Physics Project (1) D

SUBMITTED TO- MR. P .
SHIROTE SIR
SUBMITTED BY – UMER DASTAGIR

PATHAN
CLASS- 12TH SCIENCE
ROLL NO. – 35
[SESSION- 2022-23]
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project has been made

by Umer D. Pathan of class XII on the topic TO
FIND THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF (a)WATER,
(b)OIL (TRANSPARENT) USING A PLANE
MIRROR, AN EQUICONVEX LENS, (MADE
FROM A GLASS OF KNOWN REFRACTIVE
INDEX) AND AN ADJUSTABLE OBJECT
NEEDLE under the guidance of our physics
teacher Mr P.SHIROTE SIR and HAVE BEEN
completed it successfully.
BY- UMER PATHAN
TEACHER’S SIGN-________________________
PRINCIPAL’S SIGN-_______________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher Mr. P. SHIROTE sir as
well as our principal Ms. Sharada Khot who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I came to know
about so many new things. I am really
thankful to them.
INDEX
 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE / AIM
 APPARATUS/MATERIALS REQUIRED
 DIAGRAM
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 CALCULATIONS
 RESULTS PRECAUTIONS
 SOURCES OF ERROR
INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction n
of a material is a dimensionless number that describes
how light propagates through that medium. It is
defined as
Where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the

phase velocity of light in the medium. For example, the
refractive index of water is 1.333; meaning that light
travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in
water
OBJECTIVE:
To find the refractive indexes of (a)water (b) oil
using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an
adjustable object needle.
APPARATUS:
A Convex Lens
 A Plane Mirror
 Water,
 Oil
 Clamp
 Stand
 An Optical Needle
 Plumb Line
 Knitting Needle
 Half Meter Scale
Glass Slab,
 A Spherometer.
DIAGRAM:
THEORY
 If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass
convex lens and liquid lens and f be the focal
length of their combination then:-
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐟𝐟𝟐
= + or f2 =
𝐟 𝐟𝟏 𝐟𝟐 𝐟𝟏 −𝐟
 .Liquid lens formed a plano-concave kens

with R1 = R and R2 = ∞ then by using lens
make’s formula
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( )
= 𝐧−𝟏 ⌊ − ⌋
𝐟𝟐 𝐑𝟏 𝐑𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
=(𝐧 − 𝟏) ⌊ − ⌋
𝐑𝟏 ∞
𝟏
= (n-1)⌊ − 𝟎⌋
𝐑
𝟏 𝐧−𝟏
=
𝐟𝟐 𝐑
𝐑
n= + 𝟏
𝐟𝟐
Where n=Refractive index of the liquid
R=The radius of the curvature of the

convex lens.
 The radius of the lower surface of the

convex lens is given by:
𝐥𝟐 𝐡
R= +
𝟔𝐡 𝟐
Here, l is the average distance between the legs of

the spherometer and h is the difference in the
reading of the spherometer when placed first on
the convex lens and then on plane mirror.
PROCEDURE:
 For focal length of convex lens:

1.Find the rough focal length of the convex
lens.
2.Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base

of the iron stand and then a convex lens on
the plane mirror.
3.Hold the needle in the clamp stand and

adjust its position on the stand such that
there is no parallax between tip of the
needle and its image.
4.Measure distance between tip and upper

surface of the lens by using a plumb line and
half meter scale. Also measure the distance
between tip of needle and upper surface of
the mirror. Take the mean of the two
readings. This mean distance will be equal to
the focal length of the convex lens(f1).
 For focal length of the combination.

5.Put a few drops of the water on the plane
mirror and put the convex lens over it with
its same face above as before. The water
spreads in a form of layer and acts like a
plano-concave lens.
6.Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the

equivalent focal length of the combination.
7.Record the observation.
8.Repeat the steps 5,6,7 for other

transparent liquid(oil).
 For radius of curvature of convex lens

surface:
9.Determine the pitch and the least count of
the spherometer.
10.Remove the convex lens and dry it

completely. Put the spherometer on this lens
surface.
11.All the three legs of the spherometer

should be placed symmetrically on the lens
and adjust the central screw tip to touch the
surface of the lens.
12.Remove the spherometer from the
surface of the lens and place on the plane
mirror surface and record the reading.
13.Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
14.Obtain the impressions of the three legs

of the spherometer on a paper and mark
them and their average distance.
𝐥𝟏 + 𝐥𝟐 + 𝐥𝟑
l=
𝟑
OBSERVATIONS
PITCH OF SPHEROMETER = 1 CM
LEAST COUNT OF SPHEROMETER =0.01 CM
DISTANCE BETWEEN LEGS :
1. AB= 3CM
2. BC= 3CM
3. CA= 3CM
CALCULATIONS
Mean Distance Between Two Legs:

𝑨𝑩+𝑩𝑪+𝑪𝑨
𝒍= = 3 cm
𝟑
Mean of h= =0.5775 CM
To find out the radius of curvature of convex lens:

𝒍𝟐 𝒉
𝑹= + = 2.8861cm
𝟔𝒉 𝟐
Measurement of Refractive Indices of Water and Oil:
1. With water between the convex lens and the plane

mirror
2. With the Oil between the convex lens and the plane
mirror
RESULT
The Refractive Index of Water is
The Refractive Index of Oil is

PRECAUTIONS
1. The plane mirror should be clean and
fully shining surface.
2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to

tip.
4. The eye should be at a distance about 30

cm from the needle while removing the
parallax.
5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken

so that its layer should be thick.
6. The legs of the spherometer should be

vertical.
7. The centre leg of the spherometer should
turn in one direction only.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.
2. The parallax may not be fully removed.
3. The spherometer legs should be placed

symmetrical on the surface of the convex
lens.
4. The tip of the central screw should not just

touch the surface of lens or mirror.

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SUBMITTED TO- MR. P .

SUBMITTED BY – UMER DASTAGIR

CLASS- 12TH SCIENCE

This is to certify that this project has been made

I would like to express my special thanks of

Where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the

 .Liquid lens formed a plano-concave kens

R=The radius of the curvature of the

 The radius of the lower surface of the

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of

 For focal length of convex lens:

2.Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base

3.Hold the needle in the clamp stand and

4.Measure distance between tip and upper

 For focal length of the combination.

6.Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the

7.Record the observation.

8.Repeat the steps 5,6,7 for other

 For radius of curvature of convex lens

10.Remove the convex lens and dry it

11.All the three legs of the spherometer

13.Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.

14.Obtain the impressions of the three legs

LEAST COUNT OF SPHEROMETER =0.01 CM

DISTANCE BETWEEN LEGS :

Mean Distance Between Two Legs:

To find out the radius of curvature of convex lens:

Measurement of Refractive Indices of Water and Oil:

1. With water between the convex lens and the plane

The Refractive Index of Water is

The Refractive Index of Oil is

2. The liquid taken should be transparent.

3. The parallax should be removed tip to

4. The eye should be at a distance about 30

5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken

6. The legs of the spherometer should be

1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.

2. The parallax may not be fully removed.

3. The spherometer legs should be placed

4. The tip of the central screw should not just

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