Oromia State University

College of Science and

Technology
Department of Information
Technology
Course Name:
Introduction to Emerging Technology
 Chapter 1:
Introduction to Emerging Technologies
In this chapter the following point will discussed:-
Evolution of technology
Role of data for emerging technology,
Enabling devices and networks for
technologies (programmable devices),
Human to Machine Interaction (HCI) and
Future trends of technologies are discussed.
 Evolution of Technologies
Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe
a new technology.
It may also refer to the continuing development of existing
technology.
It can have slightly different meanings when used in different
areas, such as media, business, science, or education.
The term commonly refers to technologies that are currently
developing, or that are expected to be available within the
next five to ten years, and is usually reserved for technologies
that are creating or are expected to create significant social or
economic effects.
Technological evolution is a theory of radical transformation of
society through technological development.
What is the root word of technology and evolution?
Technology:
1610s, from Greek technologies "systematic treatment
of an art, craft, or technique," originally referring to
grammar, from techno - (see techno-) + -logy.
The meaning "science of the mechanical and industrial
arts" is first recorded in 1859.

Evolution:
Evolution means the process of developing by gradual
changes.
This noun is from Latin evolution, "an unrolling or
opening," combined from the prefix e-, "out," plus
volvere “ to roll."
List of some currently available emerged technologies
Artificial Intelligence,
 Block chain,
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality,
 Cloud Computing Angular and React,
Internet of Things (IoT),
Intelligent Apps (I-Apps),
Big Data,
Robotic Processor Automation (RPA).
 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
The Industrial Revolution was a period of major
industrialization and innovation that took place.
An Industrial Revolution at its core occurs when a society
shifts from using tools to make products to use new
sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in
factories.
The Industrial Revolution was a time when the
manufacturing of goods moved from small shops and
homes to large factories.
This shift brought about changes in culture as people
moved from rural areas to big cities in order to work.
 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution…
Industries such as textile manufacturing, mining, glass
making, and agriculture all had undergone changes.
Generally, the following industrial revolutions
fundamentally changed and transfer the world around us
into modern society.
These are:-
The steam engine
The age of science and mass production, and
The rise of digital technology
Smart and autonomous systems fueled by data
and machine learning
 Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)

The industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the late

1770s.

The final cause of the Industrial Revolution was the effects

created by the Agricultural Revolution.

As previously stated, the Industrial Revolution began in

Britain in the 18th century due in part to an increase in
food production, which was the key outcome of the
Agricultural Revolution.
 Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)…
The four types of industries are:
The primary industry involves getting raw materials
e.g. mining, farming, and fishing.

The secondary industry involves manufacturing

e.g. making cars and steel.

Tertiary industries provide a service

e.g. teaching and nursing.

The quaternary industry involves research and

development industries e.g. IT.
 Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)
The Industrial Revolution (IR) is described as a transition to
new manufacturing processes.
It included going from hand production methods to
machines, the increasing use of steam power and the
development of machine tools and the rise of the factory
system.
Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)
It is, also known as the Technological Revolution, began
somewhere in the 1870s.
Included the development of methods for manufacturing
interchangeable parts and widespread adoption of pre-
existing technological systems such as telegraph and
railroad networks. Electricity transmission line
 Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)
Third Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0) introduced the transition
from mechanical and analog electronic technology to
digital electronics which began from the late 1950s.

Due to the shift towards digitalization, IR 3.0 was given the

nickname, “Digital Revolution”.

The factor of this revolution is mass production &

widespread use of digital logic circuits and its derived
technologies such as the computer, hand phones and the
Internet.
 Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
Now, with advancements in various technologies such as
robotics, Internet of Things, additive manufacturing and
autonomous vehicles.

The technologies mentioned above are what you call –

cyber- physical systems.
 Role of Data for Emerging Technologies
Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset since we
are living in the age of big data, and drives or even
determines the future of science, technology, the economy,
and possibly everything in our world today and tomorrow.

Data have not only trigger tremendous hype and buzz but
more importantly, presents enormous challenges that in
turn bring incredible innovation and economic
opportunities.
 Enabling devices and network (Programmable devices)
In the world of digital electronic systems, there are four
basic kinds of devices: memory, microprocessors, logic,
and networks.
Memory devices store random information of database.
Microprocessors execute software instructions to perform
a wide variety of tasks.
Logic devices provide specific functions, including
device-to-device interfacing, data communication, signal
processing, data display, timing and control operations,
and almost every other function a system must perform.
The network is a collection of computers, servers,
mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other
devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of
data.
 Enabling devices and network...
An excellent example of a network is the Internet
Why is a computer referred to as a programmable device?
Because what makes a computer a computer is that it
follows a set of instructions.

A full range of network-related equipment referred to as

Service Enabling Devices such as:-
 Traditional channel service unit and data service unit,
Modems, Routers, Switches, Conferencing equipment,
Network appliances (NIDs and SIDs), Hosting equipment
and servers.
 Human to Machine Interaction
HMI refers to the communication and interaction between
a human and a machine via a user interface.
HCI is the study of how people interact with computers
and to what extent computers are or are not developed for
successful interaction with human beings.
As its name implies, HCI consists of three parts: the user,
the computer itself, and the ways they work together.
The user interacts directly with hardware for the human
input and output such as displays, e.g. through a graphical
user interface.
The user interacts with the computer over this software
interface using the given input and output (I/O) hardware.
 Human to Machine Interaction…
The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users
and computers.
Disciplines Contributing to Human-Computer Interaction
Cognitive psychology: Limitations, information processing
performance prediction, cooperative working, and
capabilities.
Computer science: Including graphics, technology,
prototyping tools, user interface management systems.
Linguistics
Engineering and design.
Artificial intelligence.
Human factors
 Future Trends in Emerging Technologies
Emerging technology trends in 2019 : 4G Networks,
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Autonomous Devices, Block-chain,
Augmented Analytics, Digital Twins, Enhanced Edge
computing and Immersive Experiences in Smart Spaces

Some emerging technologies that will shape the future of

you and your business are Chatbots, virtual/augmented
reality, block chain, Ephemeral Apps and Artificial
Intelligence are already shaping your life whether you like it
or not.
 End of

chapter one
 Chapter 2
Data Science

In this chapter, you are going to learn more about:-

 Data science,
Data vs. information,
Data types and representation,
Data value chain, and
Basic concepts of big data.
 An Overview of Data Science
Data science is a multi-disciplinary field that uses scientific
methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract
knowledge and insights from structured, semi-structured
and unstructured data.
Data science is much more than simply analyzing data.
 It offers a range of roles and requires a range of skills.
What are data and information?
Data can be defined as:-
A representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a
formalized manner, which should be suitable for
communication, interpretation, or processing, by human or
electronic machines.
It can be described as unprocessed facts and figures
 An Overview of Data Science
Whereas information is: -
The processed data on which decisions and actions are
based.
It is data that has been processed into a form that is
meaningful to the recipient and is of real or perceived value
in the current or the prospective action or decision of
recipient.
Furtherer more, information is interpreted data; created
from organized, structured, and processed data in a
particular context.
 Data Processing Cycle
Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data
by people or machines to increase their usefulness and add
values for a particular purpose.
Data processing consists of the following basic steps - input,
processing, and output.
These three steps constitute the data processing cycle.
Input − in this step, the input data is prepared in some
convenient form for processing.
Processing − in this step, the input data is changed to
produce data in a more useful form.
Output − at this stage, the result of the proceeding
processing step is collected.
 Data types and their representation
Data type is simply an attribute of data that tells
the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to
use the data.
Data types from Computer programming perspective
Common data types include:
Integers(int)- is used to store whole numbers,
Booleans(bool)- is used to represent true or false
Characters(char)- is used to store a single character
Floating(float)- is used to store real numbers
Alphanumeric strings(string)- used to store a
combination of characters and numbers
 Data types from Data Analytics perspective
From a data analytics point of view, it is important to
understand that there are three common types of data
types or structures: Structured, Semi-structured, and
Unstructured data types.
Structured Data
Structured data conforms to a tabular format with a
relationship between the different rows and columns.
Common examples of structured data are Excel files or SQL
databases has structured rows and columns that can be
sorted.
 Data types from Data Analytics perspective
Semi-structured Data
Contains tags or other markers to separate semantic
elements and enforce hierarchies of records and fields
within the data. E.g. JSON and XML
Unstructured Data
Unstructured data is information that either does not
have a predefined data model or is not organized in a
pre-defined manner.
Unstructured information is typically text-heavy but
may contain data such as dates, numbers, and facts.
E.g. audio, video files or No- SQL databases.
 Metadata – Data about Data
The last category of data type is metadata.
Metadata is data about data.
It provides additional information about a specific
set of data.
In a set of photographs, for example, metadata could
describe when and where the photos were taken.
The metadata then provides fields for dates and locations
which, by themselves, can be considered structured data.
Because of this reason, metadata is frequently used by Big
Data solutions for initial analysis.
 Data value Chain
It is introduced to describe the information flow within a big
data system as a series of steps needed to generate value
and useful insights from data.
The Big Data Value Chain identifies the following key
high-level activities:
Data Acquisition
It is the process of gathering, filtering, and cleaning data
before it is put in a data warehouse or any other storage
solution on which data analysis can be carried out.
Data Analysis
Concerned with making the raw data acquired amenable to
use in decision-making as well as domain-specific usage.
Data analysis involves exploring, transforming and
modeling data with the goal of highlighting relevant data.
 Data value Chain
Data Curation
It is the active management of data over its life cycle to
ensure it meets the necessary data quality requirements
for its effective usage.
Data curation processes can be categorized into different
activities such as content creation, selection, classification,
transformation, validation, and preservation.
Data Storage
It is the persistence and management of data in a scalable
way that satisfies the needs of applications that require fast
access to the data.
 Data value Chain
Data Usage
It covers the data-driven business activities that need
access to data, its analysis, and the tools needed to
integrate the data analysis within the business activity.
Data usage in business decision- making can enhance
competitiveness through the reduction of costs, increased
added value, or any other parameter that can be measured
against existing performance criteria.
 What Is Big Data?
Big data is the term for a collection of data sets so large and
complex that it becomes difficult to process using on-hand
database management tools or traditional data processing
applications.
In this context, a “large dataset” means a dataset too large
to reasonably process or store with traditional tooling or on
a single computer.
Big data is characterized by 3V and more:
Volume: large amounts of data
Velocity: Data is live streaming or in motion
Variety: data comes in many different forms
Veracity: can we trust the data? How accurate is it? etc.
 Clustered Computing and Hadoop Ecosystem
Clustered Computing
Big data clustering software combines the resources of
many smaller machines, seeking to provide a number of
benefits:
Resource pool: Combining the available storage space to
hold data is a clear benefit.
High Availability: Clusters can provide varying levels of
fault tolerance and availability guarantees to prevent
hardware or software failures from affecting access to
data and processing.
Easy Scalability: Clusters make it easy to scale
horizontally by adding additional machines to the group.
without expanding the physical resources on a machine.
 Clustered Computing and Hadoop Ecosystem…
Hadoop and its Ecosystem
Hadoop is an open-source framework intended to make
interaction with big data easier.

It is a framework that allows for the distributed processing

of large datasets across clusters of computers using simple
programming models.

It is inspired by a technical document published by Google.

 Clustered Computing and Hadoop Ecosystem
The four key characteristics of Hadoop are:
Economical: Its systems are highly economical.
Reliable: It is reliable as it stores copies of the data on
different machines and is resistant to hardware
failure.
Scalable: It is easily scalable both, horizontally and
vertically. A few extra nodes help in scaling up
the framework.
Flexible: It is flexible and you can store as much
structured and unstructured data as you need
to and decide to use them later.
 Big Data Life Cycle with Hadoop
Ingesting data into the system
The first stage of Big Data processing is Ingest.
The data is ingested or transferred to Hadoop from various
sources such as relational databases, systems, or local files.
Sqoop transfers data from RDBMS to HDFS, whereas Flume
transfers event data.
Processing the data in storage
The second stage is processing.
In this stage, the data is stored and processed.
The data is stored in the distributed file system, HDFS, and
the NoSQL distributed data, HBase.
Spark and Map Reduce perform data processing.
 Big Data Life Cycle with Hadoop…
Computing and analyzing data
The third stage is to Analyze.
Here, the data is analyzed by processing frameworks such
as Pig, Hive, and Impala.
Pig converts the data using a map and reduces and then
analyzes it.
Hive is also based on the map and reduces programming
and is most suitable for structured data.
Visualizing the results
The fourth stage is Access, which is performed by tools such
as Hue and Cloud era Search.
In this stage, the analyzed data can be accessed by users.
 End of

chapter Two
 Chapter 3

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

After completing this chapter, the students will be able to
Explain what artificial intelligence (AI) is.
Describe the eras of AI.
Explain the types and approaches of AI.
Describe the applications of AI in health,
agriculture, business and education
List the factors that influenced the
advancement of AI in recent years.
Identify AI research focus areas.
Identify real-world AI applications, some
platforms, and tools.
 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines
"thinking power", or “the ability to learn and solve
problems”.
Hence, Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking
power."
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer
science by which we can create intelligent machines which
can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions.
Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
Knowledge is the information acquired through
experience.
Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure
(training).
 What is Artificial Intelligence…
Intelligence is composed of:- Reasoning, Learning, Problem
Solving, Perception, Linguistic Intelligence.
An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.
An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can
perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon
that environment through effectors.
Need for Artificial Intelligence
To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior
with the capability to learn, demonstrate, and explain and
advice its users.
Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like
humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-
friendly manner.
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
Replicate human intelligence
Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
An intelligent connection of perception and action
Building a machine which can perform tasks that
requires human intelligence such as:- Proving a
theorem, Playing chess, Plan some surgical operation,
Driving a car in traffic, Creating some system which can
exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving,
perception, language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software
Artificial Intelligence requires the following disciplines.
Mathematics, Biology, Psychology, Sociology, Computer Science, Neurons Study, Statistics.
 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems
are prone to fewer errors and high accuracy.
High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and
fast-decision making.
High reliability: highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy.
Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in
situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean
floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital
assistant to users such as AI technology.
Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public
utilities such as a self- driving car.
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
High Cost: The hardware and software requirement
of AI is very costly as it requires lots of maintenance to
meet current world requirements.
Can't think out of the box: as the robot will only do
that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
No feelings and emotions: does not have the feeling
so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment
with humans.
Increase dependence on machines: With the
increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their
mental capabilities.
No Original Creativity: cannot be creative and
imaginative.
 Levels of AI
Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / cArtificial General
Intelligence (AGI)
Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)
Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
This is the idea that development provided by ASI
(Stage 6) leads to a massive expansion in human
capability.
 Levels of AI…
The seven layers of AI maturity
 Types of AI

Based on Capabilities
Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task
with intelligence and it is the most common and currently
available.
Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations,
as it is only trained for one specific task.
Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond
its limits.
General AI:
General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform
any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
The idea behind the general AI to make such a system
that could be smarter and think like a human on its own.
Super AI:
Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which
machines could surpass human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than a human with cognitive
properties.
This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem
solving and creativity.
Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability
include the ability to think, to reason solve the puzzle,
make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its own.
Based on the functionality
Reactive Machines
Is the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence which
do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
Only focus on current scenarios and react on it.
Limited Memory
Limited memory machines can store past experiences
or some data for a short period of time.
These machines can use stored data for a limited time
period only.
Based on the functionality….
Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions,
people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like
humans.
Is still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
Self-Awareness
Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
Will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
These machines will be smarter than the human mind
Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still.
 Applications of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's
society.
 It is becoming essential for today's time because it can
solve complex problems in an efficient way in multiple
industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance,
education, etc.
Following are some sectors which have the application of
Artificial Intelligence:
 AI in agriculture
AI in Healthcare
AI in education
AI in Finance and E-commerce
 Applications of AI…
AI in Social Media - such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,
AI in Travel &Transport - travel arrangements to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the
customers.
AI in the Automotive Industry - Such as Tesla has
introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
AI in Robotics: - Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable
role in Robotics.
AI in Entertainment - entertainment services such as
Netflix or Amazon