Slvaf 41 A

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com Table of Contents
Application Note
A Long-Lifetime, Cost-Competitive Solution in Smart
Meters Based on the TPS61094
Jing Ji, Andrew Du, Adam Grula

ABSTRACT
Smart meters, including gas and water meters, need to record information such as gas or water consumption
and then communicate this information with a data center or end-customer. Smart meters are powered by
the primary battery and need to support operation for 10 years or more. Most of the operation time is light
load (about 20 uA), but during the data transmission, the load is a high pulse current load (about 250 mA).
A common smart meter design challenge is supporting both high power consumption for data transmission
and a long working lifetime. Some customers choose a lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2) battery to power the
system because of low self-leakage current and high-power density(long lifetime). However, the LiSOCl2 can't
support high pulse current. The traditional solution is to use a LiSOCl2 battery with a hybrid layer capacitor
(HLC) package and use the HLC to support the high pulse current. But the HLC cannot control the LiSOCl2
battery's discharge current and prevents the battery from operating at maximum capacity. Because of the HLC’s
poor performance at lower temperatures, customers must choose a larger and more expensive HLC (HLC1550).
This application note provides a long-lifetime and cost-competitive power solution based on the TPS61094. The
TPS61094 is an ultra-low Iq (60 nA) buck/boost converter device with a supercapacitor management feature.
This device allows the smart meter customers to replace the HLC with a supercapacitor to reduce the cost and
also control the LiSOCl2 battery's discharge current to extend battery life. The TPS61094 solution can increase
operation time by 20%, reduce component count by 50% and decrease the total cost.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction of the Smart Meter............................................................................................................................................ 3
2 The Traditional Power Solution of the Smart Meter.............................................................................................................4
2.1 Connecting the Battery Directly..........................................................................................................................................4
2.2 The Pure Boost TPS61094 or TPS610995 Solution.......................................................................................................... 5
3 The TPS61094 with Supercap Solution.................................................................................................................................6
3.1 TPS61094 Description....................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 System Operation Description........................................................................................................................................... 6
4 Solution Comparison..............................................................................................................................................................8
5 Supercap Behavior and Design.............................................................................................................................................9
5.1 Supercap Life Time............................................................................................................................................................ 9
5.2 Supercap Leakage Currrent...............................................................................................................................................9
5.3 Supercap Parameter Design in TPS61094 Solution........................................................................................................ 10
6 Test Report Based on TPS61094 Solution..........................................................................................................................11
6.1 Test Waveform..................................................................................................................................................................11
6.2 Efficiency..........................................................................................................................................................................13
7 References............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
8 Revision History................................................................................................................................................................... 14
List of Figures
Figure 1-1. Typical Current Consumption of NB-IoT....................................................................................................................3
Figure 1-2. Capacity vs. Discharging Current and Temperature..................................................................................................3
Figure 2-1. Direct Battery Connection Solution........................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2-2. The Performance of ER26500 and HLC1520 at -25 degC........................................................................................4
Figure 2-3. The Performance of ER26500 and HLC1550 at -25 degC........................................................................................5
Figure 2-4. The Pure Boost TPS61094 or TPS610995 Solution................................................................................................. 5
Figure 3-1. The TPS61094 with Supercap Solution.................................................................................................................... 6
SLVAF41A – MARCH 2021 – REVISED NOVEMBER 2021 A Long-Lifetime, Cost-Competitive Solution in Smart Meters Based on the 1
Submit Document Feedback TPS61094
Copyright © 2021 Texas Instruments Incorporated
Trademarks www.ti.com
Figure 5-1. Supercap Leakage Current vs. Voltage and Temperature...................................................................................... 10

Figure 6-1. The Performance Overview of the TPS61094 with Supercap Solution................................................................... 11
Figure 6-2. The Performance of TPS61094 with Supercap Solution at -25degC...................................................................... 12
Figure 6-3. The Performance of TPS61094 with Supercap Solution at 25degC....................................................................... 12
Figure 6-4. The Performance of the Supercap from Charging to Charging Finished................................................................ 13
Figure 6-5. 3.3-V Vout efficiency in boost operation.................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 6-6. 3.6 V Input efficiency in buck operation...................................................................................................................13
List of Tables
Table 3-1. The Operation in TPS61094 of the Supercap Solution...............................................................................................7
Table 4-1. The Smart Meter Power Solution Comparison........................................................................................................... 8
Table 5-1. VINA Tech Estimation Lifetime – 3.0 V Series............................................................................................................ 9
Trademarks
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
2 A Long-Lifetime, Cost-Competitive Solution in Smart Meters Based on the SLVAF41A – MARCH 2021 – REVISED NOVEMBER 2021
TPS61094 Submit Document Feedback
www.ti.com Introduction of the Smart Meter
1 Introduction of the Smart Meter

Smart meters, including gas and water meters need to record information such as gas or water consumption and
then communicate this information to a data center. Wireless communication commonly uses methods such as,
NB-IoT, LoRa and ZigBee®. Take NB-IoT as an example, the typical range of input voltage of a NB-IoT module
(such as the ZTE ZM8300G module) is from 3 V to 4.2 V, with a typical voltage of 3.6 V (reference 1 ). The
current consumption is similar to Figure 1-1. The typical peak current is about 250 mA.
Figure 1-1. Typical Current Consumption of NB-IoT
Most smart meters are powered by LiMnO2 (lithium manganese dioxide) or LiSOCl2 batteries and need to
support 10 years or more of operation. Because the voltage of a LiSOCl2 battery (about 3.6 V) is higher
than a LiMnO2 battery (about 2-3 V), a LiSOCl2 battery can better support a 3-V electromagnetic valve,
which why it is a more popular choice for smart meter applications. The weakness of a LiSOCl2 battery is
that the maximum continuous current and pulse current capability is limited. Take an 8.5 Ah LiSOCl2 battery
(Tadiran TL-4920(ER26500)) as an example, the maximum recommended continuous current is 75 mAand
the maximum 1 sec. pulse capability is 200 mA (reference 2). Because of this, it is common to parallel the
hybrid layer capacitor (HLC) or the supercapacitor with the LiSOCl2 battery to support the high pulse current
for data transmission. Another characteristic of the LiSOCl2 battery is that the battery capacity is related to the
discharging current and the working temperature as shown in Figure 1-2 (reference 2). The battery capacity is
about 8.5 Ah with 3-mA discharging current at 25 °C, which is shown in the ER26500 data sheet. However, the
capacity drops to 2 Ah (a 76% reduction) with a 100 mA load. It is better to control the discharge current of a
LiSOCl2 battery to get a higher capacity and thus, increase the working lifetime (reference 3).
Max capacity with 3mA load of 8.5Ah
76% reduction
100mA load lowers capacity to 2Ah
Figure 1-2. Capacity vs. Discharging Current and Temperature
The Traditional Power Solution of the Smart Meter www.ti.com
2 The Traditional Power Solution of the Smart Meter
2.1 Connecting the Battery Directly

The traditional solution is the direct battery connection solution, like Figure 2-1. The communication model such
as NB-IoT is connected with the LiSOCl2 and HLC package directly. The voltage of the LiSOCl2 and HLC
package is about 3.6 V at room temperature. When the smart meter does the transmission, the HLC supports
the high pulse current for the NB-IoT. During sleep mode, the LiSOCl2 charges the HLC and supports the whole
system consumption.
Figure 2-1. Direct Battery Connection Solution
The disadvantage of the direct battery connection solution is customers must choose HLC1550 instead of
HLC1520. Because the LiSOCl2 and HLC package has the poor performance at cold temperature (-25 degC or
-40 degC) , like in Figure 2-2 and Figure 2-3. Figure 2-2 is the performance of ER26500 and HLC1520 at high
pulse current (250 mA / 250 ms). In the waveform, the voltage of the battery package is down to 3.4 V at high
pulse current. It is too little margin to power the whole system. Figure 2-3 is the performance of ER26500 and
HLC1550, because HLC1550 has a bigger size and higher current capability, the voltage is down to 3.6 V, and it
can support the whole system and do the transmission. But HLC1550 has bigger size and higher cost.
Another disadvantage of this solution is the discharge current of LiSOCl2 is uncontrolled. In the Figure 2-2 and
Figure 2-3, the discharge current of LiSOCl2 is up to 15 mA and 5 mA, respectively. The LiSOCl2 cannot achieve
the maximum capacity, referring Figure 1-2.
Vout
100mV/div
3.6V Offset
3.4V
15mA
Ibat 10mA/div
Iload 500mA/div
100ms/div
Figure 2-2. The Performance of ER26500 and HLC1520 at -25 degC
www.ti.com The Traditional Power Solution of the Smart Meter
Vout
V out
100mV/div
3.6V 3.6V Offset
200mV/div
3.3V
3.6V Offset
5mA
Ibat 10mA/div
5mA 15mA
Ibat 10mA/div
200mV/div
Vsup 2.0V Offset
Iload
Iload 500mA/div
500mA/div
100ms/div
100ms/div
Figure 2-3. The Performance of ER26500 and HLC1550 at -25 degC
2.2 The Pure Boost TPS61094 or TPS610995 Solution

One of the cost competitive solutions is the pure boost (TPS61094 or TPS610995) solution (reference 4),
similar to Figure 2-4. In this solution, customers could use HLC1520(vender: Tadiran), SPC1520(vendor: EVE)
or UPC1520(vender: HCB) and they need to add a pure boost (TPS61094 or TPS610995) to regulate output
voltage to about 3.6 V over the whole temperature range. This solution is not sensitive to HLC vendor and size,
so the total cost is more competitive than the connecting battery directly.
Figure 2-4. The Pure Boost TPS61094 or TPS610995 Solution
The weakness of the pure boost solution is that the discharge current of LiSOCl2 battery is uncontrolled.
We cannot get the maximum LiSOCl2 battery capacity, and the end-off voltage of the battery package is not
controllable. If the terminal voltage is too low(< 2 V), it has unrecoverable effects on the battery lifetime.
The TPS61094 with Supercap Solution www.ti.com
3 The TPS61094 with Supercap Solution

The TPS61094 could offer a solution exchanging the HLC to a supercap, which can reduce the total solution
cost while still controlling the LiSOCl2 battery discharge current to achieve the maximum capacity and working
lifetime, as shown in the Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1. The TPS61094 with Supercap Solution
3.1 TPS61094 Description

The TPS61094 is a synchronous bi-directional buck/boost converter with a bypass switch between input and
output (reference 5). When the TPS61094 works in buck mode to charge the supercap, the charging current and
the charging termination voltage are programmable with two external resistors (R3 and R2). When the TPS61094
works in boost mode, it can boost the supercap and regulate output voltage to the programmed voltage, set by
R 1.
The TPS61094 has four operation modes: the auto buck or boost mode; the force buck mode; the force bypass
mode and the true shutdown mode, set by the EN and MODE pins. Customers can choose the suitable mode
based on their application.
The TPS61094 has 60-nA quiescent current in buck mode or boost mode and 4-nA quiescent current in force
bypass mode, which could help the system achieve long lifetime.
3.2 System Operation Description
In the TPS61094 with supercap solution, the MCU doesn’t need to control the TPS61094. TPS61094 can switch
between buck charging mode and boost mode automatically. It can boost the supercap to power the high pulse
load at data transmission and then charge the supercap during standby mode.
By setting EN = High and MODE = High, the TPS61094 is enabled to work in the auto buck or boost mode. TI
suggests to set output target voltage (setting by R1) is 3.3 V (> 3.6 V – 150 mV), which could help TPS61094
enter the buck charging mode automatically; set charging current to 5 mA, which could help get the maximum
LiSOCl2 capacity, according to Figure 1-2; set charging terminal voltage to about 2 V, which could help supercap
get lower leakage current and longer working life time.
TI suggests to add a series resistor (Rin) of about 40 Ω between LiSOCl2 battery and TPS61094 VIN pin. It could
help limit the LiSOCl2 battery discharge current during data transmission. The LiSOCl2 battery discharge current
is as
8.E51%H 2 F 8176_P=NCAP 3.6 F 3.3

+HEIEP = = = 7.5I#
4EJ 40 (1)
www.ti.com The TPS61094 with Supercap Solution
The TPS61094 operation is as shown in the Table 3-1. During stand-by operation in the smart meter, because
input voltage is higher than output voltage + 100mV, the TPS61094 enters auto buck mode. The bypass MOS
turns on and NB-IoT is powered by LiSOCl2. TPS61094 charges the supercap until it is fully charged. When the
NB-IoT does the Rx / Tx transmission, there is a high pulse current at the output of TPS61094, because LiSOCl2
can’t support high pulse current, the input voltage will drop. When TPS61094 detects the input voltage is lower
than output voltage + 100mV, the boost mode actives automatically. So the supercap mainly supports the high
load current.
Table 3-1. The Operation in TPS61094 of the Supercap Solution
System operation Condition TPS61094 operation
Stand-by; low-current consumption Vin > Vout_target + 100mV Active buck charging mode; charge supercap and keep it fully
charged;
Bypass MOS turns on; Vout connects with Vin; NB-IoT is
powered by LiSOCl2.
Doing Rx / Tx transmission Vin >= Vout_target Active boost mode; at high-pulse load, supercap mainly supports
Vout = Vout_target the load.
Solution Comparison www.ti.com
4 Solution Comparison
There is a summary of these three power solutions in Table 4-1. TPS61094 could provide a cost competitive and
long lifetime solution in the smart meter. This solution can help smart meter customers exchange hybrid layer
capacitor (HLC) to supercap, which could have lower total solution cost.
The TPS61094 with the supercap solution can support 18.4 years and increase operation time by 20% than the
pure boost solution. And because the TPS61094 shares the same inductor and input/output capacitors in the
supercap charging and discharging, the TPS61094 reduces component count by 50%.
Table 4-1. The Smart Meter Power Solution Comparison
Solution Lifetime estimation (years) Advantage Disadvantage
The direct battery connection 18.1 Simple design Big size HLC1550 (Tadiran)
solution
The pure boost(TPS61094 or 14.9 Smaller size HLC and no sensitivity Cannot get the maximum
TPS610995) solution to the vendor, like SPC1520 LiSOCl2 capacity because
LiSOCl2 discharge current is
uncontrollable
LiSOCl2 discharge end-off voltage
is uncontrolled; it may have
unrecoverable effects on the
battery lifetime
The TPS61094 with the supercap 18.4 Cost competitive with the supercap The supercap has leakage
solution Control LiSOCl2 discharge current current, need to use lower
terminal voltage, like 2 V
and end-off voltage
Automatically transition; No need
for MCU control
Note:
The smart meter lifetime estimation is based on the following conditions:
• Calculation is based on Tadiran(LiSOCl2 TL-5920) and the capability de-rated according to the Figure 1-2.
• Assumption that ten months is 25 ℃ and two months' temperature is lower than 0 ℃.
• NB-IoT power consumption is about 134 mAh each year at supply voltage is 3.6 V
• LiSCL2 Battery self-discharge: 25 ℃: 1 % / year, 40 ℃: 2 % / year
• Hybrid layer capacitor self-discharge: 25 ℃: 3 μA, 40 ℃: 6 μA
• Super capacitor leakage current: for 3 F cap, working at 2.0 V can reduce the leakage current to 20 %, the
leakage current: 25 ℃: 1 μA (5 μA * 20 %), 40 ℃: 2 μA
• Battery activation is about 30.4 mAh each year
• Valve power consumption is about 35.8 mAh each year
• Standby power consumption (including MCU, counting hall sensor, anti dismantling hall sensor, power supply,
NB-IoT standby power consumption) is about 87.6 mAh.
www.ti.com Supercap Behavior and Design
5 Supercap Behavior and Design
5.1 Supercap Life Time

The supercap lifetime is related to the operating temperature and operating voltage. The classical aging model
for supercapacitors is Eyring's law that estimates the aging rate, as the Equation 2. This law stipulates that a
200-mV voltage surplus increases the aging by a factor of 2 and have the same effect as a temperature increase
of 10 °C. (reference 6, 7, 8)
8 NAB F8 6 NAB F6
P?=H :8; 6; = PNAB Û (2 80 )* (2 60 )

(2)
where
tref Reference lifetime (hours)
Vref Reference applied bias voltage (V)
Tref Reference aging temperature (K)
The smart meter customer can lower the operation voltage according to their life time and operation temperature
requirement. There is the estimation lifetime from VINA Tech 3.0V series supercap, as shown in Table 5-1
Table 5-1. VINA Tech Estimation Lifetime – 3.0 V Series
Temp 25 °C 30 °C 40 °C 50 °C 60 °C 70 °C 75 °C 80 °C
Voltage (V) Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year
2.1 180.5 127.7 63.8 31.9 16.0 8.0 5.6 4.0
2.2 127.7 90.3 45.1 22.6 11.3 5.6 4.0 2.8
2.3 90.3 63.8 31.9 16.0 8.0 4.0 2.8 2.0
2.4 63.8 45.1 22.6 11.3 5.6 2.8 2.0 1.4
2.5 45.1 31.9 16.0 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.4 1.0
2.6 31.9 22.6 11.3 5.6 2.8 1.4 1.0 0.7
2.7 22.6 16.0 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.7 0.5
2.8 16.0 11.3 5.6 2.8 1.4 0.7 0.5 0.4
2.9 11.3 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3
3.0 8.0 5.6 2.8 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2
Note: 30% capacitance degradation is considered as the end of life (reference 9).
5.2 Supercap Leakage Currrent
The supercap leakage current is an important part of performance in the smart meter, which is related to
the operating life time. The leakage current depends on temperature, working voltage, capacitance and other
parameters (similar to charge duration and short-term history) (reference 10).
For the leakage current, when the supercap working voltage decreases, the leakage current could also
decrease, similar to Figure 5-1. For example, the supercap works at 1.8 V, the leakage is about 8 uA (18 %
of data sheet spec) at 25 ℃.
The supercap leakage current is related to working temperature, too. The supercap leakage current at 65 ℃ is
about 3~4 times as the 25 ℃, in the Figure 5-1.
Supercap Behavior and Design www.ti.com
140
120
Leakage current (uA)

100
80
60 25(
65(
40
20
0
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
Working voltage (V)
Figure 5-1. Supercap Leakage Current vs. Voltage and Temperature
Note: the test data is based on WEC3R0156QG (3 V 15F) (reference 9).

5.3 Supercap Parameter Design in TPS61094 Solution
Because the supercap lifetime and leakage current are strongly related to working voltage, TI suggests to set
supercap charging terminal voltage to 2 V, which could achieve 20 years life time at 65 ℃ and the leakage
current is about 18% of the datasheet spec.
The capacity of the supercap depends on Rx/Tx transmission loss. Let's take NB-IoT as the example. Assume
the transmission internal is 24 h that is once data exchange every day, 3.3 V supply voltage, and a payload of
200 Bytes. The power consumption of one transmission is about 4 J. To leave 20 % margin, the target storage
energy is set as 4.8 J (reference 11 and 12). The TPS61094 could support the supercap operation until supercap
voltage is down to 0.7 V. So the supercap will discharge from 2 V to 0.7 V, the total discharge power is
1 1
2OQLAN?=L = Û % Û :812 F 822 ; = Û % Û :22 F 0.72 ; = 1.755%
2 2 (3)
The supercap discharge power should be higher than the total loss of NB-IoT transmission, 4.8 J, so smart
meter could choose 3 F supercap.
www.ti.com Test Report Based on TPS61094 Solution
6 Test Report Based on TPS61094 Solution
6.1 Test Waveform

The TPS61094 with supercap solution test waveform overview is as shown in the Figure 6-1. There are three
phases in this solution. Phase 1 is the NB-IoT data transmission. The load current is about 250 mA for 250 ms.
The TPS61094 could regulate output voltage to 3.3 V and control the battery current within 5 mA. In the phase
2, the NB-IoT stops doing the data transmission, so TPS61094 charges the supercap in setting current about 2.5
mA. As shown in the Figure 6-1, the supercap voltage increases and triggers charging terminal voltage (2 V).
The TPS61094 stops charging and this is phases 3. The whole system enters the standby mode and waits for
the next NB-IoT transmission.
Phase 1 Phase 3
Phase 2
Figure 6-1. The Performance Overview of the TPS61094 with Supercap Solution
Note:
The dark blue signal (Channel 1) is TPS61094 output voltage, The purple signal(Channel 1) is LiSOCl2 battery
output current, The green signal(Channel 4) is the supercap voltage, The light blue signal(Channel 2) is load
current.
6.1.1 NB-IoT Data Transmission
The NB-IoT data transmission (phase 1) zoom in waveform is as shown in the Figure 6-2 and Figure 6-3. It
can be seen that during high pulse current load emulating NB-IoT module, the output voltage of TPS61094 is
regulated at 3.3 V to maintain normal work of system. At the same time, the output current of LiSOCl2 battery
is about 5 mA or 6 mA both at -25 degC and 25 degC, so that the LiSOCl2 battery lifetime can be maximized
referring Figure 1-2.
Test Report Based on TPS61094 Solution www.ti.com
Vout
3.3V 200mV/div
3.6V Offset
5mA
Ibat 10mA/div
15mA
200mV/div
Vsup 2.0V Offset
Iload 500mA/div
100ms/div
Figure 6-2. The Performance of TPS61094 with Supercap Solution at -25degC
Vout
200mV/div
3.3V
3.6V Offset
6mA
Ibat 10mA/div
15mA
200mV/div
Vsup 2.0V Offset
Iload 500mA/div
100ms/div
Figure 6-3. The Performance of TPS61094 with Supercap Solution at 25degC
6.1.2 Supercap Charging

Figure 6-4 shows the performance of the supercap from charging to full charge (phase 2 to phase3). During
supercap charging phase, the TPS61094 can control the charging current to the set current. Because the
resistor Rin(between LiSOCl2 battery and TPS61094 VIN pin), there is about 55 mV voltage drop in the
TPS61094 output. When the supercap voltage reaches the set terminal voltage, the TPS61094 stops charging.
www.ti.com Test Report Based on TPS61094 Solution
Figure 6-4. The Performance of the Supercap from Charging to Charging Finished
6.2 Efficiency
The Figure 6-5 is the 3.3-V Vout efficiency graph in boost operation. The efficiency is about 93 % at Vin=2 V
Vout=3.3 V Iout=250mA.
100
95
90
85
Efficiency (%)
80
75
70
65 VIN = 1.0 V
VIN = 1.5 V
60 VIN = 2.0 V
VIN = 2.5 V
55
1E-6 1E-5 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.5
Output Current (A) effi
Figure 6-5. 3.3-V Vout efficiency in boost operation
The Figure 6-6 is the 3.6-V Vin efficiency graph in buck operation. The efficiency is about 88 % at Vin=3.6 V
VCHG=2 V ICHG=2.5 mA.
100
90
80
Efficiency (%)
70
60
ICHG = 2.5 mA
ICHG = 5.0 mA
50 ICHG = 10 mA
ICHG = 100 mA
ICHG = 500 mA
40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
VCHG (V) effi
Figure 6-6. 3.6 V Input efficiency in buck operation
References www.ti.com
7 References
1. ZM8300G NB-IoT/eMTC Module User Manual ZTE
2. MODEL TL-5920 International size reference: C, ER26500 Tadiran Lithium Batteries
3. Texas Instruments, How to Extend Operating Time of a LiSOCl2 Powered System application brief
4. Texas Instruments, Power Supply for NB-IoT Modems in Smart Meters with LiSOCl2 Batteries reference
design
5. Texas Instruments, TPS61094 60-nA Quiescent Current Bi-directional Buck/Boost Converter withBypass
Mode data sheet.
6. P. Kreczanik, P. Venet, A. Hijazi and G. Clerc, Study of Supercapacitor Aging and Lifetime Estimation
According to Voltage, Temperature, and RMS Current, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.
61, no. 9, pp. 4895-4902, Sept. 2014.
7. A. El Mejdoubi, A. Oukaour, H. Chaoui, H. Gualous, J. Sabor and Y. Slamani, Prediction Aging Model for
Supercapacitor's Calendar Life in Vehicular Applications, in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.
65, no. 6, pp. 4253-4263, June 2016. A. Hammar, P. Venet, R. Lallemand, G. Coquery and
8. G. Rojat, Study of Accelerated Aging of Supercapacitors for Transport Applications, in IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3972-3979, Dec. 2010.
9. Allen Son from VINA Tech
10. Sauer D U , Kowal J , Avaroglu E , et al. Detailed Analysis of the Self Discharge of Supercapacitors[C]//
ESSCAP 2008. 2008.
11. *M. Lauridsen, R. Krigslund, M. Rohr and G. Madueno, An Empirical NB-IoT Power Consumption Model for
Battery Lifetime Estimation, 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring),
12. 3GPP, Cellular system support for ultra-low complexity and low throughput Internet of Things, TR 45.820
V13.1.0, 11 2015
8 Revision History
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
Changes from Revision * (March 2021) to Revision A (October 2021) Page

• Updated The TPS61094 solution can increase operation time by 2%... to The TPS61094 solution can
increase operation time by 20%... ..................................................................................................................... 1
• Updated ...decrease cost by 60%... to ...decrease component count by 50%... ............................................... 1
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com Table of Contents

Jing Ji, Andrew Du, Adam Grula

Figure 5-1. Supercap Leakage Current vs. Voltage and Temperature...................................................................................... 10

1 Introduction of the Smart Meter

Figure 1-1. Typical Current Consumption of NB-IoT

Max capacity with 3mA load of 8.5Ah

100mA load lowers capacity to 2Ah

Figure 1-2. Capacity vs. Discharging Current and Temperature

2 The Traditional Power Solution of the Smart Meter

2.1 Connecting the Battery Directly

Figure 2-1. Direct Battery Connection Solution

Figure 2-3. The Performance of ER26500 and HLC1550 at -25 degC

2.2 The Pure Boost TPS61094 or TPS610995 Solution

Figure 2-4. The Pure Boost TPS61094 or TPS610995 Solution

3 The TPS61094 with Supercap Solution

Figure 3-1. The TPS61094 with Supercap Solution

3.1 TPS61094 Description

8.E51%H 2 F 8176_P=NCAP 3.6 F 3.3

5 Supercap Behavior and Design

5.1 Supercap Life Time

P?=H :8; 6; = PNAB Û (2 80 )* (2 60 )

Leakage current (uA)

Figure 5-1. Supercap Leakage Current vs. Voltage and Temperature

Note: the test data is based on WEC3R0156QG (3 V 15F) (reference 9).

6 Test Report Based on TPS61094 Solution

6.1 Test Waveform

Figure 6-2. The Performance of TPS61094 with Supercap Solution at -25degC

Figure 6-3. The Performance of TPS61094 with Supercap Solution at 25degC

6.1.2 Supercap Charging

Figure 6-5. 3.3-V Vout efficiency in boost operation

Figure 6-6. 3.6 V Input efficiency in buck operation

Changes from Revision * (March 2021) to Revision A (October 2021) Page

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