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Lecture 13

The document discusses increment and decrement operators (++, --) and their use in for and while loops. It explains that the ++ and -- operators can be used in either prefix or postfix form, and that they affect the loop variable differently depending on position. The document also compares for and while loops, showing how a for loop initializes, tests, and updates a counter variable to control loop iterations. Various loop examples are provided to illustrate concepts.

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Lily Khalid
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23 views

Lecture 13

The document discusses increment and decrement operators (++, --) and their use in for and while loops. It explains that the ++ and -- operators can be used in either prefix or postfix form, and that they affect the loop variable differently depending on position. The document also compares for and while loops, showing how a for loop initializes, tests, and updates a counter variable to control loop iterations. Various loop examples are provided to illustrate concepts.

Uploaded by

Lily Khalid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch 5.

Looping
Part 2

CS 1428
Fall 2011

Jill Seaman

Lecture 13

Increment and Decrement


 Loops commonly have a counter variable
 Inside the loop body, counter variable is often
− incremented: increased by one OR
− decremented: decreased by one
 Example from last time:
int number = 1;
while (number <= 3)
{
cout << “Student” << number << endl;
number = number + 1;
}
cout << “Done” << endl;
2
Increment/Decrement Operators

 C++ provides unary operators to increment and


decrement.
- Increment operator: ++
- Decrement operator: --
 Examples:
int num = 10;
num++; //equivalent to: num = num + 1;
num--; // equivalent to: num = num - 1;

Postfix and Prefix

 The increment and decrement operators may be


used in either postfix OR prefix mode:
- Postfix: num++
- Prefix: ++num

 Examples:
int num = 10;
num++; //equivalent to: num = num + 1;
num--; //equivalent to: num = num - 1;
++num; //equivalent to: num = num + 1;
--num; //equivalent to: num = num - 1; 4
Postfix and Prefix: why?

 No difference between postfix and prefix


UNLESS the variable is used in an expression:
num++ - Postfix, increments num AFTER it is used.
++num - Prefix, increments num BEFORE it is used.
• Examples:
int num = 10;
cout << num++;
//equivalent to: cout << num; num = num + 1;

cout << ++num;


//equivalent to: num = num + 1; cout << num;
5

Watch out


What is output in each case?
int x = 13;
if (x++ > 13)
cout << “x greater than 13” << endl;
cout << x << endl;

int x = 13;
if (++x > 13)
cout << “x greater than 13” << endl;
cout << x << endl;

 I recommend NOT using ++ and -- in


expressions. 6
Two kinds of loops
 Conditional loop: executes as long as a certain
condition is true
- input validation: loops as long as input is invalid
 Count-controlled loop: executes a specific
number of times/iterations
- count may be a literal, or stored in a variable.
 Count-controlled loop follows a pattern:
- initialize counter to zero (or other start value).
- test counter to make sure it is less than count.
- update counter during each interation. 7

for

 the for statement is used to easily implement a


count-controlled loop.
for (expr1; expr2; expr3)
statement
 expr1 is evaluated (initialization).
 expr2 is evaluated (test)
− If it is true, then statement is executed,
then expr3 is executed (update), repeat.
− If/when it is false, then statement is skipped,
and the loop is exited. 8
for and while


the for statement:
for (expr1; expr2; expr3)
statement

 is equivalent to the following while statement:

expr1; // initialize
while (expr2) { // test
statement
expr3; // update
} 9

for example

 Example:
int number;
for (number = 1; number <= 3; number++)
{
cout << “Student” << number << endl;
}
cout << “Done” << endl;

 Output:
Student1
Student2
Student3
Done

10
Counters: Redo
 The example using while to output table of
squares of ints 1 through 8:.
cout << “Number Number Squared” << endl;
cout << “------ --------------” << endl;
int num = 1;
while (num <= 8)
{
cout << num << “ “ << (num * num) << endl;
num = num + 1; // increment the counter
}

 Rewritten using for:


cout << “Number Number Squared” << endl;
cout << “------ --------------” << endl;
int num;
for (num = 1; num <= 8; num++)
cout << num << “ “ << (num * num) << endl;
11

Watch out


What is output?
int x;
for (x=1; x <= 10; x++) {
cout << “Repeat!” << endl;
x++;
}
cout << “Done!” << endl;

 Do not update the loop variable in the body of a


for loop.
12
Options


What is output? Note: no semicolon

int x;
for (x = 10; x > 0; x = x-2)
cout << x << endl;

 Can define the loop variable inside the for:


for (int x = 10; x > 0; x=x-2)
cout << x << endl;
cout << x << endl; //ERROR, can’t use x here

 Do NOT try to access x outside the loop (the


scope of x is the for loop only) 13

Non-deterministic count


How many rows are output?
int maxCount;
cout << “How many squares do you want?” << endl;
cin >> maxCount;
cout << “Number Number Squared” << endl;
cout << “------ --------------” << endl;
int num;
for (num = 1; num <= maxCount; num++)
cout << num << “ “ << (num * num) << endl;

 It depends . . .
It’s still a count controlled loop, even though the
count is not known until run-time.
14
The exprs are optional
 You may omit any of the three exprs in the for
loop header
int value, incr;
cout << “Enter the starting value: “;
cin >> value;
for ( ; value <= 100; )
{
cout << “Please enter the increment amount: “;
cin >> incr;
value = value + incr;
cout << value << endl;
}
// technically it’s a count controlled loop, but use a while

Watchout:
for ( ; ; )
cout << “Hello!” << endl;
15

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