DESIGN OF STEEL

STRUCTURES

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 401
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
MODULE 3
CONTENTS (10 hrs)
Compression members- design of struts- solid and built up columns for
axial loads- design of lacings and battens-column bases- slab base –
gusseted base

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Module 3 : Lecture 1

Topics
• Compression members
• Design of struts

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Compression members
• A structural member which is straight and is subjected to compressive forces along
its axis is termed as a compression member.

Types of compression members

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• Column
• Stanchion
• Principal rafter
• Strut
• Boom

• Compression members – short, long, intermediate 4

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Strut Rafter
Compression members
Columns and stanchion
• The vertical compressive member in RCC buildings is generally termed as column
whereas for steel building it is called stanchion.

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Strut
• The compressive member in a roof truss or bracing is called as strut

Principal rafter
• Top chord member in roof truss

Boom 6
• The principal compression member in a crane is called boom.
Modes of failure of a column

• Squashing
• Local buckling
• Overall flexural buckling
• Torsional buckling

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• Flexural-torsional buckling

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Modes of failure of a column

Squashing
• If the length of the compression member is relatively small, then the column will
be able to attain its full strength or ‘squash load’
• Squash load = yield strength x cross sectional area

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Local buckling
• The individual elements of a compressive member such as web, flange etc. may
buckle locally. This is known as local buckling

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Modes of failure of a column

Flexural buckling
• It is the deflection caused by bending or flexure about the
axis corresponding to the largest slenderness ratio.
• This is usually the minor principal axis- the one with

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smallest radius of gyration.
• Compression members with any type of cross sectional
configuration can fail in this manner.

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Modes of failure of a column

Torsional buckling
• In flexural buckling, the sections displace from their original position
but translation without any rotation.
• Thin wall members with open cross-sectional shape are sometimes

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weak in torsion and hence may buckle by twisting rather than bending.
• Torsional buckling occurs when the torsional rigidity of the member is
appreciable smaller than its bending rigidity.
• This type of failure is caused by twisting about the longitudinal axis of
the member.

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Modes of failure of a column

Flexural-torsional buckling
• This type of failure is caused by a combination of flexural buckling and torsional
buckling.
• The member bends and twists simultaneously.

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• Usually occurs in unsymmetrical cross-sections

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Effective length
• The effective length of a compression member is the distance between the
contraflexure points.
• It is derived from actual length and end conditions.
Rotation Translation

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Fixed Fixed

Free Fixed

Fixed Free

Free Free No support 13

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Effective length

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IS 800:2007 PAGE 45

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Slenderness ratio
• The slenderness ratio of a member is the ratio of the effective length to the
appropriate radius of gyration.
𝑘𝐿
• 𝜆=
𝑅

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• To minimize steel requirements in column design, the slenderness ratio should be
kept as small as possible.
• The maximum possible slenderness ratio for compression members given in Table 3
IS 800:2007 pg-20

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Various cross-section
• The strength of compression members vary inversely to the slenderness ratio.
• Rods and bars – withstand very little compression when length is more.
Recommended for lengths less than 3 m only.
• Tubular sections are most suitable for small loads and lengths. Eg. Roof trusses and

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bracings
• Single angle sections in general avoided- for long lengths
• Equal angles are more desirable and economical than unequal ones their least radius
of gyration is greater for the same area of steel.
• Built up sections – large structures
• Double angles back to back or facing one another are most suited for trusses

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Various cross-section
• Single angle sections in general avoided- for long lengths
• Equal angles are more desirable and economical than unequal ones their least radius
of gyration is greater for the same area of steel.
• Double angles back to back or facing one another are most suited for trusses

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Various cross-section
• Cruciform or star arrangement of
two angle sections is most effective
(equal radii of gyration in both
directions)
• Back to back channels seldom

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recommended (smaller radius of
gyration)
• Face to face channels recommended
• Built up sections – large structures

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Load carrying capacity of column
Load = stress x area
P = fcd x Ae

where

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• Ae= area of compression member (SP 6)
• fcd = design compressive stress

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Load carrying capacity of column
Step 1: Effective area Ae
SP 6

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Step 2: Buckling class (Table 10)

• IS 800:2007 divides various cross-sections into four buckling classes a,b,c and d
• Table 10 in IS 800:2007

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Load carrying capacity of column
Step 3: Slenderness ratio
𝑘𝐿
𝜆=
𝑅

Step 4: Design compressive stress values corresponding to slenderness ratio

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(IS 800:2007 page-40 to 43)

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Load carrying capacity of column
Step 5: Load carrying capacity or factored load (Clause 7.1.2)

• P = fcd x Ae

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DESIGN OF STEEL
STRUCTURES

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 401
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
MODULE 3
CONTENTS (10 hrs)
Compression members- design of struts- solid and built up columns for
axial loads- Design of lacings and battens- column bases- slab base –
gusseted base

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
2
Lacings

• Flat or angle sections are normally used

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parallel, at a correct distance apart and to
equalize the stress distribution between
its various parts.
• Single or double lacings can be provided
and are designed as compression
members.
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Batten
• Battens are plates or any other rolled sections used
to connect the main components of compression
members.
• Battens should be placed opposite to each other on
the two parallel faces and should be spaced and

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proportioned uniformly throughout.
• Battens provided at the ends of columns are called
end battens and all other battens are called
intermediate battens.
• Battened columns have same strength as laced
columns but are uneconomical and used rarely.
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Design of Lacings and

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Battens
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Design of Laced columns

• Design of column section

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• Design of connection between section and lacing bar
• Check for strength of lacing bar

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Design of Laced columns
Design of column section
• Step 1 : Assume Fcd value
• Step 2: Effective area
• Step 3: Selection of section
• Step 4: Actual fcd

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• Step 5: Actual load
• Step 6: Spacing between section

Lacing
• Step 1: Horizontal distance
• Step 2: Vertical distance
• Step 3: length of lacing bar
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• Step 4: Check for spacing of lacing bar (IS 800 Page 50, clause 7.6.5)
Design of Laced columns
Design of lacing
• Step 1: Transverse shear (IS 800 page 50, cl.7.6.6.1)
• Step 2: Thickness of lacing bar (IS 800 page 50, cl.7.6.3)
• Step 3: Width of lacing bar ((IS 800 page 50, cl.7.6.2)
• Step 4: Slenderness ratio of lacing bar (IS 800 page 50, cl.7.6.6.3)

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Design of connection between section and lacing bar
• Shear capacity, bearing capacity
• No. of bolts

Check for strength of lacing bar

• Design of column section

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Design of Battened columns
Design of column section
• Step 1 : Assume Fcd value
• Step 2: Effective area
• Step 3: Selection of section
• Step 4: Actual fcd

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• Step 5: Actual load
• Step 6: Spacing between section

Batten
• Step 1: Horizontal distance
• Step 2: Vertical distance
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Design of Battened columns
Design of batten
• Step 1: Transverse shear (IS 800 page 51, cl.7.7.2)
• Step 2: Moment
• Step 3: size

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• Step 4: End batten (cl.7.7.2.3)
• Step 5: Effective depth

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