Software Engineering

Lecture-1,2

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 1

 Today’s Agenda

• Introduction to the course

– Grading
– Rules and policies
• Introduction to Software Engineering
– What is a software
– What is software engineering
– Fundamental software engineering activities
– Difference between software engineering and computer science,
– Difference between software engineering and system engineering,
– Key challenges facing software engineering,
– Costs of software engineering,
– Best software engineering techniques and methods.
– Software Engineering Ethics

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 2

 Brief Introduction
• Email address: [email protected]
• Visiting hours: Preferably email the instructor
and arrange the meeting.
• Course credit hours: 3
• Class timings: Monday 11:20am – 1:45pm

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 3

 Grading Policy(NUML Batch)
• Quizzes + Assignments : 15 Marks
• Midterm Examination : 25 Marks
• Final Examination: 40 Marks
• Presentation: 20 Marks
• Assignment policy: No late submission will be
welcomed unless specified before submission deadline.
• Quiz policy: Quizzes can be announced or
unannounced. No retakes!
• Important: Class participation: 10 % bonus marks
(Brain storming session in every class. Use your speaking
power, make it worth!)

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 4

 Misc. Instructions
• Success Tip: Be punctual!
• Trying and making mistakes is Okay! Not even
trying is NOT Okay!
• All students are required to switch off their
mobile phones.
• Questions and active participation are highly
valued. Attendance will also serve as a
supplement to get bonus marks from class
participation.
Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 5
 Reminder on Plagiarism
• Do not copy material (code, homework)
• Plagiarism is cheating! The minimum penalty
will be a zero for the assignment
• Your work should be your own.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 6

 Text Books
• Software Engineering; A Practitioner’s
Approach, 7th Edition, Roger S. Pressman
• Software Engineering, 6th and 7th Edition, Ian
Sommerville

All course material will be available on LMS

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 7

 Software
• Computer programs and associated
documentation.
• Software products may be developed for a
particular customer or may be developed for a
general market.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 8

 Kinds of software products
• There are two kinds of software products:
• Generic products:
– These are stand-alone systems that are produced by a
development organization and sold on the open market to any
customer who is able to buy them.
– Examples are software for PCs such as databases, word
processors, drawing packages, and project-management tools.
• Customized products:
– These are systems that are commissioned by a particular
customer. A software contractor develops the software
especially for that customer.
– Examples of this type of software include control systems for
electronic devices, systems written to support a particular
business process, and air traffic control systems.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 9

 Kinds of software products contd.
• Generic products
– The specification of what the software should do
is owned by the software developer and decisions
on software change are made by the developer.
• Customized products
– The specification of what the software should do
is owned by the customer for the software and
they make decisions on software changes that are
required.
Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022
10
 Software Application Domains
7 broad categories
1. System software: Operating systems etc.
2. Application software: MS Office etc.
3. Scientific software: MATLAB, AUTOCAD etc.
4. Embedded: specialized programming in a chip to
controls the functions in a device
5. Product-line: A set of software systems that have
some variable and some common functionality
6. Web
7. Artificial intelligence software

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 11

 Application types
• Stand-alone applications
– These are application systems that run on a local
computer, such as a PC. They include all necessary
functionality and do not need to be connected to a
network.
• Interactive transaction-based applications
– Applications that execute on a remote computer and are
accessed by users from their own PCs or terminals. These
include web applications such as e-commerce applications.
• Embedded control systems
– These are software control systems that control and
manage hardware devices. Numerically, there are probably
more embedded systems than any other type of system.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022

12
 Applications types
• Batch processing systems
– These are business systems that are designed to process
data in large batches. They process large numbers of
individual inputs to create corresponding outputs.
• Entertainment systems
– These are systems that are primarily for personal use, and
which are intended to entertain the user.
• Systems for modeling and simulation
– These are systems that are developed by scientists and
engineers to model physical processes or situations, which
include many, separate, interacting objects.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022

13
 Application types
• Data collection systems
– These are systems that collect data from their
environment using a set of sensors and send that
data to other systems for processing.
• Systems of systems
– These are systems that are composed of a number
of other software systems.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 14

 Software Engineering
• Software engineering is an engineering discipline that
is concerned with all aspects of software production
from the early stages of system specification through
to maintaining the system after it has gone into use.
• Engineering discipline
– Using appropriate theories and methods to solve problems
bearing in mind organizational and financial constraints.
• All aspects of software production
– Not just technical process of development. Also project
management and the development of tools, methods etc.
to support software production.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 15

 Software engineering
• Software engineering is an engineering
discipline that is concerned with all aspects of
software production from the early stages of
system specification through to maintaining
the system after it has gone into use.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022

16
 Software Process
• The systematic approach that is used in
software engineering is sometimes called a
software process. A software process is a
sequence of activities that leads to the
production of a software product.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 17

 Software Process Activities
• Software specification, where customers and
engineers define the software that is to be
produced and the constraints on its operation.
• Software development, where the software is
designed and programmed.
• Software validation, where the software is
checked to ensure that it is what the customer
requires.
• Software evolution, where the software is
modified to reflect changing customer and
market requirements.
Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 18
Best software engineering techniques
and methods
• While all software projects have to be
professionally managed and developed, different
techniques are appropriate for different types of
system.
– For example, games should always be developed using
a series of prototypes
whereas
– safety critical control systems require a complete and
analyzable specification to be developed.
• You can’t, therefore, say that one method is
better than another.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 19

 Software Engineering
vs.
Computer Science
• Computer science focuses on theory and
fundamentals;
• Software engineering is concerned with the
practicalities of developing and delivering
useful software.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 20

 Software Engineering
vs
System Engineering
• System engineering is concerned with all
aspects of computer-based systems
development including hardware, software,
and process engineering.
• Software engineering is part of System
engineering.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 21

 Key Challenges Facing Software
Engineering
• Coping with increasing diversity, demands for
reduced delivery times, and developing
trustworthy software.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 22

 Software project failure
• Increasing system complexity
– As new software engineering techniques help us to build larger,
more complex systems, the demands change. Systems have to
be built and delivered more quickly; larger, even more complex
systems are required; systems have to have new capabilities
that were previously thought to be impossible.
• Failure to use software engineering methods
– It is fairly easy to write computer programs without using
software engineering methods and techniques. Many
companies have drifted into software development as their
products and services have evolved. They do not use software
engineering methods in their everyday work. Consequently,
their software is often more expensive and less reliable than it
should be.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022

23
Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022

24
https://www.rabitse.com/blog/avoiding-software-development-failure/
 Costs of software engineering
• Roughly 60% of software costs are development costs;
40% are testing costs. For custom software, evolution
costs often exceed development costs.
• Software costs often dominate computer system costs.
The costs of software on a PC are often greater than
the hardware cost.
• Software costs more to maintain than it does to
develop. For systems with a long life, maintenance
costs may be several times development costs.
• Software engineering is concerned with cost-effective
software development.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 25

 Importance of software engineering
• It is usually cheaper, in the long run, to use
software engineering methods and techniques
for software systems rather than just write the
programs.
• For most types of system, the majority of costs
are the costs of changing the software after it
has gone into use.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 26

 Attributes of good software
• Good software should deliver the required
functionality and performance to the user and
should be maintainable, dependable, and
usable.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 27

General issues that affect software
• Heterogeneity
– Increasingly, systems are required to operate as
distributed systems across networks that include
different types of computer and mobile devices.
• Business and social change
– Business and society are changing incredibly
quickly as emerging economies develop and new
technologies become available. They need to be
able to change their existing software and to
rapidly develop new software.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 28

General issues that affect software
• Security and trust
– As software is intertwined with all aspects of our
lives, it is essential that we can trust that software.
• Scale
– Software has to be developed across a very wide
range of scales, from very small embedded
systems in portable or wearable devices through
to Internet-scale, cloud-based systems that serve
a global community.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022

29
 Software engineering ethics
• Software engineering involves wider
responsibilities than simply the application of
technical skills.
• Software engineers must behave in an honest
and ethically responsible way if they are to be
respected as professionals.
• Ethical behaviour is more than simply
upholding the law but involves following a set
of principles that are morally correct.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022

30
Issues of professional responsibility
• Confidentiality
– Engineers should normally respect the
confidentiality of their employers or clients
irrespective of whether or not a formal
confidentiality agreement has been signed.
• Competence
– Engineers should not misrepresent their level of
competence. They should not knowingly accept
work which is outwith their competence.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg -

31
Fall 2022
Issues of professional responsibility
• Intellectual property rights
– Engineers should be aware of local laws governing the
use of intellectual property such as patents, copyright,
etc. They should be careful to ensure that the
intellectual property of employers and clients is
protected.
• Computer misuse
– Software engineers should not use their technical
skills to misuse other people’s computers. Computer
misuse ranges from relatively trivial (game playing on
an employer’s machine, say) to extremely serious
(dissemination of viruses).

Maria Hilal, Software Engg -

32
Fall 2022
 ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics
• The professional societies in the US have
cooperated to produce a code of ethical practice.
• Members of these organisations sign up to the
code of practice when they join.
• The Code contains eight Principles related to the
behaviour of and decisions made by professional
software engineers, including practitioners,
educators, managers, supervisors and policy
makers, as well as trainees and students of the
profession.
Maria Hilal, Software Engg -
33
Fall 2022
 The ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics
ACM: Association for Computing Machinery
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Task Force on Software Engineering Ethics and Professional Practices

PREAMBLE
The short version of the code summarizes aspirations at a high level of the abstraction; the clauses
that are included in the full version give examples and details of how these aspirations change the
way we act as software engineering professionals. Without the aspirations, the details can become
legalistic and tedious; without the details, the aspirations can become high sounding but empty;
together, the aspirations and the details form a cohesive code.
Software engineers shall commit themselves to making the analysis, specification, design,
development, testing and maintenance of software a beneficial and respected profession. In
accordance with their commitment to the health, safety and welfare of the public, software
engineers shall adhere to the following Eight Principles:

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 34

 Ethical principles
1. PUBLIC - Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest.
2. CLIENT AND EMPLOYER - Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of
their client and employer consistent with the public interest.
3. PRODUCT - Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet
the highest professional standards possible.
4. JUDGMENT - Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional
judgment.
5. MANAGEMENT - Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an
ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance.
6. PROFESSION - Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession
consistent with the public interest.
7. COLLEAGUES - Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues.
8. SELF - Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their
profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 35

 Frequently asked questions about
software engineering
Question Answer

What is software? Computer programs and associated documentation.

Software products may be developed for a particular
customer or may be developed for a general market.
What are the attributes of good software? Good software should deliver the required functionality
and performance to the user and should be
maintainable, dependable and usable.
What is software engineering? Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is
concerned with all aspects of software production.
What are the fundamental software Software specification, software development, software
engineering activities? validation and software evolution.
What is the difference between software Computer science focuses on theory and fundamentals;
engineering and computer science? software engineering is concerned with the practicalities
of developing and delivering useful software.
What is the difference between software System engineering is concerned with all aspects of
engineering and system engineering? computer-based systems development including
hardware, software and process engineering. Software
engineering is part of this more general process.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg -

36
Fall 2022
 Frequently asked questions about
software engineering
Question Answer
What are the key challenges facing Coping with increasing diversity, demands for reduced
software engineering? delivery times and developing trustworthy software.
What are the costs of software Roughly 60% of software costs are development costs,
engineering? 40% are testing costs. For custom software, evolution
costs often exceed development costs.
What are the best software engineering While all software projects have to be professionally
techniques and methods? managed and developed, different techniques are
appropriate for different types of system. For example,
games should always be developed using a series of
prototypes whereas safety critical control systems require
a complete and analyzable specification to be developed.
You can’t, therefore, say that one method is better than
another.
What differences has the web made to The web has led to the availability of software services
software engineering? and the possibility of developing highly distributed service-
based systems. Web-based systems development has led
to important advances in programming languages and
software reuse.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg -

37
Fall 2022
 Essential attributes of good software

Product characteristic Description

Maintainability Software should be written in such a way so that it can evolve to

meet the changing needs of customers. This is a critical attribute
because software change is an inevitable requirement of a
changing business environment.
Dependability and Software dependability includes a range of characteristics
security including reliability, security and safety. Dependable software
should not cause physical or economic damage in the event of
system failure. Malicious users should not be able to access or
damage the system.
Efficiency Software should not make wasteful use of system resources such
as memory and processor cycles. Efficiency therefore includes
responsiveness, processing time, memory utilisation, etc.

Acceptability Software must be acceptable to the type of users for which it is

designed. This means that it must be understandable, usable and
compatible with other systems that they use.

Maria Hilal, Software Engg -

38
Fall 2022
 References
Software Engineering, 6th and 7th Edition, Ian
Sommerville
Chapter 1

Maria Hilal, Software Engg - Fall 2022 39