝑀

Step 2: Mean normalization,

Φi = xi-x̅ (5)

Step 3: From the matrix 𝐴 = [Φ1Φ2 … ΦM] (N *M matrix), then compute,

1 𝑇
C= ∑𝑀
𝑁=1 Φ𝑛 Φ𝑛 = AA
T
(6)
𝑀

(Sample covariance matrix, N*N, characterizes the scatter of the data)

Step 4: Compute the eigenvalues and sort the eigen vectors according to the eigen value of C,

𝜆1 > 𝜆 2 > ⋯ 𝜆 N (7)

where: C represent covariance matrix.

Step 5: Compute the eigenvectors of C: u 1, u2… uN
Step 6: Dimensions reduction step (keep only the terms corresponding to the K largest eigen values),
Select K, and use the following criterion,
∑𝐾
𝑖=1 𝜆i
∑𝑁
>= Threshold, Threshold= 0.99 then stop, use the value of K [26], [27].
𝑖=1 𝜆i
The variance matrix will be rebuilt from the highest variance values from step (4), whom arrange
descending. PCA is used to identify patterns and measures the range of combination and different in data. The data
cannot be represented graphically, due to elevate dimensional space due to elevate dimensional space as Figure 6.
The calculation process of (k) value based on the understanding of decision-making mechanism [26]–[28].

Figure 6. Component plot in related space

A confusion matrix can be used to evaluate models for binary (male and female) classification in
overall. In the confusion matrix, the percentage value of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision must
be considered. With true positive (TP), true negative (TN), false positive (FP), and false negative (FN), the
calculation in the confusion matrix is (8)-(10).
TP+TN
Accuracy = (8)
TP+FP+TN+FN

TP
Precision = (9)
TP+FP

TP
Sensitivity = (10)
FN+TP
Using skeleton model to recognize human gait gender (Omar Ibrahim Alsaif)
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2.7. ANN classifier

Artificial neural network ANN has a higher classification accuracy in comparison to other classifier
models. Due to the consume training time for big database the training is inadequate. Hence many features
selection techniques are used with ANN classifiers to give an accurate result for human gait gender
classification for gait [29]–[31].

2.8. Gaussian naive bayes classifier

This classifier was used to recognize human gender gait. As indicated in (11), it determines the mean
and standard deviation from the training data to apply gaussian naïve bayes classifier [32], [33] gaussian naïve
bayes selects the input features with the highest probability, to determine which input features have the
maximum probability. Figure 7 shows the histogram comparison between two classifiers for human gait
between the two genders [34], [35],
−(𝑥−µ)
1
PDF(𝑥, µ, 𝜎)= 𝑒 2𝜎2 (11)
√2𝜋𝜎 2

where:
PDF is probability density function
V is input feature vectors,
𝜇 is mean of features.
𝜎 is the standard deviation.

Figure 7. The histogram comparison between two classifier and all measures

The recognition for human gender has used two techniques neural network (NN, and Gaussian Bayes). The
analysis of classify gender into one of two groups (male, female). It has reached amazing result in NN Table 1
for the measures.

Table 1. The performance comparison measures

Classifier Performance measures(%)
Accuracy Precision Sensitivity Specifity
ANN
95.5% 100% 90% 100%
Gaussian Naive Bayes 75% 80% 73% 78%

2.9. CASIA class c gait database

The CASIA Class C is additional huge gait database including the gait sequences of 153 subjects with
(320,240) dimensions. The video sequences under different situations at night using a low-resolution thermal
camera. The database contains walk sequences with four variations: Figure 8(a) normal walk, Figure 8(b) slow
walking, Figure 8(c) fast walking, and walking with bag in Figure 8(d). Figure (8) shows the sample walking
styles in Class-C database. Individually, each subject in the database has (10) sequences of gait, including (4)
sequences of normal walking and (2) sequences for each of the rest walking styles. The proposed method is
evaluated on Class-C gait database to illustrate its robustness related of carrying things, walking hurry and
illumination conditions during the walk. After applying the morphological processing, including the skeleton
model as Figure 9 [19]. The calculation process to create confusion matrix. The measurements rue positive (TP),
true negative (TN), false positive (FP), and false negative (FN) as Figure 9 [28].

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  979

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 8. Represent CASIA Class C images all movement (a) Normal walking, (b) slow walking, (c) fast
walking and (d) walk with carried bag

Figure 9. Skeleton images

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This paper has two classifiers to identify human gender gait based on (20 persons (10 males and 10
females)) with (1,500 frame). Each group have 750 frames for male and 750 frames for female from CASIA
reliable database and comparison between them. In this paper, the features refer to the angles between two legs
used as a good sign by determining three-points. Two points for ankle and other one between the legs to form
triangle to specify the angle. All these data base have taken from CASIA class (C), The results were given by
the skeleton model employed to develop human typical body. Usually, the hand and the foot are cancelled
through the morphological processes. These factors were summarized using basic component analysis, and the
percentage of data representation was (94.7%). Classification can be evaluated by using the confusion matrix
as explained in Figure 10. The training confusion matrix are illustrated in Figure 10(a), and Figure 10(b)
validation confusion matrix, Figure 10(c) test confusion matrix and Figure 10(d) explain a good summery for
confusion matrix as the percentage value of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity. Figure 10 shows
how to calculate the TP, TN, FP, and FN values in a confusion matrix. The recognition in ANN gave better
accuracy than the classification technique compared with gaussian naïve bayes is (95.5%). Another classifier,
gaussian naïve bayes was used to recognize human gender.

(a) (b) =

(c) (d)

Figure 10. Neural network confusion matrix for gender classification; (a) training confusion matrix, (b)
validation confusion matrix, (c) test confusion matrix, and (d) explain a good summery for confusion matrix

Using skeleton model to recognize human gait gender (Omar Ibrahim Alsaif)
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This classifier has been evaluated by using the confusion matrix according to Figures 11 and 12, were
the percentage of accuracy being (75%). Rock curve (ROC) as shown, depicting the performance of a
classification model. Table 2 involve of a 2×2 Confusion Matrix combinations of expected and real values. It
is usefully and importantly to use the ratios: Precision, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.
True positive rate (TPR),
𝛴 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑇𝑃
= = (12)
𝛴 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑁

False positive rate (FPR),

𝛴 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑃
= = (13)
𝛴 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑃+𝑇𝑁

Figure 11. Gaussian Naive Bayes confusion matrix

Table 2. The four results can be found in 2×2 confusion matrix [36]–[43]
Total population Predicted condition positive Predicted condition negative
True
Condition positive True positive TP False positive FP (Type I error)
Condition
Condition negative False negative FN (Type II error) True negative TN

The confusion matrix as Figure 12 and Roc. curve as shown in a graph depicting the performance of
a classification model is Figure 13 which indicates the performance measurement for Gaussian Naive Bayes
confusion matrix. Table 2 involves a 2×2 confusion matrix combination of expected and real values. It is useful
and important to use the ratios: precision, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.

Figure 12. Rock curve for Gaussian Naive Bayes

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  981

The rock of curve (ROC) is designed with TPR as y-axis against the FPR and x-axis represent
threshold value, according to (12) and (13). ROC explains the capacity of presentation for grouping difficulties
at several thresholds (1,0) is represented (male, female) respectively as mentioned before. Figure 13 is the
optimal case, at a point when two arches don't intersect, the model has an ideal of distinguishable. It is quite
capable of recognizing positive and negative classes. Figure 14 shows the overlapping between the two classes,
it presents mistakes. At the point when the area under the curve (AUC) is 0.7, it implies that there is a 70%
possibility that the model will be isolated between positive and negative classes. Figure 15 shows the most
extremely terrible states, at the point when AUC reach to 0.5, so the model has no ability to separate between
positive and negative classes.

Figure 13. Distribution case1 probability of roc curve

Figure 14. Distribution case2 probability of roc curve

Figure 15. Distribution case3 probability of roc curve

4. CONCLUSION
Gender classification based on the gait features are very important subject. The proposed method
satisfies a proficient result under the effects of many conditions such as carrying bag, slow gait, fast gait, and
normal gait. By applying a few morphological operations and skeletons in 20 videos that opened as frames in
each one, the reliable database CASIA class C have been got angles between two legs. The gaits for each video
have been discreated to seventy-five frames for each 20-person (10 male and 10 female) that have values of
(1,0) respectively, so the result will be 1500 frame, and applying PCA on these angles, it is given ideal linear
dimensionality reduction. Successful two classifier gaussian bayes, ANN is accuracies 75%, 95.5% were
achieved respectively. The latest results in ANN for gender classification in human gait is more remarkable
and superior. ANN have a very good result more than gaussian bayes by an amount of (20%).

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BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHOR

Omar Ibrahim Alsaif He received his B.Sc. in electrical engineering from

University of Mosul, Iraq, in 1992. He received his M.Sc. and Ph. D degrees in electronics
and Microelectronic engineering from Mosul University, in 2005 and 2018 respectively. He
is currently a lecturer in the Mosul Technical Institute/NorthernTechnical University in
Mosul/Iraq. His research interests include microelectronic and solid-state systems, renewable
energy and nanotechnology devices. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Saba Qasim Hasan She received her B. Sc in computer science

department/Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq at 1996 and the M. Sc in Image Security
Processing from Computer Science department/Mosul university at 2003. She is currently
working as lecturer in Mosul Technical Institute/Northern Technical University in
Mosul/Iraq. Her research interests Image Security and Objects Detection. She can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Abdulrafa Hussain Maray He received his B. Sc in computer engineering

from/Northern Technical university, Mosul, Iraq at 2003 and the M. Sc in Microelectronic
from computer technical engineering department/Northern Technical university at 2013. He
is currently working as lecturer in Mosul Technical Institute/Northern Technical University
in Mosul/ Iraq. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Using skeleton model to recognize human gait gender (Omar Ibrahim Alsaif)