Art History and Development

Art History and Development

Prehistoric
Classicism and Greco-Roman Tradition
Roman Arts
Medieval Arts
Renaissance Arts
Mannerism, Baroque, and Romanticism Arts
Modern and Contemporary Art
Prehistoric Arts
River Civilization (Ancient Arts)
Arts associated with religious functions.
Nomadics (10,000 B.C.) – geographical condition.
Banks of Rivers : Mesopotamia (Tigris & Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), China (Yangtze), India
(Indus &Ganges)
Arts reflected on the building of palaces and temples
Ancient Egyptian Arts
Arts connote a religious function.
Arts originate from building tombs and preserving the remain of dead (mummification)
Mastaba (eternal house) - chamber for dead (tomb)
Ancient Arts of Mesopotamia
Female figurine, Samara (6000 BC)
Nimrud ivories, Neo-Assyrian period (9th–7th centuries BC)
Fragment of the Stele of the Vultures, Early
Dynastic III period (2600–2350 BC)
Ancient Arts of China
Terracotta Army
Collection of terracotta sculptures depict the armies of Qin Shi Huang, (first Emperor of
China)
Discovered in 1974 (Lintong District, Xi’an)
Ancient Arts of India
Bhimbetka rock shelter
Taj Mahal (1648) - "teardrop on the cheek of eternity“ . Emperor Shah Jahan (Mumtaz
Mahal).
Prehistoric Arts
Western Art (Primitive Age)
Arts is related to culture (way of life/ belief)
Early primitive people paints animal on the wall of cave to have successful hunting.
Sculpture is associated with magical belief
Small animals statue are the first subject of sculpture.
Prehistoric Arts
Western Art (Primitive Age)
Fertility statues are made because of the belief (bring many offspring/ survival of human
species)
Architecture is learned when man discovered burying the death.
Gravestones are the first architectural designs.
 Gravestone
Menhirs are monuments consisting of a single large piece of megalith.
Dolmens are "stone table" in Breton, made up of a number of vertical megaliths with
horizontal slab.
Cromlechs made up of a number of megaliths in concentric circle extending a wide area.
Ancient Greek Arts
Archaic Period
Archaic Period
Arts were influenced by the earlier civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Geometric art (Pottery)
Archaic period focuses on nude sculpture.
Kouros (nude male figure of athlete)
Kore (fully clad female figure)
Classical Period
Remarkable civilization of ancient Greek.
Golden age of Athens (Socrates/ Plato/ Aristotle)
Outstanding period of cultural achievement
Aesthetic ideals (emphasize form/ implying a rigorous artistic discipline in conforming to a
schema or to a certain artistic convention
Exhibit an intellectual order (philosophical)
Follow the principle of design (harmony/ proportion/ balance)
Classical Sculpture
Sculpture evolved from the frontal and rigid “kouroi” or “kouros”
Sculpture gave way the creation of the transitional movement.
Phidias/ Polykleitos/ Myron/ Praxiteles
 Architecture: Praxiteles; Ictinus; and Callicrates
Hellenistic Period
End of the Golden age of Athens
404 BC – Peloponesian War (Spartans – Athenians)
338 BC – Alexander the Great conquered Greek cities.
Greek sculpture was influenced by the Oriental and the political
instability.
This gave way to the rise of new set of aesthetic ideals.
Hellenistic Arts
Zeuxis
Parrhasius
Apollodorus
Lysippos
ROMAN ARTS
Roman Art
The Roman sculptures imitated the Greek forms and techniques.
The Romans developed a new artistic subjects like “still life”, “Landscape”, and
“architectural motifs”.
The Roman architectures imitated the certain features of Greek architectures (Doric –
Tuscan orders)
The Romans imitated also the Greek literature.
 MEDIEVAL ARTS
Early Christian Arts and Architectures
Art produced by Christians or under Christian patronage from about the year 100 to
about the year 500.
The arts introduced a new sense of values (emphasizing spiritual and life after death).
Arts were influenced by the early Christian symbols (cross, fish, lamb, Alpha, Omega,
wreath, grapes, doves, and peacocks)
Byzantine Arts
Byzantine art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Byzantine
Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453
Merging of Classical and Asian artistic tradition.
Emphasized the clarity of line and sharpness of outline.
Romanesque Arts
Romanesque art refers to the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the
Gothic style in the 13th century
Romanesque period developed their own arts; metal work, geometric designs, and stylized
animal form.
Gothic Arts
Gothic art was a style of Medieval art that developed in France out of Romanesque art in
the mid-12th century
Gothic art was influenced by the philosophy of religion (St. Thomas’ “Summa Theologia”).
Arts gave emphasis about religions
Gothic arts depicted the use of stained glass (mosaic).
Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass,
fresco and illuminated manuscripts.
RENAISSANCE ARTS
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Renaissance Art (15 Century Art)
Renaissance art gave emphasis on man as the measure of all things (homocentric).
Art focused on man’s thoughts, feelings and imaginations.
The ideals of classicism became the artistic standards of the renaissance orders.
Painting and sculpture subjects remained religious by nature (classical mythology).
Renaissance period emphasized the ideal man (jack-of-all-trade) – well rounded man and
knowledgeable in different fields (philosophy, science, and arts).
Versatile Men of Renaissance
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci
Famous Works of Leonardo da Vinci
Famous Works of Michelangelo Buonarotti
Early Renaissance
Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378 – 1455) – bronze sculptor
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) – bronze sculptor
Donatello (1386 – 1466) – best Florentine scupltor
Andrea del Verrochio (1435 – 1488) – da Vinci’s teacher in painting
Leon Battista Alberti (1404 – 1472) - Architecture
Giotto di Bondone (1226 – 1337) – popular in frescoes painting
Fra Filippo Lippi (1406-1469) – Botticelli’s teacher in painting
Sandro Boticelli (1447 – 1510) – introduced nude painting
High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Raphael (1483 – 1520)
Michaelangelo Buonarroti (1475 – 1564)
Giovanni Bellini (1430 – 1516)
Giorgione (1478 – 1511)
Albert Durer (1471-1528)
Mannerism, baroque, and romanticism arts
Mannerism Arts
A period of European art that emerged from the later years of the Italian High
Renaissance around 1520 and lasted until about 1580 in Italy.
The word mannerism derives from the Italian maniera, meaning "style" or "manner“
Andrea del Sarto, Jacopo da Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino (Early Florencian
Mannerist)
Michelangelo was one of the great creative exponents of Mannerism
Andre del Sarto - An Italian painter from Florence, whose career flourished during the
High Renaissance and early Mannerism. An artist senza errori ("without errors")
Peter Bruelghel -'Peasant Bruegel' or 'Bruegel the Peasant' Flemish Renaissance painter
and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes.
Jacopo Comin “Tintoretto” - Venetian painter and a notable exponent of the Renaissance
school. His work is characterized by its muscular figures, dramatic gestures and bold use of
perspective in the Mannerist style
Baroque Arts
Relating to or denoting a style of European architecture, music, and art of the 17th and
18th centuries that followed mannerism and is characterized by ornate detail.
In architecture the period is exemplified by the palace of Versailles and by the work of
Bernini in Italy.
Caravaggio and Rubens are important baroque artists. 
Gian Lorenzo Bernini - An Italian artist who is popular in marble sculpture and a
prominent architect. He is the leading figure in the emergence of Roman Baroque
architecture.
Micheangelo da Caravaggio -His paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the
human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative
influence on the Baroque school of painting
Peter Paul Rubens - Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an extravagant Baroque
style that emphasised movement, colour, and sensuality
Romanticism Arts
A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing
inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
Romanticism is a reaction against the order and restraint of classicism and neoclassicism.
Romanticism rejects rationalism, and characterized the Enlightenment.
Leading visual artist: Eugene Delacroix and Francisco Goya
Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix - French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of
his career as the leader of the French Romantic school.
Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of color
profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists.
Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes - Spanish romantic painter and printmaker, and court
painter to the Spanish Crown.
1792 and early 1793, a serious illness, whose exact nature is not known, left Goya deaf, and
he became withdrawn and introspective
1814 to 1819 his works are mostly commissioned portraits
The modern arts: the avant garde
Modern Arts: The Avant Garde
Avant Garde refers to a new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts. It
derives from French word vanguard (avant “before” + garde “guard”), referring to a
group of people (movement) who led the way in new developments or ideas.
Modern denotes a current or recent style or trend in art, architecture, or other
cultural activity marked by a significant departure from traditional styles and values.
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Modern Art Movements begin in the 19 century until the late 20 century.
Impressionism – a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s,
characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the
moment, especially in term of the shifting effect of light and color
Impressionism (Impressionist painters) – repudiated both the precise academic style
and the emotional concerns of Romanticism, and their interest in objective
representation, especially of landscape
Pivotal figure: Edourd Manet (from realism to impresionism)
Chief exponents: Claude Monet; Pierre-Auguste Renoir; Camille Pissarro; Paul
Cezanne; Edgar Degas, and Alfred Sisley
Edouard Manet (The French Modernist) - a French modernist painter and one of the first
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19 century artists to paint modern life. He was a pivotal figure in the transition from
Realism to Impressionism
Oscar Claude Monet (The Landscaper) - Founder of French impressionist painting and the
most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement’s philosophy of expressing one’s
perception before nature
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (The Feminist) - a French modernist painter and a leading painter
in the development of impressionist style. His style and subject matter was inspired by
Camille Pissaro and Edourd Manet.
Edgar Degas (The Dancer Painter) - French impressionist, famous for his paintings,
sculpture, prints, and drawings. One of the founders of impressionism and a History
painter – classical painter of modern life.
Paul Cezanne – French artist and post-impressionist painter whose works laid the
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foundations of the transition from 19 century conception of artistic endeavor to
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a new and radically different world of art in the 20 century.
Eugene Henri Paul Gaugin – French post-impressionist painter who was
recognized for his experimental use of color and synthetic style. He was an
important figure in the Symbolist movement as painter, sculptor, printmaker,
ceramist, and writer.
Expressionism – a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to
express emotional experience rather impressions of the external world
Expressionism – characteristically rejects traditional ideas of beauty or harmony, use of
distortion, exaggeration, and other non-naturalistic devices in order to emphasize and
express the inner world of emotion
Expressionism – emphasized and insisted on the primacy of the artist’s feelings and mood,
which often incorporating violence and grotesque (shocking)
El Greco and Grunewald’s paintings exemplify the earliest expressionism
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It was first used in the late 19 to 20 century in Europe and specifically in Germany
(German movement led by Van Gogh, Eduard Munch, and James Ensor)
Vincent Willem van Gogh - Dutch post-impressionist painter and most famous and
influential figure in the history of Western art.
In the last two years of his life, he created around 860 oil paintings and in just over decade,
he created about 2,100 artworks
Landscapes, still life, portraits, and self-portraits
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Cubism – an early 20 century style and movement in the field of visual arts, especially in
painting.
Cubism emphasizes the use of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and later,
collage.
Cubism is a reaction against the traditional modes of representation and impressionist
concerns with light and color
Cubism was inspired by the later work of Paul Cezanne and by the African sculpture
Cubism was first named by the French critic, Loius Vaucelles (1908)
Cubism was popularized by Pablo Picasso and George Braque (synthetic cubism and
illusory)
Pablo Picasso - Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Maria de los
Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso
A Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright
His prolific inventiveness and technical versality made him the dominant figure in avant-
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garde art in the first half of the 20 century. He developed cubism in 1908-14.
Pop Arts
Word Arts
Conceptual Arts
Art imitates Life but now it is Life that imitates Art