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Determinant Basic Concept

1. A determinant is a unique real number associated with a square matrix that can be used to determine properties of the matrix such as invertibility. 2. The minor of an element in a matrix is the determinant of the submatrix formed by removing the row and column of that element. The cofactor is the minor multiplied by (-1) to the power of the sum of the row and column indices. 3. The determinant of a matrix can be computed by expanding along any row or column and taking the sum of the products of each element and its cofactor.

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96 views12 pages

Determinant Basic Concept

1. A determinant is a unique real number associated with a square matrix that can be used to determine properties of the matrix such as invertibility. 2. The minor of an element in a matrix is the determinant of the submatrix formed by removing the row and column of that element. The cofactor is the minor multiplied by (-1) to the power of the sum of the row and column indices. 3. The determinant of a matrix can be computed by expanding along any row or column and taking the sum of the products of each element and its cofactor.

Uploaded by

Reena Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
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DETERMINANTS

BASIC CONCEPTS AND IMPORTANT :

To every square matrix A = [ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] of order n , 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝜖 𝑅, we can associate a unique real number
caller determinant of matrix A and denoted by det A = |A|

Value of a determinant::
1. 1x1 determinant

2. 2x2 determinant

3. 3x3 determinant
Minors and cofactors
Minor ::
Minor is a determinant of order n , n ≥ 2, then the determinant of order n-1 obtained from the
determinant after deleting ith row and jth column is called the minor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , and it
is, usually denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , where i =1, 2, 3 ….n and j = 1, 2, 3…...n

Cofactor ::
If 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , is the minor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , in the determinant , then the number (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , is
called the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 it is usually denoted by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 , or 𝐶𝑖𝑗
Expansion of a determinant by any row or any column:

The sum of products of elements of any row (or column) of a determinant with their
corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of the determinant.
Let A be a square matrix of order n, then the sum of the product of elements of any
row (or column) with their cofactors is always equal to |A| or, det A
Properties of determinants::

Property 1. If each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is zero, then the value of
determinant is zero.

Property 2. If each element on one side of the principal diagonal of a determinant is zero, then
the value of the determinant is the product of the diagonal elements.

Property 3. The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are
interchanged
Property 4. If any two rows for columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of
the determinant changes by minus sign only.

Property 5 If each element of any (row or columns) of a determinant are identical or


proportional , then the value of the determinant is zero.

Property 6. If each element of any one row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by the
same number k, then the value of the new determinant is k times the value of the original
determinant.
Property 7. If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant consists of a sum of two or
more terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more determinants
whose other rowes (or columns) are not altered.

Property 8. If to each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant be added the equi
multiples of the corresponding elements of one or more rows for columns), then the value of
the determinant remains unchanged.
Property 9. The sum of the products of elements of any row (or column) with the cofactors of
the corresponding elements of some other row for column) is zero.

Property 10. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then |AB| = |A||B|.

Corollary: I𝐴𝑛 | = |𝐴|𝑛


Area of a triangle:
Area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1) (x2, y2) and (x3,y3) is given by
Adjoint of a square matrix::
Let A be a square matrix of order ≥ 2, then the adjoint of A is the transpose of cofactor of
matrix A and it is denoted by adj A

Properties of adjoint :

If A and B are square matrices of same order n , then


(i) adj(AB) = (adjB) (adjA)
(ii) Adj (𝐴𝑡 ) = (𝐴𝑑𝑗)𝑡
(iii) Adj(adjA) = |𝐴|𝑛−2 A
(iv) |AdjA| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 , |A| ≠ 0
(v) |A adjA| = |𝐴|𝑛
(vi) A(AdjA) = |A|I = (adjA)A
Singular matrix
(i) Let A be a square matrix then a is called singular iff |A| = 0 otherwise A is said to be non
singular matrix if |A| ≠ 0

Inverse of a matrix
A square matrix A of order n is invertible of there exists a square matrix of the same order such
that AB = I = BA in such a case we say that the inverse of matrix A is B and we write 𝐴−1 = B
Properties of inverse of a matrix

1. Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse

2. If A is an invertible matrix, then inverse of 𝐴−1 = A

3. A square matrix is invertible iff it is non singular i.e . |A| ≠ 0

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
4. If A is a non singular matrix, then 𝐴−1 = |𝐴|

5. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is also invertible and
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1

6. If A is an invertible matrix, then A’ is also invertible and (𝐴′ )−1 = (𝐴−1)’

1
7. If A is an invertible matrix, then |𝐴−1 | = |𝐴|
Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrix (Matrix Method)
A sysem of linear equations may have a unique solution, or many solutions, or no
solution at all; it has a solution (whether unique or not) the system is said to be consistent. If it
has ne solution, it is called an inconsistent system.
(i) if A is non-singular i.e.|A| ≠ 0, then given system has a unique solution given by X = 𝐴−1B
and system is called consistent.
(ii) If A is singular i.e. |A] = 0, then we calculate (adj A)B.
case 1: If |A|= 0 and (adj A)B = O, then the system is consistent and has infinitely many
solutions
Case 2: If |A|=0 and (adj A) B ≠ O, then the given system has no solution. If system of equations
has no solution then system is called inconsistent.

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