Jar Testing Procedures and

Practical Applications for Water

Treatment Processes - Part 1
Marvin Gnagy, P.E., President
PMG Consulting, Inc.

OTCO Water Laboratory Webinar

May 11, 2021
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Agenda
 Uses for jar testing
 Jar test procedures
 Stock solutions and Test solutions
 Dosage selection
 G values interpretations
 Mixer speed selection
 Settling time determination
 Other analyses

2
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Uses

 Determine chemical dosages
 Determine chemical sequencing
 Optimize plant performance
 Troubleshoot operating problems
 Evaluate different treatment schemes
 Turbidity control
 Softening treatment control
 DBP control
 Disinfection treatment and demand
 TOC removals
 Etc.
3
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Simulate plant operations
 Chemical dosages
 Mixing
 Flocculation
 Settling
 Detention times
 Overall performance

4
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Treatment operations from special studies
 Dosing needs and sequencing
 Optimal mixing and floc development
 Apparent settling rate
 Potential treatment performance

5
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Prepare chemical solutions
 Each chemical in sequence
 Concentrations must be known
 Take care making dilutions
 Precision is important

6
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Sample collection
 Representative of water treated
 If chemical added in pretreatment, get raw water prior to chemical addition
 OR simulate pretreatment with chemical added as it comes into plant
 OR filter effluent for disinfection evaluations, etc.
 3 gallons to 5 gallons typical per run
 Dedicated clean 5-gallon bucket

7
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Jar labeling
 Left most jar 1
 Remaining jars in order (left to right)
 Sample containers same labeling
 Container sized for all analyses

1 2 3 4 5 6

8
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Chemical addition
 Calculate volumes for dosages selected
 Dose jars with stirrer off
 Start stirrer for rapid mixing (rpm)
 Same mixing time as process
 Sequence chemicals same as process during test run

9
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Flocculation
 Same detention time as operations
 Mixing based on flocculation basin or solids contact operation
 Define actual G values from plant operations
 Speeds determined from graph
 Observe floc formation and record

10
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Settling
 Stirrer off
 Detention time based on SOR
 Conversion to vertical settling rate
 Observe floc settling and record
 Floc settling rate observation
225
 SORMAX , gpm / ft 2
ts

11
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Sample collection
 All samples collected at same time
 Collect volume needed for all analyses
 Record results each jar
 Analyses based on evaluations needed
 Most common analytical parameters
 Calculate other parameters as needed
 Mg, alkalinity species, etc.

12
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures

 Clean jars and equipment
 All jars and paddles
 All lab equipment
 Dilute chemicals before discarding
 Follow current Chemical Hygiene Plan

13
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Jar Test Procedures JAR TEST BENCH SHEET

FACILITY NAME DATE

 Complete jar test bench sheet

CHEMICAL DATA ALUM FeCl3 Fe2(SO4)3 POLYMER LIME KMnO4
Specific gravity
Percent dry chemical
Stock volume, mL
Chemical added, mL or grams
Stock concentration, mg/L

 All test data

Solution volume, mL
Stock solution added, mL
Solution concentration, mg/L
TEST CONDITIONS STIRRER RPM DURATION Simulated Conditions
-1
Rapid Mixing seconds G- sec

 All chemical solutions Flocculation

Settling
Filtered distilled water time
0

RAW WATER CHARACTERISTICS

minutes
minutes
seconds
G-
Coag.
Soft.
sec-1
gpm/ft
gpm/ft

 All dosages
Temperature °C pH Alkalinity Hardness Turbidity Color TOC DOC POC

Filterability Index Calcium Magnesium Iron Manganese THMFP UV254 SUVA

JAR NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6

 All mixing speeds and times Raw water volume, mL

Alum solution added, mL
Alum dosage, mg/L
Ferric solution added, mL
Ferric dosage, mg/L
2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000

 All observations and analyses

Polymer solution added, mL
Polymer dosage, mg/L
KMnO 4 solution added, mL
KMnO 4 dosage, mg/L
Lime solution added, mL

 Note any other observations

Lime dosage, mg/L
FLOC FORMATION OBSERVATIONS
5 minutes
10 minutes
15 minutes
20 minutes
25 minutes
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OBSERVATIONS
1 minute
2 minutes
3 minutes
4 minutes
6 minutes
SETTLED WATER RESULTS
Turbidity, NTU
Water pH
Alkalinity, mg/L
Hardness, mg/L
TOC, mg/L
-1
UV254, cm
Filtered water time
Filterability Index
NOTES:

Operator Training Committee of Ohio, Inc.

14
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Particle Settling Rates

Estimated Time to Settle
Particle Diameter, mm
Per Foot
Gravel 10 0.3 seconds
Coarse sand 1 3 seconds
Fine Sand 0.1 38 seconds
Silt 0.01 33 minutes
Bacteria 0.001 55 hours
Colloids 0.0001 230 days
Fine colloids 0.00001 6.3 years
Very fine colloids 0.000001 63 years
15
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Chemical Reactions
 Coagulation mechanisms
 Charge neutralization
 Sweep coagulation (enmeshment)
 Interparticle bridging (polymers)
 Oxidative reactions
 Permanganates, chlorine, ozone, peroxide
 Iron and manganese oxidation
 Precipitative reactions
 Lime softening
 Soda ash or caustic soda softening

16
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Chemical Reactions
 Charge Neutralization
Al 2 SO 4 3  2 Al 3 2
 3 SO 4
3 2 1
Al  H 2O  AlOH  H at pH  6.0
Al , Al OH 3 , Al 2 OH 2 , Al 3 OH 4
3 4 5
,

Al13O4 OH 24 , AlOH 2

7 1

17
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Chemical Reactions
 Charge Neutralization
FeCl 3  Fe  3  3Cl  1

Fe3  H 2O  FeOH 2  H 1at pH  6.0

Fe 3 , FeOH 2 , FeOH 3 , FeOOH

1

Fe2 OH 2 , FeOH 4

4 1

18
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Chemical Reactions
 Sweep Coagulation
Al 2 SO 4 3  3Ca HCO 3 2  2 Al OH 3  3CaSO 4  6CO 2

2 FeCl 3  3Ca HCO3 2  2 FeOH 3  3CaCl 2  6CO2

Fe2 ( SO4 ) 3  3Ca HCO3 2  2 FeOH 3  3CaSO4  6CO2
2 Al 2 Cl (OH ) 5  Ca ( HCO 3 ) 2  4 Al (OH ) 3  CaCl 2  2CO 2

19
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Chemical Reactions
Alkalinity Solids produced, CO2 added,
Coagulant
consumed, mg/L mg/L mg/L

Alum 0.50 0.26 0.44

Ferric chloride 0.55 0.40 0.49

Ferric sulfate 0.53 0.38 0.23

Aluminum
chlorohydrate
0.29 0.89 0.25
Polyaluminum
chloride
0.71 0.74 0.62
Polyaluminum
chlorosulfate
0.35 0.54 0.20
20
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Chemical Reactions


21
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Chemical Reactions


22
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Stock Solutions
 Precise concentrations important
 1% = 10,000 mg/L
 Dry chemicals weighed
 Adjust for chemical purity
 Liquid chemicals volumetrically measured
 Adjust for chemical purity and specific gravity

23
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Stock Solutions
Dry chemicals
 1 liter = 1,000 mL
 1,000 mL * 0.01 = 10 mL
 1 mL water weighs 1 gram
 10 mL = 10 grams dry chemical

24
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Stock Solutions
Dry chemicals
 Dry weight adjustment
 Hydrated lime 88% purity

10 grams lime = 11.3636 grams lime

(0.88)

25
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Stock Solutions
Liquid chemicals
 Calculations more difficult
 1 liter = 1,000 mL
 1,000 mL * 0.01 = 10 mL
 Specific gravity and dry weight adjustments needed
 Polymers adjust only for specific gravity
 Industry standard is 100% active

26
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Stock Solutions
Liquid chemicals
 Liquid alum SG 1.336, 48% purity

10 mL = 15.4 mL alum needed

(1.336 * 0.48)

27
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Stock Solutions
 Make 250 mL of 1% alum from dry alum
 Chemical purity 98%
 250 mL = 250 grams
 250 grams * 0.01 = 2.5 grams dry
 2.5 grams/0.98 = 2.551 grams needed

28
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Stock Solutions
 Make 100 mL of 1% polymer
 Specific gravity 1.16
 100 mL = 100 grams
 100 grams * 0.01 = 3.0 mLs polymer
 3.0 mLs/1.16 = 2.6 mLs needed

29
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Stock Solutions
 Make 500 mL of 1% lime from dry lime
 Chemical purity 88%
 500 mL = 500 grams
 500 grams * 0.01 = 5.0 grams dry
 5.0 grams/0.88 = 5.6818 grams needed

30
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Test Solutions
 Stock solutions generally too strong for effective dosing
 Prepare test solution from stock solution
 Test solutions generally 0.1% - 0.5% (1,000 - 5,000 mg/L)

test strength * mL needed = mL diluted

stock strength

31
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Test Solutions
 Make 500 mL of 0.3% lime from stock
 Stock 10,000 mg/L
 Test 3,000 mg/L
3,000 mg/L * 500 mL = 150 mL to dilute
10,000 mg/L
 150 mL stock diluted to 500 mL is 3,000 mg/L test
solution

32
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosing the Jars

 Dosages are simply dilutions of test solutions into a jar
 Equal intervals or increments
 Known dosage, use 5 mg/L increments
 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 15 mg/L, etc.
 Unknown dosage, use 10 mg/L increments
 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30, mg/L, etc.
 Second series can tighten dosage ranges

33
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosing the Jars

 Use 2,000 mL for jar tests
 Gator jars - 2 liter or 2,000 mL

Dosage, mg/L * 2,000 = mL test solution added

Test sol., mg/L

34
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosing the Jars

 Lime dosage needed 100 mg/L
 Test solution concentration 3,000 mg/L

100 mg/L * 2,000 = 67 mL added

3,000 mg/L to jar

 All other jars dosed same manner

35
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

G Values
 G values determined for gang stirrers
 Gator jars or Hudson jars
 G value curve defines mixer operating speeds
 Identify G value
 Align with water temperature
 Read mixer speed

36
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Mixer speeds

37
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Mixer speeds

G value 50 sec-1
needed

38
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Mixer speeds

G value 50 sec-1
needed

Mixer speed
needed 60 rpm

39
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Settling Times
 Sample collection based on vertical floc settling rate
 Determined from SOR or upflow rate
 Procedure in AWWA M56
 Graph defines sampling times

40
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Settling Times
50

45

40
SAMPLING TIME, minutes

35

30

25
-1.00
y = 5.00x
2
20 R = 1.00

15

10

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
2
SURFACE OVERFLOW RATE, gpm/ft
41
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Settling Times
 Upflow rate 0.65 gpm/ft2
 Sampling time equation
5.0
Time 
upflow
 Sampling time 7 minutes, 42 seconds

42
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Floc Settling Rate



43
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Floc Settling Rate



44
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosage/Turbidity Curve
8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0
Settled Turbidity, NTU

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Alum Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.9979 45
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosage/UVA Curve
0.120
0.115
0.110
0.105
0.100
0.095
0.090
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.085
0.080
0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055
0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
FeCl3 Dosage, mg/L 46
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Lime Demand Curve

210
200
190
180
170
Total Alkalinity, mg/L

160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
Lime Dosage, mg/L
47
 Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Physical Observations
 Floc Development
 0.5 mm to 3 mm diameter
 Spherical not fluffy, jagged
 Diameter increases, then decreases
 Floc Settling
 Density allows rapid settling
 Apparent Clarity
 More than 4-inches after settling

48
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

4
9
Jar Testing Procedures and
Practical Applications for Water
Treatment Processes - Part 2
Marvin Gnagy, P.E., President
PMG Consulting, Inc.

OTCO Water Laboratory Webinar

May 11, 2021
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Agenda
 Practical applications for jar testing
 Treatments that can be simulated using jar testing techniques
 Chemical evaluations and assessments
 Details of various treatment/optimization applications
 Case studies from projects
 Various treatment optimization or enhanced treatment strategies
 Examples provided with explanations
 Specific information related to dosage selection or treatment
optimization

51
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Practical Applications
 Jar testing can simulate most pre-treatment processes,
mixing processes, and clarification processes
 Cannot simulate filtration operations with jar testing
 Pilot-scale filters work best
 Evaluation of chemical treatment
 Effective dosing and sequencing
 Selection and comparison of chemicals
 TOC removal and DBP control
 Cyanotoxin treatments
 Chemical and process optimization
 Solids production expectations
52
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Practical Applications
 Numerous applications for chemical treatment and water
process operations
 Use your imagination
 Develop treatment strategies
 Define more effective unit process operations
 Optimum application points for chemical addition
 Mixing intensity
 Sequence in chemical addition
 Account for previous chemical treatments
 Adjust water quality goals

53
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Practical Applications
 Dosage verifications
 Oxidative conditioning studies
 Coagulant comparisons
 High-rate clarification simulations
 Flocculation optimization
 Softening optimization
 Disinfection studies
 Carbon adsorption studies
 Cyanotoxin treatment strategies
54
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Practical Applications
 Special studies from jar testing evaluations
 Alternate coagulants and polymers
 Permanganate oxidation and target residual
 Enhanced TOC removal
 Disinfection and chloramination studies
 Solids production/reduction strategies
 Cyanotoxin oxidation and adsorption
 Optimum CT operations
 Organics conditioning and enhanced removals
 Iron/manganese removal treatments
 Taste and odor dosing
 Activated carbon comparisons
55
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosage Verifications
 Customary verification of effective
chemical dosages
 Jar testing reviews dosages below and
above current chemical treatment
 One chemical at a time
 Bracket existing treatment to verify results
and expectations
 Compare analytical results between
dosages
 Verify current treatment meet objectives
 Adjust chemical dosing based on most effective
treatment

56
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosage Verifications
8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0
Settled Turbidity, NTU

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
57
Alum Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.9979
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosage Verifications
8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0 80 mg/L meets current goal

Settled Turbidity, NTU

of 3 NTU or less
4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
58
Alum Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.9979
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosage Verifications
4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5 Current Dosage 11 mg/L

Settled TOC, mg/L

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
ACH Dosage, mg/L 59
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosage Verifications
4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5 14 mg/L
Settled TOC, mg/L

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
ACH Dosage, mg/L 60
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosage Verifications
4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5 14 mg/L
Settled TOC, mg/L

2.0

1.5

1.0 0.04 mg/L TOC

0.5

0.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
ACH Dosage, mg/L 61
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Dosage Verifications
4.0

3.5

3.0 Enhanced coagulation met at 11

mg/L since equivalent 10 mg/L
2.5 increase does not provide 0.3 mg/L
Settled TOC, mg/L

TOC removal
2.0

1.5

1.0 0.04 mg/L TOC

0.5

0.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
ACH Dosage, mg/L 62
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Customary verification of effective
chemical dosage
 Oxidative conditioning of organics for
enhanced TOC removal
 Potassium permanganate or sodium
permanganate
 Chlorine dioxide
 UV absorbance measured to define
optimum dosage range
 Observed change in UVA
 Track dosages and residuals from jars
 Estimated target residual level to control
treatment dosing based on variations in
source water quality
63
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Potassium permanganate
0.180
0.175
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.150
0.145
0.140
0.135
0.130
0.125
0.120
0.115
0.110
0.105
0.100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

KMnO4 Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.939 64

Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Potassium permanganate
0.180
0.175
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155 1.1 mg/L target
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.150 dosage
0.145
0.140
0.135
0.130
0.125
0.120
0.115
0.110
0.105
0.100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

KMnO4 Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.939 65

Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Potassium permanganate
0.180
0.175
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155 1.1 mg/L target
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.150 dosage
0.145
0.140
0.135
0.130
0.125 0.2 mg/L target
0.120 residual
0.115
0.110
0.105
0.100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

KMnO4 Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.939 66

Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Potassium permanganate
0.110

0.100

0.090

0.080
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.070

0.060

0.050

0.040

0.030
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
KMnO4 Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.9946 67
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Potassium permanganate
0.110

0.100 0.55 mg/L

target dosage
0.090

0.080
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.070

0.060

0.050

0.040

0.030
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
KMnO4 Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.9946 68
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Potassium permanganate
0.110

0.100 0.55 mg/L

target dosage
0.090

0.080
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.070

0.060
0.15 mg/L
0.050
target residual

0.040

0.030
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
KMnO4 Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.9946 69
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Chlorine dioxide
0.050

0.045

0.040

0.035
Settled UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.030

0.025

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Chlorine Dioxide Dosage, mg/L
70
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Chlorine dioxide
0.050

0.045
0.50 mg/L
0.040 target dosage
0.035
Settled UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.030

0.025

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Chlorine Dioxide Dosage, mg/L
71
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Oxidative Conditioning Studies

 Chlorine dioxide
0.050

0.045
0.50 mg/L
0.040 target dosage 0.90 mg/L
0.035 ClO2- residual
at 1.5 mg/L
Settled UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.030
dosage
0.025

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Chlorine Dioxide Dosage, mg/L
72
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Permanganate Oxidation
 Demand reactions and residual determinations
 Enhanced pretreatment techniques
 Minimize manganese dissolution
 Maintain effective treatment with seasonal water quality variations
 Microcystin treatment removals
 Oxidation of microcystin to amino acids
 Leads to reduction in cyanotoxin levels
 Target dosage is site-specific

73
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Permanganate Oxidation
0.100

0.090
Normal dosage 1.32
0.080 mg/L resulted in 0.96
mg/L residual
0.070
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.060

0.050

0.040

0.030

0.020
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Permangante Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.9905

74
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Permanganate Oxidation
0.100

0.090
Normal dosage 1.32
0.080 mg/L resulted in 0.96
mg/L residual
0.070
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.060

0.050

0.040

0.030

0.020
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Permangante Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.9905

75
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Permanganate Oxidation
0.100

0.090
Normal dosage 1.32
0.080 mg/L resulted in 0.96
mg/L residual
0.070
UV Absorbance, cm-1

0.060 0.2 mg/L dosage

with 0.08 mg/L
0.050 residual
0.040

0.030

0.020
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Permangante Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.9905

76
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Permanganate Oxidation

77
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Coagulant Comparisons
 Customary verification of effective chemical dosage
 Frequency determined by operations experience
 Meet specific water quality goals
 Alternate coagulants evaluations
 Compare existing coagulant to alternate coagulant types
 pH adjustment needs
 Turbidity control
 Organics removals
 DBP formation potentials
 Solids production

78
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Coagulant Comparisons
 Compare polymer treatment benefits and dosing
 Check for organics increase or decrease
 Polymers are generally organic material
 Wrong polymer can add TOC back into water

79
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Coagulant Comparisons
8.00

7.00

6.00
Settled TOC, mg/L

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
80
Coagulant Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.994
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Coagulant Comparisons
8.00

7.00

6.00
Settled TOC, mg/L

5.00

4.00
41 mg/L 59 mg/L
3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
81
Coagulant Dosage, mg/L R² = 0.994
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Coagulant Comparisons

82
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Coagulant Comparisons

16 mg/L 72 mg/L

83
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Coagulant Comparisons
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5 Sodium
10.0 Aluminate
9.5
9.0
8.5 Ferric
Settled Turbidity, NTU

8.0 Sulfate
7.5
7.0 Aluminum
6.5 Sulfate Ferric
6.0 Chloride
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0 Aluminum
0.5 Polyaluminum Chlorohydrate
0.0 Chloride
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Coagulant Dosage, mg/L

84
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Coagulant Comparisons
8.00 Sodium
Aluminate
7.80 Poylaluminum
Chloride
7.60
7.40
7.20
7.00
6.80
Settled TOC, mg/L

Ferric
6.60 Sulfate

6.40 Aluminum
Sulfate
6.20
6.00
Ferric
5.80 Chloride
5.60
5.40 Aluminum
Chlorohydrate
5.20
5.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Coagulant Dosage, mg/L

85
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

High-rate Clarification Simulations

 Actiflo™ process treatment simulations
 Coagulant, polymer, micro sand
 Overflow rates up to 20 gpm/ft2
 Microsand added to coagulation
 4 g/L to 8 g/L dosing typical
 Significant increase in floc density
 Very high floc settling rates

86
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Flocculator Optimization
 Jar testing used to define optimum mixing conditions and
G values
 Existing coagulant dosage
 Vary mixing speeds (G values)
 Measure floc settling rate
 Compare results

87
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Flocculator Optimization
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55 Best settleability
0.50
of floc particles
Floc Settleability, gpm/ft2

0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
20 30 40 50 60 70
88
First Stage G Value, sec-1 R² = 0.9957
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Flocculator Optimization
1.40

1.20
Apparent floc settleability using
tapered flocculation at 15 sec-1
between stages
1.00
Settleability, gpm/ft2

0.80 Optimum mixing intensity

0.60

0.40

Variations in floc settleability using

0.20 tapered flocculation at 10 sec-1
between stages

0.00
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
R² = 0.9913 89
First Stage G value, sec-1
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Softening Optimization
 General hardness goal
 140 mg/L to 150 mg/L
 Alkalinity needed for
corrosion control
 50 mg/L to 80 mg/L
 Adjust lime dosage to
achieve hardness goals
 Verify with jar testing without
compromising water quality

90
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Softening Optimization
Hardness Calcium Magnesium
140
130
120
110
Concenrtration, mg/L as CaCO3

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
91
Lime Dosage, mg/L
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Softening Optimization
Hardness Calcium Magnesium
140
130
120 48 mg/L minimizes
110 hardness to 95 mg/L
Concenrtration, mg/L as CaCO3

100
90
80
70
60 52 mg/L Calcium as CaCO3
50
40 43 mg/L Magnesium as CaCO3
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
92
Lime Dosage, mg/L
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Softening Optimization
T. Alk. CO3 Alk HCO3 Alk OH Alk

80

70
Concentration, mg/L as CaCO3

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Lime Dosage, mg/L 93
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Softening Optimization
T. Alk. CO3 Alk HCO3 Alk OH Alk

80

70
Concentration, mg/L as CaCO3

60

50
34 mg/L TA
40

30
23 mg/L CO3
20

10
9 mg/L HCO3
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Lime Dosage, mg/L 94
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Softening Optimization
T. Alk. CO3 Alk HCO3 Alk OH Alk

80

70 Adjustment of lime dose

to 38 mg/L
Concentration, mg/L as CaCO3

60
50 mg/L TA
50

40

30
23 mg/L CO3
20 27 mg/L HCO3

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Lime Dosage, mg/L 95
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Softening Optimization
Hardness Calcium Magnesium
140
130
120 38 mg/L produces hardness
110 at 111 mg/L
Concenrtration, mg/L as CaCO3

100
90
80
70
69 mg/L Calcium as CaCO3
60
50
40 42 mg/L Magnesium as CaCO3
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
96
Lime Dosage, mg/L
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Carbon Adsorption Studies

 Generally, tastes and odor control or TOC reduction
 Powdered carbon can be used in jar testing easily
 Carbon slurry mixed for 60 minutes to displace air from carbon
pores
 Vary dosages accordingly
 3 mg/L to 50 mg/L for T/O issues common
 May need longer detention time for some T/O
 Compare results

97
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Carbon Adsorption Studies

Better 2-MIB performance

with bituminous-based
carbons

98
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Carbon Adsorption Studies

Better Geosmin performance

with bituminous-based
or coconut-based
carbons

99
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Carbon Adsorption Studies

100
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Carbon Adsorption Studies

Better removal using

1,000+ iodine carbons

101
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Cyanotoxin Treatment Strategies

 Can define oxidation strategies and adsorption strategies
 Jar testing with microcystin spiked water samples
 Permanganates oxidize microcystins easily
 Site-specific dosages
 Potassium usually better than sodium
 Carbon products adsorb microcystin
 Bituminous or blended carbons appear to be most effective
 Iodine number 1,000+
 Chlorine oxidation effective for some cyanotoxins
 Site-specific dosages and residuals
 pH dependence as well
102
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Cyanotoxin Treatment Strategies

Oxidation of microcystin is site-specific

103
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Cyanotoxin Treatment Strategies

Carbon adsorption of microcystin is site-specific

104
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

Cyanotoxin Treatment Strategies

Chlorine oxidation of microcystin is site-specific

and pH dependent

105
Jar Testing Procedures and Practical Applications for Water Treatment Processes

1
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