Government Polytechnic,

Jalgaon (0018)Micro-Project
Of
Mobile And Wireless Communication
(22533) EJ5I
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON
(0018)

Program Name and Code : Electronics and Telecommunications

Course Name and Code : MWC(22533)

Academic Year : 2022-23

Semester : Fifth

Submitted on 2022 by the group of 4 students

Sr. Roll
Name of student Enrollment No.
No. No.
1 03 Purva Sharad Chaudhari 2000180071
2 05 Sakshi Liladhar Ahire 2000180073

3 08 Bhavika Sudhir Waghode 2000180078

4 40 Pratik Arun Patil 2000180131

Project Guide

Mrs. Vijaya Patil Mam

 Maharashtra State Board Of Technical
Education Certificate
This is to certify that students of 5th semester of Diploma in Electronic
andTelecommunication of institute Government Polytechnic, Jalgaon (code :
0018) has completed the team work Satisfactorily in subject. Mobile And
Wireless Communication (22533).
For the academic year 2022-2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place : Jalgaon Enrollment No : 2000180071,2000180073

2000180078,2000180131

Date : Seat No :

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principle

 Acknowledgement
This micro project would not have been possible without considerable guidance and
support. So, we would like to thank to those who have enable us to complete this project.
Firstly, we would like to thank our project guide, Mrs. Vijaya Patil (Lecturer in E&TC
Dept ,Government Polytechnic Jalgaon) and Head of E&TC Department Mr. K.P.Akole for
providing theguideline with continuous advice and feedback throughout the duration of
finishing this project. We also thank to the Dr. P.P (Principal of Government Polytechnic
Jalgaon) for providing us the opportunity to embark on this project.
Secondly, we would also like to thank all other staff members of E&TC Department
that wemay call upon for assistance since the genesis of this project their opinion and
suggestions have helped us in a realizing these project.
 Abstract

Wireless communication networks offer transmission of signals, such as voice,

data,and multimedia, without using wires, which is the crucial part of mobile
communications. After successful deployment of wireless cellular networks in licensed
bands and Wi-Fi networks in unlicensed bands, such as Industry, Scientific, and Medical
(ISM) and Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII), over the last decade,
several wireless networks, application, and services are emerging. Furthermore, wireless
networks offer several advantages including mobility while getting service, scalability for
further extension, reduced cost-of-ownership, and so on. However, there are some
disadvantages and concerns, such as security, data rate, reliability, range, etc. The demand
of ubiquitous communications is driving the development of wireless and mobile networks.
Wireless communication is the fastest growing segment of the communication industry. This
chapter provides the fundamentals of wireless and mobile networks and their advantages
and disadvantages.
 Index

Sr no Contents Page no

1. Introduction 7

2. Mobile Phone system 8

3. Evolution of mobile phone 9

4. Mobile phone sensors 11

5. Observations & Result 16

6. Sensors applications in mobile phone 17

7. Conclusion 18

8. References 19
 Introduction
Mobile communication describes the use of various technological systems in order to
communicate while one is away from a fixed location. Mobile communication has been
the focus of scholarly work since around 2000 (Green and Haddon, 2009). Researchers in
Hong Kong (Leung and Wei, 1999), Finland (Kasesniemi and Rautiainen, 2002; Oksman and
Rautianen, 2003), the United Kingdom (Green and Smith, 2004; Grinter and Eldridge,
2001; Haddon, 1997), Japan (Ito, 2001), and Norway (Ling, 2004) as well as many other
locations havemade contributions. With the development of the mobile Internet, research
is starting to bridge the work of the
traditional mobile communication community and the Internet research community.
Thisarticle will examine the definition of mobile communication, the current and emerging
issues in mobile communication research, and some methodological issues poised by the
study of this area.
The word sensing builds a bridge between real world and virtual world; with the help
of various sensors, man-made devices are able to feel the world like God-made creatures
do. Bellmay be the first generation of sensors; people tie up a bell to a string so that when
there is a vibration on the string, the bell will ring. Bell is a very powerful and effective
sensor; it containstwo parts: detection and processing. When a bell detects a vibration, it
will generate a period of ringing and the volume of the ringing is proportional to the
amplitude of the vibration. However, bell is the kind of sensor that connects real world to
real world. With the development of electronic devices, a new man-made world has been
building. This world is called virtual world; many complicated calculations are running in
this world so that people inreal world can enjoy their lives. Virtual world needs data to
keep running, and it is far from enough to input data into the virtual world depending on
human operations. Sensor is a way to sense the world and interpret the sensed
information to the data form of the virtual world;therefore, sensing becomes an
important part of research field and industry field
 MOBILE PHONES SYSTEMS
The ways of communication have been entered into new avenues with the advent of
newtechnologies. In early history, pigeons were utilized as methods of communication. With
the introduction of postal system, peoples started sending written messages. With the
passage
of time, telephone systems were emerged followed by the era of wireless communication,
giving rise to the existence of mobile phone technology. Today's mobile phone is a complete
computer having the same communication and technological capabilities. The very first
servicesoffered by mobile phones were mobility and voice but today they have powerful
hardware architecture and software support particularly operating system. Mobile phones
manufacturers realized that they can extend phone’s features by integrating other
technologies to it. Today's mobile phones are equipped with plenty of capabilities such as
Internet access, download file textual/audio/video etc, playing games, and have a wide array
of sensors, high resolution color display, support for different standards of wireless
networking, mp3 players, advance processing power, and large memory for a number of
applications etc.In the recent years, the role of mobile phone is shifted from a verbal
communication tool to a multimedia tool,adopting the name of “mobile device” instead of a
phone at all. Recent mobile phones are replacing our other gadgets e.g. video camera, and
voice recorder etc and mostly used for web surfing, email checking, photos snapping, and
updating social networking status etc than placingcalls actually.
In the beginning, mobile phones were not so common because they were expensive
and communication costs were pretty high for people. But in the past few years, their costs
have been decreased considerably and today’s mobile phones are inexpensive, human
friendly, highly portable, and equipped with latest features of high potential. Mobile phones
are now first choice gadget for people belonging to different demographics. Every person
want to be equipped with this magical gadget while having their own reasons and want to
replace their old ones with the latest handsets providing the latest features. Since the
introduction of mobile phones, different manufacturing companies are coming up into the
market with new models to lure the users. Each vendor is providing their products with
latest technologies and features to enlarge their customer numbers and eventually their
market share.
 Evolution of mobile phone

In 1992, IBM announced a ground-breaking device named Simon Personal Communicator

that brought together the functionalities of a cellular phone and a Personal Digital
Assistant (PDA), thus unveiling a whole new concept of so-called ‘smartphone’ in the
cellular phone industry. Simon featured a 4.5” × 1.4” monochrome LCD touchscreen and
came with a stylus and a charging base station. Along with conventional voice
communication, the device was alsocapable of communicating emails, faxes, and pages—
some features that were later attributedto smartphones. Simon featured a notes
collection to write in, an address book, calendar, worldclock and an appointment
scheduler, and was also flexible to third-party applications. While it was a giant leap into
the market by IBM, it, however, was expensive, costing the customer $899with a service
contract. Being much ahead of its time and with such a high price tag, Simon failed to
attract customers. Even though the tech giant sold approximately 50,000 units in 6
months, it opted out of making a second-generation Simon.
In 2000, both Samsung and Sharp introduced a camera phone in their respective
local markets. In South Korea, Samsung released SCH-V200 that featured a 1.5″ TFT-LCD
display anda 0.35-megapixel video graphics array (VGA) camera that could capture up to
20 images. A fewmonths later, in Japan, Sharp released the J-SH04 in Japan with a 256-
color display and a built-in 0.11-megapixel CMOS camera. Although the camera resolution
of J-SH04 was much less thanthat of the SCH-V200, it featured a phone-integrated camera
in the true sense for the first timeand allowed for transferring of images directly from it,
whereas the SCH-V200 brought two separate devices in one enclosure and therefore
needed to transfer the pictures to a computerfor sharing. However, none of the camera
phones supported web browsing and email communication until Sanyo launched the first
smartphone with a built-in camera in 2002. The Sanyo SCP-5300 came in a clamshell
format and featured dual colour displays, WAP browser, and an integrated 0.3-megapixel
camera with short-range LED light sensor pro flash. It also hadbrightness and white
balance control, self-timer, digital zoom, and several filter effects such assepia, black-and-
white, and negative colours.
Fast forward to a decade later, modern smartphones featured a number of sensors
suchas high-resolution and high-speed CMOS image sensor, GPS sensor, accelerometer,
gyroscope, magnetometer, ambient light sensor, microphone, and fingerprint sensor
(Figure 1). In addition, the processing and data storage capability of current smartphones
has improved significantly.
 Figure 1. Evolution of mobile phone and mobile phone-embedded sensors over time.

Mobile Phones Sensors

Sensors in mobile phone can be categorized into physical sensors and virtual sensors.
Physical sensors are hardware-based sensors embedded directly into mobile phone devices
and derive their data directly by measuring particular environmental characteristics (e.g.
accelerometer, gyroscope, and proximity etc are physical sensors). Virtual sensors also
called synthetic sensors are software-based sensor deriving their data from several
hardware-based sensors (e.g. in Android platform linear acceleration, and gravity sensors
are virtual sensors).In this, physical sensors are discussed which are either embedded or
externally connected using wireless protocols with mobile phones and the sensors expected
in the future mobile phones.

Embedded/Internal Mobile Phone Sensors: Most of the today’s smartphones are open
and programmable and come with a number of embedded sensors. The number and types
 of sensors in mobile phones varies depending on the underlying mobile phones
platformsand usability. Understanding the potentialities of sensors and increasing
miniaturizations in technologies will enable the integration of more advanced sensors in
the future mobile phones.
1. Proximity Sensor: Proximity sensor releases electromagnetic or electrostatic field or a
beam of electromagnetic radiation (e.g. infrared) and looks for changes in the field or
return signal and detects any nearby object presence without any physical contact.
Proximity sensor's target refers to the object being sensed by the proximity sensors and
different proximity sensors demands different targets.
2. Ambient Light Sensor: This sensor measures light of the surrounding and adjust
brightness of mobile phone accordingly to optimize screen visibility. If light of the
surrounding is high, brightness of the mobile phone screen will be decreased otherwise
increased. Adjusting of display brightness will not only optimize visibility but will also
save battery power in smartphones.
3. Accelerometer Sensor: Accelerometer sensor is used as user interface controller:
changing the screen display by sensing the orientation of the device based on the way
the device is being held by a user. This sensor measures the acceleration of smart phone
in three different axes: X, Y and Z. Smartphones commonly uses 3-axis accelerometer to
detect orientation of the phone and adjusts the screen display accordingly, providing
convenience to the users to easily switch between portrait and landscape view.
4. Moisture Sensor: Moisture sensor is used to determine cause of smartphone damage:
whether device has been damaged due to water or not. Apple’s employees use status of
thissensor to decide whether the device deserves for a warranty repair or replacement.
Apple's iPhone has faced criticism due to their moisture sensor placement. It is believed
thatthis sensor can be affected due to steam in the bathroom, owner's sweat during
exercising, and some other light environment moisture.
5. Digital Compass Sensor: This sensor is a magnetometer, used to recognize the North
and defines direction for users. Modern smartphones do not use magnets, because
magnetic interference can degrade cellular capabilities significantly through dropping
signal strength. Apple's iPhone 4 uses AKM AK8975 chip which is a small sensor and it
determines the orientation and directions relative to the Earth's atmosphere using the
Hall EffectBarometer Pressure Sensor: A barometer is a low voltage, low power, and high
resolution pressure sensor used as a scientific gadget by meteorologists for measuring
atmospheric pressure. Barometer measures the exerted atmospheric pressure which
can be used positively for weather forecasting and altitude estimation. Barometer
performs pressure measurements in hectopascals or millibars (where 1000 millibars = 1
bar and 1 bar = 1 Newton).
Gyroscope Sensor: Gyroscope sensor is a movement sensor pretty much like accelerometer
used in modern smartphones. It uses principles of angular momentum for
measuring and maintaining the position and orientation of devices.It concentrates on
calculating and measuring rotation axis. Apple's iPhone 4 is the pioneer using built-in
gyroscope and uses MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems) developed gyroscope.
6. GPS (Global Positioning System) Sensor: GPS is a navigation tracking system where GPS
receivers get information sent by the GPS satellites and calculates a user's exact location
using triangulation. In smartphones, GPS applications can be programmed with a map
in
 the background and displaying routes to the users where they have been or want to go.
7. Back-Illuminated (BI) Sensor: Back-Illuminated (BI) sensor also called as BackSide-
Illumniated (BSI) sensor is digital image sensor which improves low-light performance
and increases the amount of light during image capturing and makes more prominent
image elements. HTC's EVO 4G and Apple's iPhone 4 uses BI sensor from Omni Vision
Technologiesin addition to their cameras.
8. CMOS Camera/Image Sensor: A CMOS image sensor uses MOS (Metal Oxide
Semiconductor)transistors to convert an optical image into electrical signals. This sensor
forms an image byusing unit pixel, where each pixel is a semiconductor which creates
current signal by transforming incident light photons and the size of signal produced is
relative to the amount of incident light photons. It is well suited for tiny cameras
(commonly used in PDAs and mobile phones) because they can build all of the required
camera logic and control circuits onto the same silicon wafer dice.
9. Microphones Sensor: A microphone sensor is an electromechanical device that detects
air pressure as vibration and creates an electrical signal that is proportional to the
vibration. Microphones can provide very interesting information with minimal
processing such as noise level, types of input (noise, music, and speaking etc), and base
frequency). In smartphones, microphone sensors can be for recording voice (i.e. human,
or traffic etc) for using in valuable applications. Bluetooth Sensor: Bluetooth sensor is a
short range low-power radio communication device, designed primarily to connect
personal consumer gadgets and peripherals available in proximity in a wireless network
with a data rate of less than 1Mbps. Bluetooth is attractive because of its small size and
low cost while using the same technologies, with little modifications, as used by WiFi,
and wireless USB.
10. External Sensors: there is a lengthy list of sensors which can be connected and
communicate with the mobile phones. If a sensor is available in a surrounding
environment, which have short-range communication technology (e.g. Bluetooth, and
WiFi etc), it can be connected directly with mobile phones. Several of these sensors are
used by plethora of mobile phones sensing applications.
Temperature Sensor: Temperature sensors give information about the ambient
temperature. This sensor uses solid state principles to determine the temperature
instead of using mercury, bimetallic strips, or thermostors. The principle explores that
the voltage across the diodes increases at an already determined rate as the
temperature increases. There are two types of temperature sensors: contact sensors
and non-contact sensors.
11. Humidity Sensor: Humidity sensor (also called hygrometer), measure the relative
humidity (i.e. both air temperature and moisture) contents present in the
environment/air. Relative humidity expressed in percentage, showing the ratio between
the actual moisture in the air to the highest amount of moisture in the air at that
temperature can hold. That is the warmer the temperature, the more moisture air can
hold. Therefore, relative humidity changes with fluctuations in temperature.
12. Emerging Mobile Phones Sensors: Next-generation of mobile phones is expected to
integrate many new types of sophisticated sensors that will not only increase smartness
of mobile phones but will also led to a number of modern application areas to provide
valuable services. Introduction of extra sensors in mobile phones will strengthen the
idea of finding sensor everywhere.
13. Altimeter Sensor: Barometric Altimeter sensor, is a mechanical device designed to
measure altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL) using the idea of change in the
atmospheric pressureIt works on how the pressure and temperature changes with
altitude.It considers altitude in inverse proportionality to pressure and temperature.
14. Biosensor: A biosensor can detect, record, and transmit physiological data using
electrical signals. Without using the biological system directly, they can determine the
concentration of substances and other parameters of biological

Mobile Handset :
 Observation
Sensor name Observation on the screen

Accelerometer To see the orientation of the phone

Proximity sensor When we get closer to the phone and

the screen turn off
Light sensor It serve and detect the light
Gyroscope To see the orientation of phone with the
help arrow
Magnetic sensor It detect magnetic field
Barometer It sensor long includes latitude of phone
HRM Test heart beat
Finger print Figure print scan and unlock the phone.

Sensors Application in Mobile Phone

The marvelous expansion of sensor technology in mobile phones is increasing with
each day and more exciting new ones are expected to be exposed in the near future. By
connecting sensory devices to mobile phones, we can track the dynamic information about
environmental impacts (e.g. noise level, air pollution level, humidity, and temperature etc),
and understands patterns of objects movements (e.g. peoples’ activities, and traffic and road
conditions etc), and model them in fruitful ways (e.g. developing maps to render tracked
information or sharing users’ contextual information with online social communities etc). To
exploit and leverage the enhanced sensing capabilities of mobile phones, researchers and
developers are concentrating on introducing new advance, fruitful, and powerful mobile
phones applications for a number of application areas including healthcare monitoring, road
and transportation monitoring, security monitoring, commerce, environmental pollution
monitoring, social networking, people’s motivation and persuasion, and physical activities
monitoring etc. These applications will extensively help peoples in solving their daily life
problems and will ease quick data gathering in an urgent situation such as during a disaster-
relief operation (i.e. earthquake, flood, or outbreak of a disease etc) personnel (e.g.
sociologist, engineers, and doctors etc) can use their phones to sense, monitor, and visualize
real world phenomena to realize public-health threats, and environmental hazards etc.
 Conclusion
Recent technological developments have enabled sensors to find their space in a
variety of application areas for performing a wide array of functionalities. A number of ways
(i.e. wireless sensors networks etc. are investigated by the researcher since several years to
effectively utilize sensors but each suffers from plethora of problems. Mobile phone
technology has gone through a number of architectural, technological, and communicational
changes since several decades to get into the one fits in our pockets and provides
functionalities to the users much like our personal computers. The development process is
continued and today’s mobile phones are provided with highly sophisticated operating
systems, processing power, and communicational technologies, converting them into
smartphones. In this paper, we presented a detailed overview of the importance of sensors
in mobile phones, outline number of sensors which can be integrated in mobile phones, and
highlighted a number of technological and non-technological challenges requiring
immediate attention to turn mobile phones into complete sensing platforms. Smartphones
are provided with a range of sensors, which can be used for capturing numerous types of
information that can be used fruitfully in different applications including health monitoring,
home monitoring, and social networking etc. The application of sensor technology in
smartphones is increasing geometrically and new incredible sensors are expected to be
included in smartphones in the future. This rapid growth of sensor in smartphones will give
raise to the new application areas as well as development of new applications and services.
Today’s smartphones provides an excellent platform for sensors integration but with increase and
multitude natures of the data to be sensed, more advancements in smartphones’ processing power,
storage, operating systems, and security as well as privacy perspectives are still needed. Apart from these
challenges, a number of research recommendations are highlighted as follows: More Embedded Physical
Sensors: A number of mobile phones sensing applications have been researched by the academia,
researchers, and organization in the past several years addressing particular application domains. Most of
theseapplication are heavily using external sensors i.e. ECG sensors in mobile phones health monitoring
systems etc, thus restricting their ubiquity. Therefore, high valued external sensors are sharply need to be
embedded into mobile phones as early as possible.

References
1. www.google.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. www.researchgate.net/publication/272482886_Sensors_and_Mobile_Phones_Evolu
tio n_and_State-of-the-Art
4. www.fossbytes.com/which-smartphone-sensors-how-work
5. www.journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1155/2013/272916