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CHAPTER 1 : PLANNING IN SPORTS

EXERCISE

Give one-word answers

1. What is the name of the committee that announces the dates and venue of the tournament?
Ans) Committee for publicity

2. Which committee is responsible for preparing the grounds or laying out the track and field?
Ans) Grounds and Equipment Committee

3. What is the formula to calculate the number of matches in a single league tournament?
Ans) N=(cx2)-2

4. Write down the formula for calculating the number of matches for a double league
tournament.
Ans) N=(cx2)-2.

5. How many byes are given if 15 teams are participating in a knock-out tournament?
Ans) 1

Fill in the blanks.

1. The second bye is given to the. The upper half team of the upper half in a knockout
tournament.
2. Tabular method is used for fixtures in a . League tournaments. tournament.
3. means the activities which are performed within the campus of an institution.
4. are also called inter-school competitions. extramural competition,
5. The fourth bye is given to the. last team of upper half team of the upper half in a knockout
tournament.
6. The formula to calculate the number of matches in a single league tournament is.N=(cx2)-2.

Short Answer Questions-I (Carrying 2 Marks)

1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of knock-out tournaments in brief.

Ans) Advantages of Knock-out TournamentThe knock-out tournaments are less expensive because
the team which gets defeated is eliminated from the competition.The knock-out tournament is
helpful in enhancing the standard of sports because each team tries to present the best

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performance to avoid the defeat.Owing to less number of matches it requires less time to complete
the tournament.Minimum number of officials are required in organising such type of
tournaments.Disadvantages of Knock-out TournamentThere may be many chances of elimination of
good teams in 1st or 2nd round. So good teams may not reach into the final round.There are
maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final round.Spectators may not have enough
interest in the final match.

2. What is the importance of tournaments? Discuss any two 2 points.


Ans) The tournaments are very important in the field of sports for the participants,
coaches and physical education teachers:-
(a) The tournaments help in developing the technical and tactical skills of a player/team
and the game as a hole.
(b) In a tournament players and teams of different games come forward to participate
from different parts of state or country thus the tournament proved a chance to search
new talent in sport.
(c) The tournament provides ample recreation to the spectators. That is why a large no.
of people go to watch the Olympic game and world cups of various games and sports.

3. Discuss any two objectives of Intramurals.

Ans) It promotes mass participation. It provides fun, enjoyment and recreation to


students. It helps to identify the talent among one's classmates. It develops social
values such as honesty, discipline, cooperation and sympathetic attitude.

4. Discuss any two objectives of planning in sports.

Ans) i. To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve efficiency.
Ii. To reduce the chances of mistakes.

Iii . To increase creativity.

Iv . To enhance sports performance.

5. Discuss the two committees that are formed for organizing a tournament smoothly.
Ans) Boarding and Lodging Committee: Boarding and lodging committee is responsible
for making necessary arrangements for providing accommodation and meals to the
sports persons and officials.

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Decoration and ceremony Committee: Decoration and ceremony committee is
responsible for the decoration of sports arena or stadium. It is also responsible to make
necessary arrangements for the opening ceremony, victory ceremony and closing
ceremony of the games/sports meet. This committee also makes arrangements for
trophies, medals .

6. Discuss about post tournament responsibilities by the officials.


Ans)
(a) organizing committee: It is headed by chairman as overall incharge of conducting
the event. All the aspects of sporting events to be conducted are administered through
this committee.
(b) Finance committee: It is responsible for all financial receipts and expenditure, etc.
They should work as per budget plan.

7. Discuss the method of fixing byes in a knock-out tournament.


Ans) Method of Fixing Byes
1. First bye is given to the last team of lower half.
2. Second bye is given to the first team of upper half.
3. Third bye is given to the first team of lower half.
4. Fourth bye is given to the last team of upper half.
5. And so on

8. Discuss the significance of intramurals in brief.


Ans) Intramurals are an opportunity for students to compete against their classmates in
various sports. It is open to all students. The purpose of the intramural program is to
provide fun, safe and structured play experiences that promote the physical,
mental and social development of every child

9. Discuss any two objectives of extramurals.


Ans) To improve the Standard of Sports. To broaden the Base of Sports. To develop
Sportsmanship and Fraternity. To provide knowledge of New Rules and Advanced
Techniques.

10. How will you organize a health run in your school?


Ans) Steps to be followed for organizing health run in your school:
Committee will be made.
Registration.
Date/Time.
No age group.

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Distance to be mentioned
Refreshment to all participants
Circular will be displayed on students noticeboard.

Short Answer Questions-II (Carrying 3 Marks)

1. What is the importance of tournaments? Discuss any three points.


Ans) The tournaments are very important in the field of sports for the participants,
coaches and physical education teachers:-
(a) The tournaments help in developing the technical and tactical skills of a player/team
and the game as a hole.
(b) In a tournament players and teams of different games come forward to participate
from different parts of state or country thus the tournament proved a chance to search
new talent in sport.
(c) The tournament provides ample recreation to the spectators. That is why a large no.
of people go to watch the Olympic game and world cups of various games and sports.

2. Explain about the knockout tournament with an example.


Ans) A team that is beaten once in this type of tournament is automatically eliminated from the
tournament. Only the winning teams advance to the next round of the tournament

For example : if four teams are participating A,B,C and D in a knockout tournament . There is
match between team ( A and B ) And ( C and D ) . winning teams A and D from these two
matches advance further where as team B and C gets eliminated

3. Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages of the knock-out tournament.


Ans) 4 Minimum numbers of official are required in organizing such type of tournaments.
Disadvantage of knock-out tournament1 There may be many chances of elimination
of good teams in 1st or 2nd round. So good teams may not reach into the final round.
2 There are maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final round.

4. Briefly explain about types of league tournaments.


Ans) League or round robin tournament is of two type

● Single league tournament in which every team plays with each other once in a season .
● Double league tournament in which every team plays with each other twice in a season .

5. Briefly mention the advantages of league tournaments.

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Ans) There are the following advantages of a league tournament:
● Only a strong or deserving team gets a victory in the tournament.
● Every team gets a full opportunity to show its efficiency or performance.
● Sports and games can be made more popular through league tournament owing
to a maximum number of matches.
● In such type of tournament, the sports officials do not face any difficulty while
selecting or determining the appropriate players or team. They have enough time
to watch the efficiency and performance of a player.
● A team need not wait to win another team for playing a match.

6. Briefly mention the disadvantages of league tournaments.


Ans)
Disadvantage of league tournament: There are following disadvantage of league
tournament:1 It requires more time. 2 It costs more. 3 The team coming from far and
wide generally faces more problems because such tournament wastes their time and
money. 4 It requires more arrangement for sports officials and teams.

7. Explain any three objectives of intramurals.


Ans) It promotes mass participation.
It provides fun, enjoyment and recreation to students.
It helps to identify the talent among one's classmates.
It develops social values such as honesty, discipline, cooperation and sympathetic
attitude.

8. Briefly explain any three objectives of extramural.


Ans) Due to experience, students exhibit good performance in competitions. 3) To
provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques: To provide the
knowledge of new rules, regulations, advanced techniques and tactics of sports and
games to the students is another important objective of extramural.

9. Briefly explain any three specific sports programs.


Ans) Specific sports programmes are
● Health run
● Run.for fun
● Run for specific causes
● Run for unity

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10. Mention the activities that are included in intramurals.
Ans) Activities for Intramural competition:
There are a number of activities which may be included in intramural competitions.
Mainly, the selection of activities of activities should be based on two factors viz. interest
of students and availability of facilities in the institution or school. These activities should
be capable of achieving the goals of education and general development of the
students. Hence, the selection should be made out of the following categories of
activities:
(1) Major games: volleyball, Hockey, Cricket, Basketball, Kabaddi, Swimming, Athletics,
Cycling, Wresting, Football, etc
(2) Minor games: Shuttle run, Kho-Kho, Circle game, Tag game, Roller skating, potato
race, sack race and three-legged race, etc.
(3) Rhythmic: Lazium, Dumb bell, Marching, Folk dance, Group dance, Solo dance,
Mass P.T. and rhythmic gymnastics, etc.
(4) Creative Activities: painting, drawing, Sculpturing, Making models.
(5) Combative Activities: Boxing, Judo, Taekwondo, Karate, etc.

11. List the steps to form committees for tournaments.


Ans) Steps to form Committees for Tournaments:
Sports events are organised at various levels which include district state national or international
levels’ Such tournaments require careful planning in order to be successful’ Committees are formed
at various levels.
A letter is sent to all concerned for participation.
Various steps are:Meetings are conducted at regular interval.
Experts in various areas are identified.
Pre-meet work organising committee is set up for the purchase of equipment layout of courts
etc.Welcome/Reception committee and a Technical committee to officiate during the sports meet is
also formed.

12. Distinguish between Intramural and extramural programs.


Ans) Intramural Extramural
(a) Intramural activities refer to activities conducted within the boundaries of the
institute/school.
(b) It does not involve competitions between teams representing different schools.
(c) Its main purpose is to provide opportunities for participation in sports to maximum
number of students of a school.
(d) Such activities create interest in school sports activities.
(e) For Example: Interhouse competitions Interclass competitions Intersection
competition. etc.

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Extramural Sports refers to sporting activities carried outside the walls of the
school/institute.
(b) It involves competition between other schools. friendly matches against other school
teams or practice matches.
(c) Because these are properly organised tournaments or matches, only selected
students get the chance to represent their school outside.
(d) These are much beneficial activities which an individual can choose as his
profession.
(e) For Example: Interschool competitions Interstate competitions Open nationals,

13. Draw a fixture of 11 teams on a knock-out basis.


Ans)

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14. Explain the procedure of placement of teams in each quarter on a knock-out basis.
Ans) Procedure of placement of team in upper half and lower half is that if
number of team is even than equal number of team is divided into the upper
half and lower half which is n/2 and here ‘’n’’ indicating the number of team. If
number in a team is odd than the number of team in upper half will be (n+1)/2
and number of team in lower half will be (n-1)/2 and in both cases ‘’’n’’ is the
number of team.

15. Draw fixture of 19 teams on a knock-out basis.

Ans)

16. Explain the seeding method and special seeding in the knock-out tournament.
Ans) Seeding is done to overcome the drawback of single knock out tournament.
Seeding is the procedure by which good teams place din fixtures in such way that
stronger teams do not meet each other at very beginning of tournament. Seeding
can be done only if the standards of teams are known before the tournament.

17. Explain the cyclic method of the league tournaments.


Ans) In cyclic method, if the number of teams is in even number, the team number 1 is fixed on
the top of right hand side and then other team numbers in ascending order consecutively
downward and then upward on the left hand side and then from the next round teams will rotate

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in clockwise direction. If the number of teams is odd then the bye is fixed on the top of right
hand side and rest of the procedure will remain same

18. Explain the staircase method of the league tournament.


Ans) In staircase method, fixtures are made just like a ladder or staircase. This method
is the easiest method because no bye is given to any team and there is no need of the
stipulation of odd or even number of teams.

19. Explain the combination tournament in brief.


Ans) A tournament conducted for different groups or zones basis by combination of minimum two
types of tournaments is known as combination tournament. The examples are
1. Knock-out cum knock-out basis
2. League cum league basis
3. Knock-out cum league basis and
4. League cum knock-out basis.

20. Explain the methods of deciding the winner in a league tournament.


Ans) In a league tournament, each team competes with every other team participating in the
tournament. Winners are decided on the basis of the points acquired after all the competitions.
For each win a team may be awarded 2 points, for draw 1 point and for a loss no point is
awarded. Formulae to find the number of matches in a league tournament

=n(n−1)/2
, where n = number of teams participating in the tournament. The number of matches in a
league tournament of 9 teams

=9(9−1)/2=36
matches.

21. Briefly explain the significance of extramural competitions.


Ans) Importance of intramural and extramural Competitions:
a To provide opportunities to the students at the institution to develop and display their skills in
various physical education activities.
b To provide opportunities to the students for fun enjoyment and to develop fellowship participation
in sports competitions
c To provide opportunities to develop leadership and fellowership qualities.
d To provide opportunity to students to release tension depression and aggression.

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e To provide a feeling of achievement through sports participation which leads to mental and
emotional health.
f To provide students ample opportunities to develop their physical mental emotional and social
health through participation in activities.
g Players are benefitted by getting organizing and administrative experience of conducting
intramural and extramural competitions.
h To provide opportunities to the players of various teams to have exposure to the competition.
i To provide opportunities to all the students of the same institution or other institutions to join a
common platform and socialize.
j It teaches the participants to respect the game officials opponents spectators and accept victory
or defeat with grace

22. Discuss the objectives of planning in sports.


Ans) i.To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve efficiency. k.To reduce
the chances of mistakes. l.To increase the creativity. m.To enhance the sports
performance

23. Discuss knock-out cum league and league cum knock-out methods.
Ans In league-cum knockout tournament, all the teams play league matches in
their respective pools. Either take out best team from each pool or take out best
two teams from each pool. Now the best 4 or 8 (depends on scheme or number of
teams) teams are given knockout fixtures and the winner is decided.

24. Discuss in detail sports day.


Ans) Every year on August 29, India celebrates its National sports day. The day is
celebrated to honor the legendary hockey player Major Dhyan Chand Singh. Te
day is observed to spread awareness on the importance of sports and daily activities in
everyone's life

26. How Are Various Committees Formed For Tournaments?Write briefly.


Ans) Steps to form Committees for Tournaments:Sports events are organised at various levels
which include district state national or international levels. Such tournaments require careful
planning in order to be successful. Committees are formed at various levels. A letter is sent to all
concerned for participation. Various steps are:
i Meetings are conducted at regular interval. or Experts in various areas are identified
.ii Pre-meet work organising committee is set up for the purchase of equipments layout of courts
etc.
iii Welcome/Reception committee and a Technical committee to officiate during the sports meet is
also formed.

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27. Draw a fixture of 6 teams on league basis following the Cyclic Method.
Ans)

28. Discuss the pre-game responsibilities of officials of various committees.


Ans)

The numerous committee officials' pre-tournament responsibilities/duties are completed prior to


the start of the tournament or sporting event . Some of the main responsibilities pre-game
official's have are below :

● To coordinate with the authority to plan the budget for the tournament/sports event.
● Prepare the sports tournament's schedule or programme, which includes the
tournament's dates and location.
● To plan sports fields, courts, and tracks, as well as sports equipment needed for the
organisation of a sporting event.

All theses works are done by various committees made for the tournament

29. Mention during-the-game responsibilities of officials of various committees.


Ans) The following tasks or roles during the game or competition must be followed by the
members of the different committees in order for a sports tournament/event to run smoothly .

● Ensure proper preparations for the start of the sports tournament.


● Make sure the sports ground, track, or court, as well as any associated sports
equipment, are in working order.
● Ensure that the sporting events/tournament are being held on time.
● And to maintain proper discipline .

30. Your school is organizing a “Run for Unity”, explaining the responsibilities of accreditation,
and technical and finance committees.
Ans) For organizing 'Run of Unity' responsibilities for (a) Accredition, (b) Technical and,
(c) Finance committee are as follows. (a) Accredition Committee: It is over all

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responsible for organizing The 'Run for unity'. It has a set pattern and code of conduct
to organise the event. It makes sure that ethics, rules, regulations are followed
throughout the event management. It is an officially recognized body to conduct. (b)
Technical Committee: This is the most important committee for conducting the event run
smoothly. In this committee event officials are deputed well in advance. Competent
persons are deputed and trained to ensure events in orderly manner. (c) Finance
Committee: It is responsible for all financial receipts and expenditure, according to the
budgetary plan works as per the directions of the school, authorities.

31. What Are Specific Sports Programmes?Explain With Suitable Examples.


Ans) Specific athletic departments are sports that are not always associated with contests.
Examples: To boost a country's health while still generating money for a good cause.
Increasing national mind about teamwork, wellness, and disease.
To make proper communication easier: this scheduling aim is to make proper coordination
easier among the different members of the committees established to coordinate the
competition smoothly.
Content is configured to encourage young people to fields of research that are not covered in
their Major Program with a scientific approach (such as content related to information media and
content intended to improve special purpose foreign language skills), or to train for
licenses/qualifications.

32. Write three differences between intramurals and extra murals.


Ans) Intramural activities:

1. It means that the activities which are perfprmed within the walls or within
the campus of an institutions are called "intramurals".
2. These activities are organised only for the students of a school or an
institution.
3. No student pf other school can participate in these activities.

Extramural activities

1. It means that the activities which are performed outside the walls of an
institution or school.
2. It means that the activities which are organised by an institution/school and
the students of two or more schools can participate in them.

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3. In extramurals competition, the students of other schools can also
participate in sports related activities. It is also called inter-school
competitions.

33. What are the advantages of a league tournament?


Ans) There are following advantage of league tournament:
● Only strong or deserving team gets a victory in the tournament.
● Every team gets a full opportunity to show its efficiency or performance.
● Sports and games can be made more popular through league tournament owing
to a maximum number of matches.

34. There are 11 teams participating in a knock-out tournament. Explain the procedure to
calculate the number of ‘Byes’ and also with the help of diagram allot ‘Byes’.

Ans) Number of team -11 No of Bye= 2n - No of team = 24 - 11 = 16-11 = 5


First Bye is given to last team of lower half.
Second bye is given to first team of upper half
Third bye is given to first team of lower half
Fourth bye is given to last team of upper half.

35. Write down the role of various committees after the tournament.
Ans) Committee for Officials: the committee selects various officials such as referees,
judges, recorders, clerks of the course, starters, marshals, track umpires, timekeepers
and lap scorers for athletic meet and referee, umpires, timekeepers, recorders, and
judges, etc. in case of games as per requirement.

36. Differentiate between knock-out and league tournament.


Ans) Knockout tournaments or elimination tournament is tournament where a
large of team compete when there is a short time, whereas in a league
tournament it is most suitable when there are less number of teams and a
long period of time.

Long Answer Questions (Carrying 5 Marks)

1. What do you mean by knock-out tournament? Draw the fixtures of 21 teams on a knock-out
basis.

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Ans) n this type of tournament, the team which is defeated once’ gets eliminated
immediately and will not be given another chance to play. The total number of matches
to be played in this tournament will be equal to the number of teams participating minus
one (AT—1),
E.g.,
if 21 teams are participating, the total number of matches will be 21-1=20. Number of
teams in upper half.
=
N+1
2
=
21+1
2
=11

Number of teams in lower half


=
N−1
2
=
21−1
2
=10

Total number of byes


= Next power of two – total teams
= 32 – 21 = 11 byes

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2. What do you mean by knock-out tournament? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
a knock-out tournament.
Ans) Advantages of Knock-out TournamentThe knock-out tournaments are less expensive because
the team which gets defeated is eliminated from the competition.The knock-out tournament is
helpful in enhancing the standard of sports because each team tries to present the best
performance to avoid the defeat.Owing to less number of matches it requires less time to complete
the tournament.Minimum number of officials are required in organising such type of
tournaments.Disadvantages of Knock-out TournamentThere may be many chances of elimination of
good teams in 1st or 2nd round. So good teams may not reach into the final round.There are
maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final round.Spectators may not have enough
interest in the final match.

3. Describe the method of preparing fixtures in knock-out tournament detail.


Ans) InKnockout system the team which loses the match is eliminated and the
winners continue to play. When we have less time usually we conduct single
elimination tournament. Date/time and court number, is specified for each
match so that teams/players report for their matches well in advance.

4. What do you mean by tournament? Elucidate the importance of tournaments in detail.


Ans) Tournament:- Tournament is that series of sports competitions in which a team finally wins
and rest of the teams lose the matches. Nowadays, tournament or competitions are held
according to set rules and regulations. There are various tournaments in the field of sports as
zonal level, national level and international level. Importance of tournament: Tournament are

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very important in the field of sports players participate in tournaments with great zeal and zest.
The tournament are not only significant to the players but to the coaches and physical education
teachers also.
The importance of tournament is described below:
1. Development of sports skill: by participating in tournament various skills of sports are
developed. The maximum number of participation in tournament does not develop only
technical skills of the sports but tactical skills also. They acquire efficiency in skills and finally,
they improve the game.
2. Propaganda of sports: tournament re helpful in publicizing the sports. When a tournament of
a new sports is organized, the spectators come to know about that sport. Thus, it creates
interests in that sport.
3. Helpful in selection of players: On the basis of tournament, the good players can be selected
easily by observing their performance in the tournament. Those players, who present good
performance, can be selected for upper level tournament is an appropriate way to select a good
team of players.
4. Development of National and International Integration: sports tournaments are helpful in
developing national integration as well as international unity and brotherhood. Tournament is
one of the best means of enhancing international peace.
5. Development of social qualities: Social traits such as tolerance, sympathy, cooperation group
cohesion, brotherhood and discipline etc. are developed among participants through sports
tournaments. Other ethical values such as fair play, justice-honesty, respect for others are also
developed through sports tournament.
6. Source of recreation: Sports tournament provided ample recreation to the spectators. For
getting recreation, they do not hesitate to make a large expenditure. That is why, a large
number of people go to watch the Olympic Games and World Cup of various games and sports.
So, tournament is a good source of recreation.

5. What is a league tournament? Explain the types, merits, and demerits of the league
tournaments.

Ans)Merits and demerits of league tournament:


Merits of the league tournament:

1. It decides who is the true winner.


2. Every team gets full opportunity to show their efficiency and
performance.
3. It helps in getting ranking of all the teams, irrespective of the number.
4. A team doesn’t need to wait for the competition as in a single knock out
tournament.

Demerits of the league performance:

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1. It requires much more time and is expensive.
2. It requires much more arrangement to sport officials.
3. There is no other provisional seeding for great teams.
4. Teams that get defeated often lose interest in game

6. What do you mean by intramurals? Mention the significance of intramurals for school
children.
Ans) Intramurals are an opportunity for students to compete against their
classmates in various sports. It is open to all students. The purpose of the intramural
program is to provide fun, safe and structured play experiences that promote the
physical, mental and social development of every child.

7. What do you mean by extra murals? Elucidate the significance of extra murals.
Ans) Meaning of Extramural: the word 'Extramural' is derived from the Latin words
'extra' and 'murals'. Extra means 'outside' and 'mural' means 'wall'. It means that the
activities, which are performed outside the walls of an institution or school. It means that
the activities, which are organized by an institution/school and the students of two or
more schools participate in them. In fact, in extramural competitions, the students of
other schools also participate in sports related activities. Extramural competitions are
also called inter-school competition. Extramural are fixed well in advance so that the
students of other schools may prepare well for such competitions. Need of extramural :
Extramural are essential in the field of physical education remain incomplete. The
following points are significant to show the need of extramural competitions.
1. Provide opportunities to schools to show their sports capabilities: Extramural
competitions provide ample opportunities to schools to show their sports capabilities.
The students of a school have good sports capabilities and show good performance in
extramural, they will be able to put the colorful feathers in the cap of that institution. It
will enhance the image of that intuition.
2. For enhancing the standard of sports performance: through extramural competitions
the standard of sports performance can be enhanced specially. The losers can make
strenuous efforts to improve their sports performance in next extramural competition.
3. Provide appropriate knowledge of sports techniques: Extramural are essential to
provide appropriate knowledge of new techniques of sports. The teams, which do not
have appropriate as well as advanced techniques of various sports and games, can get
such knowledge by participating in extramurals.
4. For making and implementing the programmes of physical education effective:
Extramural are essential for making and implementing the programme of physical
education more effective. Extramural also help in broadening the base sports.

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5. Improve the opportunities to participate in sports: Extramural competitions enhance
the opportunities for the students of various schools to participate in sports. Many
schools who do not take part in such competitions, are motivated and consequently
such school tend to participate in intramurals.

8. Discuss the objectives of extra murals in detail.


Ans) Objectives of extramural:
1. To improve the standard of sports: It is one of the objectives of inter-school or
intramural competitions to improve the standard of sports. By participating in extramural
the students become technically and tactically efficient in respective sport. They
become skillful. They become able to perform well in competitions. In this way,
extramural improve the standard of sports.
2. To provide experience of students: Extramural has its own value in any field.
Extramural provide experience to students who participate in such competitions. Due to
experience, students exhibit good performance in competition.
3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity: To develop sportsmanship and fraternity in
students is another important objectives of extramural competitions. Extramural
competitions tent to develop the traits of sportsmanship and fraternity in students.
4. To broaden the base of sports is another vital objective of the Extramural: Many
students from various schools participate in extramural. Other school, who do not
participate in extramural, get motivated, such motivation broadens the base of sports.
5. To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques: To provide the
knowledge of new rules, regulations, advanced techniques and tactics of sports and
games to the students in another important objectives of extramural. Students come to
know about new rules and regulations of the games and sports. They learn new
techniques as well as tactics which enable them in improving their performance

9. Enlist the committees for organizing sports events and explain any eight committees in
detail.
Ans) Various committees are formed for systematic and smooth conduct of
competition/tournament.
1. Committee for publicity.
2. Transport committee
3. Boarding and loading committee.
4. Decoration and ceremony committee
5. Grounds & equipment committee
6. Refreshments and entertainment committee
7. Reception committee
8. Committee on entries and programmers.
9. Committee for officials.
10. Announcement committee

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11. First aid committee
12. Accreditation committee
1. Committee for publicity: The committee for publicity announces the date, venues and
sports even advance information to the institution and printing etc. Its main responsibility
is to advertise the sports events.
2. Transports committee:- This committee is responsible for providing the facilities
regarding transportation of various team to the venue of sports event or to the place of
boarding and loading as the case may be.
3. Boarding and loading committee :- Boarding and loading committee is responsible
for making necessary arrangement for providing accommodation and serving meals to
the sports persons and officials.
4. Ground and equipment committee :- This committee is responsible for making the
grounds or laying out the track and field this committee also makes necessary
arrangements of equipments related to the games / athletic meet.
5. Reception committee :- The members of this committee are responsible to welcome
the chief guests at the opening and closing ceremonies it is also the duty of this
committee to welcome the other quests and spectators.
6. Committee for official :- This committee select various officials such as referees
judges recorders starters marshals track umpires time keepers and lap scorers for
athletic meet and referee umpires time keepers recorders and judges etc.
7. Announcement committee :- This committee is solely responsible for making various
announcement during the sport meet or games this committee announces regarding
opening and closing ceremonies.
8. First aid committee :- First aid committee is headed by a well qualified doctor this
committee provide first aid to the victim or affected athlete/ sports person immediately

10. What do you mean by specific sports programs? Explain about health runs and run for unity
in detail.
Ans) Specific sports programmes are such programmes of sports which are not usually
related to compititions. These sports programmes have various objective such as
creating awareness among people regarding unity, health and diseases like AIDS,
swine flu, etc. and rising funds for charitable institutions or organizations.
These sports programmes are described below:
Health Run: Health runs are organized by health department or sports department.
usually their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with the
raising of funds for charity. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance cource
of running is also fixed up. Before going to health runs, everyone should take a note of
the following suggestions to make the running experience safe and effective:
1. Avoid tension. Make sure that your arms, shoulder, neck and finger are relaxed.
Hands should be unclenched.
2. Your breathing should be rhythmic and deep.

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3. Don‟t bend your body from hip level.
4. Run softly and your strides should be normal.
5. Your both arms should swing equally.
Run for unity: Such a run is organized with a specific purpose, i.e., to show unity and
peace among the people of different religion. Its purpose may be national and
international integration and brotherhood. In some countries run for unity is organized to
celebrate their independence. It may be in the from of relay, they feel united. A lot of
people participate in this race from corporate world, film stars and marathon runners
from other countries. The cash prize is given to the first three position holders. Such
runs promote harmony, peace and solidarity among people of different religions. It
brings a sense of togetherness among people.
11. Define and classify ‘fixtures’.Draw a league fixture for 16 teams.
Ans) Fixtures: It is a competition held among various teams/players in a particular
game/sport according to a fixed schedule where the winner is decided.
Fixture must have a specific date/time and court number.
Classification of Fixture:
(a) Knockout
(b) League
(c) Combination
(d) Challenge Example: League fixture for 16 teams.

League: Cyclic method, step/stair/case method, Tabular method


The child can use any method of league system Number of rounds = n - 1 = 16 - 1 = 15
Number of matches = n(n-1)/2 = 16(16-1)/2 = 120 matches
Step Method: League fixture with the help of step method. Winner is decided on the
basis of point system. Win- 2 points Draw - 1 point Lose - 0 point Team with maximum
points is declared as winner.

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12. What do you mean by combination tournament? Discuss league cum knock-out and knock-
out cum league with the help of examples.
Ans) A tournament conducted for different groups or zones basis by combination
of minimum two types of tournaments is known as combination tournament. The
examples are 1. Knock-out cum knock-out basis 2. League cum league basis 3.
In league-cum knockout tournament, all the teams play league matches in their
respective pools. Either take out best team from each pool or take out best two teams
from each pool. Now the best 4 or 8 (depends on scheme or number of teams) teams
are given knockout fixtures and the winner is decided.

13. What do you mean by planning? Elucidate the objectives of planning in sports detail.
Ans) Meaning and objectives of planning: “Planning is a way to systematize, direct
and organize the events or competitions and extract the advantage and benefit of
the available resources.” “Planning is the process of making a sequence of work for a
future line of action”

14. What is a league tournament? Draw a fixture of six teams using the round-robin method.
Ans) League Tournaments: These are also called round robin tournament. In a league
tournament, the teams/players are treated at par. Whether the team/player wins a
match or loses, the team will get a chance to play with every other team. It is of two
types.

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(a) Single league tournament
(b) Double league tournament n( n - 1) Such kind of tournament produces a true
winner. Fixture for seven teams using round robin method Number of teams (n) = 7
Rounds = n = 7 Matches = 7(7-1)/2 = 21 matches Fixture with the help of cyclic method:

15. What do you mean by specific sports programs? Explain any three.
Ans) Specific sports programmes are such programmes of sports which are not usually
related to completions. These sports programmes have various objectives such as
creating awareness among people regarding unity, health and diseases like AIDS,
Swine flu, etc. and raising funds for charitable institutions or organizations. Such
programmes may be organized for the promotion and maintenance of health among
people.
1. Health Runs
2. Run for Fun
3. Run for Unity
Health Runs Health runs are organized almost every part of theworld. InIndia,healthrun
is organized in almost every state to make people health conscious. Health run does not
require any specific preparation. Health runs are organized by health department,sports
department or social organizations. Usually their purpose is to ameliorate the standard
of health in a country along with the raising of funds for charity. For health runs
therequirement is only a pair of shoes and light clothes, there is no competition in it but
registration of participants is performed in advance. The date and time is also fixed will
in advance. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance course of running is
also fixed up.
Run For Fun These kinds of runs are organized by the various organizations for the
people of all ages. Run for fun is more related to have fun and frolic during running. Run
for fun is a friendly race that involves either road running or cross country running taking
part for their own enjoyment and recreation rather than competition. It is organized to
raise funds for a charity. The sponsors only deduct the organizational expenditure. Run
for the fun can include novel categories such as wearing costumes and age categories
for adults, teenagers and children.
Run For Unity Run for fun is organized by different nations by their central
governments, state governments, sports federations and institutions etc. to create a
feeling of unity among the people. The purpose of run for unity may be national and

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international integration. It may be in the form of relay race of long distance. Every
participant runs some distance. In the form or relay, they feel united. It may bein the
form of marathon race as it is usually organized in Mumbai.
A lot of people participate in this race from corporate world, film stars and marathon
runners from other countries. The cash prize is given to the first three position holder.
Such runs promote harmony, peace and solidarity among people of different religions.

16. While specifying all calculations, prepare a ‘knock-out fixture’ for 21 teams.
Ans)

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17. Draw a knock-out fixture of 21 teams mentioning all the steps involved.
Ans)

18. Being the captain of the school, prepare five important committees with the responsibilities
to conduct one day run for health race.
Ans) Being as a sports captain if i have to prepare five committees to conduct one day run for
heath care will be:

1. Organising committee: It is led by a sports captain who is in charge of the entire case. This
committee is in charge of all facets of the sporting activities that will be held.

24
2. Reception committee: The reception committee's job is to make sure that special invitees are
greeted and esFinacorted to their assigned seats. They expect to invite the guests ahead of
time and manage their reception.

3. Transport committee: It is responsible for bringing schoolchildren and officials to the site of
the sporting event. It looks after you before, during, and after the health run.

4. Refreshment committee: It was created to provide refreshments to participants, leaders, and


everyone else involved in the event. It is important to ensure that everybody is hydrated.

5. Finance committee: It is in charge of all financial revenues and expenditures, among other
things. They should act in accordance with the budget. This committee is in charge of all
payments. They must follow the school's and authorities' instructions.

19. What do you mean by Tournament? Draw a fixture of 9 teams using the round-robin
method.
Ans) The number of matches is calculated as
N(N−1)2
where N is the number of teams.
The number of teams is 9 , then
Substituting, Number of matches
=9(9−1)2=9×82=722=36
matches.

Therefore the number of matches is 36 which is calculated by both the formula and from the
figure.

20. What is the meaning of a Tournament? Draw knock-out fixtures for 27 teams.
Ans) Tournament is a large contest of many rounds among various teams. It is a
competition held among various teams in a particular activity according to a fixed
schedule where a winner is decided.
Number of teams participating are 27
. Number of matches : n - 1 = 27 - 1 = 26
matches Teams in upper half = n +1/2 = 27 + 1/2 = 28/2 = 14 teams

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Teams in lower half = n - 1/2 = 27 - 1/2 = 26/2 = 13 teams Number of teams
participating are odd so number of byes will be = 32 - 27 = 5 byes.
In Knockout system the team which loses the match is eliminated and the winners
continue to play. When we have less time usually we conduct single elimination
tournament.
Date/time and court number, is specified for each match so that teams/players report for
their matches well in advance.

21. Elucidate the committees and their responsibilities inter school CBSE Basket Ball
Tournament.
Ans) 1. Committee of Publicity :- Its main duty is to advertise the sports events.
2. Transport Committee :- It's main responsibility is the make necessary arrangements
for transportation.
3. Grounds and Equipment Commitee :- This committee is responsible for making
grounds or laying out the tracks and field.
4. Refreshments and Entertainment Committee :- This committee takes the charge of
supplying refreshments and drinking to the guests,officials and competitors, etc.
5.Recepition Committee :- The member of this committee are responsible for welcome
the chief guests at the opening and closing ceremonies.
6.Commitee on Entries and Programmes :- This committee sends entry form to the
various institutions early. It also arrange seats for guests spectators. It sometimes also
prepare fixtures of teams participating in the competition.
7. Commitee of Officials :- 5he committee selects various officials such as referees,
judges, umpires, etc.
8. Announcement Committee :- This committee is responsible for making all the
announcements during the period of sports event.
9. First Aid Committee :- This committee provide first aid to the victim or affected
sportsmen/athlete.

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22. Elucidate the pre, during, and post-game responsibilities of officials of various committees
for organising a sports tournament smoothly.

Ans) Sports competitions are organised at various levels which include district, state,
national and international levels. Such events require careful planning and organization
in order to be successful. Planning must be executed properly for which different
committees work together.
(a) organising committee: It is headed by chairman as overall incharge of conducting
the event. All the aspects of sporting events to be conducted are administered through
this committee.
(b) Finance committee: It is responsible for all financial receipts and expenditure, etc.
They should work as per budget plan. This committee makes all the payments. They
must work as per the directions given by organizing committee.
(c) publicity committee: The role of publicity committee is to give the sports event a
wide publicity. All the press releases, press conferences, results during the meet as well
as publicity regarding dates, venues through media, posters and printing, etc. are done
by this committee.
(d) Technical committee: It is responsible for the technical conduct of the event' This
committee is responsible for making draws and conducting the event smoothly. The
officials are deputed well in advance. This is the most important committee that will
officiate the sports events. The competent persons are judged and appointed officials.
Compilation of results is also done.
(e) Reception committee: The responsibility of reception committee is to see that
special invitees are welcomed and taken to the seats reserved for them. They plan to
invite the guests well in advance and take care of their reception. The outstation
participating teams are received and proper arrangements are done till they depart.
(f) Accommodation committee: This committee is responsible for making arrangements
for the stay of players as well as officials. The accommodation is booked well in
advance as per expected strength of participants, coaches, managers and other
dignitaries.
(g) Transport committee: It looks after the transportation of players and officials to the
venue of sporting activity and back to their accommodation. It takes care before, during
and after the sports event. This committee must have details of arrival and departure of
participants so that everything is done on time.
(h) Refreshment committee: It is formed to provide refreshment to the participants,
officials and all those involved in the entire programme. It must be ensured that
everyone is welcomed and treated properly with suitable soft drinks. This committee is
also responsible for breakfast, lunch and dinner at the place of stay. Proper hygienic
meals should be served'
(i) Purchase committee: This is a pre-meet work' The duty of purchasing of equipment
and any other item required in connection with the sporting event is assigned to this

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committee. This committee shall make arrangement of laying out the field of
international standard and fulfil the required demand of the game/sport.
(j) Awards or prizes committee: The prizes are bought by this committee as per the
number of expected winners. The mementoes for officials are also obtained by this
committee. They are completely responsible for all the awards and prize distribution well
on time. Conclusion: All those involved in any type of committees shall be given the
badges and identity cards. The Meet starts with opening ceremony (March past, oath
taking, etc.) and ends with closing ceremony. Then a brief report concerning the entire
championship is to be prepared.

23. Define Combination Tournament .Draw a fixture of 16 team susing the Knock-out cum
League Method.
Ans) Combination of Tournament Combination Tournament are those tournament in
which initial round of tournament are played on particular basis (knock-out or league)
and rest of the tournament played on another particular basis
Fixtures No. of teams = 16
For combination, tournament teams are divided into four equal parts.
Group = 16/4 = 4
Group A (First four teams.)
Group B (Second four teams) (Attempting any one fixture either knock out or
Group C (Third four teams)
Group D (Last four teams)
Round I-- Group A Round I-- Group A Winner of each Team will participate in league
tournament.
League Tournament 4, 7, 12, 13 No of matches for league tournament Fixture of
league tournament by staircase method

24. What is a league tournament? Draw a fixture of nine (9) teams on the basis of league
tournaments using the cycle method. Explain the British method to declare the winner

28
Ans) Aleague or tournament is a collection of teams that are scheduled to play
against one another.
A league or tournament is a collection of teams that are scheduled to play
against one another. Their purpose is to allow competition between the teams
to determine the skill ranking of each team or to provide an instructional
structure for competition between teams.
A tournament is a series of a particular sports activity in which one team finally
wins and all other participating teams loose.
(a) Knock out tournament : It is a tournament in which any team that gets
defeated once, gets eliminated from the entire tournament.
(b) League/Round Robin tournament : It is a tournament in which each
team plays once (in case of single league tournament) or twice (in case of
double league tournament) with every other participating team.

25. Draw a knock-out fixture of 27 teams and explain the advantage of the knock-out
tournament.
Ans)

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The knock-out tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of sports because
each team tries to present the best performance to avoid the defeat. Owing to less
number of matches it requires less time to complete the tournament. Minimum number
of officials are required in organising such type of tournaments.

26. Discuss the role of various committees and their responsibilities to organise national-level
sports events.
Ans) For organising sports events, various committees are formed for systematic and
smooth conduct of competitions/tournaments.
In fact, the organisation and conduct of sports events involve a lot of planning and
preparation.
Generally, there is a committee of management, which is usually consisted of one
representative from each institution concerned.
This General Committee takes complete responsibility for the success of competition.
This committee also forms various committees and divides the various types of work
among them. The General Committee is headed by an Administrative Director under
whom Executive Committee performs its duties. Organising committee for games/sports
events works under Executive Committee.

30
The organising committee is mainly responsible for the successful and smooth conduct
of the sports meet/sports events. Various committees are formed under this organising
committee. The description of various committees and their responsibilities are stated
below.
Committee for Publicity: The committee for publicity announces the date, venues and
sports events, advance information to the institutions and printing, etc. Its main
responsibility is to advertise the sports events.
Transport Committee: This committee is responsible for providing the facilities
regarding transportation of various teams to the venue of sports events place or to the
boarding and lodging as the case may be. Its main duty is to make necessary
arrangements for transportation.
Boarding and Lodging Committee: Boarding and lodging committee is responsible for
making necessary arrangements for providing accommodation and meals to the sports
persons and officials.
Decoration and ceremony Committee: Decoration and ceremony committee is
responsible for the decoration of sports arena or stadium. It is also responsible to make
necessary arrangements for the opening ceremony, victory ceremony and closing
ceremony of the games/sports meet. This committee also makes arrangements for
trophies, medals and certificates.
Grounds and Equipment committee: This committee is responsible for making the
grounds or laying out the track and field. This committee also makes necessary
arrangements of equipment related to the game/athletic meet. This committee is also
responsible for providing the equipment according to specifications. Refreshments and
Entertainment Committee: This committee takes the charge of supplying refreshments
and drinks to the guests, officials and competitors, etc. It also makes some
arrangements for entertainment programmes at the opening ceremony and closing
ceremony of sports events.
Reception Committee: The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the
chief guests at the opening and closing ceremonies. It is also the duty of this committee
to welcome the other guests and spectators.
Committee for officials: This committee selects various officials such as referees,
judges, recorders, clerks of the course, starters, track umpires, time keepers and lap
scorers for athletic meet and referee, umpires, time keepers, recorders and judges, etc.
in case of games as per requirement.
First Aid Committee: First aid committee is headed by a well-qualified doctor. This
committee provides first aid to the victim or affected athlete/sportsperson immediately.
This committee makes the necessary arrangements for providing help prior to the
organisation of sports events because athletes or sports persons may get injuries during
the competitions

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27. Draw a knock out figure for 25 teams with all steps involved.

Ans) Total no matches = Total no of team -1 = 24 -1 = 23


Total no. round = 2*2*2*2*2
i.e. Digit 2 report 5 times = 5 rounds
So total no round = 5 round
Total team in upper half = Total no of teams
= 24/2 = 12 teams
Total team in lower half = Total no of teams
= 24/2 = 12 teams
As the total no of teams are more then 16 so we have to divide teams also in
quarter.
also in quarter.
Teams in each quarter : 4 ] 24 [ 6 (Q=6) =24
R=0
Total No bye= next power of two-total no of team
= 32-24 = 08 byes
Bye in upper half = 8/2 = 4
Bye in lower half = 8/2 = 4

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28. What are knockout tournaments? Draw a knockout figure for 19 teams, mentioning all the
steps involved.
Ans)

33
34
L-2 Sports and Nutrition

Give one-word answers

1 Which diet can provide all the essential food constituents necessary for the growth and
maintenance of the body
Ans) balanced diet
2 who discovered vitamin ‘A’
Ans) Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A in 1932.
3 Which mineral helps iron in the formation of haemoglobin?
Ans) iron

4 Which vitamin was discovered by Elmer Mccollum?


Ans) Vitamin A, Vitamin B and Vitamin D

5 What is the name of the carbohydrate in which the ratio of a hydrogen atom to oxygen atoms
is not 2:1?
Ans) The ratio between hydrogen and oxygen is 2:1

6 What is the other name of vitamin B2?

Ans) riboflavin
7 Which vitamin helps in maintaining the level of calcium and phosphorus in our body?
Ans) vitamin d

Fill in the blanks

1 Our blood contains —90-------- percent of water.


2 Minerals and —--vitamins------ are included in micronutrients.
3 The deficiency of —--iodine------- may cause goitre.
4 About —---6----- % of our body weight is made up of minerals.
5 Vitamin C is also known as —---ascorbic acid--------.

Short Answer Question-I (Carrying 2 Marks)

1.Discuss any 2 macro minerals on the basis of their sources and benefits
Ans) Micro minerals: 1 Iodine: harmones,growth,giotre, mental retardation (sea
foods,salt,fish) 2.Iron:Anemia: ,(liver, dry fruits,banana) 3.Chromium:

35
Insuline,diabeties(soyabean,black gram,barley) 4. Copper: hemoglobin (egg,pulses,
green veg.)

2. Discuss discuss any 2 fat soluble vitamins on the basis of their sources and benefits
Ans) Fat soluble vitamins: 1.Vit A: Night blindness,Xerophthalmia
(papaya,spinach,milk,curd,carrot) 2.Vit D:Teeth,bones,calcium (sunlight,milk,egg yolk)
3.Vit E: Fertility,Adreline gland,skin ( fresh fruits,butter,cotton seeds) 4.Vit K: Clotting of
blood, anemia (cauliflower,cabbage,spinach)Read more on Sarthaks.com -
https://www.sarthaks.com/969877/compare-any-three-fat-soluble-vitamins-on-the-basis-
of-their-sources-and-benefits

3. Mention the sources and benefits of proteins


Ans) Protein is important for growth and repair of body cells. Food sources of protein
include meat, fish, dairy, lentils, beans, and tofu. Insufficient protein can lead to low
growth and a weakened immune system.

4. Discuss any 2 non nutritive components of diet along their sources


Ans) Non-nutritive components include colour substances, flavours, food additives,
plant compounds, water, and fibre.

5. Discuss any 2 pitfalls of dieting


Ans) Following are pitfalls of dieting - 1. Extreme Reduction of Calories : - Person reduces the diet
considerable which causes low level of energy thus person feels tiredness body aches. 2. Skipping
meals :- People often skip meals to reduce weight where as in react meal they take large amoung of
food. 3. Low energy Diet :- The person take diet without fats and less carbohydrates by which health
is affected. 4. Not performing physical Activity :- People often consider that reducing diet for
controlling weight but they neglect physical activities which is equally important for healthy Lifestyle.
5. Taking less Liquid :- People often think that drinking water or liquid makes them to gain weight
which is wrong.

6. Briefly discuss food intolerance


Ans) A food intolerance is difficulty digesting certain foods and having an
unpleasant physical reaction to them. It causes symptoms, such as bloating and
tummy pain, which usually happen a few hours after eating the food.

7. Clarify the difference between food and nutrition in brief.


Ans) Food is what we eat and drink for energy and to stay alive. On the other hand,
nutrition is a part of food that is used by our cells and metabolized by the body to make
all the contributions that our body needs. Not all nutrients are acquired from food.

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8. Differentiate between macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients.
Ans) Macronutrientsand micronutrients are categories dietitians and nutrition
experts may use to refer to your diet.

Macronutrients are big picture nutrition categories, such as carbohydrates,


fats, and proteins. Micronutrients are smaller nutritional categories, such as
individual vitamins and minerals like calcium, zinc, and vitamin B-6.

10.Differentiate between simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.


Ans) Complex carbohydrates are present in foods such as bread and pasta. Simple
carbohydrates are in foods such as table sugar and syrups. Complex carbohydrates
contain longer chains of sugar molecules than simple carbohydrates. The body
converts these sugar molecules into glucose, which it uses for energy

Short Answer Questions-II (Carrying 3 Marks)

1.Clarify the meaning of balanced diet in brief.


Ans) A
balanced diet is one that fulfills all of a person’s nutritional needs.
Humans need a certain amount of calories and nutrients to stay healthy.

A balanced diet provides all the nutrients a person requires, without going
over the recommended daily calorie intake.

By eating a balanced diet, people can get the nutrients and calories they need
and avoid eating junk food, or food without nutritional value.

2.What do you mean by macro and micro nutrients?


Ans) Nutrients can be divided into two categories: macronutrients, and micronutrients.
Macronutrients are those nutrients that the body needs in large amounts. These provide
the body with energy (calories). Micronutrients are those nutrients that the body needs
in smaller amounts.To break this down even further, macronutrients make up your total
caloric intake, and include carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

37
Micronutrients include vitamins, minerals and water.

People “track” macros and micros for different reasons, including specific fitness

regimes, particular diets and as a way to stay on track in terms of maintaining a

healthy balance of nutrients.

3.What do you mean by nutritive and non-nutritive components of diet?


Ans) Food components whether they are nutritive (providing calories) or non-nutritive
(not providing calories) are needed to a multiple of food and beverages. They not only
provide a sweet flavour to foods, they are also used to preserve foods (in jams or
jellies), provide body bulk and texture (in ice-cream and baked goods), enhance other
flavours (like salty) and aid in fermentation (in breads and pickles).
The nutritive components of diet are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and
minerals. Non-nutritive components do not contribute to the energy, calories or nutrition
of the body. Some non-nutritive components are essential for the body while others
harm the body. Colour compounds, flavour compounds, food additives, plant
compound, water, roughage or fibre are some non-nutritive components of diet.

4.Briefly explain about vitamins.


Ans) itamins are compounds of carbon. These protect us from various diseases and are
essential for general growth and development of our body.
Types of Vitamins There are various vitamins such as A, C, D, E, K and B-complex (Bj, B2,
B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12) There are two groups of vitamins.

Fat Soluble Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins are those vitamins which are soluble in fat.
These vitamins are A, D, E and K which are given below

● Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, proper functioning of nervous


system and digestive system.
● Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones and teeth.
● Vitamin E increases fertility and ensures proper functioning of the glands.
● Vitamin K helps in clotting of blood.

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5.Enlist the forms of Vitamin B and explain any one of them in brief

.Ans) here are eight types of vitamin B

1. thiamin
2. riboflavin
3. niacin
4. pantothenic acid
5. biotin
6. vitamin B6
7. folate ( called folic acid when included in supplements)

8.vitamin B1
Riboflavin (B2)
riboflavin is primarily involved in in in energy production and helps
vision and skin health .

1. Good source of riboflavin includes milk, yoga, cottage cheese, whole


grain bread and cereals ,egg white ,leafy green vegetables,
meat,yeast,liver, and kidney
2. riboflavin deficiency is rare and is usually seen along with other B group
vitamin deficiency. people at risk include those who consume excessive
amount of alcohol and those who do not consume Milk or milk product .
symptoms include and in flame tongue ( painful, smooth, purple red
tongue ), cracks and redness in the tongue and corners of the mouth
and anxiety , inflamed islets and sensitivity to light, hair loss, reddening
of the cornea and skin rashes.

6.What is roughage? Explain in brief.


Ans) Roughage is the portion of plant foods, such as whole grains, nuts, seeds,
legumes, fruits, and vegetables, that your body can't digest. However, it's an
important food source for the beneficial bacteria in your gut. It may also aid weight

39
management and decrease certain risk factors for heart disease.
Roughage is simply referred as dietary fiber. It is the indigestible portion of food
obtained from plants. They do not provide any nutrient to our body but play an essential
part of a healthy diet plan.

7.Explain in brief, the importance of water.


Ans) Water is very important for your body
Water travels throughout your body carrying nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to
and from your cells and organs. Water keeps your body cool as part of your body's
temperature regulating system. Water cushions your joints, and protects your tissues
and organs from shock and damage.
Keep a normal temperature. Lubricate and cushion joints. Protect your spinal cord and
other sensitive tissues. Get rid of wastes through urination, perspiration, and bowel
movements

8.What do you mean colour compounds?


Ans) Substances that are coloured will absorb part of the electromagnetic
spectrum and reflect another. Non-transition metal solutions tend to be
colourless suggesting they absorb no part of the spectrum. 2. Compounds
that are coloured have electrons promoted from a ground state to an excited
state.3) Colour Compound: It makes attractive to see by the wide reflection of
colours made possible through pigments. Natural Pigment are found in fruits and
vegetables like red, orange, yellow, green etc. or marasmus.

9.Briefly explain any two food myths.


Ans) Food myths are things which are repeated sometimes so much that we are inclined
to believe they are true, e.g., high protein diets cause ketosis which reduces hunger.
(1.) Drinking while eating makes you fat: The actual fact behind this misconception is
that enzymes and their digestive juices will be diluted by drinking water while eating. It
will slow down your digestion which may lead to excess body fat. In contrary, there is a
scientific fact that drinking water while eating improves digestion. (2.) Fat-free products
will help you to Lose weight: If you take at free labeled products they can lead to weight
gain. In fact, these foods have more calories. Approximately, these products have same
number of calories (may be slightly less) in comparison to other regular food. (3.)
Starve yourself if you want to lose weight: Eating a good diet is more important than not
to eat when you are on a weight loss programme. Include such food items in your diet
which suppress appetite and increase metabolism so that your don’t eat too much. So,
there is no need to starve yourself if you want to lose weight. (4.) Exercise makes you to
eat more: Exercises burn calories which may increase your hunger. Research studies
conducted in this area have not shown that the individual who do exercise, consume

40
more calories than those who don’t exercise. So there is no truth in this statement. (5.)
Eggs increase cholesterol levels so avoid them: There is no doubt that eggs are good
source of health. An egg provides you various nutrients such as protein, vitamin A, B, D,
Zinc, Iron, Calcium and Phosphorus etc. It is as per daily requirement of cholesterol by
our bodies. So, if you take one egg daily there is no problem of cholesterol levelRead

10.What do you mean by macro nutrients? Explain about any two macro nutrients.
Ans) The human body requires various supplements for the normal growth of the body,
reproduction, etc. The nutrients are defined as the substances which nourish and
maintain the life and growth of a living body. The nutrients provide the energy which is
necessary for the well-functioning of the body. However, not every nutrient provides
energy.
The nutrients can be obtained from the environment.
There are two types of nutrients required by the human body. These are:
1) Macronutrients
2) Micronutrients
Let's have a conversation about macronutrients.
The word ‘macro’ means a large amount. Thus the macronutrients are the nutrients that
are required in a larger amount.
These nutrients are required in large quantities for the growth and development of living
organisms. The macronutrients are the major source of energy for the metabolic
systems. The obtained energy can be stored in the human body. The macronutrients
may include carbohydrates, fats, or protein which are the primary source of energy.
Let's consider the macronutrients required by the human body.
1) Carbohydrate:
-These are in the form of starch or sugar.
-The carbohydrates are obtained from the wheat, rice, millets etc. These break down in
the body to generate energy to fuel the daily activities.
-The carbohydrates provide energy for
45−65
0
/
0

45−650/0 daily needs.


-Some carbohydrate is converted into the glycogen which is stored in the liver and
muscle. This is converted into the energy source whenever needed.
2) Protein:
-Proteins are obtained from fish, meat, eggs, pulses, etc.
-Proteins are broken down into amino acids in the body.

41
-These amino acids are utilized as the ‘building block ‘for new proteins which are
needed for the growth and repair of tissue, for making hormones and enzymes, and the
immune system.
-Protein is also considered as the energy source.
3) Fats:
-The body obtained the fat from meat, butter, milk, etc.
-The fat is an additional source of energy. The daily energy requirement is fulfilled by
the consumption of fats and oils.

So, here we can say that the macronutrients are the primary source of the energy
for the well-functioning, growth, etc. of the body.

12.What do you mean by vitamin? Explain about fat soluble and water soluble vitamins.
Ans) Most are water-soluble, meaning they dissolve in water. In contrast, the
fat-soluble vitamins are similar to oil and do not dissolve in water.

Fat-soluble vitamins are most abundant in high fat foods and are much better
absorbed into your bloodstream when you eat them with fat.

There are four fat-soluble vitamins in the human diet:

● vitamin A
● vitamin D
● vitamin E
● vitamin K

13.Discuss protein as the nutritive component of diet.


Ans) proteinis used to build and repair tissues. You also use protein to make
enzymes, hormones, and other body chemicals. Protein is an important
building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood.Proteins are
essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the building blocks of body
tissue and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins provide as much
energy density as

42
14.What do you mean by water soluble vitamins? Explain about them in brief.
Ans)

15.Discuss about mineral as nutritive component of diet.


Ans) Mineral nutrients are inorganic substances that must be ingested and
absorbed in adequate amounts to satisfy a wide variety of essential metabolic
and/or structural functions in the body. Mineral nutrients are sometimes categorized
according to the amount required in the human diet to maintain good nutrition

16.Discuss water and roughage as a non-nutritive components of diet.


Ans) Fibre or Roughage
Fibre, often known as roughage, is a non-nutritive component of a diet that has little nutritional
benefit. It’s the part of the meal that hasn’t been digested or that can’t be ingested by the
mammalian gut. It is made of water and adds bulk to meals to aid the digestive process. Soluble
and insoluble fibres are two types of fibre. Insoluble fibres do not dissolve in water, while soluble
fibres do. Soluble fibre decreases cholesterol and lowers blood sugar fluctuations. Insoluble
fibre softens your faeces. Fibre is beneficial in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease and
avoiding the development of some cancers. Some rich sources are roots, vegetables, oats,
fresh fruits, etc.

Water

Another non-nutritive component of the diet is water. Water is an important part of every diet.
Even blood is composed of 90% water. Water in the blood aids in transferring nutrients to the
body’s numerous cells. The elimination of waste materials is also aided by water. It also helps to
keep the body temperature in check. Every day we compensate for this water loss by drinking
water and consuming dietary ingredients. Water also serves as a lubricant, moisturises the skin,
and shields the system from shock. In general, roughly 20% of water consumption comes from
meals from drinking water.

17.Enlist the non-nutritive components of diet. Explain about any two components of diet.
Ans) Fibre or Roughage

43
Water
Colour compounds
Flavour compounds
Fibre or Roughage
Fibre, often known as roughage, is a non-nutritive component of a diet that has little nutritional
benefit. It’s the part of the meal that hasn’t been digested or that can’t be ingested by the
mammalian gut. It is made of water and adds bulk to meals to aid the digestive process. Soluble
and insoluble fibres are two types of fibre. Insoluble fibres do not dissolve in water, while soluble
fibres do. Soluble fibre decreases cholesterol and lowers blood sugar fluctuations. Insoluble
fibre softens your faeces. Fibre is beneficial in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease and
avoiding the development of some cancers. Some rich sources are roots, vegetables, oats,
fresh fruits, etc.

Water

Another non-nutritive component of the diet is water. Water is an important part of every diet.
Even blood is composed of 90% water. Water in the blood aids in transferring nutrients to the
body’s numerous cells. The elimination of waste materials is also aided by water. It also helps to
keep the body temperature in check. Every day we compensate for this water loss by drinking
water and consuming dietary ingredients. Water also serves as a lubricant, moisturises the skin,
and shields the system from shock. In general, roughly 20% of water consumption comes from
meals from drinking water.

18.Discuss any four pitfalls of dieting.


Ans) 1. Extreme Reduction of Calories : - Person reduces the diet considerable which
causes low level of energy thus person feels tiredness body aches.
2. Skipping meals :- People often skip meals to reduce weight where as in react meal
they take large amoung of food.
3. Low energy Diet :- The person take diet without fats and less carbohydrates by which
health is affected.
4. Not performing physical Activity :- People often consider that reducing diet for
controlling weight but they neglect physical activities which is equally important for
healthy Lifestyle.

44
5. Taking less Liquid :- People often think that drinking water or liquid makes them to
gain weight which is wrong.

19.Discuss the causes and management of food intolerance.


Ans) A food intolerance is difficulty digesting certain foods and having an unpleasant
physical reaction to them.
It causes symptoms, such as bloating and tummy pain, which usually happen a few
hours after eating the food.

The number of people who believe they have a food intolerance has risen dramatically
over recent years, but it's hard to know how many people are truly affected. Many
people assume they have a food intolerance when the true cause of their symptoms is
something else.

What are the symptoms of food intolerance?

In general, people who have a food intolerance tend to experience:

● tummy pain, bloating, wind and/or diarrhoea


● skin rashes and itching

These symptoms usually happen a few hours after eating the food.

It can be difficult to know whether you have a food intolerance as these are general
symptoms that are typical of many other conditions

20. What do you mean by food myths? Briefly explain about four myths.
Ans) There are several food myths that exist not only in India but throughout the world. What to
eat, what to eat, and how much to eat are all problems that most people struggle with. We
believe in such legends because they seem to be real. We now have scientific evidence, and
we do not believe in food myths based on that knowledge.

1. Potatoes makes you fat: People used to believe that carbohydrate-rich foods including rice,
potatoes, and other starchy vegetables increased body weight. As a result, they used to remove
carbohydrate-rich foods from their diets in order to lose or minimise weight. Carbohydrates are

45
now recognised as the body's preferred energy source. You don't have to be overweight to eat
potatoes.

2. Eggs increase cholesterol level: Eggs are unquestionably beneficial to one's health. Nutrition,
vitamins A, B, D, zinc, iron, calcium, phosphorus, and other nutrients are all present in an egg. It
also meets our body's cholesterol requirements on a regular basis. As a result, eating one egg
per day has no negative impact on cholesterol levels.

3. Drinking while eating makes you fat: The truth behind this myth is that drinking water while
consuming dilutes enzymes and their digestive juices. It will hinder the metabolism, which could
lead to an increase in body fat. On the opposite, it is scientifically known that consuming water
when eating helps digestion.

4. Exercise makes you eat more: Exercising removes calories, which can make you feel hungry.
Individuals who exercise do not consume more calories than those who do not exercise,
according to research conducted in this area. As a result, this argument is false.

21. In sports such as Boxing and Wrestling, do players tend to lose weight sharply? Explain the
pitfalls of dieting.
Ans) In boxing and wrestling the players tend to lose weight sharply because they want
to compete in lower weight category than their actual weight. A few weeks before the
competition, they undergo vigorous training programme along with diet control. They
wear weight jacket and go for long, run. Along with this they reduce the intake of
proteins and fats in their diet. This reduces their weight instantly or sharply. The pitfalls
are: (i) Sudden weight gain: Weight loss through exercises is a good thing but weight
loss through dieting is very harmful. It makes your physique worse because after dieting
when you came to your original eating pattern your body starts gaining more fat than it
used to before dieting. (ii) Dietary deficiency: When you cut short your diet, source of
the major nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteins do not meet the adequate
amount. This can lead to many deficiencies e.g., there are dark circles under eyes and
the person looks pale. Then he must go for anaemia check-up, etc. as these are the
side-effects of dieting. (iii) Health Problem: Sudden weight loss because of reduced
calorie intake can lead to exhaustion. It has also negative effect. People think that
skipping a meal saves calories but it will end up with some health problemRead more
on Sarthaks.com - https://www.sarthaks.com/23289/sports-such-boxing-wrestling-
players-tend-lose-weight-sharply-explain-pitfalls-dieting

22. Briefly explain the functions and resources of three fat soluble vitamins.
Ans) Fat soluble vitamins are A D E and K.Functions: vitamins increase immunity power in our body
against disease and also give their important contribution for general development of body.Sources
of Vitamin A: ghee milk curd egg yolk fish tomato papaya green vegetables orange spinach carrot

46
pumpkin etc.Sources of Vitamin D: egg yolk fish sunlight. Vegetables cod liver oil milk cream butter
tomato carrot etc.Sources of Vitamin E: green vegetables kidney liver heart cotton seed sprouts
seeds coconut oil yolk dry and fresh fruits milk meat butter and maize.Sources of Vitamin K:
cauliflower spinach cabbage tomatoes potato green vegetables wheat egg and meat etc.

23. Write briefly about protein as an essential component of diet.


Ans) Theprotein is considered as essential components of the diet in
physical education because protein helps in building up muscles

The ideal characteristic of body building is the building up of muscles in


proteins. Amongst all the other components the proteins are the most
important molecules that are required in the growth and development of
the body. They are the structural components of the cell, they
heteropolymers which are made up of 21 different kinds of amino acids.
Every cell in the human body contains protein. The basic structure of protein
is a chain of amino acids. You need protein in your diet to help your body
repair cells and make new ones. Protein is also important for growth and
development in children, teens, and pregnant women.

24. Discuss any four pitfalls of dieting.


Ans) 1. Extreme Reduction of Calories : - Person reduces the diet considerable which
causes low level of energy thus person feels tiredness body aches.
2. Skipping meals :- People often skip meals to reduce weight where as in react meal
they take large amoung of food.
3. Low energy Diet :- The person take diet without fats and less carbohydrates by which
health is affected.
4. Not performing physical Activity :- People often consider that reducing diet for
controlling weight but they neglect physical activities which is equally important for
healthy Lifestyle.
5. Taking less Liquid :- People often think that drinking water or liquid makes them to
gain weight which is wrong.

25. Mention the difference between macro and micro nutrients.


Ans) The human body requires various supplements for the normal growth of the body,
reproduction, etc. The nutrients are defined as the substances which nourish and

47
maintain the life and growth of a living body. The nutrients provide the energy which is
necessary for the well-functioning of the body. However, not every nutrient provides
energy.
The nutrients can be obtained from the environment.
There are two types of nutrients required by the human body. These are:
1) Macronutrients
2) Micronutrients
Let's have a conversation about macronutrients.
The word ‘macro’ means a large amount. Thus the macronutrients are the nutrients that
are required in a larger amount.
These nutrients are required in large quantities for the growth and development of living
organisms. The macronutrients are the major source of energy for the metabolic
systems. The obtained energy can be stored in the human body. The macronutrients
may include carbohydrates, fats, or protein which are the primary source of energy.

26. What do you understand by food myths?


Or
Discuss briefly about various food myths.
Ans) There are several food myths that exist not only in India but throughout the world. What to
eat, what to eat, and how much to eat are all problems that most people struggle with. We
believe in such legends because they seem to be real. We now have scientific evidence, and
we do not believe in food myths based on that knowledge.

27.Explain various pitfalls of dieting.


Ans) 1. Extreme Reduction of Calories : - Person reduces the diet considerable which
causes low level of energy thus person feels tiredness body aches.
2. Skipping meals :- People often skip meals to reduce weight where as in react meal
they take large amoung of food.
3. Low energy Diet :- The person take diet without fats and less carbohydrates by which
health is affected.
4. Not performing physical Activity :- People often consider that reducing diet for
controlling weight but they neglect physical activities which is equally important for
healthy Lifestyle.
5. Taking less Liquid :- People often think that drinking water or liquid makes them to
gain weight which is wrong.

28. List down the nutritive components of diet and explain any one.

48
Ans) A balanced diet chart decides the must-have elements in the diet. A platter filled with
healthy food tastes good and has numerous health benefits. These seven elements are
components of a balanced diet chart:-
● Carbohydrates
● Protein
● Fats
● Water
● Minerals
● Vitamins
● Fibre

29. What do you understand by “non-nutritive components”? Elucidate any four non-nutritive
components of diet.
Ans) Protein:
-Proteins are obtained from fish, meat, eggs, pulses, etc.
-Proteins are broken down into amino acids in the body.
-These amino acids are utilized as the ‘building block ‘for new proteins which are
needed for the growth and repair of tissue, for making hormones and enzymes, and the
immune system.
-Protein is also considered as the energy source.

30. Define Balanced Diet Explain any four micro nutrients.


Ans) A balanced diet combines all nutrients for good health and proper functioning of the body.
It acts as a shield or barrier against disease.
An unhealthy diet makes the body vulnerable to disease. An unhealthy or unbalanced diet
initiates weakness, tiredness, heart-related issues, obesity, diabetes and acute and chronic
conditions. Here are some of the foods to include in a balanced diet:

● Green leafy vegetables like spinach, peas, beans and nuts


● Dairy products like curd, butter, milk, cheese and cream
● Proteins like fish, meat, etc.
● Whole-wheat, cornflakes, grains, oats and dry fruits
● Flax seeds, fish oil, pumpkin seeds and chia seeds

49
● Fresh fruits like oranges, papaya, pineapple etc.

Micronutrients are the elements required by us in small quantities. Iron, cobalt,


chromium, iodine, copper, zinc, molybdenum are some of the micronutrients.
Deficiency of any of the nutrients affects growth and development.

31. Compare any three micro-nutrients on the basis of their sources and benefits.
Ans) Micro minerals: 1 Iodine: harmones,growth,giotre, mental retardation (sea
foods,salt,fish) 2.Iron:Anemia: ,(liver, dry fruits,banana) 3.Chromium:
Insuline,diabeties(soyabean,black gram,barley) 4. Copper: hemoglobin (egg,pulses,
green veg

32. Compare any three fat soluble vitamins on the basis of their sources and benefits.
Ans) Fat soluble vitamins: 1.Vit A: Night blindness,Xerophthalmia
(papaya,spinach,milk,curd,carrot) 2.Vit D:Teeth,bones,calcium (sunlight,milk,egg yolk)
3.Vit E: Fertility,Adreline gland,skin ( fresh fruits,butter,cotton seeds) 4.Vit K: Clotting of
blood, anemia (cauliflower,cabbage,spinach)Read more on Sarthaks.com -

35. Discuss any three food myths.

50
Ans)

36. Discuss any three methods to control healthy body weight.


Ans) .

● Exercise often: Studies prove that people with high activity levels
are more likely to maintain their weight loss than others who are
not as active. Set exercise goals, aiming to build up to a
minimum of 200-300 minutes of exercise per week (ACSM
guidelines).
● Eat a healthy breakfast daily. Seventy-eight percent of
participants in the NWCR eat breakfast every day.
● Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of water or other no-calorie
unsweetened beverages. Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages.

51
● Eat whole foods. Focus on a healthy eating pattern of whole,
unprocessed foods that is rich in produce and fiber, contains
lean protein sources, and is lower in fat.
● Eat responsibly and mindfully. Pay attention to portion sizes and
avoid overeating. Look at the nutrition facts on food labels listed
on packages, including the serving size. Using smaller plates and
bowls may help you choose smaller portions at meals. Prioritize
meal time. Eat slowly, with focus on your meal. Listen to your
body ‘s physical cues to stop eating before you feel overly full.
On special occasions, choose your foods as wisely as you would
on any other day.
● Plan your meals ahead of time. By planning meals in advance,
you can make healthier choices that are not influenced by
physical hunger. Plan home-cooked meals, reserving restaurant
dining for special occasions. Packing low-calorie snacks like
fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains can help keep hunger
controlled throughout the day.

37. Discuss any three non-nutritive components of diet.


Ans)
non-nutritive (not providing calories) are needed to a multiple of food and beverages.
They not only provide a sweet flavour to foods, they are also used to preserve foods (in
jams or jellies), provide body bulk and texture (in ice-cream and baked goods), enhance
other flavours (like salty) and aid in fermentation (in breads and pickles).

Non-nutritive components do not contribute to the energy, calories or nutrition of the


body. Some non-nutritive components are essential for the body while others harm the
body. Colour compounds, flavour compounds, food additives, plant compound, water,
roughage or fibre are some non-nutritive components of diet

52
Long Answer Questions (Carrying 5 Marks)

1.What do you mean by macro nutrients? Explain about any four macro nutrients.
Ans) macronutrients are substances needed for growth, energy provision and other body
functions. Macronutrients are those nutrients required in large amounts that provide the
energy needed to maintain body functions and carry out the activities of daily life. There
are 3 macronutrients – carbohydrates, proteins and fats

53
2.What do you mean by micro nutrients? Explain in brief about minerals as micro nutrients in
detail.
Ans) Micronutrients are nutrients that are required by the body in lesser amounts for its
growth and development. They play a major role in the metabolic activities of the body.
These include vitamins and minerals. Since our body cannot produce vitamins and
minerals, they are taken externally from different food products

Iodine: harmones,growth,giotre, mental retardation (sea foods,salt,fish)


2.Iron:Anemia: ,(liver, dry fruits,banana) 3.Chromium:
Insuline,diabeties(soyabean,black gram,barley) 4. Copper: hemoglobin (egg,pulses,
green veg

3.What do you mean by nutritive components of diet? Explain about any three of them in brief.
Ans)

4.What do you mean by non-nutritive components of diet? Explainany four non-nutritive


components in brief.
Ans)

5.What do you mean by healthy weight? Discuss about the methods to control healthy body
weight for lifetime.
Ans)

6.Elucidate about the various pitfalls of dieting in detail.


Ans)

7.What do you mean by food intolerance? Explain the causes, symptoms and management of
food intolerance in detail.
Ans)

8.What do you mean by food myths? Explain any six food myths prevailing in contemporary
society
Ans)
.
9.”Vitamins are essential for our metabolic process”. What happens if we devoid our diet of
vitamins?Vitamins: Vitamins are required by the body for its various metabolic processes
and the normal working of the body. They are required by the body in very small
amount. Vitamins do not yield energy but enable the body to use other nutrients. For a
healthy person these requirements are met by a normal, well balanced diet. However, if
our diet is lacking in any vitamin, we suffer from deficiency diseases.

10. Vitamins are very essential for normal working of the body and are divided into two groups.
Explain about them.

54
11.What is balanced diet? Explain the components of diet.
12.What are the nutritive and non-nutritive components of diet? Explain.
13.What do you mean by ‘healthy weight’? Explain the methods to control healthy body weight
to lead healthy-living.
14.What do you mean by vitamins? Discuss the fat soluble and water soluble vitamins in detail.
15.Explain macro-nutrients and their role in our diet.

55
L-3 Yoga and Lifestyle

Give one-word answers


1.Who quoted "Sthiram Sukham Aasanam"? Patanjali
2.In which disease the airways become blocked or narrowed causing difficulty in breathing?
asthama
3.Which type of diabetes is rare among people?MODY
4.What is the formula to know the BMI of an individual?kg/m2
5.What should be the normal blood pressure of an adult?120/80mmhg

Fill in the blanks


1.The normal blood pressure of an adult is considered........120/80..........mmHg.
2.Type I and Type II are the two types of……………diabetes ………….. .
3. ……………obesity…………is that condition of the body in which the amount of fat increases
to extreme levels.
4.There are three types of asanas, i.e., meditative asanas, relaxative asanas and.........cultural
asanas........... .
5.An adult with a BMI more than or equal to 30 than the ideal BMI is usually considered to be
………obese…….. .

Short Answer Questions-II (Carrying 3 Marks)

1.Discuss the benefits of asanas for prevention of diseases in brief.

The regular practice of yoga can help prevent non-communicable diseases such
as blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular illness, thereby reducing the
need for curative medicine. Yoga also serves as a stalwart solution to keep chronic
back pain, arthritis and other lifestyle diseases at bay

2.What is obesity? How can we come to know that we are obese?


Obesity means weighing more than what is healthy for a given height. Obesity is a
serious, chronic disease. It can lead to other health problems, including diabetes, heart
disease, and some cancers. People with obesity have a higher chance of developing
these health problems: High blood glucose (sugar) or diabetes, heart disease
If your BMI is less than 18.5, it falls within the underweight range. If your BMI is 18.5 to
<25, it falls within the healthy weight range. If your BMI is 25.0 to <30, it falls within the
overweight range. If your BMI is 30.0 or higher, it falls within the obesity range

3.Discuss the procedure and benefits of Vajrasana in brief.

1. Start by kneeling on the floor. Consider using a yoga mat for comfort.

56
2. Pull your knees and ankles together and point your feet in line with your
legs. The bottoms of your feet should face upward with your big toes
touching.
3. Exhale as you sit back on your legs. Your buttocks will rest on your
heels and your thighs will rest on your calves.
4. Put your hands on your thighs and adjust your pelvis slightly backward
and forward until you’re comfortable.
5. Breathe in and out slowly as you position yourself to sit up straight by
straightening your spine. Use your head to pull your body upward and
press your tailbone toward the floor.
6. Straighten your head to gaze forward with your chin parallel to the floor.
Position your hands palms down on your thighs with your arms relaxed.

4.Describe the benefits and contraindications of Urdhva Hastasana.


a) Precautions and contraindications: You must avoid practising this asana with your
arms raised if you have had an injury in your neck or shoulders. (b) Benefits of the
upward salute (Urdhva Hastasana) (i) Removes fat around sides and hips. (ii) Gives
the belly a good stretch. (iii) Helps improve digestion. (iv) Stretches arms pits and
shoulders (v) Relieves stress and anxiety (vi) Helps enhance body posture (vii)
increases the capacity of lungs (viii) Improves blood circulation in the body (ix) Eases
sciatica pain.
5.Discuss the benefits and contraindications of Ardhamatseyendrasana.
Benefits of Ardha Matsyendrasana Good for increasing the flexibility and function of
vertebrae of the spine. Stretches back muscle and spine. Cures constipation and
indigestion. Helps to increases oxygen supply to the lungs. Releases stiffness of hip
joints. Beneficial for slipped disc patient. Matsyendrasana Contraindications People
suffering from severe back or neck pain should practice with caution, and with close
supervision. Those with slip disc problems should avoid this pose completely. Those
with internal organ issues may find this pose difficult and painful. Should be avoided by
pregnant women as it can press the fetus

6.What do you mean by diabetes? Name the asanas which are helpful for preventing diabetes.
Diabetes is a serious medical condition that causes higher than normal blood sugar levels.
It occurs when your body cannot make or effectively use its own insulin, a hormone made
by special cells in the pancreas called islets. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are the two main

57
forms of this disease. Type 1 Diabetes is a chronic condition which occurs when the
pancreas fails to secrete enough insulin. This medical condition affects people below the
age of 30. Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin

Surya Namaskar, Trikonasana, Tadasana, Sukhasana, Padmasana, Bhastrika


Pranayama, Pashimottanasana, Ardhmatsyendrasana, Pawanmuktasana,
Bhujangasana, Vajrasana, Dhanurasana and Shavasana are beneficial for diabetes

7.Discuss the procedure of Pawanmuktasana.


Steps To Do in Pawanmuktasana Lie flat on your back on a smooth surface, ensuring
that your feet are together, and your arms are placed beside your body. Take a deep
breath. As you exhale, bring your knees towards your chest, and press your thighs on
your abdomen. Clasp your hands around your legs as if you are hugging your knees.
Hold the asana while you breathe normally. Every time you exhale, make sure you
tighten the grip of the hands on the knee, and increase the pressure on your chest.
Every time you inhale, ensure that you loosen the grip. Exhale and release the pose
after you rock and roll from side to side about three to five times. Relax.

8.Explain about asthma.


Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce
extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound
(wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is
a minor nuisance.
sthma is a condition which alters the airways. The bronchial tubes function by
permitting the entry and exit of air into the lungs. This syndrome is characterized by
inflammation in airways, causing difficulty in breathing.

9.Elucidate the benefits and contraindications of Sukhasana.


Students with arthritis in the knees, hips, and feet, especially senior citizens, should avoid sitting
on the floor. Those with a slipped disc, spinal issues, weak digestion, minor backache, or knee
pain can take support of the pillow but shouldn't stay for more than 5 mins in the pose.

Although a relaxing pose, yoga teachers should take the following precautions in mind
while introducing the Easy Pose:

1. Physical Strength and Weak Body: Students with arthritis in the knees,
hips, and feet, especially senior citizens, should avoid sitting on the floor.
Those with a slipped disc, spinal issues, weak digestion, minor backache, or
knee pain can take support of the pillow but shouldn’t stay for more than 5

58
mins in the pose. Students with tight hips can practice hip-opening sequence
otherwise they may find it difficult to sit in crossed legs for a longer duration.
2. Injury and Surgery: Students with injuries to knees, hips, lower back,
hamstrings, ankle, or who have undergone any abdominal, knees, or hips
surgery should take the advice of their doctors or therapists before doing so
with this practice.
3. Lack of Body-Breath Connection: Students, especially those who are new
to yoga, may find it difficult to set the body-breath connection while sitting tall
with their spine erect. And without proper knowledge of body-breath
connections, the practice may bring discomfort and disturbance in the flow of
energy. Hence students can follow the practice with their back against a
wall.
4. Others: Students who suffer from sciatica related to the sciatic nerve should
avoid Easy Pose as the sciatica nerve can get pinched. Those who have
anxiety issues can follow the practice with their eyes open.

10.Discuss the procedure of Gomukhasana.

he steps to do Gomukhasana are:

1) Sit with your back straight on a yoga mat. Keep your legs extended.

2) Keep both the feet together and place your palms on the hips.

3) Now fold your left leg and gently place it under the right buttock.

4) Bring your right leg over your left thigh.

5) Stack both the knees closely over one another.

6) Now raise your left arm and bring it to the back over the shoulder.
Keep the arm upwards, bend the elbow and palm facing outwards.

7) Stretch your right hand to the right, behind the back. Now, bend the
elbow to reach the left hand. Try to grasp both hands with fingers
interlocking behind the back.

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8) Keep your spine straight and your head facing forward.

9) Stay in this pose for a few minutes (preferably under 60 seconds for
beginners, not more than 120 seconds for the intermediate level, and
120 seconds and more for experts). But stay as long as you are
comfortable.

10) Release your breath as you relax your hands and legs.

11) Repeat the same steps using opposite legs and hands.

12) After the pose, sit in a comfortable cross-legged posture.

11.Briefly discuss about hypertension.


Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the
blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. Blood is carried from the heart to
all parts of the body in the vessels. Each time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the
vessels
When there is an increase in the blood pressure in the arteries, the condition is
known as hypertension. The systolic pressure reaches to 140 and the diastolic pressure
reaches to 90
12.Describe the benefits and contraindications of Tadasana.
Benefits of Ardha Matsyendrasana Good for increasing the flexibility and function of
vertebrae of the spine. Stretches back muscle and spine. Cures constipation and
indigestion. Helps to increases oxygen supply to the lungs. Releases stiffness of hip
joints. Beneficial for slipped disc patient. Matsyendrasana Contraindications People
suffering from severe back or neck pain should practice with caution, and with close
supervision. Those with slip disc problems should avoid this pose completely. Those
with internal organ issues may find this pose difficult and painful. Should be avoided by
pregnant women as it can press the fetus.

13.Mention the benefits of Shavasana.


Savasana (Corpse Pose) is much more than a moment's rest at the end of a yoga
class.

● Calms central nervous system, aiding the digestive and immune systems.
● Calms the mind and reduces stress.
● Reduces headache, fatigue and anxiety.
● Helps lower blood pressure.
● Promotes spiritual awakening and awareness of higher consciousness

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14.What do you mean by Back pain?
Back pain often develops without a cause that your doctor can identify with a test or an
imaging study. Conditions commonly linked to back pain include:

● Muscle or ligament strain. Repeated heavy lifting or a sudden awkward


movement can strain back muscles and spinal ligaments. If you're in poor
physical condition, constant strain on your back can cause painful muscle
spasms.
● Bulging or ruptured disks. Disks act as cushions between the bones
(vertebrae) in your spine. The soft material inside a disk can bulge or
rupture and press on a nerve. However, you can have a bulging or ruptured
disk without back pain. Disk disease is often found incidentally when you
have spine X-rays for some other reason.
● Arthritis. Osteoarthritis can affect the lower back. In some cases, arthritis in
the spine can lead to a narrowing of the space around the spinal cord, a
condition called spinal stenosis.
● Osteoporosis. Your spine's vertebrae can develop painful fractures if your
bones become porous and brittle.

15.Discuss the procedure of Vakrasana.

Steps to do Vakrasana

● Sit erect on the yoga mat or floor so that the spine is at 90degrees to
the ground.
● Both legs should be stretched forward
● Bend the right leg at the knee straight and stretched and place the foot
by the side of the left leg.
● Keep your right hand behind resting the palm on the ground. In align
with the right leg but away from the body
● Inhale and keep the left hand shoulder high on the right leg by keeping
the elbow straight.
● Exhale and twist towards the right hand side.
● Keep the face relaxed and keep breathing normally

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● Hold the position for 2mins.
● Relax and get back to the original position.
● Repeat the position on the other side.
● Take a deep breath and relax.

16.Explain the procedure of Urdhva Hastasana.


Urdhva Hastasana Steps:
1. After releasing the entire neck muscles with rotation clockwise and anti
clockwise relax the arms and neck completely.
2. Taking a deep inhalation, raise the arms above your shoulders and head
and bring the fingers to interlock and as you exhale go on to your toes high
up.
3. Inhale again and stretch the arms up and legs moving up with firm rooting of
the toes on the ground and feel the stretch at the shoulders and neck.
4. The deeper the stretch upwards the deeper the pose and try and balance
the body on the toes bringing the focus to any one point with the eyes.
5. Remain stretched upwards for about 8 breaths.
6. Release the pose by stretching the arms backwards and as you exhale bring
the arms down and feet on the floor.

17.Discuss the benefits and contraindications of Urdhva Hastasana.


a) Precautions and contraindications: You must avoid practising this asana with your
arms raised if you have had an injury in your neck or shoulders. (b) Benefits of the
upward salute (Urdhva Hastasana) (i) Removes fat around sides and hips. (ii) Gives
the belly a good stretch. (iii) Helps improve digestion. (iv) Stretches arms pits and
shoulders (v) Relieves stress and anxiety (vi) Helps enhance body posture (vii)
increases the capacity of lungs (viii) Improves blood circulation in the body (ix) Eases
sciatica pain.
18."Practising yogasanas regularly can prevent many diseases." Justify.
Increase in muscular strength and flexibility. This is one of regular asana practice's
most obvious and visible outcomes. Yoga techniques are designed to lengthen the
muscles while strengthening them and increasing their flexibility. Yoga promotes leaner
muscles compared to muscles gained from the gym
Practising yoga asanas regularly can prevent many diseases like hypertension,
diabetes, asthma, arthritis, PCOS, back pain, and respiratory conditions. While
practising yoga is essential for the prevention of diseases, it is essential to have the
right health insurance policy

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19.Explain about the procedure and advantages of Bhujangasana.
Benefits of Bhujangasana
The Cobra Pose stretches and tones your abs, helping you get a flat stomach
apart from many other benefits. This asana is also very useful to keep your
back healthy. Some of the benefits of this yoga pose are:
● It tones your body and the spinal nerves, keeping the spine strong and
agile
● It tones the abdominal muscles
● It improves digestion naturally
● It improves your liver as well as massages the kidneys
● The male and female reproductive system improves
● Irregular menstrual cycle problems are rectified too
● With increased blood circulation, your face gets a radiant look.

● Lie down on your stomach


● Raise your trunk and head supported by the palms
● Bend your arms at the elbows
● Arch your neck and look upward gently
● Make sure that your stomach is pressed on the floor
● Put pressure on your toes by pressing them onto the floor. (Extend them
out to fully experience the cobra)
● Hold the asana for 5 seconds

20.What is the role of yoga in preventing lifestyle diseases?


21.Explain procedure and benefits of any one asana used to cure diabetes.
22."Asanas can be used as a preventive measure." Comment.

Long Answer Questions (Carrying 5 Marks)

1.Discuss asanas as preventive measures in detail.


2.What do you mean by obesity? Discuss the benefits and contraindications of Pada Hastasana
and Vajrasana.
3.Discuss the procedure, benefits and contraindications of Trikonsana and
Ardhamatseyendrasana
4.What do you mean by diabetes? Discuss the procedure, benefits and contraindications of
Bhujangasana.

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5.What do you mean by Asthma? Explain the procedure, benefits and contraindications of
Chakrasana.
6.Elaborate the procedure and benefits of Tadasana and Pawanmuktasana.
7.What is hypertension? Discuss the benefits and contraindications of Vajrasana and Ardha
Chakrasana.
8.What do you mean by Back Pain? Discuss the procedure and benefits of Shalabhasana.
9.Explain about any two asanas which are beneficial in preventing as well as curing asthma.
10.What are the causes of back pain? Explain the procedure, benefits and contra-indications of
any two asanas recommended to cure back pain.
11.Now-a-days yoga plays a very important role in cure of various diseases. Justify the
statement by giving suitable examples of asanas for Hypertension.
12.Which asanas are practised for preventing Hypertension? Write in detail about any two of
them.
13.Which asanas are practised for preventing Asthma? Write in detail about any two of them.
14.What is obesity? Write in detail about any two asanas for curing obesity.
15.Discuss about any two asanas for preventing as well as curing diabetes.

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L-4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN

Give one-word answers

1.Which type of disability creates hindrance for an individual to store, process and produce
information?
Cognitive Disability

2.Which type of disability can affect individual's ability to read, compute, speak and write?
Dyslexia can affect reading fluency, decoding, reading comprehension, recall, writing,
spelling, and sometimes speech and can exist along with other related disorders.
Dyslexia can be considered as a Language-Based Learning Disability.

3.Which type of disability limits an individual's physical functioning, mobility or stamina?


A physical disability is a limitation on a person's physical functioning, mobility, dexterity
or stamina. Other physical disabilities include impairments which limit other facets of
daily living, such as respiratory disorders, blindness, epilepsy and sleep disorders.

4.In which disorder, children cannot sit, focus and pay attention properly?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a common mental illness characterized by the


inability to concentrate or sit still.

5.In which type of disorder the brain has difficulty in receiving and responding to information that
comes in through senses?
Sensory processing disorder is a condition in which the brain has trouble receiving
and responding to information that comes in through the senses

6.In which disorder children always tend to disrupt those around them?
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a type of behavior disorder. It is mostly
diagnosed in childhood. Children with ODD are uncooperative, defiant, and hostile
toward peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures.

7.Which disorder causes repeated unwanted thoughts?


Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting
disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or
behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over

8.Give the full form of ADHD.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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9.Give the full form of ODD.

Oppositional defiant disorder

10.Give the full form of OCD.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder
11.Give the full form of SPD.
Sensory processing disorder

Fill in the blanks

1.Sensory processing disorder …………….. disorder may affect a sense such as touch,
sight, taste or movement.
2. Intellectual disability …………… is an impairment that may be cognitive, developmental,
intellectual, mental, physical, etc.
3. …………………….. is a mental disorder in which an individual performs the same task/activity
again and again to get rid of unwanted thoughts.
4. ……………………… is the reduction of functional disability to lead daily fruitful life.
5. ……………………….is a condition in which the brain has difficulty in receiving and
responding to information that comes through senses.

Short Answer Questions-I (Carrying 2 Marks)

1.Differentiate between disability and disorder.

Ans-While the word “disorder” is a medical term, the word “disability” is a legal
term that appears in the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”) and
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. These federal laws protect the rights of students
with disabilities.

2.Differentiate between ODD and SPD.

Ans-
ODD SPD

1. Distruptive behaviour 1.Difficulty in responding


2. Pattern of disobedience 2. Neurological jam

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3. Rebellious 3. Reading is difficult.
4. Anger outburst 4. Problem in senses.
5. Deliberately annoy 5. Difficulty in motor responses

3.Discuss the nature and causes of ADHD.

Ans-ADHD tends to run in families and, in most cases, it's thought the genes you
inherit from your parents are a significant factor in developing the condition.
Research shows that parents and siblings of someone with ADHD are more likely to
have ADHD themselves.

4.Mention the symptoms and causes of ODD.

Ans-

● irritable mood
● a short temper or touchy mood
● being argumentative
● a habit of refusing to comply with requests from adults
● excessive arguing with adults and authority figures
● a habit of questioning or actively disregarding rules
● a pattern of behavior intended to upset, annoy, or anger others,
especially authority figures
● a tendency to blame others for mistakes and misbehavior

Short Answer Questions-II (Carrying 3 Marks)

1.Elaborate the meaning of disability.

Ans-A disability is any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do
certain activities or interact with the world around them. These conditions, or
impairments, may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory,
or a combination of multiple factors

2.Briefly discuss the concept of disorder.

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Ans-An illness that disrupts normal physical or mental functions. Oxford English
Dictionary. A disorder could be defined as a set of problems, which result in causing
significant difficulty, distress, impairment and/or suffering in a person's daily life.

3.Discuss about cognitive disability.

Ans-Due to cognitive disorder, a person's ability to learn, speak, memorize, and


problem solving skills are disrupted. Due to cognitive disorder, the person suffers
from dementia, and delirium disease. In addition, it adversely affects the memorizing
power and reasoning power

4.Explain any three causes of disability.

Ans-Injuries due to road traffic accidents, occupational injury, violence, conflicts,


falls and landmines have long been recognized as contributors to disability. Mental
health problems– mental health retardation and mental illness are the causes of mental
disability

5.Discuss about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Ans-ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of


childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood.
Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors
(may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.

6.Mention the symptoms of ADHD in children.

Ans-
● constantly fidgeting
● being unable to concentrate on tasks
● excessive physical movement
● excessive talking
● being unable to wait their turn
● acting without thinking
● interrupting conversations
● little or no sense of danger

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7.Explain about Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD).

Ans-Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a complex disorder of the brain in which


an individual's processing of sensory stimuli is affected. Sensory stimuli or
information includes input from all the senses i.e., smell, touch, taste, sight, auditory
input, body awareness, interoception, and movement

8.Discuss the causes of SPD.

Ans-Doctors don't know what causes SPD. They're exploring a genetic link, which
means it could run in families. Some doctors believe there could be a link between
autism and SPD. This could mean that adults who have autism could be more likely to
have children who have SPD

9.Elucidate about Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Ans-Autism Spectrum Disorder is a complex developmental disorder distinguished by


difficulties in social interaction verbal and non-verbal communication behavioural
problems including repetitive behaviour and narrow focus of interest.

10.Discuss the causes of ASD.

Ans-Genetics. Several different genes appear to be involved in autism spectrum


disorder. For some children, autism spectrum disorder can be associated with a
genetic disorder, such as Rett syndrome or fragile X syndrome. For other children,
genetic changes (mutations) may increase the risk of autism spectrum disorder.

11.What do you mean by Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

Ans-

12.Discuss the causes of ODD.

Ans-

13.Discuss any three advantages of physical activities for children with Special Needs.
14.Discuss in detail the symptoms and causes of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder).
15.Differentiate between cognitive and physical disability.Differentiate between cognitive and
physical disability.Differentiate between cognitive and physical disability.
16.What are the types of disability? Explain briefly.
17.What are disability etiquettes? Explain.
18.Describe any one type of disorder in detail.
19.Plan a strategy for making physical activity accessible for children with special needs.

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20.Discuss the types of disability.
21.Mention the symptoms and causes of ODD.

Long Answer Questions (Carrying 5 Marks)

1.Elaborate the concept of disability and disorder in detail.


2.What do you mean by disability? Discuss the types of disability.
3.Elucidate the causes of disability.
4.What do you mean by disorder? Discuss Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and
its causes in detail.
5.What do you mean by Sensory Processing Disorder? Discuss the causes of SPD.
6.What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? Discuss its causes in detail.
7.What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder? Discuss its causes in detail.
8.What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? Elaborate the causes of OCD.
9.What do you mean by disability etiquettes? Mention any five general disability etiquettes.
10.Discuss the advantages of physical activities for children with special needs in detail.
11.Discuss the various strategies to make physical activities accessible for children with special
needs in detail.
12.What are the benefits of physical activity for children with special needs?
13.Write short notes on OCD and ODD.

L-5 Children and women in sports

Give one-word answers

1.Name the eating disorder in which a female athlete eats excessive amount of food and then
vomits it in order not to gain weight.

Ans.People with bulimia eat much more (during a set period of time) than most people would.

2.In which disorder, the female athletes think only about food, dieting and body weight all the
time?

Ans.The female athlete triad

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3.In which Olympics, there was no participation of women?

Ans.Athens 1896

4.Name the first in woman who secured a bronze medal in Olympic games.

Ans.Karnam Malleswari,

5.Vinesh Phogat, Babita Kumari and Shakshi Malik are related to which sports?

Ans.female wrestlers

6.Mithali Raj is related to which game?

Ans.Indian Women’s cricket

Fill in the blanks

1.Early childhood starts from 3rd year and continues till [Birth to Eight Years]year.

2.Bow legs is also called[genu varum]

3.Kyphosis, lordosis and [Scoliosis.] are three types of spinal deformities.

4.There was no participation of women in first modern Olympic games which were held [1896] in
Athens.

5.Female athlete triad is a syndrome in which osteoporosis, amenorrhoea and [disordered


eating] are included.

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Short Answer Questions-II (Carrying 3 Marks)

1.Elucidate the meaning of motor development.

Ans. The physical growth and strengthening of a child’s bones, muscles and ability to move and
touch his/her surroundings.

2.What do you mean by gross motor development and fine motor development?

Ans.movements that involve large muscle groups and are generally more broad and energetic
than fine motor movements.

3.Enumerate about the motor development in early childhood.

Ans.Fine motor skills refer to small movements in the hands, wrists, fingers, feet, toes, lips and
tongue.

4.Elucidate the motor development in middle childhood.

Ans.children continue to build on and improve gross motor skills; the large-scale body
movement skills such as walking and running that they first learned during earlier developmental
stages.

5.Explain any two factors affecting motor development.

Ans.gross motor skills and fine motor skills.

6.Explain the motor development in late childhood.

Ans.the physical growth and strengthening of a child’s bones, muscles and ability to move and
touch his/her surroundings.

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7.Mention the corrective measures related to lordosis,

Ans.The following exercises should be performed as corrective measures for Lordosis:

From standing position, bend forward from hip level. …

Lie down on your back, raise your head and legs simultaneously for 10 times.

Perform sit-ups regularly.

Halasana should be performed regularly.

8.Mention the corrective measures related to scoliosis.

Ans.exercise, medical observation, scoliosis-specific physical therapy, and chiropractic


treatment from a chiropractic scoliosis specialist.

9.Discuss the corrective measures for common postural deformities?

Ans.Some postural deformities are kyphosis, flat foot, knock knee etc…. Corrective Measures:

. Regular and appropriate exercises.

. Regular yogic exercises (Chakrasana, Dhanurasana, Bhujangasana, etc).

. Swimming is recommended.

10.What do you mean by ‘round shoulders’? Suggest any four physical activities for correcting
round shoulders.

Ans.(i) Rotate your shoulders in backward directions. (ii) Do push-ups regularly to strengthen
your shoulder muscles. (iii) Regular physical activities, such as yoga, aerobics, swimming, cycle
are recommended to strengthen whole body. (iv) Walk in Vishram position.

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11.Write about the deformities of spinal curvature.

Ans.Abnormal curvature in the spine can put it out of alignment. Abnormal curvature seen from
the side is called sagittal imbalance. Types of sagittal imbalance include kyphosis, flatback
syndrome, and chin-on-chest syndrome. Abnormal curvature of the spine seen from the back is
called scoliosis.

12.Explain the causes of kyphosis and lordosis.

Ans.Poor posture in childhood, such as slouching, leaning back in chairs and carrying heavy
schoolbags, can cause the ligaments and muscles that support the vertebrae to stretch. This
can pull the thoracic vertebrae out of their normal position, resulting in kyphosis.

13.Discuss the causes of knock-knees and bow legs.

Ans.Causes of knock knees

Knock knee can be caused by an underlying congenital or developmental disease or arise after
an infection or a traumatic knee injury.

14.Mention the corrective measures related to knock-knees and bow legs.

Ans.Causes of Knock Knees

(i) Heredity: Defects like kyphosis and other genetic defects may cause poor posture

(ii) Lack of Exercise: Exercise tones up spinal nerves, improves coordination and
reduces mental strain, improves physical ability and efficiency Lack of exercise leads
to postural deformity

(iii) Obesity: Overweight puts extra stress or strain on the muscular as well as skeletal
structure of the body which may results in postural deviations

(iv) Overload: It may develop round shoulders and problem in spine by continuously
lifting heavy load on shoulders

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(v) Weakness of muscles and ligaments

(vi) Long standing

(vii) Because of local foot wear

15.Mention the corrective measures related to round shoulders and flatfoot.

Ans. Flat foot is a deformity of the feet. In this deformity, there is no arc in the foot and the foot
is completely flat, which may cause pain in the foot during running and walking.

16.Briefly discuss flatfoot.

Ans.In typical feet, the arch leaves a footprint similar to the one depicted on the left, while
flatfeet typically produce a footprint such as the one pictured on the right. Flatfeet is a common
condition, also known as flatfoot, in which the arches on the inside of the feet flatten when
pressure is put on them.

17.Suggest four corrective measures for flatfoot.

Ans.Exercises for Flat Feet

Heel stretches.

Tennis/golf ball rolls.

Arch lifts.

Calf raises.

Stair arch raises.

Towel curls.

Toe raises.

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Other treatments.

18.Mention the corrective measures related to kyphosis.

Ans.a ) Five physical exercises as corrective measures for Kyphosis are: i) Improve your habit
and be alert while you sit, stand or walk. Ii) Interlock your finger behind back and pull your
shoulders upward and backward iii) Rotate your shoulders in backward directions only. Iv)
Bhujangasana is recommended.

19.Mention exercise guidelines for early childhood and later childhood.

Ans.Early childhood (3 to 8 years)

Exercise to develop competence in movement skills. Emphasis on participation not on


competition. Activities related to fine motor skills

Minimum one hour regular medium exercise

Recreative & enjoyable methods of physical activities.

Clean & safe environment

Later childhood (8 to 12 years)

Exercise to develop body control, strength and coordination. Activities related to endurance
should be avoided. Organised or team games to develop social-consciousness

Teach basic rules of sports i.e. fair, play, simple strategies.

Introduction to the concept of sports training.

20.Briefly discuss about any three reasons of less participation of women in sports.

Ans.Time constraints Women find less, time for sports due to their domestic duties.

Social constraints The attitude of society towards participation of women in sports is negative.

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Lack of sports infrastructure This is particularly so for infrastructure exclusively for women.

21.Discuss the concept of women’s participation in sports in India.

Ans.The participation of women in sports has increased tremendously. As per Census 2011, the
population of India is 1210.19 million comprising 586.47 million (48.5%) females and 623.72
million (51.5%) males. Females have a share of 48.1% in the urban population and of 48.6% in
the rural population.

22.Discuss menarche and menstrual dysfunction.

Ans.Due to the relative immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis in the first 2 years
following menarche, more than half of the menstrual cycles are anovulatory. This results in
irregular cycles where cycle frequency can vary from less than 20 days to more than 90 days.

23.What do you mean by triad? Discuss its symptoms.

Ans.The female athlete triad (the triad) refers to a constellation of 3 clinical entities: menstrual
dysfunction, low energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone
mineral density (BMD).

24.Write a short note on eating disorders.

Ans.Eating disorders are illnesses in which the people experience severe disturbances in their
eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions. People with eating disorders typically
become pre-occupied with food and their body weight.There are three main types of eating
disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.People with anorexia
nervosa and bulimia nervosa tend to be perfectionists with low self-esteem and are extremely
critical of themselves and their bodies. They usually “feel fat” and see themselves as
overweight, sometimes even despite life-threatening semi-starvation (or malnutrition).

25.What is osteoporosis? Discuss any two factors which may lead to osteoporosis in female
athlete.

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Ans.A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium
intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of
fractures. Eating disorders. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens
bone in both men and women.

26.What do you mean by amenorrhoea? Discuss any two factors which enhance the chances of
amenorrhea.

Ans.Excessively low body weight — about 10% under normal weight — interrupts many
hormonal functions in the body, potentially halting ovulation. Women who have an eating
disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, often stop having periods because of these abnormal
hormonal changes. Excessive exercise.

27.Why is women participation much less?

Ans.1. Lack of interest of spectators and no coverage of women sports. 2. Lack of education
among women.

28.How can women’s participation in sports and games be encouraged in India? Explain.

Ans.i) Self confidence must be developed in women.

ii) Female role model to be highlighted

iii) More time and facilities to be given to women participation

iv) Women should be aware regarding the benefits of sports. (Job opportunities, Personality
development etc.

v) Better safety measures to be implemented.

vi) Legislation regarding women in sports should be more flexible.

vii) Attitude of spectators and media should be motivating

viii) Women coaches should be appointed in more number

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ix) Equal importance to be given to female in sports

29.Write in brief about osteoporosis. What are the causes of osteoporosis in women?

Ans.A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium
intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of
fractures. Eating disorders. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens
bone in both men and women.

30.What is osteoporosis? Explain the factors that lead to osteoporosis in women.

Ans.A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium
intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of
fractures. Eating disorders. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens
bone in both men and women.

31.What are the causes of osteoporosis?

Ans.A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium
intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of
fractures. Eating disorders. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens
bone in both men and women.

32.What are the causes of bad posture?

Ans.Common causes of bad posture

Pain or past injuries When you experience pain in your back or neck muscles or any other part
of the body, you tend to overcome the pain by holding your body in a different position. …

Low nutritional state. …

Hereditary. …

Extra weight. …

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Habit. …

Your job. …

Lifestyle and fashion.

33.Define motor development and list down the factors affecting it.

Ans.Motor development has two main components: gross motor skills and fine motor skills.
Growth of the child, environment, genetics, muscle tone, and gender are all factors that affect
motor development.

Long Answer Questions (Carrying 5 Marks)

1.What do you mean by motor development? Explain the motor development during childhood.

Ans.Motor development means the physical growth and strengthening of a child’s bones,
muscles and ability to move and touch his/her surroundings. A child’s motor development falls
into two categories: fine motor and gross motor.

2.Discuss the factors affecting motor development in detail.

Ans.There are various factors which affect the motor development in children They are

(a) Heredity: The motor development largely depends on the genetic factors Children get

Genetic traits of development from their parents It includes height, weight, muscle mass etc.

(b) Environment: Healthy environment provides encouragement and security


Encouragement by the parents leads to sensory and motor development. Children who

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get more opportunities for playful activities have much better motor development than
those who are less exposed to educational environment

© Regular physical activity: Regular physical activity in the form of yogal


calisthenics/aerobics/participation in games and sports always promote motor development
These are necessary for basic foundation of life it makes the child confident with good
development of strength speed and endurance (d) Nutrition: For the growth of mind and body,
nutritious and balanced diet is important

Children who eat balanced and nutritious food are mentally strong and healthy, whereas those

Who do not gel nutritious food remain weak forever It directly affects the physical and

Psychological development of children.

€ Immunization: It is very important for both mother and children. It always facilitates better
sensory motor development. Many diseases/flaws can be prevented by proper immunization,
otherwise it can create barriers to the harmonious development

3.Elucidate the meaning of motor development in childhood. Discuss in detail about various
factors affecting motor development.

Ans.Motor development refers to changes in children’s ability to control their body’s movements
like walking, jogging, running, climbing, jumping, throwing etc. Factors affecting motor
development: Biological Factors: Biological factors are related to the genes. These factors are
also known as heredity or genetic factors.

4.Elucidate the exercise guidelines at different stages of growth.

Ans.Exercise guidelines of different stages of growth:

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Infancy (1 to 3 years)

Early childhood (3 to 8 years)

Later childhood (8 to 12 years)

Adolescence (13 to 19 years)

Adulthood (above 19 years)

Physical Health and Strength.

Physiological benefits of Exercise.

5.Explain any five common postural deformities.

Ans.There are various postural deformities like knock knees, Bow legs, Flat foot, Scoliosis,
Lordosis and Kyphosis. Following are the common postural deformities. Knock knees meaning
– Knock knees or Genu Velgum is a postural deformity in which the legs are bent inward and
knees strike each other while walking or running.

6.Mention the causes, precautions and remedies of bow legs.

Ans.There is no known prevention for bowlegs. In some cases, you may be able to prevent
certain conditions that cause bowlegs. For example, you can prevent rickets by making sure
your child receives sufficient vitamin D, through both diet and exposure to sunshine. Learn how
to safely get vitamin D from sunlight.

7.Discuss the physical exercises as corrective measure for kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis.

Ans.Sit in a chair, your buttocks should touch the back of chair. …

Always keep a pillow under your back while sleeping.

Bend your head backward in standing position.

Perform Dhanurasana, the yogic asana regularly.

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Lie down in front lying position. …

Hold your arms out at shoulder level and bend elbows.

Or

Discuss the physical exercises as corrective measures for the deformities of spinal curvature.

Ans.These deformities can be corrected with the help of various physical exercises and
programmes. For example:I To correct Kyphosis firstly the person must make himself conscious
while sitting standing or walking. Secondly he must exercise regularly to stretch the shoulders
back and rotate backward.

8.Suggest corrective measures for flatfoot and lordosis.

Ans.When standing, the entire sole of the foot is in contact with the ground.Flat feet may
develop in childhood if the arches of the feet do not develop, after an accident, or as a result of
normal aging wear and tear.Flat feet are usually accompanied by no symptoms. Flat feet, on the
other hand, can cause foot pain, particularly in the heel and arch areas.Treatments for painful
flat feet include shoe arch supports, stretching, or a structurally supportive shoe A medical term
for an inward curvature of a part of the vertebral column is lordosis. It is distinguished by an
increased forward curvature in the lumber area, which is the primary cause of walking and
standing difficulties. It may cause problems in the lower back and neck. This can cause pain
and discomfort by putting too much pressure on the spring. The inward curve of the lumbar
spine is referred to as lordotic curves (just above the buttocks).

9.Describe the causes, precautions and remedies of scoliosis.

Ans.Causes of Scoliosis: This type of deformity occurs due to injury or disease. It may be the
result of weakening of the spinal muscles of one side and the strengthening of the muscles of
the other side. It also occurs due to the adaptation of wrong sitting positions during study or
writing when working on table.

10.What are the causes of flatfoot and knock-knees? Suggest physical activities as corrective
measures for these deformities.

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Ans.Generally,the lack of balanced diet specially vitamin’D’,calcium and phosphorus is the main
cause of knock knees.It may also be due to rickets. Obesity,flatfoot,and carrying heavy weight in
early age may be other possible causes of knock knees.

11.Elucidate the sports participation of women in India in detail.

Ans.In the 1952 Olympic games, the first India women took part. In 2000 Olympia games,
karnam malleshwari (weightlifting) become the first India women to have won a bronze medal.
In 1984, P.T Usha shows very good performance in Athletics. In 2012 London Olympics Saina
Nehwal and M.C.

12.Elucidate the reasons of low participation of women in sports and games.

Ans.Lack of access. Girls have 1.3 million fewer opportunities to play high school sports than
boys have. …

Safety and transportation issues. …

Social stigma. …

Decreased quality of experience. …

Cost. …

Lack of positive role models.

13.”Equal opportunities should be provided to women in sports and there should not be any
discrimination”. Explain your views in the light of this statement.

Ans.As our country has been developing in every way today, Women are not being constrained
to the kitchen alone. They are in a state of taking up every responsibility and handle work even
more effectively than men at times.

We are very much aware of the active implementation of special female reservation in every
field and also aware of the way women are actively participating in many fields.

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Equal opportunities should be continued to be given to women in sports too at the least because
of the fact of how women have proven to be world champions in many sports. Like any other
field, sports should consider women equally and encourage them to see them flourish with flying
colours.

14.What is menstrual dysfunction? Elaborate the various types of disorders/problems related to


menstrual dysfunction.

Ans.abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), which may include heavy menstrual bleeding, no
menstrual bleeding (amenorrhea) or bleeding between periods (irregular menstrual bleeding)
dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual periods) premenstrual syndrome (PMS) premenstrual
dysphonic disorder (PMDD)

15.What is Female Athlete Triad? Discuss its elements/conditions among women athletes.

Ans.The female athlete triad (the triad) is an interrelationship of menstrual dysfunction, low
energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density; it is
relatively common among young women participating in sports.

16.What is osteoporosis? Explain various factors which usually lead to osteoporosis among
women athletes.

Ans.Low estrogen levels and poor nutrition, especially low calcium intake, can lead to
osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones due to the loss of bone density and
improper bone formation. This condition can ruin a female athlete’s career because it may lead
to bone fractures and other injuries.

17.What is amenorrhoea? Elucidate its types and factors which may inspire the chances of
amenorrhoea.

Ans.It can happen due to changes in organs, glands and hormones related to menstruation.
Secondary amenorrhea is when you’ve been getting regular periods, but you stop getting your

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period for at least three months, or you stop your menses for six months when they were
previously irregular.

18.Discuss in detail about Female Athlete Triad..

Ans.The female athlete triad (the triad) is an interrelationship of menstrual dysfunction, low
energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density; it is
relatively common among young women participating in sports.

19.Describe exercise guidelines at different stages of growth in children. Give suitable examples
for every stage. [CBSE 2018

Ans.Different Stages of growth in children Infancy (1 to 2 years)

(a) Gross motor developmental skills

(b) Head Control

© Sitting

(c) Crawling

€ Moving arms, legs

(f) Reaching to various object

(g) Infants should be provided with objects, toys and games

(h) Throwing Catching and kicking a ball

Early Childhood (3 to 7 years)

(a) Fine motors developmental skills Le coordinative activities.

(b) Movement skills (throwing, jumping, catching or kicking the ball)

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© Emphasis on participation and not on competition

(c) Structured as well as unstructured physical activities should be performed daily for at
least sixty minutes daily

€ They may be allowed to watch quality programmes on TV for one to two hours.

Early Childhood (3 to 7 years)

(a) Fine motors developmental skills ie coordinative activities. (b) Movement skills (throwing,
jumping, catching or kicking the ball)

© Emphasis on participation and not on competition

(d) Structured as well as unstructured physical activities should be performed daily for at
least sixty minutes daily

€ They may be allowed to watch quality programmes on TV. For one to two hours Later
Childhood (8 to 12 years)

(a) Stunts, throwing, jumping, Catching, running etc so that they can acquire body

Control, strength and coordination

(b) Participation in organized or team games which aim to develop social

Consciousness in them.

© Children should be introduced to competitive sports and taught the basic rules of sports
competition

(c) Introduction of concept of endurance, strength, agility, coordination and

Balance

20.Suggest five exercises as corrective measures for Round Shoulders and Kyphosis.

Ans.Sit in a chair, your buttocks should touch the back of chair. …

Always keep a pillow under your back while sleeping.

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Bend your head backward in standing position.

Perform Dhanurasana, the yogic asana regularly.

Lie down in front lying position. …

Hold your arms out at shoulder level and bend elbows.

21.How can physical activities be corrective measures for the common postural deformities?

Ans.These deformities can be corrected with the help of various physical exercises and
programmes. For example: (i) To correct Kyphosis, firstly, the person must make himself
conscious while sitting, standing or walking. Secondly, he must exercise regularly to stretch the
shoulders back and rotate backward.

22.Explain ‘Flat Foot’ and ‘Knock Knees’ and also suggest corrective measures for both posture
deformities.

Ans.Corrective Measures for Knock Knee and Flat Foot. Following exercises can be performed
as a remedy for Flat Foot deformity: (i) Walking on heels. (ii) Walking on inner and outer side of
feet. (iii) Walking on toes.

23.Write in detail the symptoms and causes of amenorrhoea.

Ans.Depending on the cause of amenorrhea, you might experience other signs or symptoms
along with the absence of periods, such as:

Milky nipple discharge.

Hair loss.

Headache.

Vision changes.

Excess facial hair.

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Pelvic pain.

Acne.

24.Give your outlook on participation of Indian women in sports.

Ans.IN 2008 Beijing Olympics 4637 women participated. In the 1952 Olympic games, the first
India women took part. In 2000 Olympia games, karnam malleshwari (weightlifting) become the
first India women to have won a bronze medal. In 1984, P.T Usha shows very good
performance in Athletics.

25.What do you understand by the female athlete triad? Explain the symptoms and causes of
any one of them.

Ans.The female athlete triad (the triad) is an interrelationship of menstrual dysfunction, low
energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density; it is
relatively common among young women participating in sports.

26.Define spinal curvature deformities and list their causes and precautions,

Ans.There are three main types of spine curvature disorders, including:

Lordosis. Also called swayback, the spine of a person with lordosis curves significantly inward at
the lower back.

Kyphosis. Kyphosis is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50


degrees of curvature).

Scoliosis.

27.Create a table and explain: Different stages of Growth and Development; Characteristics of
development and guidelines.

Ans.

• Infancy (1-2 years)

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• Toddler (2-4 years)

• Early school age (5-7 years)

• Middle school age (8-12years)

• Early adolescence (13-17 years)

• Later adolescence (18-25 years)

• Early adulthood (25-30 years)

• Middle adulthood (30-50 years)

• Later adulthood (50 and up)

28.Comment on the outlooks of Indian society towards the participation of women in sports,
supportive reasons of your opinion.

Ans.For women’s participation in sprots we have a look at ancient period. Regarding


participation in the first modern olympic (1896 athens), there was no participation of women

Women participated first time in 1900 olympics (22 women participated in)

-In 1904 six women participated.

- And after 100 years in 2000 sydeny olympics 4069 women had participated

-In 2008 Beijing olympics 4637 women participated

Participation in India

- In 2000 karnam Malleshwari was the first woman who won bronze medal in
Sydney Olympic from India

- In 1984 performance of PT Usha was very good in Athletics

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-In 2012 london olympics Saina Nehwal and MC Mericom got bronze medal In 2016, Rio
Olympics, Sakshi Malik won bronze medal, PV Sandhu won silver medal where as Deepa
Karmakar opened new dimesions in gymanastics Over the past several decades the
participation of women in sports in sports field has increased tremendously But really, it is a
matter of regret for all of us to know that sports is such a field where gender inequality in
strongly evident. The general social environment has not only inhibited women from
participation in sports but has also criticise them when they participate Many people comment
for women “Why don’t they stay in the kitchen where they belong? But Now time has changed
Women are capable of changing society. Now the Ideology suggests that women are
participating in every sphere of life and prooving themselves globally

L-6 TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS

Give one word answer

1 Which test is used to measure the lower body flexibility of senior citizens?
2
Ans.The Chair Sit and Reach Test

3. Which test is used to assess the coordination and agility of senior citizens?

Ans.The Illinois Agility Test (IAT) is one of many tests used to assess agility.

4. In which year H. M. Barrow developed motor ability t est?

Ans.1957

5. What can be measured by using the following formula? 132.853 – (0.0769 x Body
weight)- (0.3877 x Age+ (6.135 x Gender) – 3.2649 x Time) – (0.1565 x Heart Rate)

Ans.heart rate

6. Who developed Fullerton Functional Test?

Ans.Roberta E. Rikli and C. Jessie Jones

7. In which year, Rikli and Jones developed the Senior Citizen Fitness Test?

Ans.2001

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8. In which year the Harvard Step Test was developed?

Ans.1942

9. Which test is used to assess the aerobic endurance of senio r citizens?

Ans.6 Minutes Walk Test

10. Which test is used to measure the upper body strength and endurance of gir\s?

Ans.push-up fitness test

Fill in the blank

1. The [The Sit and reach test] test for measuring flexibility was first
propounded by Wells and Dillon in 1952

3 4 x 10 m Shuttle Run is used to measure[motor skills]


4
3 [V(O2)max]can be measured by Rockport One Mile Test

5 [cardiovascular conditioning] fitness is necessary to perform aerobic activities


6
5 The total distance of Rockport Fitness Walking Test is[ 1-mile (1.6-kilometer)]

Short Types of Answer

1 Discuss the procedure of 50 m dash test.

Ans.The test involves running a single maximum sprint over 50 meters, with the time recorded.
A thorough warm up should be given, including some practice starts and accelerations. Start
from a stationary standing position (hands cannot touch the ground), with one foot in front of the
other. The front foot must be behind the starting line. Once the subject is ready and motionless,
the starter gives the instructions “set” then “go.”. The tester should provide hints for maximizing
speed (such as keeping low, driving hard with the arms and legs) and the participant should be
encouraged to not slow down before crossing the finish line.

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2. Explain 600 m Run/walk in brief.

Ans.Procedure: 600 m walk and Run can be organized on track subject runs a distance of 600
m. The subject

Takes a standing start from the starting line. The subject may walk in between. However, the
objective is

To cover the distance in the shortest time when he crosses the finish line he is informed of his
time.

3. Discuss the procedure of Push Ups for Boys.

Ans.1. Get down on all fours, placing your hands slightly wider than your shoulders.

2. Straighten your arms and legs.

4. Lower your body until your chest nearly touches the floor.

5. Pause, then push yourself back up.

6. Repeat.

5. Briefly explain about Modified Push Ups for girls

Ans.Place your hands slightly greater than shoulder-width apart and your knees comfortably
apart. Make sure you contract your abdominal muscles and keep them tight throughout the
exercise. Slowly bend your elbows and lower your chest until your chin reaches the ground,
then slowly return to the starting position.

6. What is the procedure of 4 x 10 m shuttle run test? Discuss in brief.

Ans.The Agility 4x10m Shuttle Run is a test used to measure an individual’s agility performance.
This test involves running back and forth between points A and B, 10 meters(33 feet) apart in 4
repetitions for a total shuttle run distance of 40 meters (4*10m) while timed. In addition to
running, the test also involves picking up two blocks of wood as you turn to sprint back to the
starting point.

7. Briefly explain about Partial Curl Up Test.

Ans.PARTIAL CURL UP-The partial curl-up abdominal fitness test requires the subjects to
perform as many sit ups as possible following a rate of one every three seconds. Purpose: The

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curl-up test measures abdominal strength and endurance, which is important in back support
and core stability.

8. Discuss cardiovascular fitness in brief.

Ans.Your cardiovascular fitness, also called your cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), says a lot
about your health and the potential for health outcomes. Simply put, CRF measures how well
your body takes in oxygen and delivers it to your muscles and organs during prolonged periods
of exercise.

Generally, the higher your CRF level, the lower your risk for developing a variety of conditions.

9. Discuss the method of calculation of V0 2 Max.

Ans.Divide your maximum heart rate by your resting heart rate, then multiply the result by 15.3
to get your VO2 max. For example, if your resting heart rate is 85 beats per minute and your
maximum heart rate is 200 beats per minute, you would divide 200 by 85 and get 2.35.

10. Explain the Rockport One Mile Test.

Ans.Rockport one mile test is also known as Rockport fitness walking test. This test is suitable
for sedentary individual. The objective of this test is to check or observe the development of the
individual’s VO2 max i.e. maximum volume of oxygen.

11. Explain in brief the Harvard Step Test.

Ans.The Harvard Step Test is used to measure a clients aerobic fitness, being a predictive test
of their VO2max. It tests the cardiovascular system and reflects the general capacity of body to
cope with increased physical work load and ability to recover from it.

12. Discuss the Back Scratch Test for upper body flexibility.

Ans.Your palm should touch your body and the fingers should be downward. Then carry your
other arm behind you back palm facing outward and fingers upward and reach up as far as
possible trying to touch or overlap the middle fingers of both hands.

13. Explain in brief “The Harvard Step Test.”.

Ans.The Harvard Step Test is used to measure a clients aerobic fitness, being a predictive test
of their VO2max. It tests the cardiovascular system and reflects the general capacity of body to
cope with increased physical work load and ability to recover from it.

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14. Describe the procedure of Six-minute Walk Test for senior citizens.

Ans.General Description

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) measures the distance an individual is able to walk over a
total of six minutes on a hard, flat surface. The goal is for the individual to walk as far as
possible in six minutes.

14.Discuss the Zig-Zag Run for measuring agility and speed in detail

Ans.The zig-zag test is a fitness test of agility. This test requires the athlete to run a course
around cones in the shortest possible time. Equipment required: marker cones, stopwatch, non-
slip surface. Pre-test: Explain the test procedures to the subject.

15. Explain the Rockport Test.

Ans.The participant is instructed to walk fast enough so that his/her heartbeat reaches more
than 130 beats per minute. This test incorporates the time to finish the walk exercise heart rate
body mass age and gender into an equation to predict aerobic fitness.

16.Write a detailed note on Harvard Step Test.

Ans.The Harvard Step Test is used to measure a clients aerobic fitness, being a predictive test
of their VO2max. It tests the cardiovascular system and reflects the general capacity of body to
cope with increased physical work load and ability to recover from it.

17 .Explain the “Eight Foot Up and Go” Test for measuring agi\ity and dynamic balance.

Ans.The participant is initially completely seated, hands resting on the knees and feet. Feet on
the ground. On the command go stop watch is switched on and the participant starts walking
(no running at all) as quickly as possible towards the cone, turns around and returns to the chair
to sit down .

18.List down the test items of Rikli and Jones Fitness Test and exp\ain the procedure of any
one

Ans.Read more on Sarthaks.com – https://www.sarthaks.com/506721/explain-the-procedure-


for-administering-any-three-test-items-of-rikli-and-jones-test

19. Explain the purpose and procedure of any two batteries for the motor Fitness test.

Ans.(a) Zig-Zag Run:

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Purpose: To test power, speed, quickness and body control in multiple planes of movement.
The test also assess lower extremity control. Equipment: Measuring tape, two stop watches, five
cones Procedure:

(i) Set up the path, which is 3 by 4.85 m and marked with coloured tape on the floor,
and place cones in every corner.

(ii) Subject stands behind starting line. On the signal “Ready go” the subject start
running in zig-zag way.

(iii) The subject runs one lap as fast as possible around the zig-zag path.

(iv) If the subject does not round all cones in completing the one full lap. Require him/her
to rest and then Retest is done.

(v) Record the time to perform one full lap around the path to the nearest tenth of 9
second. Scoring: Time taken to finish zig-zag run and as per the norms grading is
done.

(b) Standing long/broad jump:

Purpose: To measure explosive power of the legs. Equipment: Measuring tape, non-slipery
floor, mat Procedure:

(i) Stand behind marked starting line.

(ii) Feet slightly apart

(iii) Swing your arms back and forth rthymically and bend the knees.

(iv) The athlete takes off and lands using both feet, arm swing and bend knees provide
forward drive.

(v) The subject attempts to land as far as possible.

(vi) Landing on both the feet without falling backwards.

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(vii) Three attempts are allowed Scoring: The measurement is taken from take offline to
the nearest point of contact on the landing (Back of the heels). The best of three
attempt is recorded and as per rating scale grading is done.

© Medicine Ball throw test

Purpose: To measure upper body strength and explosive power. Equipment: Medicine ball for
Boys 3 kg and for girls 1 kg, measuring tape, safe place and an Assistant. Procedure:

(i) Warm up thoroughly

(ii) Stand with both feet behind a marked line

(iii) Hold the ball overhead with two hands.

(iv) Throw the ball as far as possible.

(v) Take three attempts and record the best score. Scoring: Measure the distance
covered by the subject and as per the norms grading is done.

20. Your grandfather thinks that the flexibility of his body has decreased up to a \arge extent
even bend himself to lace up his shoes. Which test wi\l you suggest him. Exp\ain the test .

Ans.Back scratch test for upper body flexibility

21. Which test will you prepare to measure the aerobic endurance of senior citizen? Explain it.
22. Differentiate between motor fitness test and cardiovascu\ar fitness test .

Ans.The tests which we use for cardiovascular fitness are the Harvard Step Test and Rockport
Test.

Long Answer Questions (Carrying 5 Marks)

1. Discuss Push Ups for boys and Modified Push Ups for girls in
detail.

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Ans.The differences between push ups for boys and modified push ups for girls is as follows:
The modified push ups are done in a kneeling position and is used to improve the strength of
the upper body along with its endurance. They are a bit easier than the regular push ups as the
whole weight is not put on the hands.

2. Explain Partial Curl Up Test in detail.

Ans.PARTIAL CURL UP-The partial curl-up abdominal fitness test requires the subjects to
perform as many sit ups as possible following a rate of one every three seconds. Purpose: The
curl-up test measures abdominal strength and endurance, which is important in back support
and core stability.

3. Discuss Sit and Reach Test for measuring flexibility of children in


detail.

Ans.Heels of the feet should touch the edge of the taped line and be about 10 to 12 inches
apart. The client/patient should slowly reach forward with extended arms, placing one hand on
top of the other facing palms down, as far as possible, holding this position for approximately 2
seconds.

4. Elucidate any two motor fitness tests in detail.

Ans.(a) Pull-Ups (For Boys)

• Purpose To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure The bar is adjusted according to the height of the boy. The bar is held with palms
facing away. He is then asked to raise his body so that the chin reaches the level of the bar One
score is awarded for each pull-up. One trial is given before the start of the test.

(c) Flexed Arm Flang (For Girls)

Purpose To measure arm and shoulder strength.

• Procedure The bar is adjusted according to the standing height of the girl. The bar is held with
over hand grasp. The girl lifts her body up with the assistance of testing personnel so that her
chin reaches the bar level. The time in seconds she holds the bar taken as her score

5. What do you mean by motor fitness? Explain the procedure of


standing broad jump and 4 x 10 shuttle run .

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Ans.Motor-performance fitness is defined as the ability of the neuromuscular system to perform
specific tasks. The primary physical characteristics measured by these tests are the strength
and endurance of the skeletal muscles and the speed or power of the legs.

6 Elucidate the Harvard Step Test in detail.

Ans.The Harvard Step Test is used to measure a clients aerobic fitness, being a predictive test
of their VO2max. It tests the cardiovascular system and reflects the general capacity of body to
cope with increased physical work load and ability to recover from it.

6. Explain the Chair Stand Test for lower body strength in detail.

Ans.The chair stand test is similar to a squat test to measure leg strength, in which participants
stand up repeatedly from a chair for 30 seconds. This test is part of the Senior Fitness Test
Protocol, and is designed to test the functional fitness of seniors. Purpose: This test assesses
leg strength and endurance.

7. Explain the Arm Curl Test for measuring upper body strength.

Ans.The Arm Curl test is a test of upper body strength, and is part of the Senior Fitness Test
(SFT) and the AAHPERD Functional Fitness Test, and is designed to test the functional fitness
of seniors. The test involves performing as many arm curls as possible in 30 seconds, while
sitting in a chair.

8. Elucidate the Chair Sit-and-Reach Test for lower body flexibility.

Ans.procedure: The subject sits on the edge a chair (placed against a wall for safety). One foot
must remain flat on the floor. The other leg is extended forward with the knee straight, heel on
the floor, and ankle bent at 90°. Place one hand on top of the other with tips of the middle
fingers even.

9. Discuss the Back Scratch Test for upper body flexibility.

Ans.Your palm should touch your body and the fingers should be downward. Then carry your
other arm behind you back palm facing outward and fingers upward and reach up as far as
possible trying to touch or overlap the middle fingers of both hands.

10. Explain the Eight Foot Up and Go Test for measuring agility.

Ans.8-foot Up and Go Test The 8 ft up-and-go test, developed by Rikli and Jones,12 measures
power, speed, agility and dynamic balance. The test involves getting out of a chair, walking 8
feet to and around a cone, and returning to the chair in the shortest time possible.

11. Describe the Six-minute Walk Test for aerobic endurance.

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Ans.The 6 Minute Walk Test is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity
and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which
to compare changes in performance capacity.

12. Elucidate the Rockport One Mile Test in detail.

Ans. The Rockport Test tells us about the aerobic fitness of an individual. In this test, the time
taken to finish the walk, exercising heart rate, body mass, age and gender are noted. These
parameters are inserted in an equation to predict aerobic fitness.

13. Describe the procedure for administering Rikli and Jones Senior
Citizen Fitness Test

Ans.Procedure – It is recommended that the subject is sitting on the chair with braces crossed
and hands held close to the chest. After that, the issue is completely standing and reaching the
same sitting position again. This operation lasts 30 seconds. – Curl arm test – measuring the
resistance of the upper body.

L-7 PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS.

Give one word answers.


1. Which muscle fibres are best used for aerobic activities?
Ans.Slow twitch muscle fibers
2. In which type of fracture the end of the fractured bone enters into another bone?
Ans.Buckled fracture
3. In wh·ich type of fracture a broken bone damages the internal organs?
Ans.Complicated fracture
4. Who are usually affected by greenstick fracture?
Ans.children younger than 10 years of age
5. In which type of fracture a bone is broken into three or more pieces?
Ans.Comminuted fracture.
6- Which is the injury of ligaments?
Ans.A sprain
7· What is the other name of fast twitch fibres?
Ans.white fibers
8. Which type of muscle fibres are capable of contracting for a longer duration?
Ans. red muscle fibres

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Fill in the blank.

1. Aerobic capacity depends upon oxygen intake, oxygen transport and [oxygen uptake] .
2. [5-6 ml oxygen per minute] is the amount of oxygen which can be taken by the lungs from
atmosphere.
3. [oxygen uptake]is the amount of oxygen which can be absorbed and consumed by the
working muscles
from the blood.
4. There are two types of muscle fibres, i.e., red fibres and [white fibres] .
5. [Lactic ]acid is usually accumulated in the muscles during intense physical activity.
6. Metabolic rate [slows down ] with the advancement of age and consequently there is an
increase in
body fat.

Short Answer Questions•II (Carrying 3 Marks)

1. What do you mean by oxygen intake and oxygen uptake?


Ans.Oxygen intake is the amount of oxygen drawn from atmosphere and depends on the lung
and alveoli capacity while oxygen uptake refers to the amount of oxygen which can be absorbed
and consumed by working muscles and depends on blood flowand temperature and pulmonary
diffusion.
2. Does joint structure determine the flexibility? Explain in brief.
Ans.The structure of a bone plays some role in how flexible it is and how much resistance there
is to movement, as does the elasticity of the tendons and ligaments that cover the joint. Tendon
and muscle injuries can lead to scarring and this restricts the degree to which a joint can move.
3. Briefly explain about ageing.
Ans.In humans, ageing represents the accumulation of changes in a human being over time and
can encompass physical, psychological, and social changes. Reaction time, for example, may
slow with age, while memories and general knowledge typically increase.
4. Discuss the effect of ageing on the size and strength of muscles.
Ans.Aging has been associated with a loss of muscle mass that is referred to as 'sarcopenia'.
This decrease in muscle tissue begins around the age of 50 years, but becomes more dramatic
beyond the 60th year of life. Loss of muscle mass among the aged directly results in diminished
muscle function.
5. Elaborate the effects of ageing on bone density.
Ans.Bones become more brittle and may break more easily. Overall height decreases, mainly
because the trunk and spine shorten. Breakdown of the joints may lead to inflammation, pain,
stiffness, and deformity. Joint changes affect almost all older people.
6. Explain any three physiological factors determining strength.
Ans.Strength is the ability of muscles to produce force in single and maximal effort. This
depends upon the following physiological factors.
(a) Muscle cross-sectional area: It is generally measured with girth measurement. The muscle
having bigger cross-section area has more strength because larger muscles have better quality
of action and myosin filaments.

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(b) Types of muscle fibre: There are two basic types of fibres.
(1) Slow twitch fibres
(I) Fast twitch fibres.
Fast twitch muscle fibres lead to increase in muscle size strength with greater explosive power
Every individual has different ratios of slow and fast twitch muscle fibres.
7. Discuss any three physiological factors determining speed.
Ans.Physiological factors for determining speed.
Muscle composition: The muscles which consist of more percentage of fast twitch fibrescontract
with morespeed and produce a greater speed. ...
Explosive strength: it depends on the shape, size and coordination of muscles. ...
Flexibility: It also determines the speed.
8. Elaborate any three physiological factors determining endurance.
Ans.Aerobic capacity: To perform an activity continuously energy is required by the muscles
which can be supplied in the presence of oxygen. Therefore the ability or organism to maintain
the adequate supply to oxygen to the working muscles for energy liberation is important for
endurance performance.
9. Discuss any three physiological factors determining flexibility.
Ans.The physiological factors for determining flexibility are:
Muscle strength: Flexibility depends on the level of strength. ...
Joint structure: There are several different types of joints in human body. ...
Age and gender: flexibility decreases with the advancement of age.
10. Discuss any three effects of exercise on cardio~respiratory system.
Ans.Improves the muscles' ability to pull oxygen out of the blood, reducing the need for the
heart to pump more blood to the muscles. Reduces stress hormones that can put an extra
burden on the heart. Works like a beta blocker to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
11. Discuss any three effects of exercise on muscular system.
Ans.Exercise builds and strengthens muscles, which can protect the bones from injury, and
support and protect joints affected by arthritis. Strong muscles also give stability and improve
balance and coordination. Exercise also improves blood supply to the muscles and increases
their capacity to use oxygen
12. Elaborate any three physiological changes in human body due to ageing.
Ans.Abstract. Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems. The cardiac output
decreases, blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired
gas exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower expiratory flow rates.
13. Discuss the physiological changes in senses due to ageing process.
Ans.As we age, our sense of touch often declines due to skin changes and reduced blood
circulation to touch receptors or to the brain and spinal cord. Minor dietary deficiencies such as
the deficiency of thiamine may also be a cause of changes [40]. The sense of touch also
includes awareness of vibrations and pain.
14. "Regular physical activity can delay your ageing process:' Justify your answer in light of the
effect of
activities on physiological changes.
Ans.(i) Muscles lose strength due to ageing. But we can maintain their strength for longer period
if we exercise regularly. (ii) With increase in age cardio-respiratory fitness decreases but those

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who continue to exercise keep their cardio system efficient which slows down the process of
ageing.
15. What do you mean by sprain and strain? Explain their preventions.
Ans.Sprains and strains both refer to damage to the soft tissues in the body, including
ligaments, tendons, and muscles. They are common injuries that share some symptoms but
affect different body parts. People can often treat sprains and strains at home. A sprain is an
overstretched, torn, or twisted ligament.
16. Discuss the causes and prevention of fractures.
Ans.While a fracture can't be completely prevented, you can work towards keeping your bones
healthy. To this end, consume nutritious food including foods rich in vitamin D and calcium.
Also, have an active routine including activities such as walking, running, weight training, hiking,
dancing.
17. What do you mean by joint injuries? Discuss various types of dislocations.
Ans.Dislocation is a condition that happens when the bones of a joint are knocked out of place.
A joint can be partially dislocated (subluxation) or fully dislocated. A dislocation can be caused
by a trauma (car accident or fall) or the weakening of muscles and tendons.
18. Classify the soft tissue injuries and mention the causes and preventions of any one of them.
Ans.Bursitis – Damage to the small, fluid-filled sacks that cushion the bones, muscles and
tendons around the joints. Stress injuries – Heavy stress to an area of soft tissue that results in
pain and immobility. Strains/Sprains – An injury to a muscle or tendon that is often caused by
overstretching, hard force or overuse.
19. Explain about any three causes of sports injuries.
Ans.A sports injury can be caused by an accident, impact, poor training practices, improper
equipment, lack of conditioning, or insufficient warm-up and stretching. Muscle sprains and
strains, tears of the ligaments and tendons, dislocated joints, fractured bones, and head injuries
are common.
20. Discuss about any three points through which you can prevent injuries.
Ans.To reduce the risk of injury:
Take time off. ...
Wear the right gear. ...
Strengthen muscles. ...
21. Briefly state some tips for preventing sports injuries.
Ans.To reduce the risk of injury:
Take time off. ...
Wear the right gear. ...
Strengthen muscles. ...
Increase flexibility. ...
Use the proper technique. ...
Take breaks. ...
Play safe. ...
Do not play through pain.
22. What is abrasion? Discuss its treatment in brief.

103
Ans.Typically, an abrasion is a type of wound where the first layer of skin is scraped or rubbed
off, and sometimes they require more than just a hug and kiss from mom or dad. These
wounds, while superficial, need to be treated properly to fend off infection and heal quickly.
23. What do you mean by laceration? How can you treat laceration?
Ans.A laceration can be anything from a small, minor scrape to a deep, bleeding cut. In a
laceration, none of the skin is missing; it's just separated.
Stitching and stapling both:
Promote faster healing.
Help keep bacteria out of the wound.
Reduce the chance of infection.
Prevent unsightly scarring.
24. What is incision? Discuss its treatment in brief.
Ans.Incision and drainage (I&D) is a widely used procedure in various care settings, including
emergency departments and outpatient clinics. It is the primary treatment for skin and soft tissue
abscesses, with or without adjunctive antibiotic therapy.
25. Discuss the treatment of sprain.
Ans.Use an ice pack or slush bath of ice and water for 15 to 20 minutes each time and repeat
every two to three hours while you're awake for the first few days after the injury. Compression.
To help stop swelling, compress the area with an elastic bandage until the swelling stops.
26. Elaborate the treatment of strain.
Ans.Rest the strained muscle and apply ice for the first few days after the injury. Anti-
inflammatory medicines or acetaminophen (Tylenol) also help reduce pain and swelling. As the
pain decreases, you can use heat on the muscle. Stretching and light exercises to bring blood to
the injured area can also be useful.
27. What is stress fracture? Mention its treatment.
Ans.Stress injuries can be found in the shin bone, foot, heel, hip and lower back. Treatment for
stress fractures usually involves rest while the bone heals and changing your activity level to
prevent another injury.
28. What is greenstick fracture? Elucidate its treatment.
Ans.A greenstick fracture is a crack or break on one side of a long bone in the arm or leg that
does not extend all the way through the bone. Children are more likely to have greenstick
fractures because their bones are softer and less brittle than an adult's.
29. What is transverse fracture? How will you treat transverse fracture?
Ans.Transverse fractures are a type of broken bone. They're usually caused by traumas like
falls or car accidents. Depending on which of your bones is broken and how it happened, you
might need surgery to repair the fracture. Most people need a few months to recover from a
transverse fracture.
30. What do you mean by oblique fracture? Briefly mention its treatment.
Ans.Oblique fractures are a type of broken bone. They happen when one of your bones is
broken at an angle. Depending on which of your bones is broken — and how it happened —
you might need surgery to repair the fracture. Most people need a few months to recover from
an oblique fracture.
31. What do you mean by joint injuries? Enumerate the types of dislocations of joints.

104
Ans.Dislocation is a condition that happens when the bones of a joint are knocked out of place.
A joint can be partially dislocated (subluxation) or fully dislocated. A dislocation can be caused
by a trauma (car accident or fall) or the weakening of muscles and tendons.
32. Discuss the objectives of first aid in brief.
Ans.The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent harm, and promote recovery. In first aid,
ABC stands for airway, breathing, and circulation. The recovery position helps minimize further
injury.
33. What do you understand by 'First Aid'? Discuss briefly about the aims and objectives of First
Aid.
Ans.First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or
serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from
worsening, or to promote recovery.
35. What are the effects of exercise on muscular system?
Ans.Describe the effects of exercise on muscular system
36. List down different types of bone injuries (joints 1s ocation an fractures) and 1 exp am . any
two.
Ans. 1. Transverse Fracture. Transverse fractures

Long Answer Questions {Carrying 5 Marks)


1. Discuss the physiological factors determining 'strength' as a component of physical fitness.
Ans.Physiological factors for determining strength.
Muscle composition: There are two types of fibres in muscles i.e. fast twitch fibres and slow
twitch fibres. ...
Size of the muscle: The strength of an individual depends on the size of muscle. ...
Body weight: there is a positive relation between body weight and strength.
2. Describe the physiological factors determining 'speed' as a component of physical fitness.
Ans.Physiological factors for determining speed.
Muscle composition: The muscles which consist of more percentage of fast twitch fibrescontract
with morespeed and produce a greater speed. ...
Explosive strength: it depends on the shape, size and coordination of muscles. ...
Flexibility: It also determines the speed.
3. Explain the physiological factors determining 'endurance' as a component of physical fitness.
Ans.1. Aerobic capacity :- To perform an activity continously energy is required by the muscles
which can be supplied in the presence of oxygen. Therefore the ability or organism to maintain
the adequate supply to oxygen to the working muscles for energy liberation is important for
endurance performance.
4. Discuss physiological factors determining 'flexibility' as a component of physical fitness.
Ans.The physiological factors for determining flexibility are:
Muscle strength: Flexibility depends on the level of strength. ...
Joint structure: There are several different types of joints in human body. ...
Age and gender: flexibility decreases with the advancement of age.
5. Discuss any five effects of exercise on cardio-respiratory system.

105
Ans.The graph shows that as a person goes from rest to exercise, their tidal volume increases.
Heart rate increases – this increases the rate that oxygen is transported from the blood to the
working muscles and carbon dioxide is transported from the working muscles to the lungs.
6. Enumerate any five effects of exercise on muscular system.
Ans.Following are five effects of exercise on the muscular system
Shape and Size of Muscle change: if exercise is performed regularly, it leads to a change in the
size and shape of the muscle. This change is observed because cells of muscle tissue elongate
as a person performs exercise regularly.
More Capillaries are formed: if exercise is performed regularly, it leads to an increase in the
capillaries network in the muscle tissue which results in better and efficient blood circulation.
new capillaries are formed that increase blood circulation and thereby improving blood
circulation.
Muscle Remains in Tone Position: When exercises are done regularly it helps our muscles to
remain in intoned position. Regular exercise makes muscle firm and also improves the posture
of the body.
Fat under control: fat content of the body is kept under control when a person exercises on
regular basis. As the metabolic rate increases the fat content of the body decreases.
Efficiency in the Movement of Muscles: if exercise is performed regularly, it causes muscle
movement to become more efficient and smooth. The movements during different activities
become faster.

7. Elucidate any five physiological changes due to ageing.


Ans.Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems. The cardiac output decreases,
blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired gas
exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower expiratory flow rates.
8. Recall the adaptive effects that take place in our cardio-respiratory system after engaging in
exercise for a longer period.
Ans.Adapting effects in our cardiovascular system for a longer period are: (a) Cardiac output
increases: The cardiac output at rest remains unchanged but at maximum level of exercise it
increases considerably. This increase results mainly from the increase in maximal stroke
volume.
9. What are the various factors affecting physiological fitness? Explain.
Ans.The following are the factors that affect the physiological fitness: Anatomical structure: An
individual must be appropriate in body size, shape and structure essential for the performance.
Sometimes genetic impaired organs are responsible for weakness in structure which limits
individual performance. Psychological factors or stress tension: This can become a barrier to
performance by contributing tension and anxiety which affect the fitness level of a person. One
must be mentally tough/strong and prepared to perform better.
10. Explain in detail about the effects of regular exercise on cardio-respiratory system.
Ans.Improves the muscles' ability to pull oxygen out of the blood, reducing the need for the
heart to pump more blood to the muscles. Reduces stress hormones that can put an extra
burden on the heart. Works like a beta blocker to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
11. Explain the physiological factors determining speed.
Ans.Physiological factors for determining speed.

106
Different muscles of the body have different pwercentage of fast twitch fibres. Explosive
strength: it depends on the shape, size and coordination of muscles. For very quick and
explosive movement, explosive strength is required.
12. What do you mean by first aid? Discuss the aims and objectives of first aid in detail.
Ans.First aid is the immediate treatment given to a person who is suffering from an injury or
illness until advanced care is accessed. The aims of first aid are to: preserve life. prevent illness
or injury from becoming worse.
13. What are bone injuries? Discuss the types, causes and prevention of fracture.
Ans.Fractures most often happen when more force is applied to the bone than the bone can
take. Bones are weakest when they are twisted. Bone fractures can be caused by falls, injury, or
as a result of a direct hit or kick to the body. Overuse or repetitive motions can tire muscles and
put more pressure on the bone.
14. What do you mean by joint injuries? Discuss the types and preventive measures of joint
injuries.
Ans.Common joint injuries include a twisted ankle, sprained wrist, overextended elbow, and
damaged knee ligaments. Fortunately, you can take steps to help prevent joint damage. When
exercising for health and fitness, you can be more at risk for overuse injuries, experts say.
15. Elucidate the causes of sports injuries.
Ans.A sports injury can be caused by an accident, impact, poor training practices, improper
equipment, lack of conditioning, or insufficient warm-up and stretching. Muscle sprains and
strains, tears of the ligaments and tendons, dislocated joints, fractured bones, and head injuries
are common.
16. Elaborate the prevention of sports injuries.
Ans.To reduce the risk of injury:
Take time off. ...
Wear the right gear. ...
Strengthen muscles. ...
Increase flexibility. ...
Use the proper technique. ...
Take breaks. ...
Play safe. ...
Do not play through pain.
17. Mention the treatment of sprain in detail.
Ans.Treatment
Rest. Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or discomfort. ...
Ice. Even if you're seeking medical help, ice the area immediately. ...
Compression. To help stop swelling, compress the area with an elastic bandage until the
swelling stops. ...
Elevation.
18. Mention the treatment of strain in detail.
Ans.Initial treatment includes rest, ice, compression and elevation. Mild sprains can be
successfully treated at home. Severe sprains sometimes require surgery to repair torn
ligaments.
19. Discuss the treatment of abrasion, contusion and laceration.

107
Ans.Abrasions are treated with thorough irrigation, a topical antibacterial agent, and an
appropriate dressing. Laceration treatment includes anesthesia use and wound cleaning,
suturing under sterile conditions, application of an appropriate dressing, and timely follow-up.
20. Mention the treatment of stress fracture, greenstick fracture and comminuted fract ure.
Ans.A greenstick fracture is a crack or break on one side of a long bone in the arm or leg that
does not extend all the way through the bone. Children are more likely to have greenstick
fractures because their bones are softer and less brittle than an adult’s. Treatment involves
immobilization of the bone, or in some cases surgery.
21. What do you mean by transverse fracture, oblique fracture and impacted fract ure? Discuss
their treatment in brief.
Ans.A transverse fracture is when the fracture line is perpendicular to the shaft (long part) of the
bone. An oblique fracture is when the break is on an angle through the bone. A pathologic
fracture is caused by a disease that weakens the bone. A stress fracture is a hairline crack.
22. Write in detail about the dislocation and fractures among t he bones and joint injuries.
Ans.Comminuted fracture: The bone splinters shatters usually due to a crushing injury.
Impacted fracture: When the broken ends of both the bones drive into one another. b Joint
injuries: These include dislocation with subluxation and luxatiom. Dislocation occurs when the
position of bones in joints is altered.
23. Classify sports injuries. Explain PRICE procedure as a treatment of soft tissue injuries.
Ans.Sports injuries are usually classified as either direct or indirect (cause), soft tissue or hard
tissue (location) or as acute and overuse injuries (type). Direct injuries are caused by an
external force or collision, which is produced by a source outside of the body.
Minor injuries, such as mild sprains and strains, can often be initially treated at home using
PRICE therapy for two or three days. PRICE stands for protection, rest, ice, compression and
elevation. Protection – protect the affected area from further injury – for example, by using a
support.
24. What are the causes of sports injuries? How sports injuries can be prevented? Explain
briefly.
Ans.A sports injury can be caused by an accident, impact, poor training practices, improper
equipment, lack of conditioning, or insufficient warm-up and stretching. Muscle sprains and
strains, tears of the ligaments and tendons, dislocated joints, fractured bones, and head injuries
are common.
25. What do you understand by fracture? How can fractures be classified? Explain.
Ans.A closed fracture is also called a simple fracture. In a closed fracture, the broken bone
doesn't break your skin. An open fracture is also called a compound fracture. In an open
fracture, the ends of the broken bone tear your skin.
26. What are the physiological factors that help a physical education teacher/coach in selection
of a sports activity for a student?
Ans.Physiological factors that help a physical education teacher/coach in selecting a sports
activity for a student is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living
things, or the study of body functions.
27. What is the effect of exercise on cardio-respiratory and muscular system.
Ans. Whenever we perform any strenuous exercise, the demand for oxygen increases,
therefore during exercise the supply of oxygen to the muscles is the urgent need as oxygen

108
cannot be stored in muscles. Hence heart functions faster to increase the systemic circulation
as well as the pulmonary circulation.
28. What are the effects of exercising on the cardio-respiratorv system? Explain
Ans.Improves the muscles' ability to pull oxygen out of the blood, reducing the need for the
heart to pump more blood to the muscles. Reduces stress hormones that can put an extra
burden on the heart. Works like a beta blocker to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.

L-8 BIOMECHANIC IN SPORTS

Give one word answers.

1. Name the type of movement in which the


angle at a joint decreases and the parts
come closer

Together.

Ans.Flexion

2. Name the typ.e of movement in which


the angle at a joint increases and the
parts m .ove farther apart.

Ans.Extension is the opposite of flexion, describing a straightening movement that


increases the angle between body parts.

3. Who formulated the laws of motion?

Ans.mathematician Isaac Newton

4. Which law of motion is applied when a


basketball player dribbles the ball on the
court?

Ans.Newton’s third law of motion

5. Which law of motion is applied during


the take off in high jump?

Ans.An athlete prefers to land on sand instead of hard floor while taking a high jump.

109
6. When a cricket ball is hit, it rolls on the
surface of the ground and fin ally it stops
after some time.

Which type of dynamic friction is applied on the ball?

Ans.force of friction

Fill in the blank..

1. Sliding friction and rolling friction are the


types of [ static ]friction .

2. Friction is usually called a necessary


[ better performance] in sport s.

3. Thrust against the water in swimming is


an example of the law of [Newton’s 3rd
law of motion]

4. Starting on roman rings is an exa mple


of the law of [law of Inertia.]

5. Athletes use spikes to have[increase in


friction] so that t hey may run fast

Short Answer Questions-II (Carryi’ng 3 Marks)

1. Discuss various types of friction.

Ans.There are four types of friction: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction. Static,
sliding, and rolling friction occur between solid surfaces. Static friction is strongest,
followed by sliding friction, and then rolling friction, which is weakest. Fluid friction
occurs in fluids, which are liquids or gases.

110
2. What do you mean by friction? Describe various types of
friction.

Ans.Friction is the force that opposes the motion of a solid object over another. There
are mainly four types of friction: static friction, sliding friction, rolling friction, and fluid
friction.

3. Is friction advantageous or disadvantageous in the field of


games and sports? Give your commentwith examples.

Ans. Friction is usually called necessary evil. It means it is essential in the life and we
cannot do any work without it.

4. “Friction is a necessary evil.” Justify your answer with


suitable examples from sports.

Ans.Friction is how things accelerate. Without friction we would not be able to walk, we
would just be slipping. Without friction we can not give better performance in sports.
Examples: athletes use spikes and footballers use studs to have appropriate friction
while they run fast.

5. Explain the ·law of inertia.

Ans.law of inertia, also called Newton’s first law, postulate in physics that, if a body is at
rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving
in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force.

7. Explain the law of acceleration.

Ans.Newton’s second law can be formally stated as, The acceleration of an object as
produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the
same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. This
statement is expressed in equation form as, a = F n e t m.

8. Explain the law of reaction.

Ans.the law of action and reaction. Newton’s third law states that when two bodies
interact, they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. The third law is also known as the law of action and reaction.

9. Differentiate between flexion and extension.

111
Ans.the law of action and reaction. Newton’s third law states that when two bodies
interact, they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. The third law is also known as the law of action and reaction.

10. Differentiate between adduction and abduction.

Ans.Abduction and adduction are terms that refer to certain body motions or
movements. Abduction is the opposite of adduction. With abduction, limbs (arms, legs or
fingers) are moved away from your body’s midline. Adduction, however, refers to moving
your limbs closer to the midline.

11. What do you mean by biomechanics? Explain in brief.

Ans.the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the
methods of mechanics.

12. With the help of suitable examples discuss the application of Newton’s Laws of
Motion in sports.

Ans.A skater gliding on ice will continue gliding with the same speed and in the same
direction, unless an external force acts upon the skater.

13. Discuss in detail about any two movements of the body.

Ans. Abduction and adduction motions occur within the coronal plane and involve
medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb. Abduction moves the limb
laterally away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the opposing movement
that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline.

14. Answer the following questions based on the figures given below:

(i} Write down the names of joints on which the various movements are performed.

Ans.

15. State Newton’s laws of motion and explain their implication in sports of your
choice.

Ans.This law states that to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.

16. Biomechanics helps in improving technique and equipment of sports. Explain


with su itable examples.

112
Ans.i.)Improves performance in sports: principles of biomechanics tell us about right
techniques, effective and result oriented posture to get more efficient results by applying
minimum muscular force which in turn Improves performance in sports

Il Improvement in technique: with the help of biomechanical principles the physical


education teacher corrects the mistakes. This helps in improving the game and
performance of the player.

ii. Development of improved sports equipment: the principles of


biomechanics are used to modify the sports equipments. For
example, tee shirts, studs, spikes, swimming costumes, hockey
sticks, different size footballs and low weight helmets for protection

iii. Improve in training techniques: a teacher can analyse the player’s


movement or action with the help of

The biomechanical principles. It helps in improving the training techniques

iv. Prevents sports injuries: it helps to find out the factors or the forces
that can lead to the injuries during the game situation. It also helps
in prevention of the sports injury.

17. What is flexion? Give two suitable examples.

Ans.a movement in which the angle between two body segments gets smaller. Take a
minute to think of any two body segments next to each other. Examples are the hand and
forearm, thigh and shin, arm and torso,

17 • Explain the law of reaction with suitable examples in the field of sports.

Ans.This law states that to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
While swimming, the swimmer pushes the water backwards using his hands and thus
attains a forward push due to an equal and opposite reaction from the water.

113
Long Answer Questions

1. What is friction? Explain its types. Is it. Advantageous or


disadvantageous in the field of sports? Give your view

Ans.Friction is usually called a necessary evil. It means that it is essential in games and
sports. Without friction we cannot give a better performance in the field of sports. For
example athletes use spikes and football players use studs to have appropriate friction
while they run fast.

2 Elucidate Newton’s laws of motion and their applications iin various games and sports.

Ans.1.Newton’s First Law of Motion Law of inertia

This law states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in
motion at the same speed and in the same direction till any external force is applied on it
to change that state Application in sports

Example: In basketball, players on the court must keep in mind about dribbling because
the ball will continue to bounce for some time if they lose control if the ball bounces too
far away from the player, his or her team can lose possession

2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion

This law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force
producing

It and inversely proportional to its mass

Application in sports

• Runners struggle while stopping at the finish line because it requires a very sudden
change

In motion

• Shot put throw

3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion

114
This law states that to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction
Application in sports

While swimming, the swimmer pushes the water backwards using his hands and thus
attains a forward push due to an equal and opposite reaction from the water

4. Discuss the various types of movements in detail.

Ans.types of Movements

1. Flexion: Flexion is movement decreasing


the angle between articulating bones For
example flexion at the elbow is
decreasing the angle between the ulna
and the humerus

2. Extension: Extension is the opposite of


flexion, describing a straightening
movement that increases the angle
between body parts For example, when
standing up, the knees are extended.

3. Adduction: Adduction is movement


towards the mid line of the body also
applies to

Movements Inwards and across the body eg right femur extended out to the right side,

Inwards towards or across the centre of the body

5. Abduction Abduction is movement away from the mid line of


the body. For example Abduction of the hip is when the femur
(upper-leg bone) moves outward to the side 5. Rotation:
Rotation is movement in which something eg a bone or a
whole limb, pivots or

Revolves around a single long axis For example: Rotation of the head slowly from left to
right or hip rotation

4 What are the various types of frictions how isfriction advantageous or disadvantageous
in the tie of games and sports? Explain with suitable examples.

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Ans.Types of friction

(a) Static friction

(b) Dynamic

(1) Sliding friction

(ii) Roiling friction

Friction: advantageous or disadvantageous with example

Friction is usually called a necessary evil It means that it is essential in games and
sports. Without friction we cannot give a better performance for example athletes use
spikes and football players use studs to have appropriate friction, without friction they
are unable to run fast. Even gymnasts use lime powder on their palms to perform on
horizontal bar, Uneven bar and roman rings On the other hand friction is
disadvantageous in some games in cycling there should not be more friction between
road and the tyres of the cycle. If there is more friction there will be more wastage of
energy of the rider and leads to damage of equipment

6. What do you mean by biomechanics? Elaborate the


importance of biomechanics in the field of games and sports.

Ans.Introduction. Biomechanics in sport incorporates a detailed analysis of sport


movements in order to minimise the risk of injury and improve sports performance. Sport
and exercise biomechanics encompasses the area of science concerned with the
analysis of the mechanics of human movement.

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7. What are the different types of body movements? Explain.
[CBSE Compt. 20181

Ans.Abduction – movement away from the midline of the body. This occurs at the hip
and shoulder joints during a jumping jack movement. Adduction – movement towards
the midline of the body. This occurs at the hip and shoulder, returning the arms and legs
back to their original position from a jumping jack movement.

8. What is Biomechanics? How does it help in the field of games


and sports? Explain in detail.

Ans.Biomechanics in sport incorporates a detailed analysis of sport movements in order


to minimise the risk of injury and improve sports performance. Sport and exercise
biomechanics encompasses the area of science concerned with the analysis of the
mechanics of human movement.

9. What is meant by Biomechanics? Explain its importance in


sports with suitable examples.

Ans.Biomechanics in sport incorporates a detailed analysis of sport movements in order


to minimise the risk of injury and improve sports performance. Sport and exercise
biomechanics encompasses the area of science concerned with the analysis of the
mechanics of human movement.

10. Elaborate the Abduction, Adduction, Flexion and Extension


with suitable examples in detail. Name themovements
involved in curling exercise with weights.

Ans.Abduction and adduction are two terms that are used to describe movements
towards or away from the midline of the body. Abduction is a movement away from the
midline – just as abducting someone is to take them away. For example, abduction of the
shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body.

Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end
of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes

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a circle. It involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and
abduction at a joint.

11. The teachers as well as coaches always make their best


efforts to improve the performance of their students in
various competitive games and sports. They can help to
improve the performance of studentsif they have adequate
knowledge of biomechanics.

1.The more force one exerts on the downward bounce, the higher the ball bounces into
the air. Which law is this statement being referred to?

(a) Newton’s 1st law

(b) Newton’s 2nd law

[© Newton’s 3rd law]

(c) Law of gravitation

2. Among the above given pictures, Newton’s 3rd law is depicted in

(a) First

(b) Second

[© Both]

(c) None of these

3. The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the
object and inversely upon the object’s.

(a) Weight

[(b) Mass ]

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© Height

(d) Density

5. The study of human body and various forces acting on it is

(a) Biology

[(b) Biomechanics]

© Physiology

(e) Anatomy

6. A high jumper can jump higher off a solid surface because it opposes his or her
body with as much force as he or she is able to generate. This example refers to

(a) Law of conservation

(b) Law of inertia

[© Law of action &reaction]

(c) Law of gravity

L-9 PHYSCOLOGY IN SPORTS

Give one word answers.

1. Who said “The drive to strive is called motivation 11•

Ans. Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence

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2. What is that motivation, which occurs when people are
compelled to do something out of pleasure,

Importance or desire?

Ans.Intrinsic Motivation-Intrinsic motivation is internal. It occurs when people are


compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance or desire. Motivation is always
intrinsic when the force comes from within oneself.

3 . What is that motivation, which occurs when external factors compe\ the person to do
something?

Ans.Extrinsic motivation-Extrinsic motivation is external. It occurs when external factors


compel the person to do something. Motivation is always extrinsic, when external forces,
positive or negative, produce a behavioural change. Reward, punishment, praise, blame
or cash prize are example of extrinsic motivation.

4 . Which hormone is responsible for elevating mood?

Ans.Serotonin is a chemical messenger that’s believed to elevate your mood.

5. In which aggression, the main aim is to cause injury to the other sportsperson?

Ans.Hostile aggression

Fill in the blanks.

1 . The term ‘Motivation’ is derived from the word [movere]

2 . in [Hostile aggression]aggression, the main aim is to cause injury or harm the other
sportsperson.

3. Any physical injury that may occur through


unintentional[motor vehicle accidents, falls, and poisonings.]

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4. Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph are categories of
personality classified by [body types]

5. The drive to strive is called[a devaluation effect.]

Short Answer Questions-I

1. What do you mean by personality.


Explain any one dimension of
personality.

Ans.Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer
appearance.It also refers to the pattern of thoughts,feelings,self perseption,attitudes and
values.

2. Differentiate between intrinsic and


extrinsic motivation.

Ans.Intrinsic motivation involves doing something because it’s personally rewarding to


you. Extrinsic motivation involves doing something because you want to earn a reward
or avoid punishment.

3. Discuss any two techniques of


motivation.

Ans.TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION Goal setting Reinforcement Knowledge of Progress


Rewards Jobs Social Awards Positive Talks Provide Best Equipment Positive attitude &
environment Role of Mass Media Role of Spectators Answer Goal Setting: Goal setting is
one of the most powerful techniques of motivation.

4. Differentiate between hostile aggression


and instrumental aggression in brief.

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Ans.Hostile and Instrumental aggressions as forms of aggression are different because
of their goals. In Hostile Aggression, the goal is to harm someone triggered by an
emotional reaction.

6. Why do we like to do exercise regularly? Give your views.

Ans.Exercise helps people keep a healthy weight and lower their risk of some diseases.
Exercising regularly can help prevent weight gain, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and
high blood pressure.

7. We do exercise for physiological, psychological and health benefits. Discuss in


brief.

Ans.We often hear about the physical benefits of exercise (e.g., increasing heart health),
less often are the psychological benefits promoted.

Short Answer Questions-II

1. State any two dimensions of personality in brief.

Ans.Personality is a complete unit in itself but the unit of personality is made up of


various dimensions. Such as-physical dimension,mental dimension,social
dimension,and emotional dimension.

2. What do you mean by mental dimension of personality?


Briefly explain.

Ans.Mental dimension:It is related to mental and intellectual strength and abilities. Many
great personalities of the world were not good looking but they possessed mental and
intellectual qualities. If one lays more stress on struggles and learning ,one become
more intellectual.

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3. State about emotional dimension of personality in brief.

Ans.Emotion dimension is related to emotional stability. To have emotional stability is


essential aspect of one’s personality. It means that one must have proper control over
various emotions such as fear anger disgust distress amusement or happiness etc.

4. Explain about any three techniques of extrinsic motivation.

Ans.Reward, punishment, praise, blame or cash price are an example of extrinsic


motivation. It has been found that such devices motivate some person more strongly
than others.

5. Discuss intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Ans.Intrinsic motivation involves doing something because it’s personally rewarding to


you. Extrinsic motivation involves doing something because you want to earn a reward
or avoid punishment.

6. Elucidate any three techniques of motivation.

Ans.TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION Goal setting Reinforcement Knowledge of Progress


Rewards Jobs Social Awards Positive Talks Provide Best Equipment Positive attitude &
environment Role of Mass Media Role of Spectators Answer Goal Setting: Goal setting is
one of the most powerful techniques of motivation.

8. Explain any three reasons to exercise in detail.

Ans.Exercise controls weight. Exercise can help prevent excess weight gain or help
maintain weight loss. …

Exercise combats health conditions and diseases. …

Exercise improves mood

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9. Explain any three benefits of exercise in detail.

Ans.Whatever your age, there’s strong scientific evidence that being physically active
can help you lead a healthier and happier life. People who exercise regularly have a lower
risk of developing many long-term (chronic) conditions, such as heart disease, type 2
diabetes, stroke, and some cancers.

10. Explain any four techniques of motivation for higher achievement in sports.

Ans.TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION Goal setting Reinforcement Knowledge of Progress


Rewards Jobs Social Awards Positive Talks Provide Best Equipment Positive attitude &
environment Role of Mass Media Role of Spectators Answer Goal Setting: Goal setting is
one of the most powerful techniques of motivation.

11. Discuss the dimensions of personality.

Ans.These dimensions are actually categorical measures that help us analyse people’s
behaviour in terms of their main characteristics, motivating force, temperament, and
character. Traits, motivation, temperament, and character are the four categories of
dimensions.

12. Elaborate the types of personality.

Ans.The Big 5 personality traits, which spell out the word CANOE, fall on these ranges:

Conscientiousness (spontaneous to conscientious)

Agreeableness (hostile to agreeable)

Neuroticism (stable to neurotic)

Openness (closed to open)

Extroversion (introverted to extroverted)

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13. Define motivation and discuss its types.

Ans.A motive is an agent of motivation. A motive is a goal, an aim, ambition, a need, a


want, an interest, or a desire that motivates an individual towards an action. On the other
hand, the term ‘Motivation’ refers to the process by which motives motivate an individual
towards an action.

14. Discuss any three strategies for enhancing adherence to exercise in detail.

Ans.Perform an active warm up/warm down every session to minimise injuries. Limit
your excuses (time/laziness) – if training in the afternoon after work is tough, design all
the training sessions in the morning before work. Use a DEXA scan as a monitoring tool
to keep you motivated.

14-. Discuss Sheldon’s type and traits of personality in detail.

Ans.Sheldon classified people according to three body types, or somatotypes:


endomorphs, who are rounded and soft, were said to have a tendency toward a
“viscerotonic” personality (i.e., relaxed, comfortable, extroverted); mesomorphs, who are
square and muscular, were said to have a tendency toward a “somotonic”

15. Discuss Jung’s classification of personality in brief.

Ans.Jung’s classification of personality:

(a) Judging – Extraversion and Introversion represent the source and cause of an
individual every expression.

(b) Sensing-Intuition sensing is a way in which an individual believes and


understands the information made or female obtain directly from outside sources.

16. Elaborate the types of aggression in sports in brief. [Al 2020]

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Ans.(a) Hostile Aggression: Hostile aggression is when the main aim is to cause harm or
injury to your opponent. For example, a bowler sending a bouncer to distract the
concentration of batsman.

(c) Instrumental Aggression is when the main aim in achieving the goal by using
aggression.

17. Discuss the meaning and concept of aggression.

Ans. A forceful action or procedure (such as an unprovoked attack) especially when


intended to dominate or master. 2 : the practice of making attacks or encroachments
especially : unprovoked violation by one country of the territorial integrity of another
warned that any act of aggression could start a war.

18. What do you mean by motivation? Explain the different techniques of


motivation to achieve high goals in sports. [Al 2017]

Ans.There are three techniques of motivation that help in achieving goals in sports and
they are:

a) Motivation through fear,

b) Motivation through gifts, and

c) Motivation through purpose.

19. What are the different dimensions of personality? Write in brief about any
two.

ansPersonality is a complete unit in itself but the unit of personality is made up of


various dimensions. Such as-physical dimension,mental dimension,social
dimension,and emotional dimension.

20. Explain the strategies for enhancing adherence to exercise.

126
Ans.Compliance to exercise can be enhanced by increasing lifestyle activities (e.g.,
climbing stairs, gardening, and walking the dog), developing an appropriate home-based
exercise program, and considering short bouts rather than long bouts of activity for
patients who “can’t find the time to exercise”.

21. “Aggression is necessary part of sports.” Comment. {CBSE Compt. 2018]

Ans.Aggression and sledging are types of intimidating behaviours shown by players to


the opponents while playing matches in a tournament or sports. … Aggression and
sledging are done to intimidate players of other team, so that they lose their confidence
and calm and thereby might even lose by a single notch down.

22. What do you understand by exercise adherence? [Al 2020]

Ans.Exercise adherence is the extent to which a patient acts in accordance with the
advised interval, exercise dose, and exercise dosing regimen.

23. Extrinsic motivation sometimes may kill intrinsic motivation. Justify.


(Sample Paper 2021)

Ans.Extrinsic motivation sometime may kill intrinsic motivation because in extrinsic


motivation an athlete initiates and sustains an activity as a result of external pull
attraction forces incentive etc. Sooner or later the athlete loses interest and quits sport
when the rewards etc.

24. Explain aggression in Sports and its types. Discuss the role of aggression
with the help of suitable examples. (Sample Paper 2021 )

Ans.In sports, aggression can be a characteristic that has many positive also as negative
effects on performance.

Explanation:

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In sport, as aggression have both negetive and positive role, we can define it into two
categories as: hostile aggression and instrumental aggression. Hostile aggression is
defined as, when the main aim is to cause harm or injury to your opponent. Instrumental
aggression is when the main aim is to achieve a goal by using aggression.

25. Enumerate any six reasons to exercise. Discuss.

Ans.Exercise has been shown to improve our mood and decrease feelings of depression,
anxiety and stress. It produces changes in the parts of the brain that regulate stress and
anxiety.

Exercise plays a vital role in building and maintaining strong muscles and bones.
Physical activity like weightlifting can stimulate muscle building when paired with
adequate protein intake.

Regular exercise has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular fitness
and body composition, yet decrease blood pressure and blood fat levels.

Exercise can provide antioxidant protection and promote blood flow, which can protect
skin and delays signs of aging.

Exercise improves blood flow to the brain and helps health and memory. Among older
adults, it can help protect mental function.

Exercise can help us to sleep better and feel more energised during the day.

Long Answer Questions

1. What do you mean by personality? Explain its dimensions in


detail

Ans.Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer
appearance. Personality also refer to the pattern of thoughts, feeling, social adjustment
and behaviour etc. Different of personality (Explanation of each) i) Physical dimension. Ii)
Mental dimension.

128
2. Define personality. Elucidate its types in detail

Ans.Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking,


feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is
understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as
sociability or irritability.

.3. Define motivation. Elucidate any five techniques of motivation.

Ans.TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION Goal setting Reinforcement Knowledge of Progress


Rewards Jobs Social Awards Positive Talks Provide Best Equipment Positive attitude &
environment Role of Mass Media Role of Spectators Answer Goal Setting: Goal setting is
one of the most powerful techniques of motivation.

3. Elucidate the effects of regular exercise on an individual.

Ans.The increased blood flow raises the oxygen levels in your body. This helps lower
your risk of heart diseases such as high cholesterol, coronary artery disease, and heart
attack. Regular exercise can also lower your blood pressure and triglyceride levels. Help
your body manage blood sugar and insulin levels.

4. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.


Explain in detail goal se, reinforcement as techniques of
motivation.

Ans.Extrinsic Motivation

Participating in a sport to win awards

Cleaning your room to avoid being reprimanded by your parents

Competing in a contest to win a scholarship

Studying because you want to get a good grade

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Intrinsic Motivation

Participating in a sport because you find the activity enjoyable

Cleaning your room because you like tidying up

Solving a word puzzle because you find the challenge fun and exciting

Studying a subject you find fascinating

5. Suggest various methods for motivating a person for better


performance in sports and garr

Ans.really effective ways to motivate your sports team

Decide on your type of motivation.

Create the right environment.

Communication goes two-ways.

Make it fun.

Use competitive aspects.

Don’t punish failure.

Celebrate the good times.

Everyone is different.

6. Elucidate Sheldon’s type and traits of personality in detail.

Ans.Sheldon classified people according to three body types, or somatotypes:


endomorphs, who are rounded and soft, were said to have a tendency toward a
“viscerotonic” personality (i.e., relaxed, comfortable, extroverted); mesomorphs, who are
square and muscular, were said to have a tendency toward a “somotonic”

130
7. Elucidate the Big five personality theory.

Ans.Many contemporary personality psychologists believe that there are five basic
dimensions of personality, often referred to as the “Big 5” personality traits. These five
primary personality traits are extraversion (also often spelled extroversion),
agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.

8. Elaborate the traits and types of personality classified by


Jung.

Ans.CG Jung has classified personality on the basis of sociability character as Introverts
and Extraverts. Introverts are described as people who share characteristics such as
shyness, social withdrawal, and tendency to talk less.

9. What do you mean by exercise adherence? Elucidate the


reasons to exercise.

Ans.Also known as compliance and exercise compliance, exercise adherence is a term


used to describe how well a patient or client is sticking to: Their home exercise program.
Their gym program. … Other directions related to exercise that is given by a health
provider.

10. Discuss the benefits of exercise in detail.

Ans.Engaging in regular exercise can strengthen the heart, improve blood circulation,
tone muscles, and enhance flexibility, all of which can improve your sex life ( 56 ).
Physical activity can also improve sexual performance and sexual pleasure while
increasing the frequency of sexual activity

11. What is exercise adherence? Discuss the strategies for


enhancing adherence to exercise. 13. Most of the persons
understand the importance of exercises but they do not
adhere to exercise. What strategies will you adopt for
enhancing adherence to exercise for such persons? Explain.

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Ans.Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise

You should make your exercise fun, interesting, challenging and enjoyable. There should
be adequate break during intensive exercise. Exercise should be scheduled with a group
or club and isolated exercise habit should be avoided.

14. Define personality. In how many types does Sheldon classify


the personality? Explain. [CBSE Compt. 2019}

Ans.Sheldon classified people according to three body types, or somatotypes:


endomorphs, who are rounded and soft, were said to have a tendency toward a
“viscerotonic” personality (i.e., relaxed, comfortable, extroverted); mesomorphs, who are
square and muscular, were said to have a tendency toward a “somotonic”

16. Enlist the Big Five Theory Personalities and describe any three of them while
comparing their characteristics. (Sample Paper 2021)

Ans.The five broad personality traits described by the theory are extraversion,
agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Extraversion: it is a
measure of how sociable, outgoing, and energetic an individual is. Someone who scores
lesser on the extraversion scale is observed to be more introverted.

17. Participation in exercise programme for a long time helps an individual to develop
physiologically and psychologically along with good health. Give your views on
this statement.

Ans.The following are common psychological benefits gained through exercise.

Improved mood

Reduced stress as well as an improved ability to cope with stress

Improved self-esteem

Pride in physical accomplishments

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Increased satisfaction with oneself

Improved body image

Increased feelings of energy

Improved in confidence in your physical abilities

Decreased symptoms associated with depression

18. Elucidate any five strategies which are used to enhance adherence to exercise

Ans. I have listed 7 useful strategies that research has shown to enhance physical
activity and/or adherence.

#1 Health Education. …

#2 Health Risk Appraisals. …

#3 Goal Setting. …

#4 Self-Monitoring. …

#5 Reinforcement and Incentives.

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