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MATH 20063wk8

This document discusses Bernoulli's differential equation and provides examples of solving differential equations using Bernoulli's method and alternative methods. Specifically, it (1) defines Bernoulli's differential equation, (2) provides an example of solving an equation using Bernoulli's method, and (3) provides another example and solves it using both Bernoulli's method and an alternative variable separation method.

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Reyziel Bargan
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views10 pages

MATH 20063wk8

This document discusses Bernoulli's differential equation and provides examples of solving differential equations using Bernoulli's method and alternative methods. Specifically, it (1) defines Bernoulli's differential equation, (2) provides an example of solving an equation using Bernoulli's method, and (3) provides another example and solves it using both Bernoulli's method and an alternative variable separation method.

Uploaded by

Reyziel Bargan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Engineering

Lecturer: Federico A. Roy Jr, BSEE, MEE, PhD, IIEE (member)

z
MATH 20063
Differential
Equations
Lecture 8
z
8.1 Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation is a differential equation of the form
!"
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦$
!#

where 𝑛 is a real number not equal to 0 or 1,

It is named after Jacob (also known as James or Jacques) Bernoulli (1654-1705)


who discussed it in 1695.

Jacob Bernoulli was born in Basel, Switzerland.

He studied theology and entered the ministry, he also studied mathematics and
astronomy.
z
The Bernoulli’s equation
!"
Let the Bernoulli's d.e. in the form + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦$ − − 1
!#

% !" % %
Multiplying (1) by will result to +𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 and eventually will take the
"! !# "! "!
!" &$
form to 𝑦 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦%&$ = 𝑄 𝑥 − − 2
!#

!'
If we let 𝑣 = 𝑦 &$ − − 3 hence, = 𝑦 &$ 𝑑𝑦 − − 4
%&$

!'
Substituting (4) into (2), will yield + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑄 𝑥 − −(5)
%&$ !#

Now, (5) is a linear d.e. of order one and now solvable using the method of solving linear
d.e.
Example 8.1
z equation 2𝑥 ( 𝑦 ) = 𝑦 𝑦 * + 3𝑥 * using the Bernoulli’s equation.
(a) Solve the

(b) Solve the equation 2𝑥 ( 𝑦 ) = 𝑦 𝑦 * + 3𝑥 * using another method.

Solutions:

Given the d.e. 2𝑥 ( 𝑦 ) = 𝑦 𝑦 * + 3𝑥 * − − 1

Rearranging (1) into the Bernoulli's equation will result to


!" ( % ( !"
− 𝑦 = 𝑦 − − 2 , comparing (2) with + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦$
!# *# *#" !#

&( % %
we have 𝑃 𝑥 = ,𝑄 𝑥 = and 𝑛 = 3 , now, multiplying (2) by , will results to
*# *#" ""

!" ( % !" &( ( &* %


− 𝑦 = and simplifying will lead to 𝑦 − 𝑦 = − (3)
!#"" *#"" *#" !# *# *#"

!'
Using (3) , we let the substitution 𝑣 = 𝑦 &* − − 4 , hence 𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑦 &( 𝑑𝑦 → = 𝑦 &( 𝑑𝑦 − (5)
&*

!' ( %
Substituting (4) and (5) into (3) and simplifying will yield to + 𝑣=− − − 6 (verify this)
!# # #"
z
!' ( %
Now, considering the linear d.e. + 𝑣=− −− 6
!# # #"
"
( ∫ , # !# ∫#!#
where 𝑃 𝑥 = . , hence the I.F. = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 (-$# = 𝑥 (
#

!'
Multifying (6) by the I.F. 𝑥 ( + 3𝑥 * 𝑣 = −1 − −(7)
!#

Now, rewriting (7) as 𝑑 𝑥 ( 𝑣 = −𝑑𝑥 and integrating will result to

%
𝑥 ( 𝑣 = −𝑥 + 𝑐 , hence 𝑥 ( 𝑣 = 𝑐 − 𝑥 − −(8) and since 𝑣 = 𝑦 &* = "$

%
Equation (8) becomes 𝑥 ( "$ = 𝑐 − 𝑥 , hence the gen solution of (1) is
𝑥( = 𝑦* 𝑐 − 𝑥
b) Solve the equation 2𝑥 %𝑦 & = 𝑦 𝑦 ' + 3𝑥 ' using another method
(

() )!+%*")
Solutions: let be
zthe given d.e. be of the form (*
= '*!
−− 1

Equation 1 is a homogenous equation of degree 3? (prove this)

Now, let the substitution be 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 − −(2) → hence 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 − −(3)

Substitute (2) and (3) into (1) and simplify, the results will be

𝑣 𝑣 ' + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 ,𝑑𝑣 − −(4) (verify this)

(4) Is now variable separable which will be integrable as shown;

2𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
/ = / − −(5)
𝑣 𝑣- + 1 𝑥

The right side of (5) is easily integrable by direct formula, while the left side is to be broken into a partial fraction,
now the concept of partial fraction (5) can now be equivalent to:

2𝑑𝑣 2𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
/ −/ ' =/ − −(6)
𝑣 𝑣 +1 𝑥

Integrating (6) and simplify will yield 𝑥 % = 𝑦 ' 𝑐 − 𝑥 which is the solution of (1) and is consistent with the
answer with (a) , which of the two solution is better? Why?
Example 8.2
z
(a) Solve the d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 1,1 using Bernoulli’s equation.

(b) Solve the d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 1,1 using another method.

Solutions:

(a) Given the d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(1)


!"
Rewrite (1) in the form of the B.E. + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦 $ − −(2)
!#

!" & # ! '&


which will results to + 𝑦 = 𝑦 − −(3) (verify this)
!# %# %

& #!
Hence, comparing (2) and (3), we have 𝑃 𝑥 = ,𝑄 𝑥 = and 𝑛 = −2
%# %

( !" & % #!
Multiplying (3) by , will yield 𝑦& + 𝑦 = − − 4 (verify this)
" "! !# %# %
z
Now, let 𝑣 = 𝑦 ! , 𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑦 " 𝑑𝑦, substituting these in (4) will result to
#$ " %! #$ "
+ 𝑣 = and finally will be + 𝑣 = 𝑥 " − −(5) (verify this)
!#% !% ! #% %

#&
Inspection of (5), this is a linear d.e. of the form + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 − −(6)
#%

"
Comparing (5) and (6) , 𝑃 𝑥 = , 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑥" ,
%

Let the integrating factor , I.F.= 𝑒 ∫ ( % #%


= 𝑥 " (verify this)
#$
Multiplying (6) by the I.F.and simplify will result to 𝑥 " + 2𝑥𝑣 = 𝑥 ) − −(7) (verify this)
#%

Further inspection of (7), the left hand side is equivalent to 𝑑(𝑥 " 𝑣), hence (7) can be written

as 𝑑 𝑥 " 𝑣 = 𝑥 ) − − 8 , integrating both sides of (8) , ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 " 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 and imposing

the condition 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 , will result to the final solution of (1) which is 5𝑥 " 𝑦 ! = 𝑥 * + 4 (verify this)

,
(b) Solve the d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 1,1 using another method.

z the given d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(1) be equation (1),


Solutions: Let
!" %#" !
If (1) is expressed in the for !#
= # # '&" #
− −(2) ,

(2) is a homogeneous d.e. of degree 3 (verify this)

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣, substituting these to (1) and simplifying will results to
1 − 5𝑣 % 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑣 & 𝑑𝑣 = 0 − −(3)

Which can be solve using separation of variables, which when separated will yield
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 & 𝑑𝑣
= %
− −(4)
3𝑥 1 − 5𝑣
!# ) ! !)
Integrating (4) ∫ %# = ∫ ('*) # and simplifying will give 𝐶 = 𝑥 * 1 − 𝑣 % (verify this)

"#
and since 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 , the final general solution of (1) is 𝐶 = 𝑥* 1− ##
, and the particular
solution @(1,1) is
5𝑥 & 𝑦 % = 𝑥 * + 4
Exercises 8z

(1) Solve the d.e. 6𝑦 * 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2𝑥 ( + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 by treating it as a B.E. in the dependent


.⁄
variable 𝑥. Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ( 2 + 𝐶𝑦 $

(2) Find the particular solution of the d.e. 𝑥 * + 6𝑦 * 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 1,1 . Solve by
three methods as using :

(i) B.E.

(ii) Homogenous d.e.

(iii) Determination of Integrating Factors Ans. 2𝑦 * = 𝑥 * 3𝑥 − 1

Compare and contrast the 3 methods. Which do you think is easier to understand? Why?
Can you present another solution?

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