EXPERIMENTAL AND
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
Practical Research 2
Episode 3
EXPERIMENTAL
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Considered as the most effective method for testing
cause-effect relationships.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Two groups are involved in experimental research:
Experimental Group Control Group
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
A study when a researcher cannot control,
manipulate or alter the predictor variable.
Cannot demonstrate a true cause-effect
relationship.
Has a high level of external validity.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
Relies on:
Correlation
Survey Studies
Case Studies
EXPERIMENTAL vs. NON-EXPERIMENTAL
True-experimental Action studies
design Comparative studies
Quasi-Experimental Correlational studies
design Evaluation studies
Need assessment studies
Pre-experimental
Meta-Analysis studies
design
Survey Studies
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:
True-Experimental Design
Researcher manipulates the experimental variables.
There must be one experimental group and one
comparison or control group.
Subjects are randomly assigned either to the comparison
or experimental group.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:
True-Experimental Design
Three criteria must be met:
Control Group and Experimental Group
Researcher manipulated variable
Random assignment
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:
True-Experimental Design
Examples of True-Experimental Design:
Pre-Test – Post-test Controlled Group Design
Post-Test Controlled Group Design
Solomon Four-Group Design
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Pre-Test – Post-Test Controlled Group Design
Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.
A pretest is given to both groups.
The experimental group receives the treatment
while the control group does not.
A posttest is given to both groups.
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Pre-Test – Post-Test Controlled Group Design
Random assignment of
participants
Pretest
Treatment
Experimental Group Posttest Control Group
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Post-Test Controlled Group Design
Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.
The experimental group receives the treatment
while the control group does not.
A posttest is given to both groups.
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Post-Test Controlled Group Design
Random assignment of
participants
Treatment
Posttest
Experimental Group Control Group
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Solomon Four-Group Design
Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.
Two groups (experimental group 1 and control
group 1) are pre tested.
The two experimental groups receive treatment
while the two control groups receive no treatment.
A posttest is given to four groups.
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Solomon Four-Group Design
Random Pretest Treatment Posttest
assignment
Experimental Group 1
Control Group 1
Experimental Group 2
Control Group 2
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
A design in which either there is no control group or
the subjects are not randomly assigned to groups.
Random
assignment of
participants
Control Group
NON-EQUIVALENT
CONTROLLED GROUP DESIGN
This design is similar to the pretest-posttest control
group design, except that there is no random
assignment of subjects to the experimental and
control group.
TIME-SERIES DESIGN
The researcher periodically observes or measures
the subjects.
Researchers make series of observations of the
dependent variable before and after the
treatment is introduced.
TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
SURVEY STUDIES
Survey generally ask respondents to report on
their attitudes, perceptions, opinions, or behaviors.
PURPOSES OF
SURVEY STUDIES
To obtain people’s opinions about an issue.
To identify present condition needs and
problems.
To seek answers to social problems.
To give guidelines on curriculum development
and other learning procedures.
PLANNING A SURVEY STUDY
1. Explain your objectives clearly.
2. Formulate your research questions.
3. Finalize your sampling method.
4. Identify your instrument in collecting data.
STRENGTH OF A
SURVEY STUDY
Versatility
Efficiency
Generality
Confidentiality
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
IN SURVEY STUDY
Respect and care for respondents.
Benefits to society.
Honesty and truthfulness
Confidentiality
An experiment is a question which science
poses to nature, and a measurement is
the recording of nature’s answer.
- Max Planck
