1. UNIX architecture has three important components - the kernel, shell, and system calls. The kernel interacts with hardware, the shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel, and system calls allow programs to access hardware through the kernel.
2. In UNIX, commands can be combined in a single command line by using semicolons to separate individual commands.
3. There are three main file types in UNIX - ordinary files containing data, directory files containing lists of files and subdirectories, and device files representing peripherals and devices.
1. UNIX architecture has three important components - the kernel, shell, and system calls. The kernel interacts with hardware, the shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel, and system calls allow programs to access hardware through the kernel.
2. In UNIX, commands can be combined in a single command line by using semicolons to separate individual commands.
3. There are three main file types in UNIX - ordinary files containing data, directory files containing lists of files and subdirectories, and device files representing peripherals and devices.
1. UNIX architecture has three important components - the kernel, shell, and system calls. The kernel interacts with hardware, the shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel, and system calls allow programs to access hardware through the kernel.
2. In UNIX, commands can be combined in a single command line by using semicolons to separate individual commands.
3. There are three main file types in UNIX - ordinary files containing data, directory files containing lists of files and subdirectories, and device files representing peripherals and devices.
1. UNIX architecture has three important components - the kernel, shell, and system calls. The kernel interacts with hardware, the shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel, and system calls allow programs to access hardware through the kernel.
2. In UNIX, commands can be combined in a single command line by using semicolons to separate individual commands.
3. There are three main file types in UNIX - ordinary files containing data, directory files containing lists of files and subdirectories, and device files representing peripherals and devices.
MY PAGES Date L 6 \5SIGNMENT NT1 Brie ezplcin the concept architecure andeatures yniz 2 The ONIX_archBBeciure has three fmportant agencfesS- Dvislon l b o i hernel and shell h e le and process he sustemcalla THE ERNEL he ernel interacIS oith the machime's hardioare. Thecore a the operaling84she0 a_collection_ roLLHneS mastly Lrittenn în T is oaded înto memory when the sustem is booted CAn Comunicates _diLecti- Lih_the
hardoare Llserprngransthe appltcainns)that need o OcesS the hardoare uSe the services othe herne Lhich 2e1arms heob DN the áerl behal These prcq1amsactCSS he hernel throuah a sek unctions called Sustem calls he herne ialáo called c a l l a aS theDpeiatin en prograMs gatea to the computer!s_
*THE &HLLL Compute1S dtn' have any 0apabilityo translating commands nto actions. ha Leayuires command interpreier alo coalled as the shell. shell acts 1meace between the user ond the kenel, he Shell accepls commcnds rom uSe ttequînec nebulldsauser comand ard inally Communicaies wlth_the hernel see that the command Is eecLuled. Iaample echo VTU Belaqavi shel iebullds echo tomar amond VIUBelgav by remDNINg mulHple spaL User User User
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Date L 1HE PRoCESS heprOCCSS s the name ayen to 2the Lwhen E Is execLted as iveno the l e ale can say aS a program.i program procesS Is the Rme maae executable ile iRme îmage DF an ONIX provides tools hem betuaeen contro_proc esses mov hIthem oreground and background and THE SYSTEM CALLS neONIX £Ysiemcomprislng he kernel shel_and applicctions -is 1artHen în C haugh thereare severa commandá thatUSe uneHionscalled Ssfemn calls to communteate ith the herne ADNIIX avors have one thing- in common_ heu h e the sam usiem clls EaLorlle Dpen FEATURES OFONIX AMulHuser siem UIX 6 a mlbrngram astem permis mulliple pIams and ompete orthe Crhentipn thoCPU. his can happen in oooaus Llliple 131sLCnrun separut e obs Ainale ucercan also run muultislejobs. 2AMulhitaskingSuaiem Asingle be c caláo run multible tasks ConeLutently CNIX a nuililashingsustem h Kenel ts designedd do handle a USerS muulHde needs. Building-bloch Approach 3 The 1hedesigner never atlempted Ho poch too many eatures înto a feLo tools. UNIX offers ha 5ilHers) combîne VaYiDUS simple tools to Carru out complex jpbs 4he UNIX JoolA tert hare Cre qeneralpLurDOSeHools uhlities iters) manipulaion mantsl.
compilerS and interpreters
preters nehodrked_applicakiong s4siemodminigBraior toolá and shells. 5 Patlern Matahing DNIXeaturesvery sophistieated pattem matching eatures N 6 Progronming jacility The UNIShells als a pIngamming language it1CS designedorp PIDgrammer
end uSer 1 hashas all the_necessary PngredienkRke contro tructures ocpsand Variables t h t establish_pouoerkulpIDgramming ang1ag0. d Documentation heprincipalon-line helpnclity auailable sthe nan command Lohich emains the most impotant eerences Cemmands and their coniquaationtles. Apart om he man l.e.cuumentatlen heres 0st UNIX avalable ocean o 1eSOurces
D theInternet
2 Tplain the ctmbining ch commands in aC
Ans-uNIX allouas OL fo &pecikynDI than one. MY PAGE- Date / command in the ingle Command lîne Iaample wlc note s - note o comnanda combined 2 3 16 note here using lsemicolon). - YL-ILd-V 1 mahesh mahesh 16 Jan 30 0235ndte
In tho abeyoexample LC command reBurns
number o nes o r s _ a n andeharacter5 d n thatile ands and Command returns- IRst all the cdiribtifes- cthe le ACOmmand Iine can overklou ar be spli into. mulible lincs ONIX terminaliaidth is r2sirteted tomazimum_ characterS shel allauas command line fo overlDw or Aplir into mulible Rnes fzample echoThis îs irst prompt Z Cthree -line second pronmpf tezt messag Command tne ends here hs s hree-lfng fet messa ge
3Briel exblain the concept Hypccommand
h e upe ommand isSecl to deseribe houw is YQurncnt culd be ranslated uScd LLSe as Lommands 14 is alko usec to ind out ahether i built-in or eternal binary le *he upe command 1s shell bulltth uniaz t4peptionscommandnamcs 1you Lant to Kno the location prOram0 Or tommand)USR Hupe command- Ezample i type date dale is /bîn/date ype echo echolsa shell built in |*henyoU exacute date command the shell this le în_ the bin directoruand makes arrangemenks fo e1eclte
List_andand explain the Dnix ile ypes
An he NIX has dividedles iio three_
categorles )Ordinary le i also called as r2qularle containsonly data as _stream charackers. Direckory ile i tontalnsles and other Llb-directories. 3)Deviceleall devices and neripherals are represented b s *CRDINARY EILE [Reqular the mcst commpn e HPC Ordinoryle Hoelcan be dfeled nto too pe 1) leat tle e- and Java prcgiom rles shell and pxl Sripts. i) Bina l Mpunix commands, eccutable ildbinar pictuies 0und and vidcoiles auc MY PAGE Date 1 DIRECTORY fILt A diiector contains no dala but heep40 dealls the iles and subdirectories ihat coniatns Adicco1yle tontains an entr4 pr evert le and &ubdineclor ies thal t t houses yOLL wll have20 le5 a directory In here
wlll be 20 entries în the direcory ach entry has tuo0 componen the ilename ) a uniajue identificaion numberor ifa_ ile ordirecor *DEVICE EILE Installing Soiaareom D-ROMPrinting iles and backing up dada iles to tape Al these ocHvites are perormed y rending OY riHng the erepresenting the device Aduantage o deviceile is tha someo the Commands Sed accessan rdinary i l e also LaDr Lwth device l
5 Tablea?n relaHve and absolute pathnanmes in UNIY2
ABOLUTEPATHNAMES shous e's localion ith rerence jo i. Toot. ihe top 1 simp Squcnce aector names paratcd by clashes :9 home /kumar Supptse t o placed n /usi and ant to he le login-sq which i pl&senm fn in a.Ltt horne/kumarLe an give the pathname a the trle cat/home/kumar/login.sq character_o a p a d h y me s IR theirst the ile's Jocation must be determined or pathname s s caled root (the rst ). such a
an absolute pathname a Paric particular I you kno the locaHono5 Command dOL an precede its its name olth the complete paBh. daBe reside in /bin_[or lusr/bin). -Since the absolute pathname _ can use Lbin ldate 2020 Jhu Sep 1 09:39 55 131 BELATIYE PATHNAME Relctivepathfs deined as the Dath related to thepresentoorking clfrectlu lpac starts at uour currenE _directory neverstartá oith a / pathnamewhich specifiesthe theloccition_o A and a i l e sing theáymbols
single dot_represents the current directors
direckory tod dots)-_representá the parent Assume that we are n homelkumar Iprojs Jclata /text o2 Can_uSR 06 an ardumenf P a r e n t directóry to cd to move to the parent /home/kumar/progs./data as pad Zhomelhumar/progs/ data/ text cd pwd honeIeumarprogs dala relafive the move to home Can USe path name as Date puoc /home/humar /pis ad/ moves co levels u p pd home
oaplain root login and types Super uSer
commands o privilege and_permissions
s he ONIX ástem provides a specia lpginname
r the exchusive use o the administrator ls_calleds0ot hisaseount doesn need io be separately erected but ames with_evers Sustem 1 passuoord is qenerally e t at the time o installaion othe sustem Cand
has to be NSed LSed on l0gging- In ecoming the super t Ingtn me lbgin root PassiDrd: * **_** *Enter
*lhe prompt_o oor fs E
Onco aLl login a r 0 OLLar placed în roots home direckors Depending an he system this dtiectoyculd be oot AcministhaHyo tommands are 1esiden n sbin and usr/sbi mbdern SLStemns and in clder 34stem resides n elc Rocts PATH 1is ineludes dchalled path or ample /sbin :/bin :/us1/sbin /us1/bin lus1/dt Ibin
PeLoming ihe OUper LLSer ustng du Command
Becornin suAcqurring3Uperuglrstatus status Any User can acauire tommand HpekstOYsuperuser
if hey shohus know the IDO with the su LSerabc beco paáaord. jor example t h e omes superUser_în thfs 0 a a
PasswoLd;* pais.aord or0ot uzer
pod homelabc tchange directoryoloesn' hough the current prompt indicates that abe no haa_ the poLoerso aSuperuseY D bein_r6otis_homa dîrectory on uperuser 0in USeSu - ,
* Userls 2gien rush to the administraior_with
the the complaint thaBa program hasstopped running he administrato irs triesunnina in environment Qu_commmnd asimulated Lwhen_USed witha-minus)recreates he uSer'senvironment without the login -passLord rOu te su abc * his_sequence exacukes abc S proile and Hemporarily_creates abcis enviremmentsL_ runs ina deparate_Sub-shell Go this mode is terminated by b hittingchl-d or using x
