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Image Processing: By: Prof. Monika Shah

The document provides an introduction to digital image processing. It discusses what digital images and pixels are, and defines digital image processing as the processing of digital images using a computer. It outlines the key stages in digital image processing, including image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, morphological processing, segmentation, compression, color processing, and object recognition. The document also provides examples of digital image processing applications across the electromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays to visible light to infrared and computer-generated images.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

78 views57 pages

Image Processing: By: Prof. Monika Shah

Uploaded by

SUSAN KHADKA

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Department of

Computer
Engineering

Image Processing
Unit- 1
Introduction to
Digital Image
Processing

By: Prof. Monika Shah

Introduction to Image Processing

Sky

Tree
Tree
? ?

Grass
Introduction
Image

One Picture is Worth More Than

Ten Thousand Words
What is Digital Image?
Image:-
An image may be defined a two-dimension function f(x,y).
• (x,y) ---- coordinate for a point in a plane.
• f ---- intensity or gray or color in the position (x,y).
Digital image:- digitize to the function f and coordinates
(x,y) let them become discrete values.
• Usually f,x and y are all finite values.
Pixel:- a point in a digital image is called pixel.
Y

F(x,y)
X

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What is Digital Image Processing?

Image
Processing Image Analysis Vision

Low-Level Mid-Level High-Level

Process Process Process
• Reduce Noise • Segmentation Making Sense of an
• Contrast Enhancement • Classification Ensemble of
Recognized Objects
• Image Sharpening • Object recognition
Two task of Image Processing
• Improvement of pictorial information
• Processing of image data for storage, transmission
and representation

H.R. Pourreza
Enhancing an image

Original Image

Enhanced Image

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Restoring an image

When an image damaged, we can recover it torn

Cracked parts

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Restoring an image

Restored image

Original image

Wrinkle
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Restoring an image

Restored image

Original image

Torn

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Compressing an image

Original image 257kb Compressed image 147kb

Redundant Info.
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Segmenting an image

Original image Segmented image

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Segmenting an image

Original image Segmented image

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Segmenting an image

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Recognizing an image

Take car license plate recognition as an example.

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Three level-processes for a digital image
Low-level processes:reduce noises,contrast enhancement and so
on, from an image to another, improve the image quality.

Mid-level processes: extract some attributes from an image,

segment an image, extract object contour in an image.

High-level processes: recognize objects in an image for analysis.

There is no obvious boundary between digital image processing and computer

vision.

Digital Image Processing 17

What can digital image processing do?

.Digitizing an image ( convert an continuous image to a digital one).

.Enhancing an image(Let an image better suit for a specific application)

.Restoring an image ( Recover a damaged image)

.Compressing an image ( Store it with less bytes )

.Segmenting an image ( Partition objects in an image from background )

.Recognizing an image ( Tell what the objects are in an image )

Digital Image Processing 18

The Origins of Digital Image Processing

• Picture sent by submarine cable between London and

New York.
• 1 week to 3 hours
•Improvement of this method.
The Origins of Digital Image Processing

•5 gray level to 15 gray.

• 15-ton euuiment.
In 1960s, computer and its programming were brought into, the true
image processing began.

Two important events push forward digital image processing.

1) Space Program --- First Moon Probe ( America, in 1964);
2) In medicine --- CAT or CT (Computer Axial Tomography early 1970s)
Using X-rays generates image.
The Origins of Digital Image Processing
Objectives of digital image processing

1.Improve qualities of images so that human can interpret

them better.
Such as enhancement, restoration and so on.
2.Process pictures and extract some information from them
for machine perception.
Such as image analysis, image recognition and so on.

Digital Image Processing 23

Some examples of Using DIP Based on EM spectrum

1. The electromagnetic spectrum arranged according to energy per photon.

2. X-ray and Visual bands of spectrum are the most familiar images in actual
application, such as X-ray in medical inspection and so on.

24
Gamma-Ray Imaging
Gamma-Ray Imaging

Nuclear medicine: Inject a patient with a radioactive isotope that can emit
gamma-ray. It is used in locating sites of bone pathology, such as infection
or tumors.
 PET --- Positron Emission Tomograph
 Superheated stationary gas cloud == Cygnus Loop (array of colour)
 last fig. is seen of an area of strong radiation

Digital Image Processing 26

X-Ray Imaging
(4) X-ray Imaging

Be widely used in Medical diagnostics, Industry, Astronomy and so on.

When X-rays penetrate an objects, there is a different amount of absorption
for different parts in the object , so an image is generated in the film to be
sensitive to X-ray energy.

Digital Image Processing 28

Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
(5) Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band

Applications of ultraviolet “light” include lithography,industrial

inspection, microscopy,lasers,biological imaging,and astronomical
observations.

i) Ultraviolet light is used in fluorescence microscopy.

ii) Fluorescence microscopy is an excellent method for studying material that
can be made to fluorescene.

Digital Image Processing 30

3.4. Imaging in the Visible And IR Band
3.4. Imaging in the Visible And IR Band
3.4. Imaging in the Visible And IR Band
(5) Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band

Applications of ultraviolet “light” include lithography,industrial

inspection, microscopy,lasers,biological imaging,and astronomical
observations.

i) Ultraviolet light is used in fluorescence

microscopy.
ii) Fluorescence microscopy is an
excellent method for studying
material that can be made to
fluorescene.

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These examples range from
pharmaceuticals and micro-
inspection to materials
characterization.

Digital Image Processing 35

We obtained some images including features such as building,
roads,vegetation,and a major river (the Potomac) going through
the city in Washington D.C according to the Table 1.1.

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iii) Weather observation and prediction also are major
applications of multi-spectral imaging from satellites.

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•A transmission electron microscope (TEM) works much like a slide projector.
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans the electron beam and records
the interaction of beam and the sample at each location.
•Electron microscopes are capable of very high magnification.

Digital Image Processing 38

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) works much like a slide projector.
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans the electron beam and records
the interaction of beam and the sample at each location.
Electron microscopes are capable of very high magnification.

Digital Image Processing 39

Lastly, images generated by computers.