23

DATA HANDLING-I
Classification and Tabulation of
Data)
23.1 RAW DATA
The word data means
information (its
of observations is the
first step in exact dictionary
meaning is: given facts). Collection
collected by an observer cannot be statistical investigations. The numerical
is called a raw data. For put to any use observations
example, look at
immediately
the following list of
and directly. That is why it
30 students of class VIII in a marks (out of 100) scored by
test:
55,65, 15, 40, 35, 70, 90, 92,
78,64, 88, 78, 76, 55,54, 84, 85, 70,75, 65, 72,80,
We find that each entry in the above list
52,72, 70, 90, 85, 75, 65, 80
Such is a numerical fact
a collection of observations which is called an observation.
gathered initially is called raw data.
23.2 PRESENTATION OF DATA
After collection of data, the
investigator has to find
study their salient features. Such an ways condense them in tabular form
in order to to
data. arrangement is called presentation of
The raw data be
can arranged in
of the following ways
any one
i) Serial order or
ii) Descending order
alphabetical order (ii) Ascending order
The data when put in ascending or descending order of
raw
Let the marks obtained
magnitude is called an array.
by 30 students of class VIII in a class test, out of 50 marks,
according to their roll numbers be :
39, 25, 5, 33, 19, 21, 12, 41, 12, 21, 19, 1, 10, 8, 12, 17, 19, 17, 17, 41,
40, 12, 41,
33, 19, 21, 33, 5, 1, 21.
he data in this form are called raw data or ungrouped data. The above raw data can be
arranged in serial order as follows:
Roll No. Marks Roll No. Marks Roll No. Marks

39 11 19 21 40
2 12 1 22 12
25
3 13 10 23 41
5
4 14 8 24
33 33
15 12 25 19
19
17 26
21 16 21

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23.2 Mathematics for Class VIl| T h i s w

arhates
Roll No. Marks Roll No. Marks Roll No. Marks talled

7 12 17 19 27 33 data, i s

8 41 18 17 28 T h ep r s

9 12 19 17 29 all obs

10 21 20 41 30 21 interva

Now suppose we wish to judge the standard of achievement of the students. The data in W ec a n

this form do not give us a clear picture of the group. If we arrange them in ascending or
descending order, it gives us a slightly better picture. In ascending order, the data look as
follows:
1,1,5,5, 8, 10, 12, 12, 12, 12, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 25, 33, 33, 33,
39, 40, 41, 41, 41.
In descending order, the data look as follows
41, 41, 41, 40, 39, 33, 33, 33, 25, 21, 21, 21, 21, 19, 19, 19, 19, 17, 17, 17, 12, 12,
12, 12, 10, 8, 5,5, 1, 1.
The raw data when put in ascending or descending order of magnitude is called an array The cla
or arrayed data. numbe-

If the number of observations is large, then arranging data in ascending or descending or class
serial order is a tedious job and it does not tell us much except perhaps the minimum(s) Thus,
and maximum(s) of data. So, to make it easily understandable and clear, we can tabulate class 1-
data in the from of a table given below. in clas=
data is
Marks Tally marks No. of students
1 2 23.3 F
5 2 Ereque
8 1 from w
10 ireque
12 A ) Di
17 3 3.3.1
19 4 The pr
21 4 iscret
of tally
25 1
33 3
rariabl
We no
39
second
40 1 abar
41 the giv
In the first column of the table, we write all marks from lowest to highest. We now look at and so
the first value in the given raw data and put a bar (vertieal line) in the second column
opposite to it. Now we see the second value in the given raw data and put a bar opposite to
CorTespr
The
it in the second column. This process is repeated till all observations in the given raw data
are exhausted. The bars drawn in the second column are known as tally marks and to
amilie
facilitate we record tally marks in bunches of five, the fifth tally mark is drawn diagonally
across the first four. For example, N I| = 7. We finally count the number of tally marks The da
corresponding to each observation and write in the third column.

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 23.3
Handling-l (Classification andTabulation of Data)
are
led
called
Marks
way
This w of the
ayof
variates and
presentation of data is known as frequency
number of students who have secured a
distribution.

particular
number of
marks is

in the given
ed frequency of the variate. The number of times an
occurs
Dbservation

cais called the frequency of the observation.

this presentation
The
ation of data
p r e s e n t a t ; can be further condensed int class groups. In class
classes or
all obse servations are divided into groups. These groups a r e called
i n t e r v a l s .

can arrange the above data into classes as follows:

We
Marks No. of students (Frequency
1-10 6
11-20 11
21-30 5
31-40 4
41-50 4

m e a n s the marks obtained between 1 and 10 including

both 1 and 10,. The
The class 1-10
class or
called the frequency of that
number of observations falling in a particular class is
class frequency.
In the
11-20 has 11 as class frequency.
Thus, the class 1-10 has frequency 6 and the class
the upper limit of the class. Similarly,
class 1-10, we say that 1 is the lower limit and 10 is of
is the upper limit. This type of presentation
in class 11-20, 11 is the lower limit and 20
distribution.
data is called grouped frequency

23.3 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

data in the form
frequency distribution is a method to present
raw
Frequency table or
contained in the raw data.
from which one can easily understand the information
Frequency distributions are of two types distribution.
distribution. (ii) Continuous or grouped frequency
i) Discrete frequency
23.3.1 DISCRETE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
distribution is very simple. The construction of a
The process of preparing this type of
distribution from the given
raw
data is done by the u s e of the method
discrete frequency column of the frequency table we write all possible values of the
of tally marks. In the first
ariable from the lowest to the highest.
the given r a w data and put a bar (vertical line) in the
We nowlook at the first value in second value in the given raw data and put
column opposite to it. Now, we see the
Second 1s repeated till all observations in
it in the second column. This process
bar opposite to
facilitate counting blocks of five are prepared
the given raw data are exhausted. To

is left in between each bloCK.

We
finally count the number of bars
d some space
the third column of frequency.
esponding to each value of the variable
and
Place it of
in the number of children in 20
example
will be clear from the following
process
families 2, 2, 1,3, 3, 2, 5
4,
1, 1,2,3,4, 3,2, 1, 1,4,5,2,
a discrete frequency
distribution as follows:
data may be put in the form of

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23.4 Mathematics for Class VIl|
No. of children Tallybars Frequency
5

2 6

3
4 I 3
5 2

23.3.2 CONTINUOUS OR GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

The above method of condensing the raw data is convenient only where the values in the
raw data are largely repeating and the difference between the greatest and the smallest
observations is not very large.
If the number of observations in data is large and the difference between the greatest and
the smallest observations is large, then we condense the data into classes or groups. For
example, let the marks obtained by 30 students of a class in a test be
39, 25, 5, 33, 19, 21, 12, 48, 13, 21, 9,1, 10, 8, 12, 17, 19, 17, 41, 40, 12, 46, 37, 17,
27, 30,6, 2,23, 19.
We can arrange these marks as follows:

Marks Tally bars Number of students

(Class intervals) (frequency)
0-10 6
10-20 T TNI 11
20-30 5
30-40
40-50
Such a presentation of data is known as the grouped frequency distribution.
In the above example 30 observations have been divided into 5 groups. These groups are
called classes. The class 0-10 means the marks obtained between 0 and 10 including 0 and
excluding 10. The number of observations falling in a particular class is called the
frequency of that class or class frequency. Thus, the class 0-10 has frequency 6 and the
class 10-20 has 11 as class frequency. In the class 0-10, we say that 0 is the lower limit and
10 is t h e upper limit of the class. Similarly i n the class 10-20, 10 is the lower limit and2 0 1s

the upper limit. The span of the class i.e., the difference between the upper limit and the
lower limit, is known as the class interval. For example, in the class 10-20 the class
intervalis 20-10 = 10.
There are two methods of classifying the data according to the class intervals, v1Z.
i) 'exclusive' method, and (ii) inclusive' method.
EXCLUSIVE METHOD When the class intervals are so fixed that the upper limit of one
class is the lower limit of the next class it is known as the exclusive method of
classification. In this method the upper limit of a class is not included in the class.
Thus, in the class 0 10 of marks obtained by students, a student who has obtained
10 marks is not included in this class. He is counted in the next class 10-20.
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Data
a Handling- (Classification and Tabulation of Data) 23.5

1SIVE METHOD In
this method the classes are imit
s is included in that class. Following
class
exampleso formed thethe
ustratesthat upper
method. o
Wages (Rs.) No. of workers
1000-1099 125
1100-1199 150
1200-1299 200
1300-1399 250
1400-1499 175
1500-1599 100

Total 1000
1r
in the classof1000-1099 we include workers and Rs. 1099.
having wages between Rs. 10001100-1199.
the income a worker is exactly Rs. 1100 he is included in the next class
Exclusive Method Inclusive Method

No. of uworkers Wages (Rs.) No. of workers

Wages (Rs.)
1000-1099 125
1000-1100 125
1100-1199 150
1100-1200 150
1200-1299 200
1200-1300 200
1300-1399 250
1300-1400 250
1400-1499 175
1400-150o 175
1500-15999 100
1500-1600 100
Total 1000
Total 1000
and exclusive methods give us
that both the inclusive
It is evident from the above example different in the two
although the class intervals a r e apparently
the same class frequency, class interval is 100 whereas
of exclusive method the
in c a s e
99 is not the correct class
cases. In the above example interval is 99. However,
class
in case of inclusive method the it is necessary to
make a n adjustment to
method is used
inclusive If a b is a class in inclusive
nterval. Whenever
-

intervals and to have continuity.

determine the correct class
where
it becomes a--b+5 where
exclusive method
ethod, then in
(upper limit of previous class)
lower limit of a class)- 2
h ditference
between the lower limit of a class

method the we subtract 1/2 from

inclusive n = 1. Therefore
on
e above example
the preceding class 1s 1.e.,
limit of each class to make
it
of each
upper limit of add 1/2
in the upper
the
the lower lim each class and be a s
follows:
of would then
w e r mit classes No. of werkers
Continm
ous. The
adjusted

Wages (Rs.) 125

9 9 9 . 5 - 1 0 9 9 . 5
150
1 0 9 9 . 5 - 1 1 9 9 . 5
200
1 1 9 9 . 5 - 1 2 9 9 . 5
250
1 2 9 9 . 5 - 1 3 9 9 . 5
175

1 3 9 9 . 5 - 1 4 9 9 . 5
100

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1 4 9 9 . 5 - 1 5 9 9 . 5
 auic

23.6
interval w a s 99 but after adjustment t
adjustment
the class
before
It should be noted that
the class-mark or mid.
is 100. class mark. For example,
the
class is called
The mid-value of a
class 1000-1100
is 1050. In fact
value of the limit Upper
limit
Lower +
Class m a r k =-
2
between the upper
and lower limits)
limit+(Difference
or, Class mark Lower
=

DISTRIBUTION
FREQUENCY
CONSTRUCTION OF A DISCRETE
23.4
distribution from the given raw data we use the following
To prepare a discrete frequency
algorithm.
ALGORITHM

Obtain the given raw data.

Step variable under study as such
Step II Prepare a table with three columns:first for marks' and third
for the total,
marks, weight, height etc., second for Tally
to each value o r size of the variable.
representing corresponding frequency
order.
Step I1 Place all the values of the variable in the first column in ascending
Take the first observation in the raw data and put a
bar in the second column
Step V opposite to it. Then take the second observation in the given raw data and put
a bar opposite to it. Continue this process till all the observations in the given
raw data are exhausted. For the sake of convenience, record tally marks in
bunches of five, the fifth is obtained by crossing diagonally the other four.
Leave some space between each block of bars.

Step V Count the number of bars (tally marks) in respect of each value of the variable
and place it in the third columnn.
Step VI Give a suitable title to the frequency distribution table so that it conveys
exactly what the table is about.
Following illustrations will elarify the above algorithm.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1 Given below are the ages of 25 students of class VIII in a school. Prepare a
discrete frequency distribution.
15,16, 16, 14, 17, 17, 16, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 15, 16, 16, 14, 16, 15, 14, 15, 16, 16, 15,
14, 15.
Solution Frequency distribution of ages of 25 students
Age Tally marks
Frequency
14
15
8
16
10
17
3
Total
25
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 Jandling-1 (Classification and Tabulation of Data) 23.7

Example2 Form a discrete frequency distribution from the following SCOores

15, 18, 16, 20, 25, 24, 25, 20, 16, 15, 18, 10,
18, 16. 24, 15, 20, 28, 30, 27, a*
18, 28, 27, 25, 24, 24, 18, 18, 25, 20, 16,
15, 20, 27, 28, 29, 10.
Frequency distribution of scores
Variate FrequenCy
Tally marks
15

16
18 6
20
24 5
25
27
28 3

29 1

30
40
Total

EXERCISE 23.1

1. Define the following terms

(ii) Raw data
i) Observations
(iv) Frequency distribution
(iii) Frequency of an observation distribution
distribution (vi) Grouped frequency
(v) Discrete frequency (viii) Class-size
(vii) Class-interval
(x) True class limits
(ix) Class limits
of 30 students are as follows:
2. The final marks in mathematics
67, 90, 75, 88, 77, 37, 84,
63, 61, 48, 60, 78, 68, 55, 100,
64, 98, 59, 70, 39, 50,60
58,60, 48, 62, 56, 44, 58, 52, 30 to 39 one group, 40 to 49 second
these marks in the ascending order,
i) Arrange
group etc.
Now answerthe following
score?
1i) What is the highest
ii) What is the lowest score ?

(iv) What is the range ? have failed ?

the mark how many
I f 40 is pass
?
have scored
75 more
or appeared ?
H o w many and 60 have not actually
between 50
observations
V1) Which scored less
than 50 ?
H o w many have (in kg) in a hospital on
on aa particular
particular day are as
as follows:
8. The weights of new born babies
weights 2.5, 2.8, 2.7, 2.9, 2.4
3.0, 2.5, 2.9, 2.8, 3.1,
2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.7, 2.6, in descending order
Rearrange the weights
weight.
Determine the highest
) lowest
weight.
(iii) Determine the
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23.8

(iv) Determine the range.

that day?
babies w e r e born on
(v) How many 2.5 kg?
babies weigh below
(vi) How many than 2.8 kg ?
babies weigh m o r e
How many
(vii)
babies weigh 2.8 kg?
(vi) How many
children in 40 families:
data gives the number of
Following 2,4,3,2,1,
4.
4,4,3, 2, 2,0, 0, 1,2,
1,2,6,5, 1, 5, 1, 3,2,6, 2,3,4,2,0,0,
1,2, 4,3,4, 1,6, 2, 2.
0,5, distribution.
form of a frequency
Represent it in the in test
of the following scores obtained by 50 students a

5. Prepare a frequency table

38, 52, 7, 33, 17,
42, 51, 21, 42, 37, 37, 42, 49,
42, 62, 37, 39, 67, 51,
44, 39, 7, 14, 27, 39, 42,
54, 19, 53, 51, 22,
58, 53, 59, 41, 29, 38, 27, 31,
37, 57, 43
61, 42, 39, 59, 47, 33, 34, 16,
scores were obtained:
6. A die was thrown 25 times and following
5, 1, 6, 2,
1, 5, 2, 4, 3, 6, 1, 4, 2,
1, 5, 2,
6, 3, 5, 4, 1, 3, 2, 3, 6,
Prepare a frequency table of the scores. obtained
the observations for 30 days were
7. In a study of number of accidents per day,
as follows
3, 5, 6, 4, 3, 2, 5, 4, 2, 4 2, 1, 2, 2,
6,
0, 5, 4, 6,
5, 1 6, 0, 5, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 2, 6

Prepare a frequency distribution table.

of the following ages (in years) of 30 students
of class VIII in
Prepare a frequency table
your school: 13,
13, 12, 14, 13, 14, 15, 13, 14, 13, 14, 16, 12, 14, 13, 14, 15, 16, 13, 14, 13, 12, 17,
13, 14,
12, 13, 13, 13, 14
workers in a factory:
9. Following figures relate to the weekly wages (in Rs) of 15
250
300, 250, 200, 250, 200, 150, 350, 200, 250, 200, 150, 300, 150, 200,
Prepare a frequency table.
G) What is the range in wages (in Rs)?
(ii) How many workers are getting Rs 350?
(iii) How many workers are getting the minimum wages ?
obtained by 25
a frequency distribution table for the following marks
10. Construct
students in a history test in calss VIII ofa school:
9,17, 12, 20,9, 18, 25, 17, 19,9, 12, 9, 12, 18, 17, 19, 20, 25,9, 12, 17, 19, 19, 20,9
)What is the range of marks ?
ii) What is the highest mark
(iii) Which mark is occurring more frequently ?

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 CataHar ssifícation and Tabulation of Data) 23.9

ii) 37 (iv) 63
ANSWERS
(v) 2 (vi) 8 54, 57 (vii)5
3.1.3.0,2.9, 2.9, 2.8, 2.8, 2.7,2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, (vii) 51,
i5) 3.1 kg Gii) 2.1 kg (iv) 1.0
kg (v) 15
2.4,2.3,2.2,2.1
(vi) 4 (vii) 4 (vii) 2

Marks No. of
Marks No. of Marks No. of
students students
students
33 2 49
14 34 51 3
16 37 4 52
17 38 2 53 3
19 39 54
21 1 41 57 1
22 42 6 59
27 43 1 61
29 44 62
31 1 47 1 67 1

6 Score :1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of times 5 5 43 4 4
1. Number of accidents: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of days 2 3 6 3 4 6 6
:12 13 14 15 16 17
&Ages in years)
Number of students 4 13 8 2 2 1

ii) 1 (iii) 3 10. ) 16 (ii) 25 ii) 9

i) 200
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
23.5 CONSTRUCTION OF A GROUPED
construction of a grouped frequency distribution
algorithm is used for the
Pollowing
minimum value the variate occurring in the
Determine the maximum and of
data classes to be formed. Note that the number of
Decide upon the number of
classes should be in range
of 5 to 15.
and minimum value and
between the maxmum value
Find the difference to be formed to determine the
the number of classes
divide this difference by between the maximum value and minimum
class interval. The difference
value in a data
is called range.
us to include minimum and
marim11m

there must be classes wth

Be s u r e that
data.
OcCurring in the put a tally mark () against
the data, one at tume and
a

StepV Take each item from

the item belongs. if taly marks are more than 4, then recora
the class to which
the fifthh one 1s
marked by crossing diagonally the
them in the bunches of five,
first four. numoer of taly marks in each clas, which
determine the totul
By courting the class.
the frequency of
Bves u s

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 23.10 Mathematics for Class VIlI
Check that the total of all frequencies is same as the total number of
Step VIl observations.
Give a suitable title to the frequency table so that it conveys exactly what the
Step VIll table is about.
Following illustrations will further clarify the above procedure.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1 The water tax bills (in rupees) of 30 houses in a locality are given below.
Construct a grouped frequency distribution with class size of 10.
30, 32, 45, 54, 74, 78, 108, 112, 66, 76, 88, 40, 14, 20, 15, 35, 44, 66, 75, 84, 95, 96,
102, 110, 88, 74, 112, 14, 34, 44.
Solution Here, the maximum and minimum values of the variate are 112 and 14
respectively.
Range = 112-14 =98

It is given that the class size is 10, and Range-20 -9.8

Class size 10
So, we should have 10 classes each of size 10.
The minimum and maximum values of the variate are 14 and 112
respectively. So, we have to make the classes in such a way that first class
includes the minimum value and the last class includes the maximum value.
If we take the first class as 14-24 it includes the minimum value 14. If the last
class is taken as 104-114, then it includes the maximum value 112. Here, we
form classes by exclusive method. In the class 14-24, 14 is included but 24 is
excluded. Similarly, in other classes, the lower limit is included and the
upper limit is excluded.
In the view of above discussion, we construct the frequency distribution table
asfollows
Bill in rupees) Tally marks Frequency
14-24 4

24-34 2

34-44 3
44-54 3
54-64
64-74 2

74-84 5

84-94 3
94-104 3
104-114 4

Total 30
data by inclusive
Example2 Form a grouped frequency distribution from the following
method taking 4 as the magnitude of class intervals.
15
31, 23, 19, 29, 22, 20, 16, 10, 13, 34, 38, 33, 28, 21, 15, 18, 36, 24, 18,
10
12, 30, 27, 23, 20, 17, 14, 32, 26, 25, 18, 29, 24, 19, 16, 11, 22, 15, 17,

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 Hand OOication
sat2
and
Here, the
Tabulation of Data)
Solution

minimum
respectively. and 23.11
maximum values of the
.
Range 38-10 =28 variable are 10 and 38
Since magnitude of class intervals =
4
Number of class intervals [Given
We
= =7
take 10 as the
distribution is to be lower limit of first class
10-13, 14-17, formed by inclusive interval. Since the
frequeney
method. So, the class intervais
In view of the18-21,22-25, 26-29, 30-33, at
above, we obtain the 34-37,38-41.
following
Frequency Distribution frequency distribution
Class interval
Tally marks Frequency
10-13
14-17 TH
18-21
22-25
26-29
5
30-33
4
34-37
2
38-41
1
Total 40
Example 3 The maximum temperatures (in degrees celcius) and relative
percent) for Delhi for the month of August 1998, as reported by Meteoro-
humidity (in
logical department, are given below. Construct a frequency table for each.
Maximum temperatures (in degreecelcius) 32.5, 30.5, 33.8, 31.0, 28.6, 33.9,
33.3,32.4, 30.4, 32.6, 34.7,34.9, 31.9, 35.2, 35.3, 35.5, 36.4, 36.9, 37.0, 34.4, 32.5,
31.4, 34.4, 35.6, 37.3, 37.5, 36.9, 37.0, 36.3, 36.9, 36.7.
Relative humidity (in percent) 90, 97, 92, 95, 93, 95, 93, 85, 83, 85, 83, 77,
83, 77,74, 60, 71, 65, 74, 80, 87, 82, 81, 76, 61, 63, 58, 58, 56, 57,54.

Solution We have,
Lowest temperature 28.6° C
Highest temperature =37.5°C,
=

Range =37.5-28.6 8.9

Let the class size be 2°C.
Then,
Range 8.9
= 4.95
5 Class size 2
Number of classes =

interval be Then, the

28°C. class
Let the lower limit
for the first class 36-38 and the frequeney distrihuti
ion
28-30, 30-32, 32-34, 34-36,
intervals are: below.
method is a s
given
by inclusive

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23.12 Mathematics for Class VI!
Frequency Distribution for Maximum Temperature

Temperature (in degree celcius) Tally marks Frequency

28-30 1

30-32

32-34

34-36

36-38 10

Total 31
We have,
Maximum humidity =97%, Minimum humidity =
54%
Range =97-54 43
Let us choose the class size 10.
as Then,
Number of classes = 5 Range 43 4.3
Class size 10
Let the lower limit for the first class
interval be 50. Then, various class
intervals are: 50-60, 60-70, 70-80,
80-90, and 90-100 and the frequency
distrihution by inclusive method is as
given below.
Frequency Distribution for Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity (in%)
Talymarks Frequency distribution
50-60
5
60-70
70-80
6
80-90
90-100
Total
31
Example4 The marks obtained by 40 students of
class VIII in an examination are given
below:
,8, 12,0, 8, 16, 12, 5, 23, 2, 16, 23, 2,
24, 1,7,21, 16, 13, 18,
10, 20, 12, 9, 7, 6, 5, 3, 5, 13, 21, 13, 15, 20,
23,7,3, 18, 17, 16.
Present the data in the form of a
frequency distribution using the same cla5s
size, one such class being 15-20 (where 20 is not
included).
Solution The minimum and
maximum marks in the given raw data are 0 and 2*
respectively, It is given that 15-20 is one of the class intervals and the class
S1ze is same. So, the
classes of equal size are: 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-25.
Thus, the frequency distribution is as given below:

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Data Landling-I(Classification and Tabulation of Data) 23.13

Frequency Distribution of Marks

Mark Frequency
Tally marks
0-5 6
5-10 10
10-15
15-20 9
20-25 8
Total 40

Example 5 The weights in grams of 50 oranges picked at random from a consignment are
as follows:
131, 113, 82, 75, 204, 81, 84, 118, 104, 110, 80, 107, 111, 141, 136, 123, 90, 78,30
115, 110, 98, 106, 99, 107, 84, 76, 186, 82, 100, 109, 128, 115, 107, 115, 119, 93,
187, 139, 129, 130, 68, 195, 123, 125, 111, 92, 86, 70, 126
Form the grouped frequency table by dividing the variable range into
intervals of equal width, each corresponding to 20 gms in such a way that the
mid-value of the first class corresponds to 70 gms.
Solution We have,
Size of each class = 20, Mid-value of first class = 70
We know that if a is the mid-value of a class and h is the class size, then the

h
lower and upper limits of the class are a-and a+ respectively.
Here, a = 70 and h = 20

So, the lower limit of the first class interval =70-10 60

=

interval
and, the upper limit of the first class 70+10 80
=

First class interval is 60-80

In view of the above, we obtain the following frequency distribution.
Frequency Distribution of Weights of Oranges

Weight (in gms) Tally marks Frequency

5
60-80
13
80-100
17
100-120
10
120-140
1
140-160
0
160-180
3
180-200
1
200-220
50
Total
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 Mathematics for Class VIl|

23.14
EXERCISE 23.2
examination are given below:
in an
40 students
of class VIII
by 23, 5, 12, 18, 8, 12, 6. &,
15, 19, 24, 16, 3,
obtained
1. The marks 21, 13,
13,
13, 10, 21, 7, 1,
16, 17, 18, 3, 7, 23, 18,
10, 2, 23. 15-20 and 20-25 and prepare a
16, 5, 3, 5, 0, 7, 9, 12, 20, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15,
five groups, namely
Divide the data into
grouped frequency table.
below:
a test a r e given
2. The marks scored by 20 students in
44, 58, 47, 64, 41, 57,
89, 53, 84, 57.
42, 68, 56, 62, 71, 78, 51, 72, 53,
54,
table:
Complete the following frequeney
Tally marks Frequency (No. of children)
(Marks in class intervals)
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80

80-90 occurs?
What is the class interval in which the greatest frequency
3. The following is the distribution of weights (in kg) of 52 persons:

Weight in kg Persons

30-40 10
40-50 15
50-60 17
60-70 6
70-80 4
(i)What is the lower limit of class 50-60?
ii) Find the class marks of the classes 40-50, 50-60.
(ii) What is the class size?
4. Construct a frequency table for the following weights (in gm) of 35 mangoes using the
equal class intervals, one of them is 40-45 (45 not included):
30, 40, 45, 32, 43, 50, 55, 62, 70, 70, 61, 62, 53, 52, 50, 42, 35, 37, 53, 55, 65, 70, 73, 74, 45,
46,58,59, 60, 62, 74, 34, 35, 70, 68.
G) What is the class mark of the class interval 40-45?
i) What is the range of the above
weights?
(ii) How many classes are there?
5. Construct a frequency table with class-intervals
0-5 (5 not included) of the following
marks obtained by a group of 30 students in
an examination:
0,5,7,10, 12, 15,20, 22, 25, 27,8, 11, 17, 3, 6, 9, 17,
4,50, 16. 19, 21, 29, 31, 35,37, 40, 42, 45, 49,
6. The marks scored by 40 students of class VIII in
mathematics are given below:
81,55,68, 79, 85, 43, 29, 68, 54, 73, 47, 35,
83,62,64,72, 92, 84, 76, 63, 43, 54, 38, 73, 72,
68,
64, 95, 44, 50, 77, 64, 35, 79, 52, 45, 54, 70,
Prepare a frequency distribution with class 52,54.
size of 10 marks.
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a Handling-/ Classification and Tabulation of Data) 23.15

The heights (in cm) of 30 students of class VIII are

.
given below:
155, 158, 154, 158, 160, 148, 149,
150, 153, 159, 161, 148, 157, 153, 157, 162, 159, 151, 154,
56.
6.152,156, 160, 152
152, 156, 160, 152, 147, 155, 163, 155, 157, 153.
Prepare a frequency distribution table with 160-164 as of the class
The monthly wages of 30 workers in a factory
one interva
are given below
830, 835, 890, 810, 835, 836, 869, 845, 898, 890. 820, 860, 832, 833, 855, 845, 804, 808, 014
R40.885, 835, 836, 878, 840, 868, 890, 806, 840, 890.
Represent the data in the form of a frequency distribution with class size 0
9 Construct a frequency table with equal class intervals from the following data on the

monthly wages (in rupees) of 28 labourers working in a factory, taking one of the class
intervals as 210-230 (230 not included):
220, 268, 258, 242, 210, 268, 272, 242, 311, 290, 300, 320, 319, 304, 302, 318, 306, 292, 254,
278,210,240, 280, 316, 306, 215, 256, 236.
10. The daily minimum temperatures in degrees Celsius recorded in a certain Arctic

region are as follows:

-12.5,-10.8,-18.6,-8.4,-10.8,-4.2, -4.8,-6.7,-13.2,-11.8, -2.3, 1.2,2.6,0,-2.4

0,3.2, 2.7, 3.4, 0, - 2 . 4 , - 2 . 4 , 0, 3.2, 2.7, 3.4, 0, - 2 . 4 , - 5 . 8 , - 8 . 9 , - 14.6, - 12.3, - 11.5,

- 7.8,-2.9

Represent them as frequency distribution table taking - 19.9 to 15 as the first class
interval.

ANSWERS

2. 50-60 3. (i) 50 ii) 45,55 ii) 10

4. i) 42.5 (ii) 44 (ii) 9

THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. Numerical observations collected by an observer, is called a raw data.
2. The number of times an observation occurs in the given data, is called the frequency of the

observation.
3. Away ofpresenting data that exhibits the values of the variable and corresponding frequencies,
is called a frequency distribution.

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