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Week 7

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55 views52 pages

Week 7

Uploaded by

Sehar Irfan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 7

Data and Knowledge Management


CHAPTER OUTLINE

7.1 Managing Data


7.2 The Database Approach
7.3 Database Management Systems
7.4 Data Warehousing
7.5 Data Visualization
7.6 Knowledge Management
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Recognize the importance of data, issues
involved in managing data and their lifecycle.
 Describe the sources of data and explain how
data are collected.
 Explain the advantages of the database
approach.
Learning Objectives (continued)
 Explain the operation of data warehousing
and its role in decision support.
 Explain data governance and how it helps to
produce high-quality data.
 Define knowledge, and describe different
types of knowledge.
Chapter Opening Case

Your digital shadow


Annual Flood of New Data!
Examples of Data Sources

Credit card RFID tags


swipes Digital video
surveillance

Blogs

E-mails
Radiology scans
7.1 Managing Data
Difficulties in Managing Data
Amount of data increases
exponentially.
Data are scattered and collected
by many individuals using
various methods and devices.
Data come from many sources.
Data security, quality and
integrity are critical.
Difficulties in Managing Data (continued)
An ever-increasing amount of data needs to be
considered in making organizational decisions.

The Data Deluge


Data Life Cycle (Figure 7.1)
Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom
7.2 The Database Approach
 Database management system (DBMS)
provides all users with access to all the data.
 DBMSs minimize the following problems:
 Data redundancy
 Data isolation
 Data inconsistency
Database Approach (continued)
• Specific type of software for creating, storing,
organizing, and accessing data from a database

• Separates the logical and physical views of the


data

• Logical view: how end users view data

• Physical view: how data are actually structured and


organized

• Examples of DBMS: Microsoft Access, DB2, Oracle


Database, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL
Database Approach (continued)
• Databases provide information to help the company run the
business more efficiently, and help managers and
employees make better decisions.

• Tools for analyzing, accessing vast quantities of data:

• Data warehousing

• Multidimensional data analysis

• Data mining

• Utilizing Web interfaces to databases


Database Approach (continued)
 DBMSs maximize the following issues:
 Data security
 Data integrity
 Data independence
Database Management Systems
Data Hierarchy
Bit
Byte
Field
Record
File (or table)
Database
Hierarchy of Data for a
Computer-Based File
Data Hierarchy (continued)
Bit (binary digit)

Byte (eight bits)


Data Hierarchy (continued)
Example of Field and Record
Data Hierarchy (continued)
Example of Field and Record
Designing the Database
Data model
 Entity
 Attribute
 Primary key
 Secondary keys
Entity-Relationship Modeling
 Database designers plan the database
design in a process called entity-
relationship (ER) modeling.
 ER diagrams consists of entities, attributes
and relationships.
 Entity classes
 Instance
 Identifiers
Entity-Relationship Diagram Model
7.3 Database Management Systems

Database management system (DBMS)


Relational database model
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Query by Example (QBE)
Student Database Example
Normalization
 Normalization is a method for analyzing and
reducing a relational database to its most
streamlined form for:
 Minimum redundancy
 Maximum data integrity
 Best processing performance
 Normalized data is when attributes in the
table depend only on the primary key.
Non-Normalized Relation
Normalizing the Database (part A)
Normalizing the Database (part B)
Normalization Produces Order
Electronic Medical Records
(IT’s About Business 4.1)
7.4 Data Warehousing
Data warehouse
 Data warehouses are organized by business
dimension or subject.
 Data warehouses are multidimensional.

A Data Cube
Data Warehousing (continued)
 Data warehouse is a repository of historical
data organized by subject to support decision
makers in the organization and include:
 Online analytical processing which involves
the analysis of accumulated data by end
users;
 Multidimensional data structure which
allows data to be represented in a three-
dimensional matrix (or data cube).
Data Warehousing (continued)
• Database that stores current and
historical data that may be of interest
to decision makers
• Consolidates and standardizes data
from many systems, operational and
transactional databases
• Data can be accessed but not altered
Data Warehousing (continued)
 The data warehouse
extracts current and
historical data from
multiple operational
systems inside the
organization. These
data are combined
with data from
external sources
and reorganized into
a central database
designed for
management
reporting and
analysis. The
information
directory provides
users with
information about
the data available in
the warehouse.
Data Warehouse Framework & Views
Relational Databases
Multidimensional Database
Equivalence Between Relational and
Multidimensional Databases
Equivalence Between Relational and
Multidimensional Databases
Equivalence Between Relational and
Multidimensional Databases
Benefits of Data Warehousing
 End users can access data quickly and easily
via Web browsers because they are located
in one place.
 End users can conduct extensive analysis
with data in ways that may not have been
possible before.
 End users have a consolidated view of
organizational data.
Data Marts & Data Mining
 Data mart is a small data warehouse,
designed for the end-user needs in a
strategic business unit (SBU) or a
department.
 Data mining involves searching for valuable
business information in a large database,
data warehouse, or data mart.
 Used to predict trends and behaviors.
 Identify previously unknown patterns.

Copyright 2007 John Chapter 4 44


Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7.5 Data Visualization Technologies
 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a
computer-based system for capturing,
integrating, manipulating and displaying data
using digitized maps.
 Find locations for new restaurants.
 Emerging GIS applications integrated with global
positioning systems (GPSs).
 Virtual Reality is interactive, computer-
generated, three-dimensional graphics
delivered to the user through a head-mounted
display.

Copyright 2007 John Chapter 4 45


Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Data Visualization(Continued)
 Knowledge Visualization improves knowledge
transfer by providing tools that allow
knowledge workers to manipulate knowledge
into representations that have more meaning.
7.6 Knowledge Management
 Knowledge management (KM)
 Knowledge
 Intellectual capital (or intellectual assets)
Knowledge Management (continued)

Explicit Knowledge
(above the waterline)

Tacit Knowledge
(below the waterline)
Knowledge Management (continued)
 Knowledge management systems (KMSs)
 Best practices
Knowledge Management System
Cycle
 Create knowledge. Determine new ways.
 Capture knowledge. Identify as valuable.
 Refine knowledge. Make it actionable.
 Store knowledge. Store in a reasonable
format.
 Manage knowledge. Verify it is relevant,
accurate.
 Disseminate knowledge. Made available.

Copyright 2007 John Chapter 4 50


Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Knowledge Management System Cycle
Chapter Closing Case

Document management!

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