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Chapter 12 Solutions Finney

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799 views104 pages

Chapter 12 Solutions Finney

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Shamil Gada
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CHAPTER 12 MULTIVARIABLE FUNCTIONS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 12.1 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 1, (a) Domain: all points in the xy-plane (b) Range: all ceal numbers (c) level curves are straight lines y x= parallel to the line y = x (@) no boundary points (2) both open and closed (8) unbounded 2 (a) Domain: set of all (x,y) so that y-x20—>y2x (©) Range: 220 {} level curves are straight lines of the form y—x=¢ where © >0 (@) boundary is /F—¥ = 0 = y= x, astzaight Bne {@) closed (unbounded 3. (a) Domain: all points in the xy-plane (b) Range: 220 (©) level eurves: for f(x,y) = 0, the origin; for f(x,y) =e > 0, ellipses with center (0,0) and major and minor faxes along the x- and y-axes, respectively (2) no boundary points (2) both open and closed (8 unbounded 4. {a) Domain: all points in the xy-plane () Range: all real numbers (6) level eurves: for f{x.3) =0, the union of the lines y = x; for f(x,y) = ¢ £ 0, hyperbolas centered at (0.0) with foci on the scaxi if ¢ > 0 and on the y-axis fe <0 (4) no boundary points {6) both open and closed (unbounded 5. (a) Domain: all points in the xy-plane (b) Range: all real numbers (€) level curves are hyperbolas with the x- and y-axes as asymptores when f{x,y) #0, and the x- and y-axes when f(x,y) = 0 (2) no boundary points {e) both open and closed (8) unbounded 6. (a) Domain: all (x,y) #(0,y) (b) Range: all real numbers (6) level curves: for f(x,y) = 0, the x-axis minus the origin; fr f(x,y) = € 4 0, the parebolas y (a) boundary iste ine x = 0 ex? minus the 1056 Chapter 12 Multivariable Punctions and Partial Derivatives (2) open (9) unbounded 7. (a) Domain: all (x,y) satisfying x+y? < 16 (0) Raoge: 22 t (6) level curves are citeles centered a the origin with rad ¢ <4 {d) boundary is the circle x? +y? = 16 (e) open. (0) bounded 8. (a) Domain: all (xy) satisfying x+y? <9 (b) Range: 0<2<3 (c) level curves are circles centered at the origin with radii <3 (€) boundary is the eircle x? +y?=9 {e) closed {9 bounded & (a) Domain: (9) # (0.0) (b) Range: all real numbers (c) level curves aze circles with center (0,0) and rai > 0 (a) boundary is the single point (0,0) (©) open (9 unbounded 10. (2) Domain: ll points in the xy-plane () Range: 0<2<1 (©) level curves are the origin itelf and the circles with center (0,0) and radii r > 0 (@) no boundary points {e} both open and elosed (unbounded 22 (a) Domain: all (x,y) satisfying -I- 2 = 16 - (2/2) (2) = 6 = 6 = 16 38, f(xy) = Wx? 1 and (1,0) = z= VIF ol 05% x 38 tay = | Fara at V8 V2) em tan ty tar Pag at (VF, V8) = tan VB ean (2) Powtayt=10 s0Sx=lor =2 tant YB tan ty tan = 2 tan? VB oj 40. flay) = 5 Gy a Ses phxiat (2) 322 Qe raphy somny yale 1062 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives AL. {Oxy,2) = /E=¥ —In 2 a (3,-1,1) 3 w = AY —In a at (3,-3,1) Sw = YETI ae > =F n=? 42, flay) = Ia(a2-ty 22) at (121) + w= InP dy beat (RA) > w= In(#HT) sind Sindainh ty 4e)o xt yee a4 43. afx,y,2) = & AN" wen 2 4.8) 3 w= by GAAP e420; wt (x2, 4,8) => w= eB tN HE fin otft-m2 “4 evs | whan (ode)= r= nse (VB) = w = sin wesinet Lo einm!0-tsee!2— = wesint b 0+ see“2 sin“ty — Sint + see! 45. flx,yse) = xy2 and «= 20 —t, y St, 2= 20 = w = (20~t)(t)(20) along the line = w = 400 — 2012 dw 4 = fw = Ff = 400-404, SF = 0 = 400-400 = 0 v= 10 ane He = x= 20-10 = 10, y = 10, ¢ = 20 maximum of f along the line is {(L0, 10,20) = (10)(10)(20) = 2000 40 for all 1 => yes, maximum at t = 10 46, f(xys2) Say —2 and $7 3 we (t-{t-2)- (b+ 7) = 4t—5 along the line eos t-4= Ost 2 and LE = 2for all t = yes, minimum at (= 2+ x=2 a 20, and 2 = 2-47 =8 > minimum off along the lin is (40,9) = (1(0) -9 = Lyst2, (mya 4[eeeegasa em 7 106.8 em)" 124.86 kan = must be $124.66)» 69 kim south of Nantacket 48. ‘The graph of #(x1,%9.%.%4) isa set in a five-dimensional space. It is the set of points Capex estar fl oq) 4%)) for Oxpoxy)%y%4) im the domain of f The graph of flay xy %q)) for xq) fs a sot in an (a4 I}-dimensional space. Iti the set of points (x. %5.%91-+ ul Xa X93 (pekpeAgresshgh in the domain of & 49-82. Example CAS commande: Maple: with(plots): = (sy) -> xasin(y/2) + yesin(Qex): plot3d(((xy), x = 0.ePi, y=0..BePi, axcs=FRAMED, title comtourptot(f(ay), x=0..54Pi, y=0..5¢P3); x sin 9/2 + y sin 2x); Section 12.1 Functions of Several Vatiables 1063 Cleary! << GrophicsImpliit Plot SetOptions|Plot3D, PlotPoints > 25]; SetOptions[ContourPlot, PlotPoints -> 25, ‘Contou:Shading «> False) fixy-] = xSinly/2) + y Sx} {xa.xb} {0, 5 Pi thoja) = (h {x0,y0} {3Pi, 3Pi) Plos3D{ fgh, (xx0.x0), (y.vagb) ] ConwourPlt| Heys fxxoab)y {y.90b) ] ImpletPlot|tfxy] == fa0.0h, (exaxb}, (yay) 1 53-56. Example CAS commands: vith( pots): em In(x? + ¥2 +272) = 0.25; implicitplot3a(eq, «=~ 1, axes=BOXED scaling=CONSTRAINED): ContourPiot3D{ 4 Logix 2+y2+72], {LLL}, Gel 2}, 22h, Gontoure>{1.) | 57-60, Example CAS commands: vith(plots) fe) => wecon(y)i (u,v) -> wasin(v); (uy) > 15 pot (x(uy). vu) x(a)], w= 0.2, v = 0.24Pi, axes=FRAMED): coniourplot(xia,y) 9(0¥)-2(0,r]]av=0..2, vet. 26P Hj Mathes Note: While in Maple it is trivial to get contours from any 8D surface, in Wathenatica it is not obvious for parametric surfaces. In these examples, 2'only depends on one paraneter, so ve can solve for thet parameter in terms of 2, and substitute to get x ky in terms of z and the other paraneter, then paranetrically plot level curves for several equally spaced values of = (using “Table”). ParametriePlotSD{_(u Cos], u Sin, u}, {00,2}, {¥0,2Pi} | ParametricPlot{EvalvatelTable{ {a Cosly), « Sino}, {20,21/3) I {¥0,2Pi}, Aspectitatio > Auromatic } 1064 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 12.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY itiyhss_OP-045 5 ‘ OF +07 +2 ceo) Ey 2 eal) DEVAN? 8 hin gy VET = VIFPRT = V8 = VE i 2 2 © olny GH) =E+(f G) de 5B on see x tan y = (soe 0)(tan F) = (1)(1) =1 © litoay oC) lim 4. e (ey) 5 fim inf. + xy?|= In 2¢1)2] = In ®t | [143 [us qy?ay!|=in 2 im 2sjua_ ty 8 oy EES io 8 10. wah ay (MART) = cn( VATITT=1) = eos = 1 tim xsiny fer.op x41 nL. 2 tttgo) F =-2 cooy+1 (eon O41 141 x mainGG) m Sat weap FF Gata) (en =0-I=0 im Se tm AGL cape 3 ay ETE ehh RT esha SADR MED=2 x#y ttm MSYEBHP gM yg yee eatin w}oan OST = yl OMS E-Da- Section 12.2 Limits and Continuity 1065 44 Son yet a © lho, Wate (oho, TESTE ely META} yea ee yp aa? ret aay s2yi-2 va- VA) (vies) alloy VE aon i ~ caahooy (V+ V+?) =(Yo+ Yo42)=2 Note: (x,y) must approach (0,0) through the fist quadrant only with x Zy. x+y-4 _ (YEEF +2) VEF¥—2)_ fry aa estan FEF A3 ~ tauri2,2) A+ y 2 toosia.ay (VERY +2) xtyt xty es xty ee 2(VPFB42)=242=4 r VR? lim = lien 1 ‘8. geo BV = fxs la.0) (JED + 2 eB) (eha.0) VERVE D wags Boyde ggg rh} aod THT oni VELVET vi-veat tase TG Peay (e+ VIF VE- FT) (nahn) VE Vent ye1 rye we 1 a a 1 Oia art FF : 2 pig Gerd Pebedaaeet of tim Bete AM) + VEY Pata) Ee Pei THI 23. Jig yy (sin? x +008? y + sec?z) = (sin? 3 + c083)+ sec?0 = 141? = 4. 25g im 4, 26°27 con Bx = Se°®O) coe 2 = (3(1(1) = 26, In Jey? = In fot + (-27? +0 = to YA =I Pte)" 2. (a) All (ua) (8) A (329) except (0,0) 1066 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 28. (a) All (x,y) 50 that x zy (b) All Gxy) 29, (a) All (xy) except where x= 0 or y= (6) Ally) 30, (a) All (4,y) 90 that x? ax +2 #0=> (x—2)(@—1) FO x HF Zand x #1 (b) All (x.y) 60 that y x? BL. (2) All (.ys2) {b) All (x,y,2) except the interior of the cylinder x? + y 82. (a) All (uy,2) s0 that xyz > 0 4b) AU (x,y,z) 33. (a) AU (x,y,2) with 270 (b) AML (x.yy2) with 742? 41 34. (@) All (x,y,2} except (,0,0) {b) All (x,y,2} except (0,y,0} or (x,0,0) gallon Fea BS arn IS “Jimi? EB Yae* BB lim, im -3— = lim -— = lig (eohoo) ~ Yatayt™ Bie Fay ETE we = spe tin —_— 36 ito) eye EB * Gsftoo, ERT EB slong 7 = 0 aoagy = stole) 1m, im, =H * coal, 9? BB Ss (yay Paleg EB ae = 1SEr = diferent limits for different values of k 2 ti, a Lis, [Rif H> 0, the limit is 1s bat Fk <0, the Hi = tim tbo lek 3 ait is it = lim 2+ =] pf = diferent limits for different values of ky ke 1 = ALE = sifferent limits for different values of ky k # 1 Section 12.2 Limits and Continuity 1067 Lewd +k 4 Ro) fig, EERE LIEK aitacent mits for different values of k, k# 0 2 2 2 Bay pa Ua set rb > aietee inte or erent vate of kk #1 slong 9, = 8 We 483, No, the limit depends only on the values f{x,y) has when (x9) # (Xo-¥q) If Fis not continuous at 45, UF continuo a (ye) ten in Hay) must onal ag) = 8. (oro) the limit could have any value different from 3, and need not even exis 465. im, 9, (1B) = and tin, 4 B= tim, Sey by the Sandich Theor twhileyoy UH teahite.oy 7-2 > aslo. ve eh Thorens aby? ay? worose oy ECE) 4 eF) 1 > Hg) TT tealnoy Fashion 2 Oxy “) po ZF aby ~ tim 2 ig pe mitey <0, tim wn) = (oabe,0, POT ~ e9}0.0) tah So.0y WT = tayo) aa 4-4 c08 fi} 2 I 5 2, by the Sandwich = farhoay OFE)=2 4 I 90) THT? cash) — T= Theorem 42, The int in 0 sne|sin(P)} ca = <1 esin(f) <1 -y ey sin()y sa $) ny he <0. Ths a (3) (00) both yond yapproch Oy sin(f) 0, by the Sandieh Theorem. 48, Temi i ic [oof t > 1 define (0.0) =n 3 Pe fag Ceecenle ante) r cos # sin? # = 0 = define 58 Maso) Sage ey SER SES = ting Br con 8 sin? #0 m define 10,6) = 0 Section 12.2 Limits and Continnity 1069 59, In Bq, (1). the point (x,y) ties within a dick centered at (xq,¥q) and radius leas than 6, then [t3) -L|<6 in Ba, (2) if the point (x,y) lies within a square centered at (X)¥q) with the ‘ side length less than 26, then |f(x,y) ~L] [x —My]< F and [¥—¥0| <6; likowise, every square of side Tengch 5 is circumscribed by a citele of radius 80 that x~R0]< and y— 901 < Sp = yx x0)" + (vo)? <4. Thus the requirements are equivalent: small circles give small inseribed ‘squares, and small squares give small inseribed circles. 60. im s(x¥+2) = 1 if, for every number €> 0, there exists a corresponding § > such that for all (1.2) yeet) (4y,2) in the domain of g, 0-< yx xo)" + (y — Yo) + (9)? <6 = [a(ey.2)—L] 0 such that for all Pin the domain of h, 0 < y/&~ x HY = 9) F (eH) + (tte <6 |bGnmt)-bl 0, there exists G1. Let §=0.1, Then fxs? <6 > VR Ty < 01 + x7 +9? < 0.01 > |x? +? ~0|< 0.01 = [f(x,9) — (0,0) | < 001 =e. 62, Let § = 0.05. ‘Then 1 < 6 andy | <6 = 069) ~1(0,0)|=|=5~ | 63, Let = 0.005, Then x1 < Sand jy] <8 |f2) ~ 0,0) =] SAX se =| jet yl spree claazis r+yle| x beat | 282 |cicts| Sixt ]y}. Then x1<6 and fy] <6 foxy) ~110,0)] = [p= AE - 0] =| FAL | | [tanta |tox?y/+{tan?e| = tan? + tan?y + tants < tan?6 + tan S-+tan?6 = 0.01 40.01 + 0.01 69. im fouya)= tim (xt yt) = = f{Xqr¥ort) = Fis continuous at Gar Bro.) f(x 9,2) 2.7.2 voit) (ety +2) = xy +¥9 +40 = {lea or%9) > every Oor¥or20) 1 lima oy) Lim Pay 4 Peak tyB+ 28 = flay is continuous at 69 ang) 9 aay ygag) AEH +98 +28 = flxp.¥o.t9) = fis cont 7 ‘every point (X5,¥q,%) 12.3 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Hog 1 Bats, 2 3. Har +2), fata a2 y— Ma, Bm bx ay 6 Ei 4 : a 0 £ i gis 1 as Bota 1 Owed fea OO) = ae 2 e4y)= . x aire af (8+) — x29) Pax? at _(x? + ¥7)(0) ~x(2v) _ 2 0. @= = , oe ty MOG) Ray ay GPa yy aay +e = CHANG) 6+ YG) 1 ot _ Gey =) = txt v0)? Gey? By y=? @-0) of u. 12, Section 12.8 Partial Derivatives 1071 Birt y et OO, Bac Bicgy oi) ad) sin (x ty) +e con(x ty), Be cool ty) ot oe fue 3 a1 ob =e #1 8 aah 48 BT ET BROAD) = Hy By TEST By OM Sy ot be a & yf set Bay) olny = ye In 9 Shao Bay) -in yet fae ny 2 Sin (x9) cox ay) B09) 2 sinfx—8y) cool =3), sin (— 89) sin (x —3y) = «-3)-£ sin(x—3y) =2 sin (x~3y), can(x—t9)- (x3) = 6 sin (x — 3y) cos(x —3y) ay 18. FE = 2 cos(3x—y2)-f co(Sx — y®) = ~2 00s (3x ~y?) sin(3n~y?)-2-(3x—y") = -6 c03(3x— y?) sin(3x—y?), Hh =2 cman —y9)- fh coelax—y") = -2 con (84-24) sin Buy") B(54-¥2) = Ay eos(3x —y*) sin(3x ~y*) A yyy, ty wiz et ang te 9, Bayar, Bw in 20. flay) = Eo f= oh and = ain, 21. SE = a(x), = als) ve tea= E cw pyi SR Aa 08 A = 05 (sin A)G2—a cos A= 0 = #884, also oye, +Qy=1 be vx +n vu, =0 Ronee 62. Differentiating each equation implicitly gives 1 = (2x)x, — (2y)y,, and 0 = (2x)x,~ yy oF 1 -y (2x)xu— Qy)¥y = 1 oo = 1 Gon noe sien may oe -1 mot mo - . Ban va= Caray Sue By ae May rapt nest sats? Bana Bea ay =*( slag) *( 3g) =r tg ER ot 9 FE » Ba Be 62, far, Son Sena Zh 12 Be BeBlarreecoee Section 12.8 Partial Derivatives 1075 6 He xa, = on, B= 0x? —a(0? +52), 2 Bae = 6-624 Ie =0 Pt Oy" way . = 3 + = > a Brie Baie os wayy a Gay 8 a ea 6. aye? ott JOR Ha = al? ey, Le $08 et My) yitsyary?, Ba hatayes BY Pas) = elt aye ey, tery atta ey Ble tty patty ety, Baye eV? 52a nyt s2y? og Oy OF oF yh eat yO 452260 a yh ot) > Rit it ee (ty? ety? gattayt arty fel (2 ayy ett eet eee] ays] (ty eet oP byte maak + yay 4 (aa? + ay? + 5e2)02 4 9? 422) 4280 nin ean E828 on Bh 2281 co cee BH cn 52 16D co 158 oo 0 Seo ew —# sin (x te (oer 9 OF ote) Ge ccantetery OY abate ta sin(x-tet), 5 os ao ee ot 70, 40? cos (2x + ct) 1076 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives Bt a2 ant(ox 0, ae oF 26 sec? (2x — Det); Fy 8 sec? (2x—2ct) tam (2x — 2et}, te (8 a tet) BF (2) ante ne 74, BH 28 sin Bx + Set) + ON, IE = 15 sin (x + Bet) +o, es ~45 cos (3x + Set) +e, os = A5e? cos (3x +34) +2 = es ef—45 cos (3x + et) + tH] = Ox" 15 Gen BB Bae) op Ee = (0c FE) in) = ot BG, Be = Ga — Phan B= (a hw Ba Pe ag He o(e Be eds 124 DIFFERENTIABILITY, LINEARIZATION, AND DIFFERENTIALS + (a) 10,0) = 2, (x59) = 2x = £,(0,0) = 0, fyGuy) = By = F(0,0) = 0 = Lfauy) = 1400-0) + Oy -0} = (©) £01.2) = 8, (041) =2, 65(2,1) = 2 = LOoy) = 8421) 42y-s 2xt y-1 (2) 0,0) =4, Gay) = 2 Fy +2) 0.0) = 4 lay) = 2 +y +2) = 0.0) = 22 Lay) = 4444 0) +409 0) = ax sty Hd (b) (1,2) = 25, £,(1)2) = 10, £4(2,2) = 10 = Lfx,y) = 25-4 10(~ 1) + 10(y 2) = Mx + My —5 () 1(0,0) = 5, f(xy) = 8 for all (2,9), y(auy) = —4 for all (9) => L(y) = 5+ 3(e—0) 409-0) = Bendy $5 () 1a) = 4, G1) = 8 (1) = 4 > Magy) = 4 +9(R 1) Aly —1) = Sx ay 45 (9) F011) = 1, (9) = Sty = G.0L,1) #3, G69) = ary? = 4 2 L(ny) = 14 8x1) +Ay—1) = xy —6 (b) £(0,0) = 8, 60,0) = 0, £,(0,0) = 0. Lix,y) = 0 1 (a) 10,0) = 2, (x9) = eF 605 y = (0,0) = 1, f(y) = —e* sin y = £,(0.0) = 0 = Ly) = 14 (x—0) + 0(y—0) = x42 (0) H(0.$)=0, 5 (08) ~0, (05) = 1 Huy) =04 060-0) 1(y +) 10,0) = 1 fay) = 8S (0,0) = 1, Ey fouy) = 26 40,0) = => Lxy) —Hx—0)42(y-0) = -x+2y 41 () 10,2) =e, £,(1.2) = 08, (0,2) = 20° = Lug) = = ex + Deby — 26 ox-1) +2042) 10, u. 2. 13. 4, Section 12.4 Differentiabitity, Linearization, and Differentiais 1077 (2.1) 8, F659) = Oe —By = £21) 1, fy) = BF GRA) = 6 Loy) = 8+ MGR ~2) BY) STH RA 6Y; Betsy) = 2 hy (7) = fyy(euy) = B= M35 thus EG y)] < (FO) -2h41y—1P <($)t01 +0.2)* = 0.06 £(2,2) = 11, Romy) =x +9 43 + 6022) =7, Six) =x 45-3 = (2,2) =0 3 Lay) = + x2} HOC 2) = 7-H Gal) = Ie Gyles) = 4, Gy ey) = nis EG y)| <(S) A) 2 +1y 2p" <(4)(04 +0. Fey) = 608 9 = £,(0,0) = 1, GOs, => Lay) = b+ Hx Ob 1-0) = x ty +s gly) thus /EGu9) |< (3) CV lar tis) £(G)(02 + 0.2)? = 0.08 08 Y, Fyy(%y) = mein y = M = 5 £(1,2) = 6, Gay) = y?—y sine 2) = 0,2) = 4, Gly) = Pay +eo8(e—1) > FY(4,2)=5 5 LOY) = 6+ AGC = 1+ Sly ~ 2) = A + By 85 fygGG 9) = =Y ORE = 1}, Fy G9) = By Exy(ey) = 2y —sin (x — Tse —14S O41 = 0.9 Sx < 1.1 and |y ~2[< 0.41 = 19 Sy < 2.15 thus the max of [fog(%sy)]on Ris 2.1, the max of fjq(x,y}]on Ris 2.2, and the max ofjf.y(x,y) on R is 2(2.1) —sin (0.9 — 1) S43 M= 4.95 thus |BGy) |< (2)04.3)(Ix— t+ ]y 297 < (215,04 +0.1)? = 0.086 £(0,0) = 1, f(x,y) = eF cos y = £,(0,0) = 1, f(x,y) =e sin y > 5 (0,0) =0 2 Uley) = 1+ 1-0) + Oly 0) = 14H fealty) SO ems ¥, Gy lgy) = e006 ¥, Bey Ix) $0.1 > -O.1 M = 1.1% thus | (x,y) |< (S111) (x1 jy P< (0.555)(0.1 + 0.1)? = 0.0222 sin ys (1,1) = 0, Re(xy) =F > OA) = 1, Gey) = f= G11) = 1 > Legy) = 0410-2) + Hy -1) exty-2 Sater) = dy yan) = - Eyy(ssy) =O; [x= 1/5 0.2 0.98 < x < 1.2 50 the max of [fes(sy) |on Ris $1.04; |y 1] $0.2 > 0.98 : > Gages ho > M = 108 tus (Bay) |< ($)(0-08 (x — 114 fy —a)) < (0.52}00.2 + 0.2)? = 0.9882 Assy 2 dA =x dy ty dx; if'x>y then a Lunit change in y gives a greater change in dA than a 1-unit ‘change in x. ‘Thus, pay mote attention to y which is the smaller of the two dimensions. (a) §,Gqy) = 2x(y +1) = £,(1,0) = 2 and f(x,y) = x? = £(1,0) = 1 = df= 2 dx + 1 dy = df is more sensitive to changes in X = 05 2%41-95%—--1 () f= 0 2dstdy= 07 29t41=05 t=} 1078 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 15, Ty(xy) = e% He and Ty(x,y) = x(e? eF) =p AT = Ty(a,y) dx + Tyyy) dy = (Oe det x(& oY) dy > AT ay 9) = 25 dx +3.0 dy. Illex! < 0.1 and ay] < 0.02, then the ‘maximum possible error in the compated value of T is (2.8)(0.1) + (8.0)(0.02} = 0.31 in magnitude, 16 ¥, 22rd and Vy =r 6 = Vy Vy ao AY = Deh ds oh [2-200] <2 = [4-10 |< (2). a00) + ($8) 009 17. Vy =2arh and Vy, = ar? AV = V, drt Vp dh => dV = 2eth drt mr? dh = dV (g, 19) = 120m dr +250 dhs [de] < 0.1 cm and [dh] < 0.1 cm = d¥ < (120%)(0.1) + (25% )(0.1) = 14.59 em; V(5, 12) = 300% em® => maximum percentage enor is +185 100 = 24.83% it f dh; now Land | s2 19-200] +2200 3% 18, V, = 2th and Vj = a1? = dV SV, drt Vy dh = dV = 2nth de = ae? dh; assuming dr = dh 3 dV = 2eth deb de = (2ach-a0?) dry AV < 0.1m? when r= 2'm and b= 3 m => [2x(2)3) 4 9(2)?] dr $0.1 = dr-< 2.420.001 m (rounded down). ‘Thus, the absolute value ofthe error in measuring and should be less than or equal to 0.002 m. 64,9) dx + f/(2,9) dy = Bey dx + acy? dy = atl Sdx +4 dy; for square, dx = dy = af =7 dx so that }dfl 0.1 =» Thdxl< 0.1 = [dx] < 91 = 0.014 => for the square, |x —11< 0.014 and ly-1] BRlean.as) = “Gage OD + Gar CL) OOH ohms = percentage change is Boas 100 2011 1000 04% G) Section 12.4 Differentiability, Linearization, and Differentials 1079 =(5 F004 pra teh 2 Mlag =(G) +0004($) s00n= FM Bp0s => maximum change in d@ occurs when dx and dy have opposite signs (dx versa) = dd = 2.01 w 4.0028 4 = tan () w 0927288216 = [100 6.30% (b) the radius ¢ is more seasitive to changes in y, aud the angle @ is more sensitive to changes in x 28. (2) LAD 3 4LED Sy Fah y= GELY =e teh ay =e MOL sy exh > (aye) 234+ 20R= 1) + 2(y 1) + 2a 1) = Oey + OR —3 () £(2,0,0) = 0, £,(1,0,0) = 0, F,(1,0,0} = 1, ,(1,0,0) = 1 = Lfx,y,2) $04 .0(¢- 1) +(7-0) + (2-0) aye ©) £(0,0,0) = 0, £,(0,0,0) = 8, £,(0,0,0) =0, £(0,0,0) =0 > L(x,y,2) =0 24, (0) F111) = 8, (111) = Beha a ay 2s HD) = yf aay = LC LD) 5 Usyys) = 9420-1) +2y = 1) 428-1) = Bx ty BF (b) (0, 1,0) = 1, £,(0,1,0) = 0, £,(0,1,0) = 2, £,(0,1,0) = 0 = L(x,y,2) = 1+ 0 ~ 0) +2(y — 1) + O(n 0} =2y-1 42) M(1,0,0) = 1, £(1,9,0) = 2, £(1,0,0) =0, 60,0) = 0 = L(x,y42) = 1422-1) +0(y—0) +0(8-0} Boot 2. (2) §(2,0,0) = 1, £,(1,0,0) = ye =16,,0,0) + yh (©) £(1,0,0) = 1, §(,0.0) = Fare Fl coo) 000) = Farm ane £4.00) = = 05 Lega) = 14 1x1) 40(y~0) +0(8 -0) = (6) £(0,2,0) = V2, 01,0) = =1 = (10) = Bp, 81,0) = drys = 46022) = 3,4 (1,2,2) = Bae Lxyt) 354+) 6-1) 420-2) 4900-2) = L(x,y,2) = VE Tg D4 ply 1) +0(@-9) (©) £(4,2,2) = 9, £,(5,2,2) shedek 2. (@) (2) =1 (G2) EI a Fey (b) £(2,0,1) = 0, £,(2,0,2) = 0, (2,0, 1) = 2, £(2,0,1) = 0 = L(x,y,2) = 0+ O(x —2) +2(y —0) + 0(2— 1) = 2y 05) Ele 21a Myr) =140(x-§) + 0ly 1) le 1) = 2 27, (a) €0,0,0) = 2 (0,950) = o,0,0)= Is f(050,0) = —sI (9 +2) 9 = 9 £(0,0.0) = ~sin(y +2) |fgg,9) 29% Marsa) = 24 U0) + (9 0) 40-0) = 24x 1080 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 28, a1. ) flx,y,2) = 4 Bye $2 at Po(1, 1,2) = 1,1,2) Hayse) = x? tay + yet de? at Po(1, 1,2) = (11,2) = 5; f 1 => Lays) © #(0$.0) 5.0) = 1 (04.0) = -1, (5.0) S14 UR O)-1(y-F)- 1G 0) ax-y a4 Ft © (05.5)= 1 6(054)= 1 (OFF) = 1 (054) = -1 > Ler) a 141-0) 1(9-B)-1(e-Paxy et get (@) £0,0,0) =0, &,(1,0,0) = 55 — = 0, ,(1,0,0) = = 35 =o, ‘ ‘ Co Neo) a) il, 9.0) 4,(1,0,0) = —3__] = 0 Lexyz) =0 ‘ Co)" o,0.0) ‘ (b) {(1,1,0) =6, £,(1,1,0) (9 yt) = G11 £,(1)1,0) =0, (1, 1,0) = 1 Lfy,2) = 0-4 068 = 1) 4 0(y =1) +1 -0 41024 40,10 =) Ley.) =F4d0—+dy-D+d@-1 5 ahxtdy+de+ 9-9 fy =—Be f= x—3y > Lye) = 242 —1) Oly ~ 1) -2(2—2) = Bx Gy 28 +65 fg =O, fy = Oy fag = Os yy = Os yy = > M=8; thus, [E92] <(B)(ay(0.01 +01 +002)? = 0.0004 ty faxte ay the = Ufx,y,2) = 5 436-1) + 3(y — 1) +222) = BK + By + 22-55 fae = 2, yy 20; fae =F fay = Sy. 1 M2; thus /B(s,942}|<(3)(2)(0.01 + 0.01 +0.08)* = 0.01 f(ayysa) = xy +2y4 San at P1410) = 01,0) = sf =y—Se fy =x 42m f= By Be 3 Lays) 14-1) 49) ~ (2-0) =x ty 2-0, By = 0, fy =O hy = Aa he f_g=2>M= thus | Cx, y.2)|-<($)(B)(0.01 + 0.01 + 0.01)? 00135 fx,¥,2) V2 cos x sin(y +2) at Po(x.¥.$) = (00,3) 13, = V2 sin x sin(y +2), f= VB con x con(y +2), (= VB co xeosly +2) = Lsyya) = 1- Oe -0)+(9-0) +(2-F) eB Sy = VB con x sin y #2). hy = VT con Sin (949) yg = VT c08 x sin 42), gy = V2 sin x 008 (y +2) fgg = V2 sin x cosy +2), yy = V3 con x sin(y +2). The absolute value of ‘each of these second partial derivatives is bounded above by «/2 => M = v9; thus |E(x,y,2)} <(4)(v2)(0.01 + 0.01 4.0.01)? = 0.000636, A 4px* px* ) . (a) a8 = 48, dw +S), dh = - 2X dw (a) dS=S, dp+S, dx +S, dw +5, dh os tp 4 SPR da BE aw FE ah pxt 1 4ax—law—3 = 1 4 ax) aw 3 = 0( 2 )(p ao +f aed dv Ban) = off deck deg; aw ah) Section 12.4 Differentisbility, Linearization, and Differentials 1081 = So(qigde-tde8dwr—30 dh), where pp =100 S/n, x9 4 an a= (8) More sensitive toa change in height 1.2 ea, hy = 0.1 m 4. (8) Vie arth = AV =2eth drm? dh =e at r= 1 and h=5 we have AV = 10s dr-+- dh => the volume ie ‘about 10 times more sensitive toa change int (b) dV 50 = 0m Qeth dete? dh = 2h dete dh = 10 dr-t-ah = dr =~; dh; choose dh = 1.5 15 = h = 6.5 in. and + = 0.85 in, is one solution for AV = dV dr 35. flab) =| > b, fg=a > df =d da—edb—b deta das since fe | ad bes fads f otis much greater thaa [b|, lel, and Id, the function f is most seusitive to a change in d. wb pate dasec chsh de Baten db babes oie 36. plasbse abe = py = be, Py = a6, $44, Now fP-100]= 2, | 8-200] 2, ana F-s0) D422 =6 oF 6% a7, h, Vy, = Iby Vy = lw => dV = wh dl + Ib dw +l dh => dVIe.o,0) = 6 dl +10 dw + 15 db, ab sin C4, =} sia G, Ay = fa sin G, Ay = dab con G = dA = (5b sin C) da-+(Ja sin C) ab + (Jab cos C) aC; dC =12"1=|0.0849| radians, da =|0.51 ft, db =|0.5] ft; at a= 150 ft, b = 200 ft, and C = 60", we see that the change is approximately, 4A = $(200)(sin 607) 10.51+ J (150)(sin 607 10.51-+ 5 (200)(150)(cos 607 10.0349|= +338 A? 39. uy =e uy = Hel tin 2, uy = y cos s => du = oF diet (xe! + sin 2) dy + (y €08 2) dz 3 dela yggy TBAT ay 40 de = 3d 47 dy magetude ofthe manna posible ror £.3(0.2) +7(0.6) = 4.8, . 40. =H)”, exe = HABY (FE), a0, 250-18)” aH ARY "aed = HORST" Bon 3 an a] oan samy a (2)(2(20) (220) (22) (2(2)(20) = [2900] (“ea 54 Sip a EAE | ar0y00 €K +80 dM ~ 32,000 dh) h = Q is moat sensitive to chang 1082 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partiat Derivatives 41. Ifthe first partiat derivatives are continuous throughout ax open region R, then by Eq, (3) in this section of the text, 4,9) = hag ¥o) + Flt te) Ax +E Ooo) AY +x edly, where Gy, 6 as Ax, Ay = 0. Then as Gy) = vo) Ax O and Ay = 0 (6,9) = fl. ¥q) = Fis continuous at every point o.¥o) im R. 42. Yes, since fs Lys Lys and fj, are all continuous on R, use the same reasoning as in Exercise 41 with $y) = fyl%o¥o) + fexl oro) OX + fay Fo) Ay +e, AX + ey and 009) = ls06) + lot Ax Hao AY HARA TSY Then lim (99 = fb) ) G59) =f, Cem¥o) 9 Bare) and lim Gey Boore 12.5 THE CHAIN RULE = 2x sin t+ 2y cos t= —2 cos t sin (+2 sin t eos t 1) Geta BE aty mata =O; wax ty? = cont tain? () FE) 2 (a) Bt de, BE = 2y, SE = sin tt co8 t, = main toon to SE = (2x)(~sin t-+e08 t) + @2y)(—sin tos &) = Acos t+ sin t)(cos t —sin t) — 2(cos t—sin t)(sin t + cos t} = (2 cost —2 sin?t)—(2 cos?t—2 sin?t) Ps (c08 t-sin t)?+ (cos t—sin 1)? =2 cos?t +2 sin?t = 2 48 =0 3 G@) t= gal bohe pe EY den 2 cost int, SF = Din cs x cos" t + sin” | 2 Sta Peo tain Faia tone SP ah at ayo @) He ow dx M2 6 @ Beate Baa e Se a dw _ _=2xsin.t ,_ 2v cos t wa un taln veda vanes) oS aa ata = lags w= inlet yest) monte nba t 16t) in (d #16) 3 48 = Lode ey de tg dw Ayte aet gt Be Pi te ai hat oa Peg (4eyeant ee? +1) 2002 +2) e ot 2) = EE Spm dt tant; w= dye™ In 2 (2 tone N(P ae 1)~t P41 wa * " - + fe) $e = ~y com xy, 9 = x 008 xy, OY = 1, Section 12.5 The Chain Rule 1083 Bee BYE (2 e020) = aa ) Eq) =(H(Z)r1= 042 pet ty GW egg gy FOOT = FE = ~y cos xy -2% teow (¢ m8) (in t)feos(t In t)} = * = =€ln Ofc0s(t In t)] ~cas(t In 2) +etF, w= 2—sin xy sin (tnt) > $= 1 — feos (t tn uyfaree(HJ=t4-C +n 1) cos (t In t) =1-(1+0)(1) = (0) B= BBE Be = (et Na) cn = EN gine "Wes la en Ba Bee A (ach tn y)(GEBBE) + (ME) ec cos 6) = (det In y Ken 6) 4 SO SEE = [Ae cos 0) tn sin tam 0) + ME 886M 8 8 = (bes 6) In (sin + Aneoke, = Ae In y = A(r cos 8) In(r sin 0) > $2 = (4 con 0) ine sin 8) Ax cos 0) (82%) = (40s 8} sin) 44 ea abo & = (Ae sin 6 nf in 8) 4 4(rc00 (88) 7 i cos? O = (-trsin 6) ae ay tee in 0) +4 cos 6; (b) A029) = 4.008% Fln(2 sin F Detar eae: von ia wl = 4m E44 = -2VF In 24 VF #-|_@ v canes. ping (rin ark soy ee GD] cane Te) sean 10804 meng _ tin esa 8) Xen) Blan an Bays 7 ste boca tas tor (G)a ra Mot) ave =( ogg (oa a) SR = Ge Beg Ge Oe Fe a ya (ryt (x24) + V4) =e by 42 Hy 4H =(ty} te "et 20 = 264 an a9 eh oe 1084 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives = (y +a) + e+ a)(-1) + y+) x4 (y+ xj = —2v + (uj Ov + 2u?; we mays yetan alu) 4 oty v2) 42s tov!) uF a Btu du and Bes ay et? (0) ae (Jt): $8 = 2(4)+4(})ay =s ana 92 = -20) +208) = -§ 0. ata sin v tue" co) (ele ow un ue’ sin (ale = (arr reagent a oe) , OF nae we cout we + (Groat SR a pai) conv =e? sin) ‘(Grea treeroen Ob 4 (Anal sn (a) cos +( apse) ayer Taya (sera cae ee so) 2ue™ cos u pp ae J (tue”) = 25 w = In (u%e sin? a + 02S?” costa + u2e?*) = in(20%™" + arse a Bieta la = ml + +082) = tala) win 24 Pinus2r io SE = fund QE =a 8) Ae 20, BB t na tn? fo) Ou 90 9,090, dy eg EP, Pog gnrtr pt p-g_ 1 0) B= BB oe te Bet ge Bem ba tet PS ta: oa ete BBR RE fa~1) a igkpo PiPy- Pid, -aattto pop ta 29-9 mty x Goat ean) Cen: a= ae Ga =, ae =--h, oF 0) Ae(YAi2): Bao, Ba y= aa ad = 2 Seetion 12.5 The Chain Rule 1085 zg =e x) + (re sin“ p)(0} + {qe sin“ p}(0) = Eto teeran (#) (ae sin-tp)o0) = 2 gia ou ay ou & (0) = (v8 sin) 28) +46 wn )(— 3.) = (One aint 99) wae vi=e a In yj um etl®Y sin (sin x) aay if —F xx co Bay, = xy" In y from direct calculations aca dw a » ae me # » Es x 2 s 2 x ae a a = z Ax, ae ae a ae ae 4a ae ae | 88 as 3 Pi . ~ » 8, oe BS ae ag 4 aa ae BS da Ng Ska az SN ae 2 ae ae als a 2 é 3 bods ass eee ae as, as ge ae ~ as Zz 4 a ae = * we > > ~ Sy 7 As ae as ze as BS s € 9 BNE ada Naa aan HE Ne ; 8 £8 ate 3 & a 5 ¥ & as a8 as als ae als 20, aa a as ae ag as as as i Be : ae aes i ae 2. & Be ® FES since ae 25. Let P(xy) as as % — bet Cyt” t + 7 and Fyix,y) 4 3 =a 1088 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 2 fy Bye 28, Let F(x,y)=xy ty" ~Bx-$20 9 Ryu ay Band Ryley) x49 BES 4 oR =2 Fy oe 21. Let Play) =x bay $y? 720-2 Flay) =2rty and Pyleyy) = x4 2y Em pe EY dy 4 =fag--$ 28. Let F(x,y) =e + sin xy ty —In 250 = F,(uy) =e +y cop xy and Py(uy) = xe" +x sin xy +E ohne — Pe = Reon = e402) 29. Let Playa) = 28 — xy + yet y= 20> Fly) sy. Fy(gse) = x+245y%, Fyeayea) = 3 ey es ae a1 * Ferg ay? Reuy=} % yey = Bays} 40. tet Foggy ed ed 4 we BL bak (syst) = sn(a-+y) +in(y +9) tin 42) = 0 = Fy 0) = os (a +9) +0842, Fylxysa) = cos +9) + e0n(y +2), Fy 4) = con(y +8)-+e08(x-+ 2) =» BE = — FE cos(x-+y) +e05(x +2} _— Fy __ costa ty) eos y #3) = Banani sn & TR = cos ty $2) +08 (+2) F, ~~ cos(yt2} + e08(a +2) 82, Let Peasy) = a0? 4 yet 42 ln x28 9 2= OF Fybae) = 4B, Ryloayee) xe $e, Fa yt) = 9 a = > Been = eth Fy xe (48) D6 0.10 Bln 3) = —gybgs = p= 3 He tn ta 8) = hy 33. ee Ge Ge le act y sai) tae ty tall-sin(ete)]+%ety +s)[eos(r+s)] x+y +2)[l ~sin(r +s} + e0s(r-+5)] = 2fr—s + coo(r-ts) +sin (x +8)ill —sin(r+5) +c05(r+5)) = 2(3)(2) = 12 u. +0) +2) = + y(H)+¥ > 2 (44) 3. (2)e)= [ae a 49 eS] ae (uv +1) Seetion 12.5 The Chain Rule 1089 = (y cos xy sin 920) + (x cos xy 4x 008 9)(¥) +09) sin wo] (20) +{(u? +v2) conluhy +8) 4 (a? +92) cos ov] (v) = 04 (cos 0+ e08 011) =2 = hail wit) ee 3 cre ntl. Sia BRB -ORES) = (rts )(8) ww Vain oe Wen and Y= 5 de = OY hg BY al ed gd 0.01 volte +: (000 ohms) f+ (0.04 ampa(0.8ohmeexe) = = 0.00005 ampasee BY da, BY dh 4 GV de = (he 48 + (ac) GB + (ab) gE = (2 m)(8 m){1 m/eee) + (1 m){8 m)(1 m/sec) +(1 m)(2 m)(—8 m/sec) = 3 m/sec tod she sen reese Sa tab +20e-+2be = MS = WS de BS db _ 38 de Mb +e) 8426040) TCE ter = 2(5 m)(I m/sec) + 2(4 m}{(1 m/sec) + 2(3 m)(—3 m/sec) = 0 m2/see and the surface area is not changing; 2D da, BD db , aD de ab 4 de) -, aD = Ve TEE wD = BD tay SO dh OD de Fee Sree gs) Pl cs woke ‘m)(1 m/sec) +(2 m)(1 m/sec) + (8 m)(—3 m/see)] = “Sa m/sec <0 = the diagonals are decreasing in length +B BE GE = BO + FOG =F Bee + + PE Beg Bt Be a Hy Hn) s P= — Fe Hand BBE Be EOD tO Bet Be Be ae an, a ax tay? 1090 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 2.) Bat Boe, & ir aw cos O+f, sin @ and Se f,(—1 sin 8) + f(r cos 8) => 1y (0) Bin 0 sin 0 oe 944, sin? and (2982) 98 sin O45, cos8 f, sin 8 cos 6-41, cos? 3, =n 0) 92+ (99-2) 28; enon Bf, cos 0 [ cin) SH + (598-2) Sen 0) f, con 8 = Bt (into) Ge (sin E,s08 #) Be — (1 _ in?g) GH (sin fys08 #) Bu 6, = (cos 0) Se —(sin 8) (© (iF = (oor (x) (Bsn gee) Be Ge) (ate) Bs) (iy = amroh(Sey +(Pan gene) Be Be) (ss#)( 5) and 44, FE eo) L +e NLL) = 0) +20) S Hog = LONE) FON) = (a) +0: Be = (ah) ¢eONCD = Hyp =P) HHP) = 0) 0) ae yy af. dx, Of dy | Ode FUDGE Bx att By det Be at 2 Hioose = tin deo trr-2a05 2 for the point (cos (—2),sin (—2),—2); t 45. O97) os t, fy 4) = sin t, and 0%, 9s2} = (cos t){—sin t) + (sin 8)(cos t) +(e? 4-2) pt Be x =eas(-2),y =sin(-2)s2 y= sin 1, 11 forthe point (cas isin 1.1) 45, Sy = But be 4 Ou SH 5 Be d= (ae cos S)(csint)+(2x%” con 20)(ey) +(-ax2e sin (1) 2 = 2x0" con Sa sin t+ BPE GBs Me _ 3,707 sin Seat the point on the curve z= 0 => t= = 04 OW garg fos2.0) 0 Section 12.5 The Chain Rule 1091 47. (a) B= sx—4y and BE yt 3 T= Fide STS = (oe Ay){~sin £) + (By ~ 4x)(c08 ¢) = (8 c0s t—4 sin t)(~sin t) (8 sin t—4 08 t}(cos t) = 4 sin®t ~4 cos? t= EB o i sin toss = cs" { => sin t= eos t or sin t=—cos t > t= ¥, 58, On, Te Teaage AD 5 4 sin?t —4 cos? = 0 = ain? AD 0 = 4 sin?t—4 cos?t = 0 > the interval 0 << 2) er alae wr a 6 sin Ecos {> 0-1 has a minimum at (x) =(Y2,¥2), 16 sin BE con BE <0 2) Tha & maxim at (9) = (92 Pe GPE) = 16 sin BE cos SF > 0. T has & minimum at (x3) = -¥), a |e Som iF EF) lo sin IE coe 2 <0 T has a maximum at (x9) = fe) (0) Tate tay 494 = Pl moet, and SE ay — deo the ence ves eat a the for point tout in pc (ay: 7(— 92) = of ¥2, 92) (2) -(-L)44(9) =, te main and 2(Y2 B)an(-92,-¥2) = 4) (2) 4(f) = 2 te minim $8. (o) ny and FE mm Gf = Ey EY ya P sin t) 4 x( cost) = (VB sin t)( 2 VF sin 1) + (2V/F cos 1) VF cos t) ites EE aT 2 24a) 1 a = 16 sin ¢ cost P= 0 = 4-8 cin? =0 = sintt =) sin t= aus Sainte > EE = 16 sin (cost AP =o > 4-8 sin? <0 topo aut= 4755125 A sin? +4 cos? = —4 sine + 4(1 — sine) 46.8577 on teiateval ot 8 sin 2($) = 8 = Thas a maximum at (x.y) = (2,1): a sin2(32)=8 = 7 tas a minimom at (x3) 2,1); “8 = T has a maximum at (xy) = (—2,—1}i 8 x2 T has a minimum at (xy) = (2-1) and BE = x the exzane value ea he fe pnts fund i pas (a: 8, the maximum and T(~2,1) = T(2,—1) = —4, the minimum 1092 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 48. Gu) = ] Ai43) at whee w=) = 3S $6 gu 80d = gosta | extn tho 2 rays | Vata P= Ve) eens | SVE at oar “ at | js nts ong he vai xe 0) =f VER a= | VP a Fe ‘ 2 2 ave! e200 - | ZV a= Fey dt — VF? = VeF Reo] £veaae | pga 2 12.6 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES WITH CONSTRAINED VARIABLES. wn (RE)
y ees stain x4 (2.009 x) EO Ba Tepes * At Oslx) Bm A = (82 fang 2008) r2 22 5. walla yn 2 and dy 42? 26 a “(| : J) -teneee 2=atxy) = (2098)(0)4 (20° +2) (1) += 98) Bm aay 424 (y— aH?) Now x) BE 429+ 20) SEO and Section 12.6 Partial Derivatives with Constrained Variables 1095 ax Bg HY At(wxye) = yy fe Gade Wt Oe) Ha Os Ha - yA (wre) = 421-1), =f) +(-1)] +11 = 3(3"]0) = 5 x= xt) x bw jw Iw iw (2 )-[ or |=) emg = (xy) Bee ty +3)(1) + (9 —B0°)(0) = (2949) SE 4 Oat Now (2x) ges ay +(22) Ses ome B05 09 Brey =04 B=} a (mana) = (2.1,-, §= ~h = (32) lean = (2N2901*(—$)+ VC) + (A) = 5 eetenee efie Cpe Jaa Bea arte Avon 0) Ba t= )=@-me o Mayers tet yy Blam Be and Bi 0 me ar fio Beats (3) = eh Us, 3, and ae indepencent, then (BE), |= Oe B54 Bn BE BeBe Be Ot = nt) +2910) + (00) + (GE) = ax BE Th x2 += = 1404 = Oo Sena = (Be), ,=2- 1 On the other han, iy. and tae independent then (BE) = Be Be Ge Be Be 5 Be Bt = Cony) + (-29)(0) 44 BE (IYO) = B44 HE Thus, 420+ 35 ariagtsonon fta—-bo(J2) =mesa(-f)=m-2 Iisa irene foneton of y and tan faa) O-> BEBE EAE 9 A BY 9 s) __at/ty atta ~(B)= ~Fpeh: Siilanly, iy is diteeatiable funtion of aad 2 (2 Siege and ifais 2 itis ation ody (2), = 808 ‘hen (38 )(%), ®, Bs) ae) ah) =~" 1006 Chops 52 MulivaibleFentions sad Past! Desvatives Wo 2 ett and aay SE = 14 EAS ty Sha Bt m0 gE BY Bw that Ey BE ox(tsgi)-a(a0)=* ae 1 Ifx and y are independent, then g(x,y62) = 0 = 3 (2) = -22%, a das 12 bec aod y beindependnt. Then fant) = 0, gy) = Band = 0 a MoM woe Oe Bn Bt oe > Bs Bet By Bx * Oe Ox * dw Ox — Ox * Oe Ox ‘f as Pe 0m ox? ned ae ty 5 BS ess | Re Se Likewise, (x,y, 2.) O,etesinm) 0 and SE = 0p PERE BE AY ae Be ie 3H BM eH G0 ona (simiiany) $8 FE 3E Be =o imply SE SR | AP Se 42.7 DIRECTIONAL, DERIVATIVES, GRADIENT VECTORS, AND TANGENT PLANES at & oe 2 1 42,1) = aw its: 1, fais vi is y~x is the level eurve Section 12.7 Directional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 1097 BE _ oe 2 ae Pap T ROU ae tated Huyets visisitiyeh2s me re = tn(x? + y?) <> 2 = x? ty? is the level curve +i 8(-1,0) > -1ay—x? ie the level curve |—¥, a Hameed Hat) = 9; thas Uf= 31-+2)— 4k wtetin xs ZC 1,1) ayo Rain=%8 oH . Saat ROMs Bs $= ~6n = Ht) = > Born ftw ve= Pio ee Bao alPay ae 5 -Gypayrtte O 1,2,-2) = Bae sina = H(0,0.8)=- 1098 Chapter 12 Multivatiable Functions and Partial Desivatives ge Ae fi 3i 35: 009) = . 9 = R= Fir ET SITS Sl) =2y = 6.8) = Vie Oi 255 = (Pyop, = Virw= 10(8)- 20(8) 5; f.0u9) 24x > 8-81) = (ey) =2y = (1) =2 (8,9) = Bx = Oy = f(8,5) = —20 3? + (4 2 Vis 4142) > (DyOp, = Viu=~B-82 4 5. =148 ayVJ3- =% ML : Bit fyi exten = tg 9 ald) = lo) aE he ots Ve=Si-1> Dapp, = Yew HA =H 2i¢ 6% Jt +8 2} 3 fh -L.2) = OG ¥.2) = VFX AL “1,2) = 0 VES E+ 3 > Dp, = vews$4Ba3 18. $5 Fk: Guys) =y te GUL = b Gye) =xte A__ititk was A= fal Vers i nsys2) = 2x > E111) = Bi Guy.) = Ay Tata “a Fis Bs eons) = 86" cos y0 = (0,050) i By(s se) = —Bze™ cin yz 2 = 8y(0, 0,0) = 05 g(ouaie) = —Bye" sn ys = £(0,0,0) =0 => Va=3i= (Dyan, = Ver 16. w =A 1:4 $i4 Bhs hy(are) = -y sin yeh a,(1.08)= 5 by (xyz) =x sin xy tee hy (104) =F hoya) = yeF +h = by (10)=2> Th =i+ hs +2k > (Diilpg= Vhv=fahe gaa Section 12.7 Directional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 1099 ve ~iti a= = 1441.5, rinereases serena VE aT ~ Li + yj ond decreases most rapidly in the dizection — igi: git dion 3 rapidly in the direct we M, Vea Qxty)it +25 VLD most capidiy in the direction (Op, = View =1 Vix VB and (0_g6p, =v? 18. VE=(2uy + ye ain y)i+ (x? + x0 sim y +e cos y}i > VCO) = 2+ u Fy Fi Zincreases most jjand decreases most rapidly in the ditetion —w = ~j3 (DyDp, = VE-w=| Vl rapidly in the dizection w = Band (DwNpy ts ven fia(See)iork ve isk Jes Cee cay tak and decreases 5 Wi Vi =I Vti=ay% and 1-3 jt i i ae — lak; finereases most rapidly inthe direction of w P35 ey V5 3 ‘most rapidly in the direetion —u = {Due = ~3V5 = Vt Lie Boje teks Butt sgh gg POR, R+B+k Ve VEE = xe] In 2,4) = 21+ 2+k a= 8 2. Veneitae}szs Vel hie af)atis+be on EE ahi giede: 1rd and detent mst rapidly inthe direction {6 increases most rapidly in the direction w 2 =1Vs[=3 ond (Dep, —35 Pk: (Dawe, = Vr a. : 35 = 2h ety , Lie Gy)ie des oa ames ome oe Be bie dein Lietaat sacl Vt1= 273 an fyb fyi + Syke Oat, Vlownt Ville 24/8 ond Tineroases most ropdly in the direction w wp, =-2V8 sh ona (sr Br )he(a Bea )irek > vaio) aero ws Eh = SEE, $i tf and desea mos cai inthe Bia Biri n increases most capil in the detion w=} Vh-u=|Vhl=7 and (D_Ne, BiB Ses Dydd, Hee aiigand af = (8-0) a6=(;2g)c010 0.00760 le Punctions and Partial Derivatives 1100 Chapter 12 Multivar wa Ao FEB 2 rere =it yi Fh? view wet A= ( Via) do= Fe (0.) & 0.0877 2A, VE =(e* cos y2)i —(ne* si ye)j—(ye® sin ya)k => VI{0,0,0) =i 25. Vga (1 toot a)i-+ (1 —sin 2)j + (x sin ay cos z)k = Vg(2,—1,0) = 21+) $y A= PoP = 21+ 542 26, Vh=f-ay sin(exy) +27]i—[e sin (rxy)]j +20rk = Vh(-1, sph Veen 0and dg = (Tew) b= N02 1} (sin 24 YEA Go sine) + 2h , Aidit whee Py =(0,0,0)> a= /A,= +4oj+dx 5 0.0.0) 0= R= ararey vat yet yy Vheu=3 = VS and dh = (Th-a) des a 3 Vheu = Fe = Band dh = (hn) de = Y840.1) 20.1722 27, Vi = Pri Dy) 4 Bek = V4(11,1) =21+ 25 +A = Tongent plane: 2x-1) +2 —1) + 22=1) = = xdy+2=3; Normal line: x= 142%, y=142%, 25142 Sith: PoP 10j-+ 8k + Tangent plane: 6(x~3) + 10(y ~5) +8244) =0 HOLY = 94M 2 = 4 8 2B. Vix Mai + 2y}— Dak => VAI3,5,—4) = Set Sy + 4e-= 18; Normal line: x 29. Vix —txi+ 2k => 7A2,0,2) > Ox +242 = 0; Normal line: 414 2k = Tangent plane: —4(x—2) 4 2(x 2) #0 —tx+ 224420 4 y= 0,2 = 2420 +0k -> Tangent plane: 4{y 41) + 6(2 ~3} +60 BO. VE= (2x + 2y)i+ (2x ~2y]h+ 22k => VC, -1,3) = 2y +3227; Normal line: x=1,y == 444,25 31. V1{0, 1,2) = 21 +25 +k => Tangent plane: 2 k= VA,1,-1) =i; Normal line: x= 1-4, ¥ 3)—k => Tangent plane: I(x—1) -3y—I)—1@4+)) =0 1-Mes-t-t 88, VE=i+j+k for all points => Vi(0,1,0)=i+j+k = Tangent plane: 16x -0) + 1y-1)+ 12-0) =0 so xtytz-1=0; Normal line: x= y= 144, 3,18) = 91— Tj—k + Tangent plane: 1; Normal line: x=2+09t, y= —3—Tl, 2=18—t BA. Vis Ox —2y— i+ Oy — 24 ks VAL 9x —2)—7{y + 8)~ 1G 18) +0 = Sx—Ty—2 = f(x,y) = In + y2) > hlxy) = wa and (53) = wa = f,(1,0) = 2 and f,(1,0) = 0 = from Eq, {10) the tangent plane at (1,0,0) is 2(x— 1) ~2=Oor x= 2—2=0 a FD os cay) = tee 9) and (0,9) = —290" O47) £,(0,0) = 0 and 40,0) = from Ba, (10) the tangent plane at (0,0,1) is 2 =0ore 37, 38, 40 4 2. WE = Bi + 2yj => Wi V2, 72) = 2V2i +235 Section 12.7 Directional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 1101 2a ley) = (FAR fey) = Hy 2)? and ff9) = fly) = 6,0,2) = 5 and (1,2) = ° => from Bq, (10) the tangent plane at (1,2,1) is —}(x—1)-+$(y-2)—(@—1) = 0 = x-y42e— 2 = fle.y) =42? + y? = 6,(x,y) = Bx and f,(x,9) = 2y = £,(141) =8 and f,(1,1) =2 = from Bq, (10) the tangent plane at (1,1,5) is 8(x~1)-+2(y~1) (2-5) =0 or 8x 4 2y 2-5 =O. ye n+ 2 aVilx— VB)42VAy- v3) =0 Vinosi-j > Vi(VE1)=2v% 2 Tangent line: 2V/2(x- ¥3)—(y-1)=0 systvin-3 Vis vit Vi(2,-2) = 84.35 => Tangent line: ~2(x—2) +2(y +2) = 0 Sysx-4 Vis (2x—y)i+ Qy — aj > VAC, =) Tangent line: ~4(c-+1) +5(y-2) =0 Skt by- M0 +5} 1102 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 43. UE Bf + Dh TH Lyt) 144+ 2 and Ve =i forall points; v= Vix Ve. 2k = Tangent line: x= 1, y=1+2t,2= 1-2 1 0 44. VE yeitxaj tayk > VIL) Siti ky Vg = Beit dyj + Gok => Vg(11) = 214 4+ Ok; ij ok sveVixVen| 111 f+ 2k = Tangent line: x= 149, y=1—4t,2 = 1428 2 4 6 45. visma4si ++ if v i 46, +2 +kand Vi x= 14907 18, Vis oxi + 2yj > VALVE, 2,4) = av Ti+ V2; Ve = 2x t IG-k > Vel V3V24) i i k = 2VIi42VB—ki v= Vix Ves v=| 2VF avd 0 |= -2V/ 8142/2) > Tangent line: wi vio x= Vi-2V/iuy = VE4aVIue=4 49. Vis vis (e429}j + VIGG,2) =21+7); 9 vector orthogonal to Vis A=Th-2) = w= (A) Tait Fai are the directions where the derivative is zero =i Boj and a= “ya ye Section 12.7 Directional Desivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 1103, 50. f= A" 5) 5s vast) =i Jj 0 vector orthogonal to Vis (ayy Gry} A oth oi4d = 1 yin ete BL Vis (2x— Sy)it (3x 4 By} > V(I,2) = fi + 18) > | VELL,2) |= 4 +19)? = VIRB: no, the maximum rate of change is YTB < 14 i wa are the direetions where the derivative is zero 82, UT = 2yit (2x—2)j—yk > VTMI,-1,1) = -2 45 +k >] VT(1,—-1,1}|= 2)? +P 4? = V0; no, the minimum rate of change is —/6 > —3 58. VE K088 450,98 and my = FES = Boi + Sod (Dy Ot =5010(dg) +501.0( Jp) 5 IVE 3 6,2) $042) = wy =F Dy, 2) = GOL2M0) +5,(2,2)(-1) = 3 = (1,2) teat Al (1? +2) 61,2) = 3; then 6,(1,2) +9 = 4 => £,(1,2) = 15 thus VA(1,2) 143) and a =--hi- Bi =Vieu=-1 $4 Je Fie Pade, ve the 1 0) Didpe VF 2 omifin aE ee = Veal Vein Via 2VF( Tei YEAR) ai () Amtejsun Ay wt Fit PB? Pdeg= Vo¥= (Jp) ( 95. (a) The anit tangent vector a (13) in te diction of mes ve Ak; thus w= FB es =F Ve bin mises. 29+ V1(4B) = (in VAD (om VI)i> D,(LYE)- vow MB sin VE Jeos YAwo.ns' cyt (0) 0 = Un 2564 (con 2 1) = (28 548 in 20} ane vt GT = ST = Vee (TPH )ivi= yD) v1 where w= jhe at (FYE) we ave w= are 5 sia VA feos V8)-2 = VE sin 3 con VE W187 Ce oE-( (608 t +4 sin t+ Bin tt cos tj and v= (t cos Yi+ (Lain Dj w= [ec cos 1)? (vain oF = Yoos t+ t sin t)(cos 1) + 2Asin tt cos t){sin 1) =2 (cos i+ (sin Oj since > 0. (Dyfp, = View 1104 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives at, Vee + Oyj-+ Bak = (2 cos vit (2 sin tj 420k and v= sin t+ (cos +k = = Csi Qislom tk (at; (e008, Las w.p, — oh (sin P+ (eos t)? +1 ( vi , +(Sip ite = (Dr, = (20s 0(=9f)+ ae (Se) O(a) > {DAD 08) Fp" (PaO) = 0 and 58. (a) VT = (4x -ys)i-xaj -ayk > 978.6, at the point P(8,6,—4) when t= 2; v(t) = fait igh nattenne or. PBEM. ore vr wins wien anal a r(t) = 20714 St) — ke the particle is $8) tk = 8-8 +32 8=48-(-4] = BE om (Fa)VB ache 58. If (x,y) is a point on the line, then T(x,¥) = (x—xg)i+ (¥ —Yoli is @ vector parallel to the line =>‘T+N= 0 = A(x x9) + BEY — yo) as claimed. 60, 0) = iis Vib fr aks v= fede oe xs hy shes 1s Pye (taht) and ¥(1) = i+ $5 — phe Mya) =x? 4 y? 2-30 Via Deke Oyj ke VAI 1-1) = 4 ks therefore v= 1 (Vf) => the curve is normal to the surface 0) r= Vila fis Oe tyes vad SRM pak tes eet y= 12st Py= (hl) and v0) = Fit hi + 2k flys) = ty? 2-0 > Via anit Qik VAIL) = 242): therfore v- VE= (2) +2) +2(-1) = 0 = the eave tangent tothe siace whee t= 2 . . = gor thy o veeuren' v2 eis WU Ol, x=elt) and y h(t) > r= BIEN > v= ADIN > T= = 4 Visor + oP - Sa ME dx 4 OEY _ oy) 4 Hie) — Vee te fhay fa Bes OM = Mee) SW) = VET. Ital, H(0) =e, ten > Petey Bw = 0-4 Vien=0 => Vitis normal to T 62. = fO,¥) > a(3,9.2) = Mey) —2 = 0 = ayxysa) = Gey), wylern2) = fylay) and g,(%,2) = 1 = Bal XprYoullxar¥e)) = fy Xar¥oh (er Yosl(%er¥o)) = fyO%0r¥) and 8,(%p.Yosf(Xp,¥q)) = —1 = the tangent plane at the point Po is £,(Xg,¥a}(x— Xo) + fy: YoY ~ Yo) ~ [2 ~ fXqr¥q)] = 0 oF = E.G ¥oMX— Xo) + fy RarYoHY ~ Yo) + AX Yo) 63, The directional derivative is the scalar component. With Vif evaluated at Pp, the scalar component of Vf in the direction of wis Vf-u = (DJOp,- 64, DE= VE-i=(Li+f,5 + 6K) i= 4,5 similarly, Di= VE, f, and f= Vi-k=f, Seetion 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1105 «ag 20 2895 Da BSE on Op =H Bl lie fe) eee 0) 9(e4q) = (Stem, Ste (G +P his (B+H)i+ (G+ = ts Bie ie Bs fla B= (it Safin) «(She Hs Be) = or os (6) Vig) = VE— Ve (Substitute —g for g in part (b) above} (2) 9 (te) = Ms My MB (Bg Berlin (He SEH) + (Sle Erle = (Bee)i+ ($er}ie (Bess (Belin Ble)e+ (Br) =1( Fes i+ Gn) (Bit Bie Bh) ev eres 00,20, (5), (8), (85 See tay ta Re PN ee - (ieee ). (cited) [Fa ) | ee A ae & 12.8 EXTREME VALUES AND SADDLE POINTS f,(ny) = 2 by +9 =O and 6 64,9) fyylB.) = byl Band y = 3+ critical point is (3,3): 3>0 and fy, > 0 => local minimum of 2-3-0 = 13 hesly fy x + By —6 =D and f(x,y) = Be 4 6y 40.20 = x= 1B and y = 8 = critical point is (15,8): . = 3-2 fugly, = 920 and f, > 0. local minimum of ten ty44= 009 «= Gand y= ~ crite pons (24); 2 5 faghyy ~18, 96 > 0 and f, <0 = focal maximum of 1G 4)=0 fog) = 2y = 10-44 = 0 and G(s.y) = Ba ty = 0-9 =f andy =} crt pont (42); tu($8) lb) lb) 25 falyy = 90 0 and fe <0 load maximum of ‘i= 1106 Chapter 12 Multivariable Funetions and Partial Derivatives 5. Kouy) = Ix ty 430 and Ging) = x42=0 = x= —2 and y = 1 = ealtleal point is (~2,1) foal-21) =, fy -2,1) =0, 41-21) =1 & fly By = 1 <0 = sale point 6. fouypay-2 > extical point is (2,2); feal-2,2) = 0, Syg(-2,2) = 2 fy6-2,2) =1 5 fey ~ By = 1 <0 = saddle point and f,(uy) =2y-+x—220 > x= Band y= ose dy = $2 ete point (| BB 7. f.6xy) = Sy Mor 4 9-2 0 and f(y) = Bx £ sox( 3:98) ~ -14. Gy $48) 6 Go(BHB)=9 = tel, = 25 <0 sd point Ly) =2y—Be8 Dandy) = Bk—Ay 20 xe and y=] cepa i (3 and y = 1 = extieal point is (2,1); 45 fafyy “fy = 19 <0 = saddle point and £,(5,9) Fy(21) = 2, fyy(2, 1} = 2, fyy(2, 1) ): 10. LL (x,y) = 4x + By -5 0 and f(x,y) = 9x4 8y +2=0 > x =2 and y = —1 = critical point is (2,-1); fg21-1) =, yl) = 8, Seg (2-1) = 3-9 fyabyy —fy = 29> 0 and fy >0 = local snininum of 12-1) =-6 6x + 10y +26 = 0 = x= 1 and y =—2 = critical point is (1-2); =f, = 44 > 0 and f,, >0 = local minimum of 12. S(x,y) = 8x —6y —20 = 0 and fyiny) Fug 1.2) = 8 Fyy(To—2) = 10, fag ( 2) (2,2) = -36 ty $4=0 = x= 1 and y = 2 = critical point is (1,2); fyg(1o2 18. f(xy) = 2-2 =O and f(%,9) fyy(t,2) = ~2 fag 2) = 0 = fedyy fy = A <0 aad point MM. f(y) = Ox 29 feel 110} = 2 fyy( 1,0) = 4, fy(10) 11,0) =O and f(y) = 2x t4y +2 =0 => x= 1 and y= 0 = critical point is (158); Bo fay By 45 O and fgg > 0-2 local minimum of =03x=0andy= 4.< 0 saddle point 16. fay) = Bx + By =O and fyCe,9) = = exitcal point is (0,0) (0,0) = 2, yy (0.0} = 0, f5(0.0) = 2 fyghyy = By Section 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1107 26. (xy) = 2—4x~2y =O and fy(4,9) =2—2x—2y = 0 = x=0 and y =I 5 critical point is (0,1); fp01) = 4, fy (051) =—2, (01) = —2 5 fyyhyy fy =4 > 0 and fy, <0 local maxima of (0,1) =4 By? 2 = 0 x =O andy =0,orx = —Jand y = 2 = critical points 3x? 2y = 0 and (uy) 17. Goe3) are (0,0) and (—3,8)5 for 0,0): (0,0) = 6x] 5 4) = 8, f49(0,0) = -6y],. 4) = fy (00) fa(-$3)= 44, 110 = Coelyy ~ fy = A <0 = saddle point; for (-2,2 2 fay f= 12> 0 and fy, <0 lees masicnun of (8,2) = M20 18, fey) = 8x7 + By = 0 and f(x,y) = 3x + 3y? = 0 = x =O and y =0, of x =~] and y =~1 = critical points are (0,0) and (1,1); for (0,0): (0,0) h fy(0s0) = 3 aalyy — Spaay= F900) =F <0 = suddle point; for (=1,—1): fy(1,-1) = 6, gl, -1) = “6, fgl=L,-1) =3 = fy 8, = 27> 0 and f, < 0.5 local maximum of f(—1,-1) = 1 19, Soy) = Ie 622 + 6y Vand y = =1 = critical and f(y) = 6y + 6x = 0 Gand y=0, or Points are (0,0) and (2,1) for (0,0): fy(0.0) = 12— 12x] 5 9 = 12 fy (0.0) = 6, 60,0) =6 > hy By = 36 >O.and fy, >0=> local minimum of £(0,0} = 0; for (1y—1)s fea(l-1) = 8 fyy(1,—1 f(a) = 6 > fyghyy —B = -80-< 0-5 saddle point 20. f(x,y) = Ox + by =O = x= 95 Ly(x,y) = by ~6y? + 6x = 0 = 12y—6y? = 0 = 6y(2-y) =O y =O oF Y= 2 > (0,0) and (2,2) are the critical points f(y) = ~6, fyy(doy) = 6129 Fey (ty) = 6 for (0,0): 8, fy(010) = 6, fyy(0)0)=6 = 6, ~f, = 72 < 0 = andale point; for (2.2) feg(2,2 18, fy(2,2) =6= yf, 6, = 72> 0 and f,, <0) = local maximum of (2,2) = 8 yirtes0sx=0andy=0,orxe and y=4 = critical points are (0.0) = 4 aly ~ By 2. Bey) = 278? dy = 0 and foxy) = (0.0) ane (44 for (00): fyy(,0) = 54x], F108) =2 165 <0 sade point foe ($.4)> ta $4) = 26 G4 ($8)= $y (8)=—4 = thy) = 88 >0 ad fg, 0 + local minimum of 1(,$) = 22, E,(my) = Btn? a by =O y = ~tNs K(xy) =8y? 46x 0 = 3(—aA) + 6x = 0 Hot IK = 0 . f 3 2x48 +1) <0 x= Corn =—} = (0,0) and (—f,=1) ate thee points: fg6u.y)= 48% f(0.0) = 6 fly, ~ 8, = -26-<0 “6,4 (-}-a)=6 Syy(X,9) = 6y, and fy (0,7) = 6; for (0,0): fyx(0,0) = 0, f,y(0,0) 7 Jat): tea(—h-1) = -26 (“fet 3 bay “Hy = 108 >0 and fy, <0 eal maximum of saa points fr 1108 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 23. xy) = Bx! + 6x = 0 > By? —6y = 023 ¥ =Vory =2 = the critical points are ore 2 fla) (0,0), (0,2) (~2.0), amd (=2,2); fr (0,0): ff, 0) = +6 = 8 010) = 63-8], fyy(0s0) = 0 = fy Cy = -B6 <0 = saddle point; for (0,2): fy (0,2) = 6, fy(0,2) =6, f(0,2) =0 haglyy ~ oe 16 > O and f,, > 0 = local minimum of f(0,2) = —12; for (-2,0}: fyy(~2,0) fyyl-2.0) = 8, 6y(-2,0) = 0 = faxlyy 2, = 36 > 0 ane fy <0 =? local maximum of f(—2,0) = for (22): fyg(=2,2) 85 yl-2.2) = 6, o(-2,2) =0-= fyhyy = Ly = —B6-< 0 = cade point 2, f(y) = Oe 18 = 0 = 6x(e-3) =O x= 0 oF x= 4; f(x,y) = Oy? +6y—12=0 + By +2)y—) <0 3 y= Lory =1> the critical points ate (0-2), (01), (3,-2), and (8,1); fy(iy) = 1218, Spy) = Ly +6, and fy (049) = 0; for (0,~2): f(0)—2) 18, fyy(0,~2) = fgyy fy 824 > and fy, <0 = Loe) mama of 0,2) ~ 20; 0 (0,1) fy, 4 (0.1) =18, fy (01) 20 25 fyahyy fy = ~324 <0 saddle points for (3,2): fyy(3.—2) fy(3,~2) 0 = faalyy “fh, = -324-< 0 > aaddle points for BA): fey fpy(9,1) = 18, fy (851) = 0.2 fyglyy =, = 924 > 0 ad fy > 0 > local minismum of (1) = -34 25. fyfey) = 4y —40 = O and fay) = x= ay? = 05 xy = x12) 0 x= 0, 1, 1 3 the critical ints axe (0,0), (1,1), aud (-1,-1); for (0 1,0) = 12x" 5 = 0) ==14y2] = 0, points are (0,0), (1,1), and (—1,—1); for (0,0); £,,(0,0) = —12) Loo) 0, f, (0,0) = —12y’ Koy 0, fey(0s0) = 4 = 646,18, = =16-< 0 saddle point; for (1,1): fea(151) = 12, fyy(s1) = 12, fyy(le) = = baglyy = 128 > 0 and f, <0 hea masa 0,1)=2 fr (oH): ffl) =H Syl) = “2% fyy( “Ll = 4 fay 2, = 128 > O and fy < 0 = local maximum of f(=1,—3) = 26, fiixyy) = 40-4 4y = 0 and Gong) = dy 44x =0 9x =-y > PG x= 05 x(x) 205 20,1, -1 => the critical points are (0,0), (1,1), and (1,1); f,e(n9) = 12x4, (9) = 1294, and f(x,y) = 45 For {0,0}: f4(0.0} = 0, fyy(0s0) =0, f,(0.0) = 4 fyalyy 1, = —16 < 0 = saddle point; for (1,~1): Bea(Is 1) = 12, Gy (0s 1) = 12, fey (1) 4 = Byyfyy B= 128 > 0 and fy > 0 = local minimum of (1, -1) = =25 for (AD: fyg(-A) = 12, y(=1,1) = 12, Gyl-1,1) = 4 2 fyaly By = 128 > 0 and fo. 20 3 local minimum of (1,1) = =2 : « =2y i OT. fyoyy) = — 2k, 20 and f(x,y) = = 0 > x= 0 and y = 0 => the critical point is (0,0); (Fay (sy? ay ate | tet 42, oy =f, (0,0) <0 Sy Beals) = -2, (0, (e+y’ aap be (x? +y?7— (e+y-1) 0) in = faa ppc Oant yt al masinu of) = faefyy 28. § point is (1,1); fy =3> 0 and f,, > 2 = focal 9. aL. 32, 33, minimum of 1,1} = £03) =y cos Section 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1109 > the critical points are =O and fy(x,y) = sin x= 0-5 x= nx, n an integer, and y = (a7,0), n an integer (Note: cos x and sin x cannot both be 0 for the same x, s0 sin x must be O and y = 0); 4 = ny sin x, fy uy = 608i f(0*5 0) = 0, fyy(9, 0} = 8, fy(n7s0) = 2 ifm is even and f, (07.9) ‘Fn is odd > Ey ~ i, = “1 < 0 = saddle point flax, 0) = 0 for every m fyfeny) = 22% con y = 0 and iy sin y = 0 => no solution since e 0 for any x and the functions os y and sin y cannot equal 0 for the same y = no critical points => no extrema and no saddie points @ (iv) Gil) we) Gi) Gi) On OA, fe9) On OB, f(x,y) =M[4,28) = 6x2 = 12-4 1 on Ox £1; endpoint values have been found above; f(x,28) = 12x—12= 03 x= 1 ad y =2, but (1,2) is not 4 interior point of OB For interior points of the triangular region, fGuy) = 4x4 =0 and §,(x.3) = 2y - and y=2, but (1,2) is not an interior point of the region. ‘Therefore the absolute maximum is Vat (0,0) and the absolute minimum is 5 at (1,2) (0.9) 92 +1 on Oy <4 9; D(0.0) = 1 and D(0,4) = XAT on OS <4; point of OA; D(2,4) = 13 and DA, 4) = D(O,4) = 17 P41 on 0 Ex <4, D'x) 0 and y =0, which io not an interior point of OB; endpoint values have been found above For interior points of the triangular region, f,(x,y) = 2x -y =O and f,(z,y) = —x+2y =0 > x =0 andy = 0, which is not an interior point of the region. ‘Therefore, the absolute maximum is 17 at (0,4) and (44), and the absolute minimum is Lat (0,0). 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