Important Questions for Class 11

Maths
Chapter 2 - Relations and Functions

Very Short Answer Questions 1 mark

1. Find a and b if ( a − 1, b + 5 ) = ( 2,3 ) .

Ans: It is given that, ( a − 1,b + 5 ) = ( 2,3) .

Therefore, we have a − 1 = 2 and b + 5 = 3 .

Then it implies that, a = 3 and b = −2 .

2. If A = 1, 3, 5 , B = 2, 3 , then find: A  B , (Question- 3).

Ans: Recall that if A and B are two non-empty sets, the Cartesian product of
A and B is the set of all ordered pairs ( a, b ) so that a  A , b  B , is represented
by A  B .

Therefore, A  B = (1,2 ) , (1,3) , ( 3,2 ) , ( 3,3) , ( 5,2 ) , ( 5,3) .

3. Find B  A .
Ans: Since, B  A is the cartesian product set of B and A such that for all b  B
, a  A , ( b,a )  B  A , so we have

B  A = ( 2,1) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 3,1)( 3,3) , ( 3,5 ) .

4. If A = 1,2 , B = 2, 3, 4 , C = 4,5 , then find: A  ( B  C ) , (Question- 4).

Ans: Note that, B  C = 4 .

Also, given that A = 1,2 .

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So, by the definition of cartesian product of sets, we have

A  ( B  C ) = (1,4 ) , ( 2,4 )

5. Find A  ( B  C ) .

Ans: Given that, A = 1,2 , B = 2,3,4 , and C = 4,5 .

Then, B  C = 2,3,4,5 .

Therefore, by the definition of cartesian product of sets, we have

A  ( B  C ) = (1,2 ) , (1,3) , (1,4 ) , (1,5 ) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,3 ) , ( 2,4 ) , ( 2,5 ) .

6. If P = 1,3 , Q = 2, 3, 5 , find the number of relations from P to Q .

Ans: It is known that, the number of relations from a set A to B having m and
n elements respectively, is 2mn .
Therefore, the number of relations from P to Q ,

= 223 = 26 = 64 .

7. If A = 1,2,3,5 and B = 4,6,9 , R = ( x, y ) : x − y is odd, x  A, y  B .

Write R in roster form.
Ans: The roster form of the set R is given by

R = (1,4 ) , (1,6 ) , ( 2,9 ) , ( 3,4 ) , ( 3,6 ) , ( 5,4 ) , (5,6 ) .

❖ Are the following relations in Question 8, 9, 10 functions? Give proper

reason.

8. R = (1,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 3,3 ) , ( 4,4 ) , ( 4,5 ) .

Ans: The given relation is R = (1,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 3,3) , ( 4,4 ) , ( 4,5 ) .

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Notice that, the element 4 possesses two images, such that ( 4, 4 ) and ( 4,5 ) .

Therefore, since a function should have unique image for each element, so R
cannot be a function.

9. R = ( 2,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2, 3 ) , ( 2, 4 ) .

Ans: The given relation is R = ( 2,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,4 ) .

Observe that, for the element 2 , there are four different images such that
( 2,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,3) , and ( 2, 4 ) .
Therefore, since a function should have unique image for each of the element,
so the relation R cannot be a function.

10. R = (1,2 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 3,8 ) , ( 4,10 ) , ( 5,12 ) , ( 6,12 ) .

Ans: The given relation is

R = (1,2 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 3,8 ) , ( 4,10 ) , ( 5,12 ) , ( 6,12 ) .

Observe that, each of the elements in the given relation possesses a unique
image.
Therefore, the relation R is a function.

11. Is the following arrow diagram represent a function? Why?

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Ans: Notice that, each of the elements of the set X = a,b,c,d corresponds to
a unique image of the set Y = 0,1,2,3,4 .

Therefore, the relation given in the diagram is a function.

12. Is the following arrow diagram represent a function? Why?

Ans: Observe that, each of the elements of the set X = 2,3,5,7 corresponds to
a unique element of the set Y = −1,0,2,4,3 , except the element 2  X which
corresponds to two different images such that ( 2,0 ) and ( 2,3) .

Therefore, the relation given in the diagrams cannot be a function.

❖ Let f and g be two real valued functions, defined by,

f ( x ) = x 2 , g ( x ) = 3x + 2 .

13. Find the value of ( f + g )( -2 ) .

Ans: The given functions are f ( x ) = x 2 , g ( x ) = 3x + 2 .

Therefore, ( f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x ) = x 2 + 3x + 2

So, substituting x = −2 , we obtain

( f + g )( −2 ) = ( −2 ) + 3 ( −2 ) + 2
2

=4−6+2
= 0.

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Hence, ( f + g )( −2 ) = 0 .

14. Find the value of ( f - g )(1) .

Ans: The given functions are f ( x ) = x 2 , g ( x ) = 3x + 2 .

Therefore,

( f − g )( x ) = f ( x ) − g ( x )
= x 2 − ( 3x + 2 )
= x 2 − 3x − 2

Substituting x = 1, we get

( f − g )(1) = (1) − 3 (1) − 2

2

=1− 3 − 2
= −2 − 2
= −4.

Hence, ( f − g )(1) = −4 .

15. Find the value of ( fg )( -1) .

Ans: The given functions are f ( x ) = x 2 , g ( x ) = 3x + 2 .

Therefore, ( fg )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) = x 2 ( 3x + 2 ) .

Substituting x = −1 , we have

( fg )( −1) = ( −1) 3( −1) + 2

2

= −3 + 2
= −1.

Hence, ( fg )( −1) = −1 .

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 f 
16. Find the value of   ( 0 ) .
g

Ans: The given functions are f ( x ) = x 2 , g ( x ) = 3x + 2 .

f  f (x) x2
Then,   ( x ) = = .
 
g g ( x ) 3x + 2

Substituting, x = 0 , we get

( 0) = 0 .
2
f 
g ( 0 ) =
  3( 0 ) + 2

f 
That is,   ( 0 ) = 0 .
g

f ( 5 ) - f (1)
17. If f ( x ) = x 3 , find the value of .
5-1

Ans: It is given that,

f ( x ) = x3 .

Substituting x = 1 we get,

f (1) = 13 = 1 and

substituting x = 5 , we obtain

f ( 5 ) = 53 = 125 .

f ( 5 ) -f (1) 125 − 1 124

Therefore, = = = 31.
5-1 4 4

f ( 5 ) -f (1)
Hence, the value of is 31 .
5-1

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18. Find the domain of the real function, f ( x ) = x 2 - 4 .

Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 .

Observe that, the function exists if x 2 − 4  0 , that is, if x  2 and x  −2 . Thus,

the domain of the real function f ( x ) is ( −, −2   2,  ) .

x 2 + 2x + 3
19. Find the domain of the function, f ( x ) = 2 .
x - 5x + 6

x 2 +2x+3
Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = .
x 2 -5x+6

Now, x 2 − 5x + 6 = ( x − 2 )( x − 3) .

Therefore, the given function can be written as

x 2 + 2x + 3
f (x) = .
( x − 2 )( x − 3)
So, clearly for x = 2,3 , the function will be unbounded. Therefore, f ( x ) exists
for all real numbers except at x = 2,3 .

Hence, the domain of the function f ( x ) is − 2,3 .

❖ Find the range of the functions in Question 20, 21.

1
20. f ( x ) =
1 - x2
Ans: We know that, range of a function is the set of all possible function values.
Observe that, f ( x ) can have all the real values except the unbounded values
−,  .

Thus, the range of the function f ( x ) is ( −,0  1,  ) .

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21. f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 .

Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 .

Note that, x 2  0 . So, x 2 + 2  2 , for all real value of x .

Therefore, f ( x )  2 , for all real value of x .

Thus, the range of the function f ( x ) is  2, ) .

22. Find the domain of the relation, R = ( x,y ) : x,y  Z ,xy = 4 .

Ans: The given relation is R = ( x,y ):x,y  , xy = 4 .

Observe that, xy = 4 for the following pair of values of ( x, y ) .

( −4, −1) , ( −2, −2 ) , ( −1, −4 ) , (1, 4 ) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 4,1) .

Now, we know that the domain is the set of all x -values.

Therefore, the domain of the given relation R , that is,

R = ( −4,1) , ( −2, −2 ) , ( −1, −4 ) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 4,1) is given by

−4, −2, −1,1,2,4 .

❖ Find the range of the relations in Question 23, 24.

23. R = ( a,b ) : a,b  N and 2a + b = 10 .

Ans: The pair of values of ( a,b )  for which the equation 2a + b = 10 is

satisfied are given by

( 4,2 ) , ( 3,4 ) , ( 2,6 ) , and (1,8 ) .

Now, we know that range of a relation is the set of all the images.

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Therefore, the range of the given relation R , that is,
R = ( 4,2 ) , ( 3,4 ) , ( 2,6 ) , (1,8 ) is given by 2,4,6,8 .

 1  
24. R =  x,  : x  z, 0  x  6  .
 x  

 1
Ans: The pair of values of  x,  , for all x  , such that 0  x  6 are
 x
(1,1) , 1,  ,  2,  ,  3,  ,  4,  , and  5,  .
1 1 1 1 1
 2  2  3  4  5

Since, the range of a relation is the set of all images, therefore, the range of the
 1 1 1 1
given relation R is given by 1, , , ,  .
 2 3 4 5

25. If the ordered Pairs ( x - 1, y + 3 ) and ( 2,x + 4 ) are equal, find x and y .

(a) ( 3, 3 )

(b) ( 3, 4 )

(c) (1,4 )

(d) (1,0 )

Ans: Given that the ordered pairs ( x-1,y+3) and ( 2,x+4 ) are equal.

So, we have
x −1 = 2
 x = 2 +1 = 3 .
Also, we have
y+3= x +4

 y = x + 4 − 3 = x +1
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 y = 3 + 1 = 4 [substituting x = 3 ]

Thus, the required ordered pair is ( 3, 4 ) .

Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

26. If n ( A ) = 3, n ( B ) = 2 , A and B are two sets, then number of relations

of A  B have.

(a) 6

(b) 12

(c) 32
(d) 64

Ans: Given that, the number of elements in the set A is n ( A ) = 3 and the
number of elements of the set B is n ( B ) = 2 .

Therefore, the number of relations of A  B

= 2n( A )n ( B)
= 232
= 26
= 64
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

27. Let f ( x ) = - x , then Range of function is

(a) ( 0, )

(b) ( −,  )

(c) ( −,0

(d) none of the above

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Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = − x  0 .

Therefore, the range of the function f ( x ) is given by ( −,0 .

Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

28. A real function f is defined by f ( x ) = 2x - 5 . Then the value of f ( -3 ) is

(a) -11

(b) 1

(c) 0
(d) none of the above

Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = 2x − 5 .

Substituting x = −3 , we obtain

f ( −3) = 2 ( −3) − 5
= −6 − 5
= −11.

Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

29. If P = a,b,c and Q = d , form the sets P  Q and Q  P are these sets
equal?

Ans: The cartesian product P  Q is such that

P  Q = ( a,d ) , ( b,d ) , ( c,d ) .

The cartesian product Q  P is such that

Q  P = ( d,a ) , ( d,b ) , ( d,c ) .

The elements of the two sets P  Q and Q  P are not equal, since the ordered
pairs are not commutative, namely ( a,d )  ( d,a ) .

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Hence, the sets P  Q and Q  P are not equal.

30. If A and B are finite sets such that n ( A ) = m and n ( B ) = k , find the
number of relations from A to B .

Ans. It is provided that, the number of elements in the set A and B is n ( A ) = m

and n ( B ) = k respectively.

Therefore, the number of relations from the set A to set B is

n( A )n( B)
2 = 2mk .

31. Let f = (1,1) , ( 2,3 ) , ( 0,-1) , ( -1,3 ) ,... be a function from z to z defined
by f ( x ) = ax + b , for some integers a and b . Determine the values of a and
b.

Ans: The function provided is f ( x ) = ax + b .

(1,1)  f implies that f (1) = 1 .

So, substituting x = 1 into the function, we obtain

a + b =1 …… (i)

Again, ( 0, −1)  f implies that, f ( 0 ) = −1 .

Therefore, substituting x = 0 into the function, we get

a ( 0 ) + b = −1 …… (ii)

Substituting the value of b from the equation (ii) into the equation (i), yields
a −1 = 1
a =2
Thus, a = 2 and b = −1.

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32. Express ( x,y ) : y + 2x = 5, x, y  w as the set of ordered pairs.
Ans: The values of the ordered pairs for which the equation y + 2x = 5 is
satisfied are given by ( 0,5 ) , (1,3) , and ( 2,1) .

There are other values of x, y for which the given equation may satisfy, but these
are not whole numbers.

Thus, the set in the form of ordered pairs is given by ( 0,5 ) , (1,3) , ( 2,1) .

33. If A = 1,2 , find A  A  A .

Ans: The given set is A = 1,2 .

The cartesian product A  A = (1,1) , (1,2 ) , ( 2,1) , ( 2,2 ) .

Therefore, the cartesian product

A  A  A = (1,1,1) , (1,1,2 ) , (1,2,1) , ( 2,1,1) , ( 2,2,1) , ( 2,2,2 ) .

34. A function f is defined by f ( x ) = 2x - 3 . Find f ( 5 ) .

Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = 2x − 3 .

Then, substituting x = 5 into the given function, yields

f ( 5) = 2 ( 5) − 3
= 10 − 3
= 7.
Hence, f ( 5 ) = 7 .

35. Let f = ( 0,-5 ) , (1,-2 ) , ( 2,1) , ( 3,4 ) , ( 4,7 ) be a linear function from Z into
Z . Find f .

Ans: The required function is f ( x ) = 3x − 5 .

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36. If the ordered pairs ( x − 2, 2y + 1) and ( y - 1, x + 2 ) are equal, then find
the values of x and y .

Ans: Since, the ordered pairs ( x − 2,2y + 1) and ( y − 1, x + 2 ) are equal, so we

have x − 2 = y − 1 and 2y + 1 = x + 2 . That is,

x − y =1 …… (i)

x − 2y = −1 …… (ii)

Solving the equations (i) and (ii), we obtain

x = 3 , and y = 2 .

37. Let A = -1,2,5,8 , B = 0,1,3,6,7 and R be the relation, is one less

than from A to B . Then, find the domain and Range of R .
Ans: The relation R : A → B such that A is one less than B is given by

R = ( −1,0 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 5,6 ) .

Therefore, domain of the relation R = −1, 2,5 and range of the relation
R = 0,3,6 .

38. Let R be a relation from N to N define by

R = ( a,b ) : a,b  N and a = b 2  . Is the following statement true?

a, b  R implies ( b, a )  R .

Ans: Given statement: a,b  R implies ( b,a )  R .

Now, suppose a = 4 and b = 2 so that, ( 4,2 )  R and 4 = 22 .

Although, 2  42 . This implies ( 2,4 )  R .

Thus, the given statement is not true.

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39. Let N be the set of natural numbers and the relation R be defined in N
by R = ( x,y ) : y = 2x, x,y  N . What is the domain, co-domain and range
of R ? Is this relation a function?

Ans: The given relation is R = ( x, y ) : y = 2x, x, y  .

The domain of the relation R is the natural number set , co-domain of the
relation R is also the natural number set and Range of the relation R is the
set of even natural numbers.

The relation R is a function because each natural number x has a distinct image
2x .

40. Let R = ( x, y ) : y = x + 1 and y  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . List the element of R .

Ans: The given relation is R = ( x, y ) : y = x + 1 .

Now, for y  0,1,2,3,4,5 , the x -values are obtained as

−1,0,1,2,3, and 4 .

Therefore, the list of the elements of the given relation is

R = ( −1,0 ) , ( 0,1) , (1,2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3,4 ) , ( 4,5 ) .

 m  
41. Let f be the subset of Q  Z defined by f =  , m  : m, n  Z, n  0  . Is
 n  
f a function from Q to Z ? Justify your answer.

 m  
Ans: The given set is f =  ,m :m,n  Z, n  0  .
 n  

m  1 
Let m = 1 , n = 2 , then  ,m   f implies  ,1  f .
n  2 

2 
Again, if m = 2 , n = 4 , then  ,2   f .
4 

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 2 1 1
But, since = , so we are getting two different images for .
4 2 2
Therefore, f cannot be a function from to .

42. The function f which maps temperature in Celsius into temperature in

9
Fahrenheit is defined by f ( c ) = c + 32 . Find f ( 0 ) .
5

9
Ans: The given function is f ( c ) = c + 32 .
5

Substituting c = 0 into the function, we have

9
f ( 0) = ( 0 ) + 32
5

 f ( 0 ) = 32 .

1 1
43. If f ( x ) = x 3 - , then prove that f ( x ) + f   = 0 .
x
3
x

1
Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = x 3 − .
x3
1
Replacing x by into the given function we obtain,
x

1 1
f   = 3 − x3 .
x x

Therefore, adding these two functions, we get

1 1 1
f ( x ) + f   = x3 − 3 + 3 − x3
x x x
=0

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44. If A and B are two sets containing m and n elements respectively, how
many different relations can be defined from to?

Ans: The number of relations from the set A to B is 2m+n .

Long Answer Questions 4 Marks

1. Let A = 1, 2, 3, 4 , B = 1, 4, 9,16, 25 and R be a relation defined from A

to B as, R = ( x, y ) : x  A, y  B and y = x 2  . Then do as directed.

(a) Depict this relation using arrow diagram.

Ans: The relation R = ( x,y ):x  A, y  B and y = x 2  can be represented by the

following diagram.

(b) Find domain of R.

Ans. The domain of the given relation R is 1,2,3,4 .

(c) Find range of R.

Ans. The range of the given relation R is 1,4,9,16 .

(d) Write co-domain of R.

Ans. The co-domain of the relation R is 1,4,9,16,25 .

2. Let R = ( x, y ) : x, y  N and y = 2x be a relation on N . Find: Domain,

Co-domain and Range.
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Is this relation a function from N to N ?

Ans: The given relation is R = ( x, y ) : x, y  and y = 2x on the natural

number set .

Therefore, the domain of R is the set of natural numbers .

The co-domain of R is also the set of natural numbers .

And the Range of R is the set of even natural numbers.

yes, the relation R is a function from N to N .

3. Find the domain and range of, f ( x ) = 2x – 3 – 3

Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = 2x − 3 − 3 .

There does not exist any value of x for which f ( x ) is unbounded. So, domain
of the function f ( x ) is the set of all real numbers .

Observe that, f ( x )  −3 , since 2x − 3  0 .

Therefore, the range of the function f ( x ) is  −3,  ) .

4. Draw the graph of the Constant function, f : R  R; f ( x ) = 2x  R . Also

find its domain and range.
Ans:

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The domain of the function f ( x ) is the set of all real numbers .

The range of the function is 2 .

5.Let R = ( x,y ) : x,y  W, 2x + y = 8 , then determine the following results.

(i) Find the domain and the range of R.

Ans: The provided equation is 2x + y = 8 such that x, y  W .

The whole numbers for which the given equation is satisfied are as follows:

x = 0, y = 8 implies 2 ( 0 ) + 8 = 8 ,

x = 1, y = 6 implies 2 (1) + 6 = 8 ,

x = 2, y = 4 implies 2 ( 2 ) + 4 = 8 ,

x = 3, y = 2 implies 2 ( 3) + 2 = 8 ,

x = 4, y = 0 implies 2 ( 4 ) + 0 = 8 .

There does not have any other values of x, y belong to the whole number set for
which the given equation is satisfied.

Thus, the domain of the relation R is 0,1,2,3,4 and the range of the relation
R is 8,6,4,2,0 .

(ii) Write R as a set of ordered pairs.

Ans: The relation R as the set of ordered pairs is given by

R = ( 0,8 ) , (1,6 ) , ( 2,4 ) , ( 3,2 ) , ( 4,0 ) .

6. Let R be a relation from Q to Q defined by

R = ( a,b ) : a,b  Q and a - b  Z . Then show the following things.

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 19

(i) ( a,a )  R for all a  Q .

Ans: The given relation is R = ( a,b ) : a,b  and a-b  .

Let a,a  . Then a − a = 0  .

Thus, ( a,a )  R for all a  .

(ii) ( a,b )  R implies that ( b,a )  R .

Ans: It is provided that ( a,b )  . Then a − b  , for all a,b .

Now, a − b  implies that − ( a − b )  , that is ( b − a )  .

Therefore, ( b,a )  R .

(iii) ( a,b )  R and ( b, c )  R implies that ( a,c )  R .

Ans: It is provided that ( a,b )  R and ( b,c )  R .

Then, we have a,b,c , a − b and b − c  .

Therefore, ( a − b ) + ( b − c ) 

 a − b + b − c
 a − c

Hence, ( a,c )  R .

3x 2 - 3x + 1 1
7. If f ( x ) = , then find f ( −2 ) + f   .
x -1 3

3x 2 − 3x + 1
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = .
x −1
Substituting x = −2 into the function, we obtain

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 20

 3 ( −2 ) − 3 ( −2 ) + 1
2

f ( −2 ) =
−2 − 1
3 4 + 6 +1
=
−3
11
 f ( −2 ) = − .
3

1
Again, substituting x = into the given function, we get
3
2
1 1
  − 3 +1
1
f = 
3 3
3 1
−1
3
1
−1+1
= 9
2
−
3
1 3
=− 
9 2

1 1
f =− .
3 6

1 11 1 −22 − 1 −23 5

Hence, f ( −2 ) + f   = − − = = = −3 .
3 3 6 6 6 6

8. Find the domain and the range of the function f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 5 . Also find
f ( −3 ) and the numbers which are associated with the number 43 in its
range.

Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 5 .

Since, for all the real value of x , the function is valid, so the domain of the
function f ( x ) is the set of all real numbers .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 21

Again, since the term 3x 2  0 , so 3x 2 − 5  −5 , that is f ( x )  −5 .

Therefore, the range of the function f ( x ) is  −5,  ) .

Now, substituting x = −3 into the given function we get,

f ( −3) = 3 ( −3) − 5
2

= 3 9 − 5

 f ( −3) = 22 .

Again, substituting f ( x ) = 43 ,we get

43 = 3x 2 − 5

 3x 2 = 48
 x 2 = 16
 x = 4

Hence, the numbers that are associated with the number 43 in the range of the
given function f ( x ) are −4,4 .

9. If f ( x ) = x 2 - 3x + 1 , find x such that f ( 2x ) = f ( x ) .

Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = x 2 − 3x + 1 .

Now, replacing x by 2x into the given function, we obtain

f ( 2x ) = ( 2x ) − 3 ( 2x ) + 1
2

 f ( 2x ) = 4x 2 − 6x + 1.

Now, it is provided that, f ( 2x ) = f ( x )

 4x 2 − 6x + 1 = x 2 − 3x + 1
 3x 2 − 3x = 0
 3x ( x − 1) = 0

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 22

 x = 0,1

Hence, the values of x are 0, 1 .

10. Find the domain and the range of the function f ( x ) = x − 1 .

Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = x − 1 .

Observe that, the function is valid when x − 1  0 .

That is, when x  1.

Therefore, the domain of the function f ( x ) is 1, ) .

Now, observe that, the function f ( x ) can have all the positive real numbers
including zero.

Thus, the domain of the function f ( x ) is  0, ) .

11. Let R = ( 0,0 ) , ( 2,4 ) , ( -1, −2 ) , ( 3,6 ) , (1,2 ) be a relation, then answer the
following questions.

(i) write domain of R .

Ans: The provided relation is R = ( 0,0 ) , ( 2,4 ) , ( −1, −2 ) , ( 3,6 ) , (1,2 ) .

So, the domain of the relation R is 0, 2, −1,3,1 .

(ii) write range of R .

Ans: The range of the relation R is 0, 4, −2,6, 2 .

(iii) write R the set builder form.

Ans: The set builder form of the provided relation is given by

R = ( x, y ) : x  , − 1  x  3, y = 2x .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 23

(iv) represent R by an arrow diagram.

Ans: The following arrow diagram represents the given relation R .

12. Let A = 1, 2, 3 , B = 1, 2, 3, 4 and R = ( x, y ) : ( x, y )  A  B, y = x + 1 .

Determine the following results.

(i) find A  B .

Ans: The provided relation is R = ( x, y ) : ( x, y )  A  B, y = x + 1 .

Also, the given sets are A = 1,2,3 and B = 1, 2,3, 4 .

Therefore, the cartesian product of the sets,

A  B = (1,1) , (1,2 ) , (1,3) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,4 ) , (3,1) ,

( 3,2 ) , ( 3,3) , ( 3,4 )

(ii) write R in roster form.

Ans: The provided relation R in roster form is given by

R = (1,2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3,4 ) .

(iii) write domain & range of R .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 24

Ans: The domain of the relation R is 1, 2,3 and range of the relation R is
2,3, 4 .

(iv) represent R by an arrow diagram.

Ans: The following arrow diagram represents the relation
R = ( x, y ) : ( x, y )  A  B, y = x + 1 .

13. The cartesian product A  A has 9 elements among which are found
( -1,0 ) and ( 0,1) . Find the set and the remaining
find the set and the remaining elements of A  A .

Ans: Suppose that n ( A ) = m .

It is provided that, n ( A  A ) = 9

 n (A)  n (A) = 9

  n ( A )  = 9
2

 n ( A ) = 3,  n ( A )  0 

Again, the ordered pairs ( −1,0 ) , ( 0,1)  A  A implies that −1,0,1 A .

Also, the number elements in A is n ( A ) = 3 .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 25

Thus, A = −1,0,1 .

Hence, the remaining elements of the cartesian product A  A is given by

( −1, −1) , ( −1,1) , ( 0, −1) , ( 0,0 ) , (1, −1) , (1,0 ) , and (1,1) .

1
14. Find the domain and the range of the function f ( x ) = .
5−x

1
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = .
5−x

f ( x ) is valid when 5 − x  0 . That is, when x  5 .

Therefore, the domain of the function f ( x ) is ( −,5 ) .

Again, the function f ( x ) can have all the positive real numbers.

Thus, the range of the function f ( x ) is ( 0, ) .

15. Let f ( x ) = x + 1 and g ( x ) = 2x − 3 be two real functions. Find the

following functions.
(i) f + g

Ans: The provided functions are f ( x ) = x + 1 and g ( x ) = 2x − 3 .

Then the function ( f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x )

= ( x + 1) + ( 2x − 3)
= 3x − 2

That is, ( f + g )( x ) = 3x − 2 , for all x  .

(ii) f − g

Ans: The function ( f − g )( x ) = f ( x ) − g ( x )

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 26
= ( x + 1) − ( 2x − 3)

= x + 1 − 2x + 3
= −x + 4

Thus, ( f − g )( x ) = − x + 4 , for all x  .

(iii) fg

Ans: The function ( fg )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )

= ( x + 1)( 2x − 3)

= 2x 2 − x − 3 , for all x  .

Thus, ( fg )( x ) = 2x 2 − x − 3 for all x  .

f
(iv)
g

f  f (x)
Ans: The function   ( x ) = , g(x)  0.
 
g g ( x )
f  x +1 3
Then,   ( x ) = , x  , x .
g 2x − 3 2

(v) f 2 − 3g

Ans: The function ( f 2 − 3g ) ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) − 3g ( x )

= f ( x )  f ( x ) − 3g ( x )

= ( x + 1)( x + 1) − 3 ( 2x − 3)
= x 2 + 2x + 1 − 6x + 9

 ( f 2 − 3g ) ( x ) = x 2 − 4x + 10 for all x  .
Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 27
16. Find the domain and the range of the following functions

x−3
(i) f ( x ) =
2x + 1
x −3
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = .
2x + 1

Observe that, the function f ( x ) becomes unbounded when 2x + 1  0 , that is,

1
when x  − .
2

 1
Therefore, the domain of the function f ( x ) is − −  .
 2

Now, let f ( x ) = y . Then, rewriting the given function, we get

x −3
y=
2x + 1
 2xy + y = x − 3

 2xy − x = −3 − y
 x ( 2y − 1) = −3 − y

3+ y 1
x= , which is valid only if 1 − 2y  0 , that is, if y  .
1 − 2y 2

1 
Hence, the range of the function f ( x ) is − .
2

x2
(ii) f ( x ) =
1 + x2
x2
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = .
1 + x2
Observe that, 1 + x 2  0 . Therefore, the function is defined for all real numbers.

Thus, the domain of the function f ( x ) is the set of all real numbers .

Now, rewrite the given function in terms of x , taking f ( x ) = y .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 28
 x2
y=
1 + x2

 y + x2y = x2
 x 2 (1 − y ) = y
y
 x2 =
1− y

y y
x= , which is valid if  0,
1− y 1− y

i.e., if y (1 − y )  0 ,

i.e., if − y ( y − 1)  0 ,

i.e., if y  0 and y − 1  0 , since y should not be 1 .

i.e., if 0  y  1 .

Hence, the range of the function f ( x ) is  0,1) .

1
(iii) f ( x ) =
1 − x2
1
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = .
1 − x2

Observe that, the function f ( x ) is valid only when 1 − x 2  0 .

i.e., when x 2  1
i.e., when x  −1,1 .

Thus, the domain of the function f ( x ) is − −1,1 .

Now, let f ( x ) = y and rewrite the function in terms of x .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 29

 1
y=
1 − x2
 y − yx 2 = 1
1
 x2 = 1 −
y

1 1
 x = 1− , which is valid if 1 −  0 ,
y y

i.e., if y ( y − 1)  0 , multiplying by a positive real number y 2 .

i.e., if y  0 or y  1, since y should not be 0 .

Thus, the range of the function f ( x ) is ( −,0 )  (1,  ) .

17. If A = 1, 2, 3 , B = 3,4 , and C = 4, 5, 6 . Then find the following sets.

(i) A  ( B  C )

Ans: The given sets are A = 1,2,3 , B = 3,4 and C = 4,5,6 .

Then, B  C = 3,4,5,6 .

Therefore, A  ( B  C ) = 1,2,3  3,4,5,6


= (1,3) , (1,4 ) , (1,5 ) , (1,6 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,4 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 2,6 ) , ( 3,3 ) , ( 3,4 ) , ( 3,5 ) , ( 3,6 )

(ii) A  ( B  C )

Ans: The set B  C = 3,4  4,5,6 = 4 .

Therefore, the cartesian product set,

A  ( B  C ) = 1,2,3  4 = (1,4 ) , ( 2,4 ) , ( 3,4 ) .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 30

(iii) ( A  B )  ( B  C )

Ans: The cartesian product set,

A  B = 1,2,3  3,4

= (1,3) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,4 ) , ( 3,3) , ( 3,4 ) .

Also, the cartesian product set,

B  C = 3,4  4,5,6

 B  C = ( 3,4 ) , ( 3,5 ) , ( 3,6 ) , ( 4,4 ) , ( 4,5 ) , ( 4,6 ) .

Thus, ( A  B )  ( B  C ) = ( 3,4 ) .

18. For non-empty sets A and B prove that ( A  B ) = ( B  A )  A = B .

Ans: First suppose that, the sets are equal, that is, A = B .

Then, ( A  B ) = ( A  A ) .

Also, ( B  A ) = ( A  A ) .

Therefore, ( A  B ) = ( B  A ) .

Again, conversely suppose that, ( A  B ) = ( B  A ) .

So, let x  A . Then there exists b  B such that ( x,b )  A  B .

This implies, ( x,b )  B  A .

Therefore, x  B .

Thus, A  B .

In a similar manner, also it can be shown that B  A .

Thus, A = B .
Hence, the required result is proved.
Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 31
19. Let m be a given fixed positive integer. Let
R = ( a, b ) : a,b  Z and ( a − b ) is divisible by m . Then show that R is an
equivalence relation on Z .

Ans: The given relation is R = ( a,b ) : a,b  and ( a − b ) is divisible by m .

First, suppose that, a,a  .

Then, a − a = 0 , which is divisible by m .

Thus, ( a,a )  R , that is, R is reflexive.

Again, let ( a,b )  R . Then, ( a − b ) is divisible by m .

Therefore, − ( a − b ) is divisible by m .

That is, ( b − a ) is divisible by m .

Thus, ( b,a )  R .

So, R is symmetric.

Now, let ( a,b ) , ( b,c )  R . Then, ( a − b ) is divisible by m and ( b − c) is

divisible by m .
Therefore, by the law of divisibility,

( a − b ) + ( b − c ) is divisible by m .
i.e., a − b + b − c is divisible by m .

i.e., a − c is divisible by m .

Thus, R is transitive.

Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, and so, R becomes an

equivalence relation.

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 32

20. Let A = 1,2,3,4,5 and B = 1, 3, 4 . Let R be the relation, is greater
than from A to B . Write R as a set of ordered pairs. find domain ( R ) and
range ( R ) .

Ans: The given sets are A = 1,2,3,4,5 and

B = 1,3,4 .

Since, the relation R is such that A is greater than from B , so it will be

R = ( 2,1) , ( 3,1) , ( 3,2 ) , ( 4,1) , ( 4,2 ) , ( 4,3 ) , ( 5,1) , ( 5,2 ) , ( 5,3 ) , (5,4 ) .

Therefore, the domain of the relation is 2,3,4,5 and range of the relation R is
1,2,3,4 .

21. Define modulus function Draw graph.

Ans. Suppose that, f : → be the modulus function such that

f ( x ) = x , for all x  .

 x, if x  0
Therefore, f ( x ) = x = 
− x, if x  0

Since, x  0 , , x  , so the domain of the modulus function is the set of all

real numbers and the range of f ( x ) is the set +
 0 .

Now, to draw the graph of the modulus function, consider the following table of
values.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 4

f (x) 3 2 1 0 1 2 4

Plot the above points on a graph paper such that

A ( −3,3) ,B ( −2,2 ) ,C ( −1,1) ,D ( 0,0 ) ,E (1,1) ,F ( 2,2 ) , and G ( 4, 4 ) .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 33

Then, join the plotted points by straight lines.

Then, the graph of the modulus function obtained is given by

x 2 , when 0  x  3 x 2 , 0  x  3
22. Let f ( x ) =  and g ( x ) =  . Then show
 3x , when 3  x  10  2x , 3  x  10
that f is a function, while g is not a function.

Ans: All the elements in the interval ( 0,10 ) , corresponds to a distinct image
under the function f .

Therefore, f ( x ) is a function.

Now, g ( 3) = 32 = 9 for 0  x  3 , while g ( 3) = 2  3 = 6 for 3  x  10 .

So, not all the elements correspond to a unique image under g .

Thus, g ( x ) cannot be a function.

23. Let A = 1, 2 and B = 3, 4 . Write A  B . How many subsets will A  B
have? List them.

Ans: The given sets are A = 1,2 and B = 3,4 .

Then, A  B = (1,3) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,4 ) .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 34
There is total 2 4 = 16 subsets of the set A  B .

The list of subsets is given by

,(1,3),(1,4 ),( 2,3),( 2,4 ), (1,4 ), (1,3 ), ( 2,3 ), (1,3 ), ( 2,4 ),
(1, 4 ) , ( 2,3) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,4 ),( 2,3) , ( 2,4 ),(1,3) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,3),
(1,3) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,4 ) , (1,3) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,4 ),(1,4 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,4 ) .

24. Let A = 1, 2 , B = 1, 2, 3, 4 , C = 5, 6 and D = 5, 6, 7, 8 . Then verify

the following statements.

(i) A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B )  ( A  C )

Ans: The given sets are A = 1,2 , B = 1, 2,3, 4 , C = 5,6 and D = 5,6,7,8 .

Then, B  C = 1,2,3,4  5,6 =  .

Therefore, A  ( B  C ) = A   =  . …… (i)

Now, A  B = 1,2  1,2,3,4

= (1,1) , (1,2 ) , (1,3) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,3 ) , ( 2,4 ) .

Also, A  C = 1,2  5,6

= (1,5 ) , (1,6 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 2,6 ) .

So, ( A  B )  ( A  C ) =  …… (ii)

Equation (i) and (ii) together implies that,

A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  ( A  C ) .

(ii) A  C is a subset of B  D .

Ans. The cartesian product,

A  C = (1,5 ) , (1,6 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 2,6 ) .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 35
Also, B  D = 1,2,3,4  5,6,7,8

= (1,5 ) , (1,6 ) , (1,7 ) , (1,8 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 2,6 ) , ( 2,7 ) , ( 2,8 ) .

Therefore, it is found that, ( A  C )  ( B  D ) .

25. Find the domain and the range of the relation R defined by

R = ( x + 1, x + 3 ) : x  ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ) .

Ans: For x  0,1,2,3,4,5 , the values of the ordered pairs ( x + 1, x + 3) for the
relation R = ( x+1,x+3):x  ( 0,1,2,3,4,5 ) can be obtained as,

x = 0  ( 0 + 1,0 + 3) = (1,3)  R ,

x = 1  (1 + 1,1 + 3) = ( 2,4 )  R ,

x = 2  ( 2 + 1,2 + 3) = ( 3,5 )  R ,

x = 3  ( 3 + 1,3 + 3) = ( 4,6 )  R ,

x = 4  ( 4 + 1,4 + 3) = ( 5,7 )  R ,

x = 5  ( 5 + 1,5 + 3) = ( 6,8 )  R .

Hence, the domain of the relation R is 1, 2,3, 4,5,6 and range of relation R is
3, 4,5,6,7,8 .

26. Find the linear relation between the components of the ordered pairs of
the relation R , where R = ( 2, 1) , ( 4, 7 ) , (1, −2 ) ,... .

Ans: The provided relation is R = ( 2,1) , ( 4,7 ) , (1, −2 ) ,... .

Suppose that, y = ax + b is the linear relation between the components of R . As

( 2,1)  R , so y = ax + b  1 = 2a + b …… (i)
Again, ( 4,7 )  R . So, 7 = 4a + b …… (ii)
Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 36
Subtract the equation (i) from the equation (ii). Then it yields
2a = 6
 a = 3.
So, substituting a = 3 into the equation (i), yields
1= 6 + b
 b = −5 .
Substituting the obtained values of a,b into the assumed linear function, gives
y = 3x − 5 .

Hence, the required linear relation between the components of the ordered pairs
of the relation R is y = 3x − 5 .

27. Let A = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 . Define a relation R from A to A by

R = ( x, y ) : y = x + 1, x, y  A . Then answer the questions.

(i) write R in the roaster form.

Ans: The given set is A = 1,2,3,4,5,6 and the given relation R : A → A is

R = ( x, y ) : y = x + 1, x, y  A .

The linear equation y = x + 1 for x, y  A gives the following ordered pairs.

x =1  y =1+1 = 2

x = 2  y = 2 +1 = 3

x = 3  y = 3 +1 = 4

x = 4  y = 4 +1 = 5

x = 5  y = 5 +1 = 6 .

Thus, the roaster form of the relation R is given by

R = (1,2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3,4 ) , ( 4,5 ) , ( 5,6 ) .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 37
(ii) write down the domain, co-domain and range of R .

Ans: The domain of the relation R is 1,2,3,4,5 , co-domain of the relation R

is A , and the range of the relation R is 2,3,4,5,6 .

(iii) Represent R by an arrow diagram.

Ans: The following arrow diagram represent the given relation
R = ( x, y ) : y = x + 1, x, y  A .

28. A relation ' f ' is defined by f : x → x2 − 2 where x  −1, −2, 0, 2 . Then

answer the following questions.

(i) list the elements of f .

Ans: The given relation f is defined as f : x → x 2 − 2 such that x  −1, −2,0,2

, that is f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 .

So, substituting x = −1, −2,0,2 successively into the relation f ( x ) , we get

f ( −1) = ( −1) − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1
2

f ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) − 2 = 4 − 2 = 2
2

f ( 0 ) = 02 − 2 = −2

f ( 2 ) = 22 − 2 = 4 − 2 = 2 .
Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 38
Thus, the list of the elements of f is given by

f = ( −1, −1) , ( −2,2 ) , ( 0, −2 ) , ( 2,2 ) .

(ii) is f a function?
Ans: Observe that, all the elements of the domain of the relation f correspond
to distinct images.

Hence, the relation f is a function.

6x − 5 6
29. If y = . Prove that f ( y ) = x, x  .
5x − 6 5

6x − 5
Ans: The given equation is y = .
5x − 6

6x − 5
Let y = f ( x ) = .
5x − 6

6y − 5
Therefore, f ( y ) =
5y − 6

6x − 5
6 −5
= 5x − 6
6x − 5
5 −6
5x − 6

36x − 30 − 25x + 30
= 5x − 6
30x − 25 − 30x + 36
5x − 6

11x
=
11
6
Hence, f ( y ) = x , x  .
5

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 39

30. Let f : X → Y be defined by f ( x ) = x 2 for all x  X where
X = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 and write the relation f in the roaster form. Is f a
function?

Ans: The given function is f : X → Y defined as

f ( x ) = x 2 , for all x  X = −2, −1,0,1,2,3 and

y = 0,1,4,7,9,10 .

Then, f ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) = 4
2

f ( −1) = ( −1) = 1
2

f ( 0 ) = 02 = 0

f (1) = 12 = 1

f ( 2 ) = 22 = 4

f ( 3) = 32 = 9

Therefore, f = ( −2,4 ) , ( −1,1) , ( 0,0 ) , (1,1) , ( 2,4 ) , ( 3,9 ) .

Since, each of element in X has distinct image in Y , so, f is a function.

31. Determine a quadratic function ' f ' defined by

f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c if f ( 0 ) = 6 , f ( 2 ) = 11 , and f ( −3 ) = 6 .

Ans. The given quadratic function is f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c .

Since, f ( 0 ) = 6 , so

a ( 0) + b ( 0) + c = 6
2

c=6

Again, f ( 2 ) = 11
Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 40
 a ( 2 ) + b ( 2 ) + 6 = 11
2

 4a + 2b + 6 = 11

 4a + 2b = 5 …… (i)

Also, f ( −3) = 6 .

 a ( −3) + b ( −3) + c = 0
2

 9a − 3b = −6 …… (ii)

Solving the equation (i) and (ii), we obtain

1 23
a= and b = .
10 10

1 2 23
Thus, the required quadratic function is f ( x ) = x + x + 6.
10 10

x+2
32. Find the domain and the range of the function defined by f ( x ) =
x+2
x+2
Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = .
x+2

The function f ( x ) is valid if x + 2  0 .

i.e., if x + 2  0 .

i.e., if x  −2 .

Therefore, the domain of the function is − −2 .

x+2
Now, if x + 2  0 , then f ( x ) = = 1.
x+2
x+2
If x + 2  0 , then f ( x ) = = −1 .
− ( x + 2)

Thus, the range of the function f ( x ) is −1,1 .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 41
 x2
33. Find the domain and the range of the function f ( x ) = .
1 + x2

x2
Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = .
1 + x2

Observe that, 1 + x 2  0 . Therefore, the function is defined for all real numbers.

Thus, the domain of the function f ( x ) is the set of all real numbers .

Now, rewrite the given function in terms of x , taking f ( x ) = y .

x2
y=
1 + x2

 y + x2y = x2
 x 2 (1 − y ) = y
y
 x2 =
1− y

y y
x= , which is valid if  0,
1− y 1− y

i.e., if y (1 − y )  0 ,

i.e., if − y ( y − 1)  0 ,

i.e., if y  0 and y − 1  0 , since y should not be 1 .

i.e., if 0  y  1 .

Hence, the range of the function f ( x ) is  0,1) .

34. If A = 1, 2, 3 , B = 1, 2, 3, 4 , and R = ( x, y ) : ( x, y )  A  B, y = x + 1 ,

then answer the following questions.

(i) Find A  B .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 42

Ans: The given sets are A = 1,2,3 and B = 1, 2,3, 4 .

Then, the cartesian product set,

A  B = 1,2,3  1,2,3,4
= (1,1) , (1,2 ) , (1,3) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,4 ) , (3,1) , (3,2 ) , ( 3,3) , ( 3,4 )

(ii) Write the domain and range of R .

Ans: The roaster form of the given relation R = ( x, y ) : ( x, y )  A  B, y = x + 1

is given by

R = (1,2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3,4 ) .

Therefore, the domain of the relation R is 1, 2,3 and the range of the relation
R is 2,3, 4 .

Long Answer Questions 6 Marks

1. Draw the graphs of the following real function and hence find its range.

1
f ( x ) = , x  R, x  0 .
x
1
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = , x R , x  0.
x

Suppose that, y = f ( x ) . Then the function becomes

1
y= , x  R, x  0 .
x
Now, consider the following table of values.
x −4 −2 −1 −0.5 −0.25 0.5 1 2 4
y −0.25 −0.5 −1 −2 −4 2 1 0.5 0.25

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 43

Plotting the above table of points into a graph paper and connect the points by a
smooth curve.

From the graph drawn above, it can be concluded that, the curve of the function
f ( x ) does not pass through the origin.

Thus, the range of the function f ( x ) is − 0 .

1
2. If f ( x ) = x − , then prove that f ( x )  = f ( x 3 ) + 3f   .
1 3

x x

1
Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = x − .
x
1
Replacing x by into the given function, we obtain
x

1 1
f = −x. …… (i)
x x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 44

 3
 1
Therefore, f ( x )  =  x − 
3

 x

1 1 1
= x3 − − 3 x   x − 
x 3
x x
1  1
= x3 − − 3 x − 
 x
3
x

1  1
= x3 − + 3 x − 
 x
3
x

1
= f ( x 3 ) + 3f   , by applying the equation (i).
x

3. Draw the graphs of the following real functions and hence find their
range.

(i) f ( x ) = 2x − 1

Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = 2x − 1 , that is y = 2x − 1 , which is a linear

equation and so its graph is a straight line. A straight line can be determined
using only two points.

So, consider the following table of values.

x 0 1
y −1 1

Now, plot the above points in a graph paper and connect them by a straight line
as shown in the following diagram.

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 45

By observing the graph drawn above, it is concluded that that y possesses all the
real values. Hence, the range of the function f ( x ) is the set of all real numbers
.

x2 − 1
(ii) f ( x ) = .
x −1

x2 −1
Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = .
x −1

It can be written as, f ( x ) =

( x + 1)( x − 1) = x + 1 , which is a linear equation in
x −1
x, y . So, the graph of the function is a straight line.

A straight line can be determined using only two points.

So, consider the following table of values.
x −1 0
y 0 1

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 46

Now, plot the above points in a graph paper and connect them by a straight line
as shown in the following diagram.

By observing the graph drawn above, it is concluded that that y possesses all the
real values except 2 . Hence, the range of the function f ( x ) is − 2 .

4. Let f be a function defined by F : x → 5x 2 + 2 , x  R . Then determine the

following results.
(i) Find the image of 3 under f .

Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = 5x 2 + 2 .

Substituting x = 3 , into the given function, we obtain

f ( 3) = 5 ( 3) + 2
2

= 5(9) + 2
= 47.
Thus, the image of 3 under f is 47 .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 47

(ii) Find f ( 3 )  f ( 2 ) .

Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = 5x 2 + 2 .

Substituting x = 2,3 successively into the given function, we obtain

f ( 2) = 5( 2) + 2
2

= 5( 4) + 2
= 22.
Also,

f ( 3) = 5 ( 3) + 2 = 47 .
2

Therefore, f ( 3)  f ( 2 ) = 47  22 = 1034 .

(iii) Find x such that f ( x ) = 22 .

Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = 5x 2 + 2 .

Substituting f ( x ) = 22 into the given function.

22 = 5x 2 + 2

 5x 2 = 20

 x2 = 4
 x = −2,2 .

The value of x are −2, 2 .

9x
5. The function f ( x ) = + 32 is the formula to connect x C to Fahrenheit
5
units. Find the following results.

(i) f ( 0 )

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 48

 9x
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = + 32 .
5

Substituting x = 0 into the given function, we obtain

9 ( 0)
f ( 0) = + 32 = 32 .
5

Thus, 0 C = 32 F .

(ii) f ( −10 )

9x
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = + 32 .
5

Substituting x = −10 into the given function, we get

9 ( −10 )
f ( −10 ) = + 32
5
90
=− + 32
5
= 14

Therefore, −10 C = 14 F .

(iii) The value of x whenever f ( x ) = 212 .

9x
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = + 32 .
5

Substituting f ( x ) = 212 into the given function, we get

9x
212 = + 32
5
9x
 = 212 − 32
5
 9x = 5  (180 )

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 49

 x = 100

Hence, 212 F = 100 C .

6. Draw the graph of the greatest integer function, f ( x ) =  x  .

Ans: The greatest integer function f ( x ) =  x  is defined as

−2, when x   −2, −1)


−1, when x   −1,0 )
f (x) = 
0, when x   0,1)
1, when x  1,2
  )
To draw the graph of the function, follow the table of values of given below.
x …. −2  x  1 −1  x  0 0  x 1 1 x  2 2  x  3 ….
y …. −2 −1 0 1 2 ….

Thus, plotting the above table of values in a graph paper, draw the graph of this
step function as given below,

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 50

7. Find the domain and the range of the following functions:

(i) f ( x ) = x 2 − 4

Ans: The provided function f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 .

The function f ( x ) is valid if x 2 − 4  0 .

i.e., if ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )  0

i.e., if x  −2 or x  2 .

Therefore, the domain of the function f ( x ) is ( −, −2   2,  ) .

Now, suppose that y = x 2 − 4 .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 51

Since, square root of any real number is always a non-negative real number, so
taking square on both sides, yields

y2 = x 2 − 4

 y 2 + 4  0 , since x 2  0 .

 y 2  −4 ,  y  R .

Thus, y  0 , and hence, the range of the function f ( x ) is  0, ) .

(ii) f ( x ) = 16 − x 2 .

Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = 16 − x 2 .

The function f ( x ) is valid if 16 − x 2  0 ,

i.e., if ( 4 − x )( 4 + x )  0

i.e., if ( x − 4 )( x + 4 )  0

i.e., if −4  x  4

Thus, the domain of the function f ( x ) is  −4, 4 .

Now, suppose that y = 16 − x 2 .

Since, square root of any real number is always a non-negative real number, so
taking square on both sides of the equation, yields

y 2 = 16 − x 2

 x 2 = 16 − y 2

 16 − y 2  0 , since x 2  0 .

 ( 4 − y )( 4 + y )  0

 ( y − 4 )( y + 4 )  0
Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 52
 −4  y  4 .

Again, y  0 .

Thus, the range of the function f ( x ) is  0, 4 .

1
(iii) f ( x ) = .
9 − x2

1
Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = .
9 − x2

The function is valid if 9 − x 2  0 .

i.e., if ( 3 − x )( 3 + x )  0

i.e., if ( x − 3)( x + 3)  0

i.e., if −3  x  3 .

Thus, the domain of the function f ( x ) is ( −3,3) .

1
Now, suppose that, y = .
9 − x2

Since, the square root of any real number is always a non-negative real number,
so taking square on both sides of the equation, yields

1
y2 =
9 − x2

1
 9 − x2 =
y2
1
 x2 = 9 − 2
y

1
9− 2
 0 , since x 2  0 .
y

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 53

  1  1
  3 −  3 +   0
 y  y

1  1 
  − 3  + 3   0
y  y 

1 1
y− or y  .
3 3

1
Again, since y  0 , so y  .
3
1 
Hence, the range of the function f ( x ) is  ,   .
3 

8. Draw the graphs of the following real function and hence find its range:
f ( x ) = x2 .

Ans: The provided function is f ( x ) = x 2 .

Since, for all real values of x , f ( x ) is defined, so the domain of the function is
.

Therefore, let y = x 2 , x  .

Now, consider the following table of values.

x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16

Now, plotting the above table of points in a clean graph paper by hand and
joining these points by a smooth curve. The graph is as shown below.

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 54

By observing the graph of the function, we can conclude that, the graph of the
function covers only the non-negative region.

Thus, the range of the function f ( x ) is  0, ) .

9. Define polynomial function. Draw the graph of f ( x ) = x 3 . Find domain

and range of the function.

Ans: A function f : R → R defined as

f ( x ) = a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2 +  + a n x n , where a 0 ,a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n  , is said to be a

polynomial function of degree n   0 .

Now, to draw the graph of the function f ( x ) = x 3 , consider the following table
of values.

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 55

 x 0 1 2 −1 −2

f (x) 0 1 8 −1 −8

So, plotting the above table points in a clean graph paper by hand and connecting
those points with a curve, we obtain the graph of the function as given below.

The domain of the function f ( x ) is .

The range of the function f ( x ) is .

10. (a) If A, B are two sets such that n ( A  B ) = 6 and some elements of
A  B are ( −1, 2 ) , ( 2, 3 ) , ( 4, 3 ) , then find A  B and B  A .

Ans: The number of the elements in the cartesian product set A  B is

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 56

n ( A  B) = 6 .

Also, it is provided that, some of the elements of A  B are ( −1, 2 ) , ( 2,3) , and
( 4,3) .
Therefore, A = −1, 2, 4 and B = 2,3 .

Thus, the required sets are

A  B = ( −1,2 ) , ( −1,3) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 4,2 ) , ( 4,3 ) and

B  A = ( 2, −1) , ( 3, −1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 3,2 ) , ( 2,4 ) , (3,4 ) .

1
(b) Find domain of the function f ( x ) = .
x +  x

1
Ans: The given function is f ( x ) = .
x + x

Recall that, the greatest integer function  x  is defined as

0, if 0  x  1
1, if 1  x  2
 x  = 
2, if 2  x  3
...

 x +  x   0 for all x  0

Now, x +  x  = 0, for all x = 0
 x + x  0 for all x  0
  

1
Therefore, the function f ( x ) = is defined for all real values of x such
x + x
that x +  x   0 .

Thus, the domain of the function f ( x ) is ( 0, ) .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 57