Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 20:
Identifying Dependent and
Independent Variables

CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS

Module 20
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 20: Identifying Dependent and Independent Variables
First Edition, 2021

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 Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 20:
Identifying Dependent and
Independent Variables
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. In this module, you will be
introduced to the two types of variables: dependent and independent. Furthermore,
you will learn how to distinguish the two.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define dependent and independent variables; and
2. identify the dependent and independent variables in a sentence or problem.

Are you ready now to study using your ADM module? Good luck and may you
find it helpful.

Before you proceed to the lesson, make sure to answer first the questions in the next
page (What I Know).

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following statements is FALSE about bivariate?

a. It involves one variable.
b. It involves two variables.
c. It deals with causes or relationships.
d. Its two variables are dependent and independent.

2. Which of the following variables depends on other factors, measured and

presumed as the “effect”?
a. bivariate c. dependent
b. constant d. independent

3. Which of the following variables describes something that is stable and

unaffected by other variables you are trying to measure and is presumed the
“cause”?
a. bivariate c. dependent
b. constant d. independent

4. What variable is something that is influenced and affected?

a. bivariate c. dependent
b. constant d. independent

5. Marco believes that health is wealth. That is why as part of his routine, he
jogs every morning. The number of calories he burns during a jog depends on
the distance he jogs. In the given situation, which are the variables?
a. Marco
b. number of calories
c. distance Marco jogs
d. number of calories Marco burns and distance Marco jogs

6. Which of the following concepts is TRUE about dependent and independent

variables?
a. Dependent variable is the one being studied and measured.
b. Dependent variable is the one you do not expect to change.
c. Dependent variable causes a change in independent variable.
d. Dependent variable is the variable the experimenter changes or
controls.

7. In graphing the scatter plot, where do you plot the independent variable?
a. origin b. x-axis c. y-axis d. z-axis

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 8. Andrew knows that through education, he can achieve his dreams. That is
why to support his schooling, Andrew is doing a part-time job. For each hour
of working, he earns Php40. What is the independent variable?
a. Php 40
b. part-time job
c. amount earned
d. hours spent in doing part-time job

9. Jeny and Camille are preparing relief goods to serve at an evacuation center.
The more relief goods they prepare, the more people they will be able to serve.
Which of the following is the dependent variable?
a. Jeny and Camille
b. evacuation center
c. number of relief goods prepared
d. number of people they will be able to serve

10. Suppose a study found that spending time with friends or family decreases
the amount of stress someone is feeling and allows them to perform better on
tests. In the given statement, which represents the dependent variable?
a. total number of tests
b. spending time with friends or family
c. spending stress with friends or family
d. amount of stress someone is feeling

11. Which of the following sentence structures is CORRECT in featuring

dependent and independent variables?
a. Body weight depends on the amount of food intake.
b. The amount of food intake depends on body weight.
c. The number of hours you work out depends on body weight.
d. The number of hours you work out depends on food intake.

12. Which of the following sentence structures is CORRECT in featuring

dependent and independent variables?
a. How far you can drive depends on the weight of the car.
b. The amount of gas you have depends on your driver’s license.
c. The amount of gas you have depends on how far you can drive.
d. How far you can drive depends on the amount of gas you have.

13. If the dependent variable is the plant’s height, which of the following
CANNOT possibly be the independent variable?
a. amount of water provided to the plant
b. type of fertilizer provided to the plant
c. exposure of the plant to classical music
d. amount of sunlight received by the plant

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 14. If the independent variable is the number of minutes spent on watching
Math YouTube videos, which of the following is the best possible dependent
variable?
a. number of likes
b. number of views
c. number of subscribers
d. academic performance in Math

15. If the dependent variable is the speed of goldfish growth, which of the
following can be the independent variable?
a. type of food
b. type of water
c. size of aquarium
d. all of the above

Lesson
Dependent and Independent
1 Variables

It is important to understand variables because they are being studied and

interpreted based on the given data. A study may take into consideration several
variables. These variables may be of many types and levels but in this lesson, you
will be identifying independent and dependent variables in given situations. Check
your readiness for this lesson by answering the following exercises.

What’s In

Recall the Variable!

Encircle the variables in each situation below and determine whether the situation
involves univariate or bivariate data.

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 Univariate or
Statements
Bivariate
1. A researcher looked into the salary/income and civil status
of government employees.

2. The veterinarian listed the weight of the newborn puppies.

3. The school nurse recorded the age and the blood pressure
of the teachers.

4. A vendor keeps track of how much ice candy they sell

everyday versus the daily temperature.
5. A STEM student surveyed Grade 10 students on the
number of hours spent using cell phone and their previous
grade.

Guide Questions:

1. How were you able to differentiate univariate from bivariate data?

___________________________________________________________

2. Which among the statements above may deal with relationship between
variables?
___________________________________________________________

When we are examining bivariate data, the two variables could depend on each other
and one variable could influence another. In this case, try to answer the next activity.

Notes to the Teacher

Check the student’s level of readiness for the next topic. If she/he
did not answer most of the items and the guide questions, you may
provide another activity involving situations with related variables.

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 What’s New

Are You in a Relationship?

Match the pictures in Column A to Column B. Then, answer the questions that
follow.

Column A Column B

____ 1. A.

____ 2. B.

____ 3. C.

____ 4. D.

____ 5. E.

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Guide Questions:

1. How did you match each picture in Column A to Column B? What are the things
you considered?
______________________________________________________________________

2. In general, what do the pictures in Column A and Column B represent?

______________________________________________________________________

3. Suppose you didn’t eat breakfast, what could happen to you?

______________________________________________________________________

4. If you didn’t pass an examination, what could be the reason?

______________________________________________________________________

5. Which situation do you think should happen first before another situation
happens? Explain your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________

In the activity, you were able to identify situations that involve

relationship between two variables, a skill that will be of help in understanding
our next lesson. You can also use your language skills dealing with cause-
and-effect relationship for better understanding. Let’s find out as you go
through the lesson.

What Is It

In the previous activity, you became familiar with bivariate data. Bivariate data
always involve two variables. One of these variables is the dependent variable and
the other one is the independent variable.

What is the difference between the two variables?

Dependent variable depends on other variables or factors. It is something that is

influenced and affected. It is also associated with the word effect or outcome.

Independent variable affects the dependent variable. It is something you have

control over, one which you can choose and manipulate. However, in some cases,
you may not be able to manipulate the independent variable. It is commonly known
as the cause or the reason behind changes.

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For example, the researcher wants to determine the effects of the use of social media
on the academic performance of students in Mathematics.

The bivariate data in the study are the use of social media and academic performance.
Academic performance depends on the use of social media, or we can say that
academic performance is affected by the use of social media. Therefore, independent
variable here is the use of social media and the dependent variable is the academic
performance.

affects
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

use of social academic

media performance

depends on

Independent variables happen first and

y (dependent variable) is the result of x (independent variable).

Let’s have more examples.

Identify the dependent and independent variables in the next statements.

• Taking a nap in the afternoon makes people more relaxed and less irritable
for the rest of the day. If you want to be more relaxed and less irritable, it
depends on the number of hours you take a nap in the afternoon.

affects
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

more relaxed hours taking a

and less nap in the
irritable afternoon

depends on

• Research Title: Math App (Math Tricks) for Improving Fundamental Basic
Skills and Retention of Grade 11 Students of Mapalad Integrated High
School

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Increasing or improving your fundamental basic skills and retention depends on how
you frequently practice or use the Math app called Math Tricks.

affects
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

improving frequency of
fundamental using Math app
basic skills and (Math Tricks)
retention

depends on

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Let’s Connect to Correct!

Connect the dependent and independent variables to form a correct sentence

structure. The first one is given as an example.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable Correct Sentence

Test score depends on the

number of hours
test score number of hours studying for a
studying for a test
test.

1.
kilowatts used in a
electricity bill
household

2.
person’s running time it takes to run a
speed mile

3.
genes they inherit
height of a person
from their parents

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Activity 1.2 It Depends on…
On the table below, you have sets of variables not categorized into dependent and
independent variables. Connect the two variables by using depends on to form a
correct sentence structure.

Dependent variable depends on

Variables
independent variable.

number of
chance of
cigarettes a person 1.
developing cancer
smoke

2.
taking care of our
global warming
natural resources

tardiness, cutting 3.
chance of dropping classes, and
out absenteeism of a
student
4.
educational opportunities for
attainment high-paying jobs

5.
total calories and number of junk
fat foods you eat

Activity 1.3 Identify Me!

Underline the independent variable and encircle the dependent variable.

1. effect of temperature on plant pigmentation

2. effects of fertilizer brand on plant growth

3. effect of brightness of light on a moth being attracted to the light

4. test scores of students and time spent on studying

5. relationship between income and educational attainment of young adult

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Activity 1.4 Put Me in the Box!

Identify the independent and dependent variables in each question stated below.

Independent Dependent
Questions
Variable Variable
1. How does logical thinking develop
critical thinking?

2. What are the effects of Koreanovelas on

the Filipino value system?

3. In what way does collaborative learning

increase communicative competence?

4. To what extent does texting decrease

students’ grammatical competence?

5. What corrupt practices trigger one’s

resignation?

In graphing the scatter plot, independent variable always goes

on the x-axis (horizontal axis) while the dependent variable goes on the
y-axis (vertical axis).

What I Have Learned

Complete the following statements. In nos. 3-4, choose the expression on the
parentheses that best completes the sentences.

1. ________________ data always involve two variables.

2. Bivariate data has ____________ variable and _________________ variable.

3. Dependent variable _________ (depends on, affects) the other variable.

4. Independent variable ___________ (depends on, affects) the other variable.

5. _____________ variable is related with the words “outcome” or “effect”.

6. _____________ variable is linked as the “cause” or the “reason” behind the

changes.

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 What I Can Do

Let’s Search in the Research!

Identify the independent and dependent variables in the given research titles.

Independent Dependent
Research Title
Variable Variable
Example:
Math Minute and Peer Tutoring in Math Minute student’s mastery
Raising the Level of Student’s and peer tutoring in solving basic
operation
Mastery in Solving Basic
of integers
Operations of Integers
1. Organizational Commitment and
Teaching Performance
of Elementary Teachers in Rizal
2. Conceptual, Interpersonal,
and Technical Skills of Bank
Managers: Their Relationship
to Operational Efficiency
3. Increasing Mathematics
Achievement Through
Contextualized and Localized
Materials
4. Impact of Blended Learning
on Student Achievement in Social
Studies
5. Effectiveness of Exposing
Students to Classical Music
on Reading Comprehension

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What do you call a data that involves two variables?
a. bivariate c. dependent
b. constant d. independent

2. Which of the following variables describes something that is already there and
is fixed, one that you would like to evaluate with respect to how it affects
something else?
a. bivariate c. dependent
b. constant d. independent

3. Which of the following variables may change or vary and can be considered as
the outcome?
a. bivariate c. dependent
b. constant d. independent

4. Changes in the ________ variable cause changes in the _________ variable.

a. constant; independent c. independent; dependent
b. dependent; independent d. independent; independent

5. As a person’s exposure to sunlight increases, his or her chance of developing

cancer increases. In the given findings, which are the variables?
a. person
b. increases
c. exposure to sunlight
d. exposure to sunlight and chance of developing cancer

6. Which of the following concepts below is NOT TRUE about dependent and
independent variables?
a. The dependent variable causes a change in the independent variable.
b. The independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable.
c. The dependent variable is affected by the independent variable.
d. The dependent variable depends on the independent variable.

7. In graphing the scatter plot, where do you plot the dependent variable?
a. origin b. x-axis c. y-axis d. z-axis

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 8. You want to determine which type of fertilizer helps plants grow the fastest,
so you add a different brand of fertilizer to each plant and see how tall they
grow. What is the independent variable?
a. Plants c. how plants grow
b. type of fertilizer d. fruit of the plant

9. Students took a test after they studied either in silence or with the television
turned on. What is the dependent variable?
a. silence c. score on test
b. subject d. television turned on

10. A team from the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is painting
lines on the freeway. The number of hours needed to finish the project depends
on the length of road that needs to be lined. In the given statement, which
represents the independent variable?
a. road
b. length of the road that needs to be lined
c. number of hours need to finish the project
d. Department of Public Works and Highways

11. What would be the independent variable in an experiment testing which paper
airplane design goes the farthest?
a. the paper used
b. the paper airplane design
c. how hard the plane is thrown
d. the distance of each plane’s flight

12. According to a study, the more time people spend using social media, the less
able they are to express themselves in conversation. In the given statement,
which represents the dependent variable?
a. more time for themselves
b. using social media in conversation
c. more time people spend in using social media
d. less able to express themselves in conversation

13. Which of the following sentence structures is CORRECT in featuring dependent

and independent variables?
a. How grass grows depends on the type of soil used.
b. The type of soil used depends on how grass grows.
c. The type of soil used depends on the type of grass.
d. Grass doesn’t grow in any type of soil used.

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14. Which of the following sentence structures is INCORRECT in featuring
dependent and independent variables?
a. The noise level in a classroom is affected by memory retention.
b. The more grams of salt a person consumes, the higher his/her blood
pressure is.
c. If a person eats carrots daily, there will be an improvement in his/her
vision.
d. Eating breakfast in the morning increases academic performance in
Mathematics.

15. If the dependent variable is “increasing the ability to learn in school”, what is
the best possible independent variable?
a. travelling every week
b. taking selfies three times a day
c. eating breakfast in the morning
d. watching television for 12 hours

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 Additional Activities

Give five (5) research proposal titles that involve bivariate data. Identify the
dependent and independent variables in the title.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL TITLES

1. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 Module 20
CO_Q4_Personal Development SHS 17
What’s More
Activity 1.1
1. Electricity bill depends on the kilowatts used in a household.
2. The time it takes to run a mile depends on person’s running speed.
3. Height of a person depends on the genes s/he inherited from his/her parents.
Activity 1.2
1. Chance of developing cancer depends on the number of cigarettes a person
smoke.
2. Global warming depends on how we take care of our natural resources.
3. Chance of dropping out depends on the tardiness, cutting classes, and
absenteeism of a student.
4. Opportunities for high-paying job depends on one’s educational attainment.
5. Total calories and fat depend on the number of junk foods you eat.
Activity 1.3
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
(underline) (encircle)
1. temperature plant pigmentation
2. fertilizer brand plant growth
3. brightness of light moth being attracted to the light
4. time spent on studying test scores
5. educational attainment income
What’s In What’s New
Variables 1. D 4. B
1. ✓ salary/income 2. E 5. C
bivariate 3. A
✓ civil status
2. ✓ weight univariate
3. ✓ age What I Know
bivariate
✓ blood pressure
4. ✓ daily sales of ice 1. A 9. D
bivariate 2. C
candy temperature 10. D
5. ✓ number of hour 3. D 11. A
spend in using 4. C
bivariate 12. D
cellphone 5. D
6. A 13. C
✓ previous grade
7. B 14. D
8. D 15. D
Answer Key
 Module 20
CO_Q4_Personal Development SHS 18
Assessment Additional Activity
1. A Research titles may vary. Make sure there is
2. D bivariate data involved.
3. C
4. C
5. D What I Can do
6. A Let’s Search in the Research!
7. C Independent Variable Dependent Variable
8. B
1 organizational teaching
9. C
commitment performance
10.B
2 conceptual,
11.B operational efficiency
interpersonal,
12.D technical skills
13.A 3 contextualized and
14.A achievement
localized materials
15.C 4 blended learning student achievement
5 exposing students to reading
classical music comprehension
What I Have Learned What’s More
1. bivariate Activity 1.4
2. independent; dependent
Independent Dependent
3. depends
Variable Variable
4. affects
1 logical thinking critical thinking
5. dependent
6. independent 2 Filipino value
Korenovelas
system
3 collaborative communicative
learning competence
4 grammatical
texting
competence
5 corrupt practices one’s resignation
References

Books

Albacea, Zita VJ., Mark John V. Ayaay, Isidoro P. David, and Imelda E. De Mesa.
Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City:
Commision on Higher Education, 2016.

Caraan, Avelino Jr S. Introduction to Statistics & Probability: Modular Approach.

Mandaluyong City: Jose Rizal University Press, 2011.

De Guzman, Danilo. Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc,
2017.
Punzalan, Joyce Raymond B. Senior High School Statistics and Probability. Malaysia:
Oxford Publishing, 2018.
Sirug, Winston S. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School CORE Subject A
Comprehensive Approach K to 12 Curriculum Compliant. Manila: Mindshapers
Co., Inc., 2017.
Ubarro, Arvie D., Josephine Lorenzo S. Tan, Renato Guerrero, Simon L. Chua, and
Roderick V. Baluca. Soaring 21st Century Mathematics Precalculus. Quezon City,
Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House Inc., 2016.

Online Resources
Carpentieri, Danielle. “Grades 7-8 Independent and Dependent Variables.”
Accessed May 20, 2020.
https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=
middle_math.

Khan Academy. “Dependent and Independent Variables Review.” Accessed January

21, 2019. https://www.Khanacademy.Org/Math/Pre-Algebra/Pre-Algebra-
Equations Expressions/Pre-Algebra-Dependent-Independent/A/Dependent-
And-Independent-Variables-Review
Northern Arizona University. “Understanding Variables.” Accessed January 25,
2019.
http://Jan.Ucc.Nau.Edu/~Mid/Edr610/Class/Variables/Variables/Lesson3-
1-1.Html
Sarikas, Christine. “Independent And Dependent Variables: Which Is Which?”
Accessed January 23, 2019. https://Blog.Prepscholar.Com/Independent-
And-Dependent-Variables
Virginia Department of Education. “Independent and Dependent Variables.”
Accessed May 20, 2020.
http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/solsearch/sol/math/8/mess_8-17.pdf.

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