Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering

New Delhi

LAB MANUAL

Department Electronics and Communication

Engineering
2020- 21
Academic
Year
5th
Semester
Communication Skills for
Subject Name Professionals

ETHS- 351
Subject Code
Dr Vandita Sharma
Fac ulty Name
 VISION OF INSTITUTE

We strive to develop as an institute of excellence in education and research in consonance with

contemporary needs of the country. A Dynamic learning environment is provided to enhance amongst
students sound academic grounding, self- esteem and self-learning that inculcates freedom of thought,
human values and concern for the society thereby infusing in them a sense of commitment and leading
them towards becoming competent and motivated engineering professionals.

MISSION OF INSTITUTE

The aim of the institute is to develop a unique academic culture that instils amongst students
responsibility and accountability in partnership with parents, business and education com m unity. The guiding
philosophy remains "Social Transformation through Dynamic Education” achieved through sound
academic and social grounding of students.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge acquired in mathematics, science, engineering for the
solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify research gaps, formulate and analyze complex engineering problems
drawing substantiated conclusions using basic knowledge of mathematics, natural sciences and
engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for the identified complex engineering problems
as well as develop solutions that meet the specified needs for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods,
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of

the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Work on the latest technologies, resources and software tools including prediction
and modelling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of their limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply the basic acquired knowledge to measure societal, health, safety, legal
and cultural issues and identifying the consequential responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.

7. Environment and Sustainability: Comprehend the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
context of society and environment and demonstrate the need and knowledge for sustainable
development

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. Page no.

1. Course details
1.1Course objective
1.2. Course Outcomes
1.3 CO-PO/PSO mapping
1.4 Evaluation Scheme
1.5 Guidelines/Rubrics for continuous assessment
1.6 Lab safety instruction
1.7 Instructions
2 List for students
of Experiments& while writing
Course Beyond Experiment in Lab
Syllabus
file.

3 Experimental Setup details for the course.

4 Experiment details

5 Course Exit Survey

4
 1. COURSE DETAILS

COURSE OBJECTIVE: To develop communication competence in prospective engineers so

that they are able to communicate information as well as their thoughts and ideas with
clarity and precision .These activities will enhance students ‘communication skills with a
focus on improving their oral communication both in formal and informal situations. They
will develop confidence in facing interviews and participating in group discussions which
have become anintegral part of placement procedures of most business organisations
today.

1.2 Course Outcomes of Communication Skills for Professionals Lab( ETHS-

112)

At the end of the course student will be able to: PO/ PSO
ETHS 351.1 PO-10,
Recall common methods of professional communication

ETHS 351.2 Demonstrate effective speech through frequent revision, PO-9

rehearsal.

ETHS 351.3 PO-10

Apply effective strategies for a successful interview, group
discussion and an interview.

ETHS 351.4 Discover basic skills required in the preparation of PO-9, PO

placement and career advancement
10

ETHS 351.5 Assess best practices in workplace etiquette. PO-10

•

5
 ETHS 351.6 Develop listening, note taking and observational skills. PO-10

1.3
MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES (CO) AND PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)/
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSO)

PO PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO PSO PSO
CO 1 11 12 1 2
10

3
CO1

2 2
CO2

2
CO3

3 2
CO4

3
CO5

3
CO6

1.4 EVALUATION SCHEME

Laboratory
Components Internal External
Marks 40 60
Total Marks 100

1.5 GUIDELINES FOR CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT FOR EACH EXPERIMENT

•
Attendance and performance in minimum eight experiments – 30 marks for all
semesters
➢Each Experiment will carry a weight of 15 marks
➢Experiment performance [5 Marks]

6
 ➢ File [5 Marks]
➢Viva – Voce [5 Marks]
• 2 innovative experiments (Content Beyond syllabus) 10 marks for 1st & 2nd Semester
• 2 innovative experiments (Content Beyond syllabus) 5 marks for 3rd , 4th ,5th , 6th ,7th 8th
Semester
• Viva 5 marks for 3rd , 4th ,5th , 6th ,7th 8th Semester

The Rubrics for Experiment execution and Lab file+ viva voce is given below:

Experiment Marks details:

Completed Logically
Completed
and Incorrect Unacceptable
Status but partially
Executed Program or efforts/Absent
Executing
perfectly errors

Marks 4-5 2-3 1 0

File Marks Details:

File Contents
File Contents
File Contents & Checked
& Checked
Status & Checked not Timely
After two
Timely (after one
weeks
week)

Marks 4-5 2-3 0-1

Viva-Voce Marks details:

Viva Viva
Status Viva (Good)
(Average) (Unsatisfactory)

Marks 4-5 1-3 0

7
Note: Viva Voce Questions for each experiment should be related to Course
Outcomes.

Format for students while writing Experiment in Lab file.

Experiment No: 1
Aim:
Course Outcome
Theory:
Practice Activity
Expected Outcome attained: YES/NO

8
2. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS AS PER GGSIPU

Sr. Title of Lab Experiments CO

No.
1. Listening and Comprehension Activities – Listening to selected lectures, (CO-6)
seminars, news (BBC, CNN, etc.).

Writing a brief summary or answering questions on the material listened to.

2. Reading Activities -- Reading different types of texts for different purposes with (CO-1)
focus on the sound structure and intonation patterns of English. Emphasis on correct
pronunciation.

3. Conversation Activities-- Effective Conversation Skills; Formal/Informal (CO-6/1)

Conversation; Addressing higher

officials, colleagues, subordinates, a public gathering; Participating in a video

conference.

4. Making an Oral Presentation–Planning and preparing a model presentation; (CO-4)

Organizing the presentation to

suit the audience and context; Connecting with the audience during presentation;
Projecting a positive image

while speaking; Emphasis on effective body language.

5. Making a Power Point Presentation -- Structure and format; Covering elements of (CO-4)
an effective

presentation; Body language dynamics.

6. Making a Speech -- Basics of public speaking; Preparing for a speech; Features of (CO-3)
a good speech; Speaking with a microphone. Famous speeches may be played as
model speeches for learning the art of public speaking. Some suggested speeches:
Barack Obama, John F Kennedy, Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi,Jawahar Lal
Nehru, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Subhash Chandra Bose, Winston Churchil Martin
Luther King Jr.

7. Participating in a Group Discussion -- Structure and dynamics of a GD; (CO-2)

Techniques of effective

participation in group discussion; Preparing for group discussion; Accepting others’

views / ideas; Arguing

against others’ views or ideas, etc.

8. Participating in Mock Interviews -- Job Interviews: purpose and process; How to

(CO-5)
prepare for an interview;

9
 Language and style to be used in an interview; Types of interview questions and how
to answer them.

CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

S.No Name of Experiment

1. Interview through telephone/videoconferencing
.
2 Extempore, Story Telling, Poetry Recitation
3 . Mock Situations and Role Play; Enacting a short skit

4 Debate (Developing an Argument), News Reading and

Anchoring

10
 Activity-1
Listening Skills
Objective:
• To make students understand key components of listening.
• To involve students in a listening exercise and make them realize the importance of
listening carefully.
• To help students link the theory and practice in the listening skills.
• To analyze source text for listening activity.

What is listening?
Listening is the ability to comprehend verbally communicated information and providing appropriate
feedback. It can be described also as the ability to pay attention to sound. Though it seems a simple
natural activity, it is a skill that has not been mastered by many. Everyone, except deaf people, hears
but it is listening that makes the difference. Hearing is the effect of vibrations in the eardrums caused
by sound waves, but listening goes beyond this process. Hearing is natural and reflexive whereas
listening is a deliberate effort to comprehend sound that is heard. The stages in the listening process
are: receiving (hearing), understanding, evaluating, remembering, and responding.

Great listening skills will help the individual:

• Understand and follow instructions.

• Minimize the risk of error and deviation at work or school.

• Settle quickly into the working environment.

• Pay attention and absorb information during speeches.

• Learn faster and easily during on-the-job training.

• Enjoy an improved brain absorption rate.

• Enjoy smoother and faster revision of lesson notes

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Types of Listening
In the interpersonal skill, listening is the most important skill. Effective listening is the foundation of
strong relationships, at home, socially and in the workplace. There are two types of listening. They
are: -

1. Discriminative Listening: Discriminative listening developed at a very early stage. It is the basic
form of listening. It involves the understanding of the sound not the meaning of words or
phrases. It is developed through childhood and into adulthood.

2. Compressive Listening: It involves understanding the meaning of the words. It is

complemented by sub – messages from non – verbal communication.

Other Listening Types: -

• Appreciative listening: Listen to music, mainly as a way to relax, is a good example of this
type of listening. It is for pleasure.

• Rapport listening: When we are trying to build harmony with others, engage in a type of
listening that encourages the other person to trust and like us. It is common in situations of
negotiation.

• Selective listening: In this type of listening, listener is somehow biased to what they are
hearing. It is a sign of failing communication.

Do’s and Don’ts

Don’ts

• Don’t relate everything someone says to yourself.

• Don’t accept what is not clear or what you don’t understand.

• Don’t just hear what is said.

• Don’t just identify what is being said.

• Don’t lose concentration by thinking of something to say while another person is talking.

• Don’t just listen passively.

• Don’t let the power of good listening slip away.

Do’s

• Do ration your own anecdotes so you don’t turn the conversation your way.

• Do concentrate on finding out where the person talking is coming from. If something is not
clear, ask to have it clarified.

• Do notice the demeanour of speakers and their body language. It can add to your
understanding.

12
 • Do try to put yourself in the other person’s shoes and empathize.

• Do be attentive and give them time to finish what they want to get across.

• Do be a good listener who contributes or asks questions to lead the conversation.

• Do follow up on what you have promised or what ideas the conversation has inspired.

• Do find out what they want when they talk to you. Find out what they like, and facilitate that
if the opportunity comes up.

Practice activity:

Strengths:

Areas of improvement:

Learning outcomes:

1.

3.

4.

13
 .
Activity -2

READING ACTIVITY

OBJECTIVES:
1. To develop skills and strategies of a successful reader.
2. To read critically.
3. To focus on sound structure and intonation patterns of English using different types of
texts for different purposes.

INTRODUCTION:
Reading is an essential aspect of language learning. It is an activity which can be followed at
various speeds - slow, fast, very fast. Reading skill can be narrated as a cognitive ability
which a person is able to use when interacting with written texts.

We read in different way for different purposes. We cannot read the telephone directory in
the same way as the newspaper. Usually the purpose of reading and getting information is
the essence of the manner of reading.

There are four types of reading: -

1. SKIMMING refers to rapidly reading a text to get an idea of what it contains.

2. SCANNING is done when one is looking for particular information.

3. INTENSIVE READING is what students do to take an examination, extract maximum

details from the text.

4. EXTENSIVE READING is done for pleasure and general awareness.

BARRIERS OF EFFECTIVE READING: -

1. Weak vocabulary.

2. Unfamiliar topics.

3. Slow speed of reading.

4. No pre-reading preparation.

5. Inappropriate linguistic analysis.

14
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE READING: -
1. Preview the text.
2. Try to understand the meaning of the text rather than letter or words.
3. Use a dictionary for the meaning of difficult words.
4. Try out the meaning of peculiar unfamiliar vocabulary from the context.
5. Search topic sentence.
6. Differentiate the main points from subordinate ones.
7. Distinguish a fact from an opinion.
8. Try to recognize the importance of an argument or the tone.
9. Note down the salient points to summarize.
10. Evaluate critically what you read.
11. Have confidence in your own ability and take chances.
To facilitate your understanding of the text you are reading, you can follow these: -
1. ANNOTATING: When you annotate, you highlight the text or make notes in the
margin. When annotating, you also write your comments about the text.
2. SUMMARIZING: While summarizing, you write the main points in your own
language.
3. NOTE MAKING: While doing the note making, you will pick out only relevant
information when you write the note making.
4. PARAPHRASING: While paraphrasing, you take the information and put it in your
own words without shortening it.

PRACTICE ACTIVITY:

Strengths:

Areas of improvement:

Learning outcomes:

1.

3.

15
4.

ACTIVITY – 3

Formal and Informal Conversation

Objective
1. To develop confidence among students to speak in public
2. To develop communication in formal and informal conversations
3. To make students identify wrongly spelt and to learnt correct spelling
4. To develop inter and intra personal communication skills.
5. To enable the students to make telephonic conversation effectively.
Introduction

To learn a language, we have various methods and approaches. The teacher

implements learner-centric methods for better learning. Learning by practical is
mostly preferred in the process of effective learning. A student learns through
self-experience when a teacher provides an opportunity to learn by getting their
mistake corrected in a given environment. Role Play is one such method that
creates a platform to improve the student’s speaking skills, on-verbal
communication and contextual usage of language and makes them understand
how to face real life situations.

Informal language, on the other hand, is more commonly utilized in the

situations or scenarios where we are more relaxed and will often involve
people that we know on a more personal level.
The use of formal language is more prevalent when we write. Informal
language is seen more when we speak. That being said, there are times when
writing can be less formal. For example, if you were writing a postcard an
email or a text message to a close friend, you aren’t likely to take care to use
proper grammar and to write in complete sentences.

Formal:

• They have been arguing all day

• She is very busy
• Many different outcomes were planned for the party

16
The famous soccer team we saw at the bus station went to Toronto
• The receptionist who answered the phone was very rude

Informal

• They’ve been arguing all day

• She’s very busy
• I planned many different outcomes for the party
• We felt the objective was unreasonable
• The famous soccer team we saw at the bus station went to Toronto
• The receptionist who answered the phone was very rude

DO’S
1. Understand and analyse the situation.
2. Identify Your role and act accordingly.
3. Frame your sentences, questions and answers properly.
4. Be as natural as possible. Be yourself.
5. Check your posture and move a little.
6. Use your hands to express the point.
7. Maintain eye contact with other person.
8. Understand The question before answering
DONT’S
1. Be in a hurry to say something.
2. Keep yourself detached from the given role.
3. Speak unchecked
4. Put on accent and look animated
5. Use your hands excessively
6. Avoid eye contact.
7. Answer in urgency

Practice Activity:

Strengths:

17
Areas of improvement:

Learning outcomes:
1.
2
3.
4.

18
,cl

Activity:4
Oral Presentation Skills
OBJECTIVE: Effective use of spoken form of language in academic and
official environment

INTRODUCTION
Presentation is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an
audience. When the presentation is made by oral means it can be termed as
an oral presentation. The
purpose of using the oral presentation technique is to eliminate, or reduce.
the need for
written material. where information can be conveyed in a more meaningful
and efficient way through verbal means.
There are two main types of presentations. They are:
➢ Extempore (pronounced ex-tem-pore)

➢ Prepared oral presentation

Presentation Skills Structure:

(i) STRUCTURE 1:
Introduction:
(i) So the audience's attention and signal the beginning by using
words such as Right, Welt Okay. Let 's Begin. Good, Fine, Great, Can
we start?, Shall we start?. Let's get the ball rolling, let 's gel down to
business

19
 (ii) Greet the audience like:

Hello ladies and gentlemen; good morning members of the jury;

good afternoon esteemed guests; good evening members of the
board, fellow colleagues, Mr. Chairman/Mrs. Chairwoman
(iii) Introduce Yourself: Tel your name, position, responsibility in the
company. For example: Good afternoon lathes and gentlemen Let
me introduce myself -

(ii)STRUCTURE 2:
1. Give title and introduce subject like - I plan to speak about... OR
Today, I'm going to talk about... OR The subject of my
presentation is...

2. Give your objectives, purpose, altos and goals

3. Announce your outline

4. The middle or body: The content should be in chronological

order, from general to specific

5. Conclusion

Tips for an Effective Presentation:

(i) Extempore:

➢ Decide quickly on what your message would be

Keep in mind the fact that you have not been asked to give a speech but to
make some impromptu remarks. Hopefully they have asked you early enough
so you can at least jot down a few notes before you speak. If not, pick ONE
message or comment and focus on that one main idea. Many times, other ideas
may come to you after you start speaking. If this happens, go with the flow
and trust your instincts.

20
 ➢ Do not try and memorize what you want to say

Trying to memorize will only make you more nervous and you will find
yourself thinking more about the words and not about the message.
➢ Start off strong and with confidence

if you at least plan your opening statement, this will get you started on the. right
foot. After all, just like with any formal speech, getting started it is the most
difficult part. Plan what your first sentence will he. You may even write this
opening line down on your note card and glance at it one more time just
before you begin speaking. If you know you have three points or ideas to say,
just start off simple by saying, —I would like to talk about 3 points, The first
point is .... The second point is ....and so on. just Decide on your transitions
from one point to the other - After you have decided on your opening
remark or fine, come up with a simple transition statement that takes
you to your main point. If you have more than one point to make, you can
use a natural transition such —My second point is... or my next point is...1
etc. Just list on your note card or napkin, if you have to. the main points or
ideas. Do not write out the exact words, but just the points you want to
mention.
➢ Maintain eye contact with the audience

This is easier to do if you do not write down all kinds of stuff to read out.
Look at your next idea or thought and maintain eye contact with your
audience and speak from your heart. Focus on communicating to your
audience and not speaking to the crowd.
➢ Occasionally throw in an off-the-cuff remark

If you want your style to be flexible and seem impromptu, trust your instinct
and add a few words which just pop into your head. Keep it conversational
and think of the audience as a group of friends.
➢ Finally, have a good conclusion

Gracefully just state... —And the lam point I would like

to make is... Once you have node your last point, you can then turn back to
the person who asked you to speak in the first place. With a little practice,

21
this process will feel more natural to you. Anticipating that you may be
asked to say a few words should force you to at least think about what you
might say if you are asked. Then if you are asked, you are better prepared
because you have already anticipated being asked.

(ii)Prepared Oral Presentation:

In a prepared oral presentation, you know the topic which you are
going to present, you can prepare your presentation before hand as
you would know already about yourvaudience. This presentation
usually spans 10-30 minutes (though the duration of presentation
entirely depends on the purpose of the presentation), followed by
discussion, clarification and
questions.

Barriers for Effective presentation

Some of the barriers to effective presentation are:
➢ Fear

When a person stands before a huge gathering of people, who are eager to
listen to him, it is obvious that he becomes nervous. This nervousness
plays a positive role as long as it makes the speaker more attentive, but
once it takes a toll over him, it spoils the entire presentation.
➢ Lack of preparation

22
It is always advisable that the speaker plans everything in advance. It
includes preparation related to the topic, keeping a small paper handy and
jotting down presentation.
The introduction should end with a reiteration of your main point. "I he
body should develop each point previewed in the introduction. You may
present your ideas in a chronological sequence, or a simple topical
sequence. You should announce each point as
you come to it, so that your audience knows when you have completed
one point and begun another, The conclusion of the presentation should
help the audience understand the significance of your talk and remember
the main points. It should not be ton long and should leave the audience
with a positive feeling, ;thout you and your ideas. ideas is better than relying
on one's memory. Preparation also includes preparing oneself for
unpredictable problems with the sound system, visual clips, slides & projector.
lithe speaker fails to ,pare for this. his presentation might be a failure, due to
power cut or some technical problems. Lack of preparation would make the
presentation less impressive.
➢ Unable to control one's ideas

Some speakers beat around the bush and never come to the main idea. They
give elaborate examples, explain for a long time. They get stuck up with a
trivial point/thing. Some speakers fail to present their ideas in a sequence.
Deviation from the main topic plays a negative role in the outcome of a
speech.

How to make a good presentation

In order to make a successful presentation, you should keep in mind the
following aspects'
1. Conquering stage fear: To conquer stage fright, know the facts about it

• Some amount of stage fright is helpful.

• Many professional speakers never completely lost all their stage

fright.

• One of the main reasons for stage fright is that one is not
accustomed to speaking in public.

23
 • Some symptoms like mental blocks, trembling arms, excessive
sweating, lack of fluency are usual among beginners.

• To gain confidence, watch successful presentations of other

speakers.

• Thorough preparation would, help you conquer stage fright.

• Simple warm up exercise, rotating your arms and moving your

facial muscles would help you speak with natural ease.

• Including carbohydrates in the meal which you take before the

presentation and taking banana or chocolates would help you

• Before beginning your presentation, take three deep breaths of

air. Encouraging oneself by statements such as, —I can make a
successful presentation and —I am confident of myself will
help.

2. The audience: The most important thing for a presentation is your

audience. Consider their age group and find out whether they all are
from the same group or with varied backgrounds...

Always know the needs of your audience before planning for anything. Ask
yourself, how your presentation will help them and what you want them to
know by the end of your presentation.
3. Content of your presentation: Your content should not be too difficult
for the audience to understand. If the content is too long, it should be
shortened according to the time allotted. Some examples and
instructions should be present to support your argument and make the
audience understand better. While preparing the content, remember
to highlight the key points which will support your argument.

4. Structure of your presentation: Generally, a presentation starts with

an introduction. followed by the body of the speech and ends with a
conclusion. In the introduction, you —tell them what you are going to
tell them. In the body. you —tell them!. In the conclusion, you —tell
them what you told them.

24
You may use some anecdotes or questions to raise interest among your
audience. Then state the goal of your presentation and tell them briefly the
main issues you will discuss in your presentation

5. The Delivery

Some of the main areas you should concentrate are:-

Quality of your voice: There are four main terms used for defining vocal
qualities.
• VOLUME: how loud the sound is, good speakers lower their
voice to draw the audience In, and rise it to make a point.

• TONE: the characteristics of a sound. A voice that carries fear

can frighten the audience, while a voice that carries laughter can
get the audience to smile.

• PITCH: how high or low a note is.

• PACE: this is how long a sound lasts. Talking too fast carries the
words and syllables to be short, while talking slowly lengthens
them. Varying the pace helps us to maintain audience interest.

6. Rapport with your audience

Look into the eyes of your audience while presenting. In between have a
glance at all of them. Avoid looking at any one too long. Do not ever try to
address the ceiling or the walls of the room. If you do not make a sincere
eye contact with your audience, they may think you are not confident
about what you are presenting. Questions in between will make the
audience listen actively.
7. Pay attention to your body language

Your body communicates different impressions to the audience.

Throughout the presentation, display:
• EYE CONTACT: This helps to regulate the flow of communication.
It signals interest in others and increases the speaker's
credibility. Speakers who make eye contact open the flow of

25
 communication and convey interest concern warmth and
credibility.

• FACIAL EXPRESSIONS: Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits

happiness, friendliness, warmth and liking. So, if you smile
frequently you will be perceived as more likable, friendly and
approachable. Smiling is contagious and others will react
Nfavorably. They will be more comfortable around you and will
want to listen to you more and more.

• GESTURES: If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be

perceived as boring and stiff. A lively speaking style captures
attention, makes the material more interesting and facilitates
understanding

• POSTURE AND BODY ORIENTATION: Standing and leaning

forward communicates that you are approachable, respective
and friendly. Interpersonal closeness results when you and
your audience face each other. Speaking with our back turned
or looking at the floor or ceiling should be avoided as it
communicates disinterest.

• PROXIMITY: Cultural norms dictate comfortable distance for

interaction with others. You should look for signals of discomfort
caused by invading others space. Some of these are- rocking,
leg swinging, tapping, and gaze aversion. Typically, in large
rooms space invasion is not a problem. In most instances,
there is too much distance. To counteract this move around
the room to interaction with your audience. increasing the
proximity enables you to make better eye contact and
increases the opportunity for others to speak.

• VARY YOUR VOICE: One of the major criticisms of speakers is that

they speak in a monotone voice. Listeners perceive this type of
speaker as boring and dull. People report that they learn

26
• Practice Activity

• Strengths:

• Areas of improvement:

• Learning outcomes:

• 1.

• 2

• 3.

• 4.

27
 ACTIVITY:5
PRESENTATION SKILLS
Objective:
Effective use of spoken form of language in academic and official environment.

Introduction:
Presentation is a process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience.
When the presentation is made by oral means it can be termed as an oral
presentation. The purpose of using the oral presentation technique is to
eliminate or reduce the need for written material, where information can be
conveyed in a more meaningful and efficient way through verbal means.
There are two main types of presentations. They are:
● Extempore (pronounced ex-tem-pore)
● Prepared oral presentation

Presentation Skills Structure:

(i) Structure 1:
Introduction:
1. Get the audience’s attention and signal the beginning by using words such
as Right, Well, Okay. Let’s Begin, Good, Fine, Great, can we start? Shall we
start? Let’s get the ball rolling. Let’s get down to business
2. Greet the audience like: Hello ladies and gentlemen; good morning
members of the jury; good afternoon esteemed guests; good evening
members of board, fellow colleagues, Mr. Chairman/Mrs. Chairwoman.
3. Introduce yourself: Tell your name, position, responsibility in the
company. For example: Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Let me
introduce myself.
(ii) Structure 2:

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 1. Give title and introduce subject like - ‘I plan to speak about… OR Today
I'm going to talk about… OR The subject of my presentation is…
2. Give your objective, purpose, aims and goals
3. Announce your outline
4. The middle or body: The content should be in chronological order, from
general to specific
5. conclusion

Tips for an Effective Presentation:

(i) Extempore:
● Decide quickly on what your message would be: Keep in mind the fact
that you have not been asked to give a speech but to make some
impromptu remarks.
● Do not try and memorize what you want to say: trying to memorize will
only make you more nervous and you will find yourself thinking more
about the words and not about the message.
● Start off strong and with confidence: If you at least plan your opening
statement, this will get you started on the right foot. After all, just like
with any formal speech, getting started is the most difficult part. Plan
what your first sentence will be.
● Maintain eye contact with the audience: This is easier to do if you do not
write down all kinds of stuff to read out. Look at your next idea or thought
and maintain eye contact with your audience and speak from your heart.
Focus on communicating to your audience and not speaking to the crowd.
● Occasionally throw in an off-the-cut remark: If you want your style to be
flexible and seen impromptu, trust instinct and add a few words which
just pop into your head. Keep it controversial and think of audience as a
group of friends.
● Finally have a good conclusion: Gracefully just state…-And the last point
I would like to make is… Once you have made your last point, you can then
turn back to the person who asked you to speak in the first place.
With little practice, this process will feel you more natural to you.

(ii) Prepared Oral Presentation:

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In a prepared oral presentation, you know the topic which you are going to
present, you can prepare your presentation before hand as you would know
already about your audience. This presentation usually spans 10-30minutes
(through the duration of the presentation entirely depends on the purpose of
presentation), followed by discussion, clarification and questions.

Barriers to effective presentation:

Some of the barriers to effective presentation are:
A. Fear: When a person stands before a huge gathering of people, who are
eager to listen to him, it is obvious that he becomes nervous. This
nervousness plays a positive role as long as it makes the speaker attentive,
but once it takes a toll over him, it spoils the entire presentation.
B. Lack of preparation: it is advisable that the speaker plans everything in
advance. It includes preparation related to the topic, keeping a small
paper handy and jotting down ideas is better than relying on one’s
memory.
C. Unable to control one’s ideas: some speakers beat around the bush and
never come to the main idea. They give elaborate examples, explain for a
long time. They get stuck up with a trivial point/thing. Deviation from the
main topic plays a negative role in the outcome of a speech.

How to make a good presentation:

In order to make a successful presentation, you should keep in mind the
following aspects:
1.Conquering stage fear: To conquer stage fright, know the fact about it.
● Some amount of stage fright is helpful.
● Many professional speakers never completely lost all their stage fright.
● Syme symptoms like mental blocks, trembling arms, excessive sweating,
lack of fluency are usual among the beginners.
● To gain confidence, watch successful presentations of other speakers.
● Thorough preparation would help you conquer stage fear.

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 ● Before beginning your presentation, take three deep breaths of air.

2. The audience: The most important thing for a presentation is your

audience. Consider their age group and find out whether they all are from
the same group or with varied backgrounds.

3. Content of your presentation: Your content should not be too difficult for
the audience to understand. If the content is too long, it should be
shortened according to the time allotted.

4. Structure of your presentation: Generally, a presentation starts with an

introduction, followed by the body of the speech and ends with a
conclusion.

The delivery: Some of the main areas you should concentrate are:
Quality of your voice: There are four main terms used for defining vocal
qualities.
1. Volume 3. Pitch
2. Tone 4. Pace
Rapport with your audience: Look into the eyes of your audience while
presenting. In between have a glance at all of them. Avoid looking at any one
for too long. Do not ever try to address the ceiling or the walls of the room. If
you do not make a sincere eye contact with your audience, they may think you
are not confident about what you are presenting.

Pay attention to your body language: Your body communicates different

impressions to the audience. Throughout the presentation, display:
1. Eye contact: This helps to regulate the flow of communication. It signals
interest in others and increases the speaker’s credibility.
2. Facial expressions: Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits happiness,
friendliness, warmth and liking. Smiling is contagious and others will react
favorably.

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 3. Gestures: If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as
boring and stiff. A lively speaking style captures attention, make the
material more interesting and facilitates understanding.
4. Postures and body orientation: Standing and learning forward
communicates that you are approachable, respective and friendly.
Interpersonal closeness results when you and your audience face each
other.
5. Proximity: Cultural norms dictate comfortable distance for interaction
with others. You should look for signals of discomfort caused by invading
other space. Some are rocking, leg swinging, tapping and gaze aversion.
6. Vary your voice: One of the major criticisms of speakers is that they speak
in a monotone voice. Listeners perceive this type of speakers as boring
and dull. People report that they learn and loose interest more quickly
when listening to those who have not learnt to modulate their voices.
Practice activity:
Strengths:

Areas of improvement:

Learning outcomes:

1.

4.

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 Activity 06
Making a Speech.

Objective:-
1. To analyze and adapt messages to audience.
2. Develop the process and elements of effective speaking.
3. To prepare and propose various methods of speech organization.
4. To develop an understanding of effective nonverbal expression including vocalic, kinesics,
eye
Contact, and appearance.

Practice Activity

Strengths:

Areas of improvement:

Learning outcomes:
1.
2
3.
4.

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 Activity : 7
Group Discussion
Objectives of Group Discussion
• To test the candidate's knowledge of the subject
• To test the ability to communicate with other participants
• To test the behavior of the candidate, which may , his Pirrama traits,
leadership qualities,
attitudes, spirit of accommodation, tolerance, self-confidence etc.

WHAT IS GROUP DISCUSSION?

Group Discussion still plays an important role in the admission process for
many MBA colleges and many corporate jobs etc.
In a Group Discussion, the candidates are divided. In groups of 8 to 10 and
each group is tested by panel of Judges. Usually topics of general interest are
given by the panel to the group and the group is asked to proceed with.
Nowadays Group Discussion is being extensively used along with perrama
interviews for the final selection of candidates. It plays a main role in selecting
the best among the best. Having scored high marks, students who get selected
for a higher/another course or employment are placed on a par-on equal
footing-based on their age, qualification and experience. It becomes necessary
to conduct further screening for choosing a few among many. Group
Discussion is more a technique than a conventional test. It is also designed as a
situation test wherein a sample of a candidate's group worthiness and
potential as a worker comes out quite explicitly. His opinion and views on the
topic given. During the discussion, the panel of Judges quietly observes the
performance and behavior of the candidates and. Makes his own assessment.

TYPES OF GROUP DISCUSSION

Group Discussion can be divided into two broad categories based on the
topic/issue given for discussion. They are

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1. Case-based Group Discussion (also called Case Studies)
Most of the management institutes (as a part of their admission process) as
well as most organizations (as a part of their campus recruitment process) use
Topic-based Group Discussions. There are a few institutes or organizations that
use Case studies in the Group Discussions in their selection process.

2. TOPIC-BASED GROUP DISCUSSIONS

In topic-based GDs, the group members are given a topic to discuss. A topic is
typically in the form of a statement (sometimes the topic may not be a
complete statement.

3. Knowledge-based
These are such that you need to have some knowledge about the topic to be
able to speak on the topic.
Knowledge-based topics mostly cover current economic issues.

4. Non-knowledge-based
These do not require a knowledge base in any specific area for you to be able
to talk about them. Common, day-to-day knowledge is sufficient to do a good
job of talking about such topics. Your worldly knowledge and common sense
will help you in speaking on the topic.
A group discussion can be categorically divided into three different phases:
I. Initiation/introduction
II. Body of the group discussion
III. Summarization/conclusion
Let’s stress on the initiation and summarization:

Initiation Techniques:

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When you initiate a Group Discussion, you not only if you can make a
favourable first impression with your content and communication skills after
you initiate a Group Discussion, it will help you sail through the discussion.
But if you initiate a Group Discussion and stammer/stutter/quote wrong facts
and figures, the damage might be irreparable
If you initiate a Group Discussion impeccably but don’t speak much after that,
it gives the impression that you started the Group Discussion for the sake of
starting it or getting that initial kitty of points earmarked for an initiator.
When you start a Group Discussion, you are responsible for putting it into the
right perspective or framework When you start a Group Discussion, you are
responsible for putting it into the right perspective or framework. So initiate
one only if you have in depth knowledge about the topic at hand.
There are different techniques to initiate a Group Discussion and make a good
first impression:
1.Quotes 2. Definition 3. Question 4. shock statement 5. Facts, figures and
statistics 6. Short story 7. General statement

Summarizing a discussion
Keep the following points in mind when summarizing a discussion:
• Avoid raising new points,
• Avoid stating only your viewpoint.
• Avoid dwelling only on one aspect of the Group Discussion.
• Keep it brief and concise.
• It must incorporate all the important points that came out
during the Group Discussion.

Skills assessed during GD:

Below are skills assessed during a group discussion:

Leadership skills:
Leadership is one of the key still on which candidates are assessed during a
Group Discussion.

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Lead a team is desired out of a manager.
Example:
1. Initiate the group discussion and give proper directions to the
discussion.
2. Intervene and guide when the discussion goes off track.
3. Encouraging all member to participate n the discussion & share
their opinion.
4. Moderate group if discussion gets chaotic.

Communication skills:
The participating candidate are also assessed in terms f clarity of thought,
expression through word and aptness of their language. One should be able to
speak without any hesitation and at the same time should not sound harsh.
Example:
1. Hold attention of the group by simple language.

Attitude:
Attitude is another important parameter of most of the Group Discussion
Candidates are expected to:
• Have positive attitude,
• Encourage others for participation,
• Not to put someone down during the discussion
• Be good listeners when others are speaking
• Accepting other viewpoints (if it’s a valid one)
• Not showing stubbornness and harshness
• should speak maturely
• should not raise voice unnecessarily
Example:

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 I. one should handle Group Discussion very maturely and should
not raise his voice so much that he sounds harsh.
II. Should be supporting for other members and should be easy
going.
III. Should show keen interest in discussion and be an avid
listener.

Reasoning Ability:
Candidate are expected to substantiate the points raised by them through
proper reasoning. Just raising a point without able to justify the same during a
GD would not help and may in negative marks as well. Also another member
could use the same point and well justify it with reasoning. One should logically
be able to think of pros and cons of points made by him and put forward the
same to the group.

Example:
While bringing up any point be prepared with answers such as:
I. What is the point you are raising? How is it going to help with the
problem under discussion? Why you feel so? Give any Example?
II. Say scams in India, just saying scams are not good without backing the
sentence with any justification is a good as not raising the point. One
should say scams are not good because it’s hurting the Indian economy
badly and hindering the growth of our Nation. Example: Foreign
institutions are not willing to invest due to scams in our country and
poor Governance. Also, these scams adversely impact the business by
attracting organization with lesser capability to execute projects.

Team player:
Corporate world is all about working as a tea, if the team succeeds everyone in
the team succeeds; Similarly a failure of team is of each members of the team.
Candidates participating in GD are also evaluated for their ability to work in a
team.
Example:
1. Be polite and cordial in your communication.

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 2. Accept others viewpoint and encourage each member to put
forward their points.
3. Don’t lose your cool if someone counter argue the points which you
had raised and accept ideas politely.
4. Avoid any arguments.
5. Help the group to achieve its goal on the time at the same time
fostering participating from each member.

General Awareness:
The topics given in Group Discussion are mostly of current affairs; at times, any
abstract topic is given. If the topic is from current affairs t is expected of the
candidate to be aware of the happenings around the world. The idea a
candidate put forwards clearly demonstrated maturity and interests in the
current affairs impacting the society,
Nation of the world.
Example: while speaking on any topic the points which your alse or put
forward to group clearly demonstrates your knowledge about the logic, thus
defining you as an intellectual who has avid interest in happenings around him.

DO’S and Don’ts in group discussion

The don’t’ s
• Don’t be nervous, shy or emotional.
• Don’t try to bluff as the panel will easily figure out that
• Don’t allow the criticism bother you.
• Don’t be frivolous, keep yourself to the point.
• Don’t use foul language or slang, like yaar ,princy ,shit etc.
• Don’t loose your temper and calmness
• Don’t ridicule or make fun of any member
• Don’t impose on others yourself or your arguments
• Don’t interrupt a participant, unless he finishes his speaking.

The DO’S
• Stick to the point and address the group as a whole.

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 • Be logical while reasoning.
• Be assertive while putting your views.
• Listen to others attentively
• Motivate others to speak.
• Keep calm and polite.
• Be positive and provide full contribution to the entire discussion.
• Use body language to your maximum advantage.
• Speaking clear terms.
• Maintain a cordial atmosphere, cooperate with all, in other to reach the
final goal.

Benefits of group discussion.

• It is a good way to engage the participants in a fruitful discussion.
• Group discussion generates a creative thinking in all participants,
something beyond the obvious.
• Generate more ideas and as structured presentation of topic.
• Improves analytical abilities to think on a particular given topic.
• Provides different approaches to a topic.
• Improves confidence in public speaking platform.
• Can alter our perspectives as well

Practice activity:

Strengths:

Areas of improvement:

Learning outcomes:
1.
2

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 Activity -8
Mock Interview

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