MATHS Formula 0580
MATHS Formula 0580
1. Number
Natural numbers:
used for counting purposes
all possible rational &irrational numbers
A∩B is shaded A∪ B is shaded
Integer: a whole number ⊂ ‘is a subset of’
Prime numbers:
divisible only by itself and one
1 is not a prime number
Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction
Irrational numbers: cannot be written as a fraction e.g. π
Cube numbers: made from multiplying a rational number
to itself twice. ξ = {a, b, c, d, e} A’ is shaded
Reciprocals: A number made by raising a rational number b∈X
to -1, or 1 over that number
of elements in A
1.2. HCF and LCM
∈ = …is an element of…
Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple:
∈
/ = …is not an element of…
A′ = compliment of set A
Ø or = empty set
ξ = Universal set
A ∪ B = union of A and B
A ∩ B = intersection of A and B
A ⊆ B = A is a subset of B
HCF = product of common factors of x and y A ⊂ B = A is a proper subset of B
LCM = product of all items in Venn diagram A ⊆ B = A is not a subset of B
A⊄B = A is not a proper subset of B
1.4. Indices
Standard form:
104 = 10000
103 = 1000
Prime Factorization: finding which prime numbers 102 = 100
multiply together to make the original number 101 = 10
100 = 1
1.3. Sets 10−1 = 0.1
10−2 = 0.01
Definition of sets e.g. 10−3 = 0.001
A = {x: x is a natural number} 10−4 = 0.0001
B = {(x, y ): y = mx + c} 10−5 = 0.00001
C = {x: a ≤ x ≤ b} Limits of accuracy:
D = {a, b, c, …}
The degree of rounding of a number
Set representations: E.g. 2.1 to 1 d.p 2.05 ≤ x < 2.15
Finding limits when adding/multiplying: add/multiply
respective
limits of values
Finding maximum value possible when
dividing/subtracting: max
value divided by/minus min
value
A∩B is shaded A∪ B is shaded Finding minimum value possible when
dividing/subtracting: min
value divided by/minus max
⊂ ‘is a subset of’ value
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Units of distance: km or m
1.5. Ratio & Proportion
Units of time: hr or sec
Ratio: used to describe a fraction 5
e.g. 3 : 1 km/hr × = m/sec
18
Foreign exchange: money changed from one currency to
another
using proportion 18
m/sec × = km/hr
E.g. Convert $22.50 to Dinars 5
$1 : 0.30KD
$22.50 : 6.75KD
Map scales: using proportion to work out map scales
2. Algebra & Graphs
1km = 1000m
1m = 100cm 2.1. Factorisation
1cm = 10mm
Direct variation: y is proportional to x
Common factors:
y∝x 3x2 + 6x
y = kx 3x(x + 2)
Inverse variation: y is inversely proportional to x Difference of two squares:
1
y∝ 25 − x2
x
k (5 + x)(5 − x)
y=
x Group factorization:
1.6. Percentages 4d + ac + ad + 4c
Percentage: 4 (d + c) + a(c + d)
Convenient way of expressing fractions
Percent means per 100 (4 + a)(c + d)
Percentage increase or decrease:
Trinomial:
Actual Change
P ercentage increase = × 100 x2 + 14x + 24
Original Amount
Simple interest:
x2 + 12x + 2x + 24
b 2 b2 − 4ac x2 = −2
a (x + ) =
y = ax2 +bx + c
Complete Square form: 2.3. Reciprocal Graphs (Hyperbola)
2
y = (x + a) +b
(Where axis of symmetry is x =
Standardized Form:
−a)
y = xa
To find turning point of quadratic equation, complete
the
square, then the turning point is: (−a, b)
If a is Positive: If a is Negative:
Ways to solve Quadratic equation: The Line will be in the The Line will be in the
Graphing Method
1st&3rd Quadrant 2nd&4th Quadrant
Factorizing
Quadratic Formula
Complete the Square png)
x2 = −2
down
- Quadratic Formula
e.g. x2 − x − 6 = 0
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Using differentiation
dy
dx gives you the gradient of the
curve at any point in
terms of x
dy
When y = xn , dx = nxn−1
dy
Stationary/ turning point: dx =0
′
1st Derivative =
dx = f (x)
dy
d2 y ′′
2nd Derivative =
dx2 = f (x)
To determine if stationary point is maximum or
minimum:
2.5. Exponential Graphs Use 2nd derivative
d2 y
Maximum point: dx2 <0
d2 y
Minimum point: dx2 >0
Use gradients around the point
Input x values slightly above and below
stationary
point and calculate gradient
2.8. Inequalities
Standardized form: Solve like equations
y = a (b)x Multiplying or dividing by negative ⇒ switch sign
Properties:
y
a is the y -intercept −3 ≥ −7
Asymptotes are lines that a curve approaches, but y ≤ −7 × −3
never touches
because the curve continues to infinity,
in this case the y-axis y ≤ 21
b is the rate of growth
When 0 < b < 1, the graph will go downwards from When two inequalities present, split into two
left to
right
x < 3x − 1 < 2x + 7
3.2. Congruence
Gradient = speed SSS (Side – Side – Side) rule: All the three sides of the
triangles must be equal
2.12. Speed-Time Graphs
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ASA (Angle – Side – Angle) rule: The sides adjacent to the Kite:
equal
angles must be of the same length.
Two pairs of adjacent sides
equal
3.5. Construction
3.3. Triangles
Constructing triangles:
3.4. Quadrilaterals
Rectangle:
opposite angles equal The number of times shape fits its outline during a
complete revolution is called the order of rotational
diagonals bisect each other symmetry
Rhombus:
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Properties of circles:
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through
the centre
Tangents from an external point are equal in length
3.7. Polygons
Sum of angles at a point = 360∘
Angles on a straight line = 180∘ Co-interior angles add up t0 180°
Sum of angles in a triangle = 180∘
For regular polygon
∘
External angles = 360n
360∘
Internal angles = 180∘ − n
For irregular polygon:
Sum of exterior angles = 360∘
Sum of interior angles= 180(n − 2)
Vertically opposite angles are equal
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Mass:
4. Mensuration
4.1. Area
Parallelogram = b × h
OR
ab sin θ Capacity:
1
Triangle= 2b
×h
1
Trapezium= 2 (a + b) h
Circle= πr 2
Sector= πr2 × θ
360
Sphere Mass
Density = Volume
Surf ace area = 4πr2
V olume = 43 πr3
5. Coordinate Geometry
Hemisphere
Surf ace area = 2πr2
V olume = 23 πr3
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y2 − y1
Gradient =
x2 − x1
Equation of Line: 6.2. Pythagoras Theorem
y = mx + c
To find hypotenuse
Find the gradient, m a2 + b2 = c2
Find the y -intercept, c
Midpoint of Graph:
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
( , )
2 2
To find one of the shorter sides
Length between two points: a2 = c2 − b2
b2 = c2 − a2
(x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2
Angle of elevation:
Angle above the horizontal line
5.2. Sketching Graphs
Angle of depression:
Angle below the horizontal line.
f(x) = 1 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
6.3. Ratios
6. Trigonometry
Right angled triangles:
6.1. Bearings sin x = opposite
hypotenuse → SOH
adjacent
The bearing of a point B from another point A is: cos x = hypotenuse → CAH
An angle measured from the north at A.
In a clockwise direction.
Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000° to
360°)
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opposite
tan x = adjacent → TOA
a b c
6.4. Graphs of simple trigonometric sin a
=
sin b
=
sin c
functions Cosine rule
∘ To find the angle given 3 sides
sin (x) = sin (180 − x)
b2 + c2 − a2
cos a =
2bc
To find side given angle and two sides
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos a
∘
cos (x) = cos (360 − x)
method’
Multiplication by a scalar:
Scalar quantity: has a
magnitude but no direction
The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector
Column vector:
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Parallel vectors:
Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction
In general, the vector k ( ab ) is
parallel to ( ab )
Modulus of a vector:
In general, if x = (m
n ),
∣x∣ =
(m2 + n2
7.2. Transformation
Reflection (M):
When describing a reflection, the position of the
mirror line is essential
Rotation (R):
The centre, angle and direction of rotation are needed
to describe a rotation
A clockwise rotation is negative, and an anticlockwise The OR Rule:
rotation is positive For exclusive events A and B
Translation (T): P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
Independent events:
8. Probability
Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of an
event
happening
number of favourable outcomes
P (event) =
total number of outcomes
If probability = 0, event is impossible
If probability =1, event is certain to happen Calculate using Venn diagram:
All probabilities lie between 0 and 1
Construct the Venn diagram, using sample space of both
events
8.2. Events P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)
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9. Statistics
9.1. Histograms
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9.7. Pictograms
∘
Sum of angles in a pie chart is 360
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