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Natural Gas Engineering Course: by Supervisor

The document defines several key properties of natural gas: - Apparent molecular weight is the sum of the molecular fractions multiplied by the molecular weight of each component. - Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to a reference material (water for solids/liquids, air for gases). - Compressibility factor accounts for changes in volume due to temperature and pressure variations. - Other defined properties include density, specific volume, isothermal gas compressibility, gas formation volume factor, gas expansion factor, and viscosity.

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40 views

Natural Gas Engineering Course: by Supervisor

The document defines several key properties of natural gas: - Apparent molecular weight is the sum of the molecular fractions multiplied by the molecular weight of each component. - Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to a reference material (water for solids/liquids, air for gases). - Compressibility factor accounts for changes in volume due to temperature and pressure variations. - Other defined properties include density, specific volume, isothermal gas compressibility, gas formation volume factor, gas expansion factor, and viscosity.

Uploaded by

abas ali
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

University of Khartoum
Faculty of Engineering Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
Natural Gas Engineering

Natural Gas
Engineering Course

By
Ammar Osman

Supervisor
D/ Quosay A. Ahmed.
1. Classify types of natural gas reservoirs and give a real example for each
type with (location, reserve volume, country, company, production, and any
other relevant information).

Answer

1. Conventional non-associated gas


Example: Urengoy gas field in the northern West Siberia Russia Basin is the
world's second largest natural gas field the gas field has Estimated gas in place
353,000×109 cu ft, the operator company is Gazprom dobycha Urengoy, Current
production of gas 25,152×106 cu ft/d.

2. Conventional associated gas


Example: Ghawar Field located in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Eastern Province, Saudi
Arabia, it is by far the largest conventional oil field in the world, the gas field has
Estimated gas in place 110,000×109 cu ft, the operator company is Saudi Aramco,
Current production of gas 2,000×106 cu ft/d.

3. Shale gas
Example: The Sichuan Basin located in Southwest China, Sichuan, Chongqing,
China, with possible shale gas in place reaching more than 1 trillion cubic metres, the
operator company is Sinopec, Production from the Fuling shale gas field in Sichuan
basin alone last year reached 7.2 Bcm.

4. Tight sand gas


Example: Black Warrior Basin is a geologic sedimentary basin of western
Alabama and northern Mississippi in the United States, geological Survey estimated
a mean of 8.5 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered natural gas, and a mean of 7.6
million barrels of undiscovered natural gas liquids in the Black Warrior Basin,
province U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) National Assessment of Oil and Gas
Project.

5. Coalbed methane
Example: Black warrior Basin.

2. Assess the environmental impacts of natural gas (exploration, production,


processing and utilization) versus the conventional oil.

Answer

When geologists explore for natural gas deposits on land, they may disturb
vegetation and soil with their vehicles. Drilling a natural gas well on land may require
clearing and leveling an area around the well site. Well drilling activities produce air
pollution and may disturb people, wildlife, and water resources. Laying pipelines that
transport natural gas from wells usually requires clearing land to bury the pipe.
Natural gas production can also produce large volumes of contaminated water. This
water requires proper handling, storage, and treatment so that it does not pollute
land and other waters. Natural gas wells and pipelines often have engines to run
equipment and compressors, which produce air pollutants and noise.

In areas where natural gas is produced at oil wells but is not economical to transport
for sale or contains high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (a toxic gas), it is burned
(flared) at well sites. Natural gas flaring produces CO2, carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and many other compounds, depending on the chemical
composition of the natural gas and on how well the natural gas burns in the flare.
However, flaring is safer than releasing natural gas into the air and results in lower
overall greenhouse gas emissions because CO2 is not as strong a greenhouse gas
as methane.

Substantial quantities of toxic and non-toxic waste are generated during the
extraction, refinement, and transportation stages of oil and gas. Some industry by-
products, such as volatile organic compounds, nitrogen & sulfur compounds, and
spilled oil can pollute air, water, and soil at levels that are harmful to life where
improperly managed. Climate warming, ocean acidification, and sea level rise are
global changes enhanced by the industry's emissions of greenhouse gases like
carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane, and micro-particulate aerosols like black carbon.

Among all human activities, fossil fuel combustion is the largest contributor to the
ongoing buildup of carbon in the earth's biosphere. The International Energy Agency
and others report that oil & gas use comprised over 55% (18 Billion Tons) of the
record 32.8 Billion Tons (BT) of CO2 released into the atmosphere from all energy
sources during year 2017. Coal use comprised most of the remaining 45%. Total
emissions continue to rise nearly every year: up another 1.7% to 33.1 BT in 2018.

Through its own operations, the petroleum industry directly contributed about 8% (2.7
BT) of the 32.8 BT in 2017. Also, due to its intentional and other releases of natural
gas, the industry directly contributed at least 79 Million Tons of methane (2.4 BT CO2
-equivalent) that same year; an amount equal to about 14% of all known
anthropogenic and natural emissions of the potent warming gas.

Along with fuels like gasoline and liquified natural gas, petroleum enables many
consumer chemicals and products, such as fertilizers and plastics. Most alternative
technologies for energy generation, transportation, and storage can only be realized
at this time because of its diverse usefulness. Conservation, efficiency, and
minimizing waste impacts of petroleum products are effective industry and
consumer actions toward achieving better environmental sustainability.

3. Define the following natural gas properties (in details):

Answer

• Apparent molecular weight


‫ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬،‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺎﻟﺠﺮام ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪• Specific gravity‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻰ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ و اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ و ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑ‬
‫ﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة و‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫‪• Compressibility factor‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة و اﻟﻀﻐﻂ و ﻳﺴﺎوي ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة و اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ و درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪• Density‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة و ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫‪• Specific volume‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ واﺣﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اي اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة و ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫‪• Isothermal gas compressibility coefficient‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺴﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﺎت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪• Gas formation volume factor‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ اي ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺿﻐﻂ و درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ واﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻرض اي ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة و ﺻﻐﻂ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺳﺘﻴﻦ درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺪ و واﺣﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي‬
‫‪• Gas expansion factor‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺮﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻳﺰداد ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز و ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻳﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫‪• Viscosity‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ وﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺴﺄﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻮة اﻛﺒﺮ زادت اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ‬

‫‪4. Use the two-phase diagram and liquid volume diagram to classify‬‬
‫‪reservoirs (oil and gas) and show the pressure-temperature path according‬‬
‫‪to the prospective of production engineering and reservoir engineering‬‬

‫‪Answer‬‬
‫‪Ordinary black oil‬‬ ‫‪Low-shrinkage oil‬‬ ‫‪Volatile crude oil‬‬ ‫‪Near critical‬‬
Retrograde gas-condensate reservoir

Near-critical gas-condensate reservoir

Wet-gas reservoir

Dry-gas reservoir

the prospective of production engineering the pressure and temperature is changing


and reservoir engineering the pressure changes and temperature is constant.

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