B.

CURVED SURFACE
Force: P = √ ( Ph2 + Pv2 )
PROBLEMS: Ph = γhA
1. One slug is equivalent to how many kg? Pv = γVol
2. A liquid in a 1.13 m3 container has a mass of 814
Case 1: Liquid above the body
kg.
a. What is its mass density?
b. What is its specific weight?
c. What is its gravity force?
3. The pressure gage in a given tank reads 125 mm
Hg. Calculate the equivalent height of column oil.
4. Assuming oil in the differential-type manometer
shown, calculate the difference in pressures
between A and B.

Case 2: Liquid below the body

5. Chlorine gas at 300 C is under a pressure of 481

kPa. Assume a gas constant of 117 N-m/kg-K.
Calculate its specific volume.

PROBLEMS:
A. PLANE SURFACE 1. A circular gate 1.5 m in diameter is inclined at an
Force: P = γhA angle of 450. Fresh water stands on one side of the
gate to height of 10 m above the center of the gate.
Eccentricity: e = I / A ӯ
a. Evaluate the total force on the gate
P = Total hydrostatic pressure on plane area b. Locate the point of action of the total force from
e = distance of center of pressure below the center the bottom on the plane of the gate.
of gravity c. If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate the force
h = vertical distance of the cg below the liquid normal to the gate at the bottom that will require
surface to open it in kN.
ӯ = distance of cg below the liquid surface along the
body
I = moment of inertia with respect to its centroidal 2. The 5-m wide sluice gate “ab” shown, tangent to
axis the vertical wall at “a”, holds back water. The surface
of the gate in contact with the water can be taken as
part of a cylinder with radius 4m.
a. Determine the horizontal force acting on the
curve
b. Determine the total force on the curve
c. Determine the location of the vertical force from
pt. “a”

HYDRAULICS 1 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN

Archimedes’ Principle:
“A body immersed in a fluid is acted by a buoyant
force which is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced”.
BF = γf Vd

BF = buoyant force (kN)

γf = unit weight of fluid displaced
Vd = volume of fluid displaced

PROBLEMS:
1. A piece of wood floats in water with 15 cm
projecting above the water surface. When placed
in oil, the block projects 10 cm above the liquid
surface.

a. Calculate the height of the wood

b. Calculate the specific gravity if the wood G = Center of Gravity of the body
c. If the wood is vertically submerged in seawater Bo = center of buoyancy in upright position
(s.g. = 1.03), by how many millimeters would it Bo’ = center of buoyancy in tilted position
project the surface? M = Metacenter
GM = metacentric height
2. A rectangular tank of internal width of 5 m, as For
shown in the figure, contains oil of sp. gr. = 0.8 and rectangular:
water.
a. What is the value of h?
b. If a 1000 N block is made to float in oil, what is
the new value of h?
For other sections:
c. If a 1000 N block is made to float in oil, what is
the rise (cm) in water surface in chamber B? B = width
D = draft
VD = Volume displaced
I = moment of inertia
ϴ = angle of tilting

PROBLEMS:
1. A barge floating along the river is in the form of a
parallelepiped having dimensions of 10 m by 30 m
by 3 m. When loaded, has a weight of 4500 kN.
The center of gravity loaded 4 m from the bottom
of the barge. Assuming the specific gravity = 1.01
of the water in the river.
a. Determine the draft of the barge
3. A barge with 810 m2 horizontal sectional area at b. Determine the metacentric height with respect
the waterline has a draft of 4.14 m in sea water at to rolling
full capacity. In the entrance of a canal with fresh c. Determine the metacentric height with respect
water it was observed that the ship draws 4.22 m. to pitching
What is the barge’s displacement in sea water in
cubic meters?

I. Consider 1-unit length of dam and identify the heel

and toe
II. Determine all the forces acting:
A. Vertical Forces
1. Weight of the dam
2. Weight of water above the dam ( if any )
3. Weight of permanent structures on the dam
4. Hydrostatic Uplift (U)

HYDRAULICS 1 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN

B. Horizontal Forces
1. Total hydrostatic force acting at the vertical
projection of the submerged portion of the dam
2. Other forces like wind pressure, wave action,
floating bodies, and earthquake load 1. Walls Carrying Stress in Pipes and Tanks

III. Solve the resultant force t = (pD)/ 2St (eff)

A. Vertical resultant force, Ry t = thickness
B. Horizontal resultant force, Rx D = diameter
P = unit pressure of fluid
IV. Moment about the toe St = actual or allowable tensile stress of the wall
A. Overturning Moment, OM Eff = efficiency of the connections
B. Righting Moment, RM Note: If efficiency of connections is not mentioned in
the problem, assume 100% efficiency.
V. Factor of Safety
A. Factor of Safety against overturning 2. Hoops Carrying Stress in Pipes and Cylindrical Tanks
F.O. = RM / OM
B. Factor of Safety against sliding S = 2T / pD
F.O. = µRy / Rx S =spacing
T = tensile force in one hoop
VI. Location of Ry (x) and e
PROBLEMS:
x = ( RM – OM )/Ry 1. A 1.2-m diameter wood-stave pipe carries 76 m of
e = I B/2 – x I water. It is provided with 25-mm diameter steel
hoops with an allowable tensile stress of 104.3
MPa.
VII. Foundation Pressure a. What pressure of water will be resisted by the
A. If e <= B/6 hoops?
b. What is the actual tensile force in the hoops if
they are spaced at 75 mm center to center?
c. What spacing of the hoops will be implemented?

B. If e > B/6

Horizontal Motion

PROBLEMS:
1. A masonry dam of a trapezoidal section with one
face vertical is 0.6 thick at the top and 3 m at the
bottom. It is 6.6 m high and has a horizontal base. tan ϴ = a /g
On the inclined face, water stands 4.5 m deep.
Assume sg = 2.4 for the dam and hydrostatic uplift
varies from 60% at the heel to zero at the toe. Inclined Motion
a. Find the vertical component of the foundation
reaction?
b. How far from the toe will that force intersect
the base?
c. What is the factor of safety against overturning?
d. What is the factor of safety against sliding
assuming µ = 0.51?
e. What is the intensity if the pressure at the toe?
tan ϴ = ah / (g ± av )

Use (+) sign for upward and (-) sign for downward motion.

HYDRAULICS 1 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN

Vertical Motion
1. An open 1-m diameter tank contains water at a
depth of 0.7 m when at rest. As the tank is rotated
p = γh (1 ± a/g ) about its vertical axis, the center of the fluid
surface is depressed. At what angular velocity will
the bottom of the tank first be exposed? No water
is spilled from the tank.

Use (+) sig for upward motion and 2. A closed, 0.4-m diameter cylindrical tank is
(-) sign for downward motion. Also completely filled with oil ( SG = 0.9 )and rotates
note that a is positive for
acceleration and negative for
about its vertical longitudinal axis with an angular
deceleration. velocity of 40 rad / s. Determine the difference in
pressure just under the vessel cover between a
point on the circumference and a point on the
PROBLEMS: axis.
1. An open tank 3m long, 1.8 wide. And 1.5 high
contains water to a depth of 1.2 m. It is moving
parallel to a pair of longest sides. Determine the
following:
a. the maximum acceleration without spilling any
liquid
b. the unbalanced force causing the acceleration
in part (1)?
c. the volume of water spilled if accelerated at 3
m/s2?
d. the volume of water retained when accelerated
at 5.4 m/s2?

2. An open circular cylinder with 2 m of water is acted

by an unbalanced upward force of 20 kN. The
volume of water inside the cylinder is 6.28 m3.
a. Compute the acceleration of the tank?
b. Compute the pressure at the bottom of the
tank?
c. Calculate the force on the bottom of the tank?

tan ϴ = ω2x / g
y = ω2x2 /2g

Squared-property of parabola,
r 2 /h = x2 / y
1 rpm = 1/30 π rad / sec

PROBLEMS:

HYDRAULICS 1 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN