Dr.

VITHALRAO VIKHE PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AHMEDNAGAR

Department of Mechanical Engineering
TE Mechanical Subject-302049: Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Practical No. 01

Aim: To study supervised, unsupervised and Reinforcement learning approach.

Objectives:

1. To study different Machine learning model classification.

2. To study supervised, unsupervised and Reinforcement learning.
3. To study key difference between supervised, unsupervised and Reinforcement learning.

Models for machine learning

Figure 1 Different model for Machine learning

In supervised learning, a data set includes its desired outputs (or labels) such that a
function can calculate an error for a given prediction. The supervision comes when a
prediction is made and an error produced (actual vs. desired) to alter the function and
learn the mapping.

In unsupervised learning, a data set doesn't include a desired output; therefore, there's
no way to supervise the function. Instead, the function attempts to segment the data set
into "classes" so that each class contains a portion of the data set with common features.

Finally, in reinforcement learning, the algorithm attempts to learn actions for a given
set of states that lead to a goal state. An error is provided not after each example (as is
the case for supervised learning) but instead on receipt of a reinforcement signal (such as
reaching the goal state). This behavior is similar to human learning, where feedback isn't
necessarily provided for all actions but when a reward is warranted.

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Mechanical Engineering Department

 Dr. VITHALRAO VIKHE PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AHMEDNAGAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
TE Mechanical Subject-302049: Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

[1.] Supervised Learning:

Consider yourself as a student sitting in a math class wherein your teacher is

supervising you on how you’re solving a problem or whether you’re doing it correctly or
not. This situation is similar to what a supervised learning algorithm follows, i.e., with
input provided as a labeled dataset, a model can learn from it. Labeled dataset means, for
each dataset given, an answer or solution to it is given as well .
Supervised learning, as the name indicates, has the presence of a supervisor as a
teacher. Basically supervised learning is when we teach or train the machine using data
that is well labelled. Which means some data is already tagged with the correct answer.
After that, the machine is provided with a new set of examples(data) so that the
supervised learning algorithm analyses the training data(set of training examples) and
produces a correct outcome from labelled data. 

Supervised models can be further grouped into regression and classification cases:
 Classification:A classification problem is when the output variable is a category
e.g. “disease” / “no disease”.
 Regression:A regression problem is when the output variable is a real continuous
value e.g. stock price prediction

For instance, suppose you are given a basket filled with different kinds of fruits. Now
the first step is to train the machine with all different fruits one by one like this:  
 If the shape of the object is rounded and has a
depression at the top, is red in color, then it will
be labelled as –Apple.
 If the shape of the object is a long curving
cylinder having Green-Yellow color, then it will be labelled as –
Banana. 

Supervised learning deals with or learns with “labeled” data. This implies that some data
is already tagged with the correct answer.
Types:-
 Regression
 Logistic Regression
 Classification
 Naive Bayes Classifiers
 K-NN (k nearest neighbors)
 Decision Trees
 Support Vector Machine

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Mechanical Engineering Department

 Dr. VITHALRAO VIKHE PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AHMEDNAGAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
TE Mechanical Subject-302049: Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Advantages:-
 Supervised learning allows collecting data and produces data output from previous
experiences.
 Helps to optimize performance criteria with the help of experience.
 Supervised machine learning helps to solve various types of real-world computation
problems.
Disadvantages:-
 Classifying big data can be challenging.
 Training for supervised learning needs a lot of computation time. So, it requires a lot
of time.

[2.] Unsupervised Learning:

Unsupervised learning is the training of a machine using information that is
neither classified nor labeled and allowing the algorithm to act on that information
without guidance. Here the task of the machine is to group unsorted information
according to similarities, patterns, and differences without any prior training of data.  
Unlike supervised learning, no teacher is provided that means no training will be given
to the machine. Therefore the machine is restricted to find the hidden structure in
unlabelled data by itself. 

For instance, suppose it is given an image having both

dogs and cats which it has never seen. 

Unsupervised learning is classified into two categories

of algorithms: 
 Clustering: A clustering problem is where you want to discover the inherent
groupings in the data, such as grouping customers by purchasing behaviour.
 Association: An association rule learning problem is where you want to discover
rules that describe large portions of your data, such as people that buy X also tend to
buy Y.

Clustering
1. Exclusive (partitioning)
2. Agglomerative
3. Overlapping
4. Probabilistic

Clustering Types:-
1. Hierarchical clustering
2. K-means clustering

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Mechanical Engineering Department

 Dr. VITHALRAO VIKHE PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AHMEDNAGAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
TE Mechanical Subject-302049: Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

3. Principal Component Analysis

4. Singular Value Decomposition
Independent Component Analysis
[3.] Reinforcement Learning:

Reinforcement learning is an area of machine learning concerned with how

intelligent agents ought to take actions in an environment in order to maximize the
notion of cumulative reward.
Types of Reinforcement: There are two types of Reinforcement:

1. Positive –
Positive Reinforcement is defined as when an event, occurs due to a
particular behavior, increases the strength and the frequency of the
behavior. In other words, it has a positive effect on behavior.
a. Advantagesof reinforcement learning are:
i. Maximizes Performance
ii. Sustain Change for a long period of time
iii. Too much Reinforcement can lead to an overload of states which can
diminish the results
2. Negative –
Negative Reinforcement is defined as strengthening of behavior because a
negative condition is stopped or avoided.
a. Advantages of reinforcement learning:
i. Increases Behavior
ii. Provide defiance to a minimum standard of performance
iii. It Only provides enough to meet up the minimum behavior
iv. Various Practical applications of Reinforcement Learning –

 Various Practical applications of Reinforcement Learning – 

 RL can be used in robotics for industrial automation.
 RL can be used in machine learning and data processing
 RL can be used to create training systems that provide custom instruction and
materials according to the requirement of students.

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Mechanical Engineering Department

 Dr. VITHALRAO VIKHE PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AHMEDNAGAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
TE Mechanical Subject-302049: Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Figure 2 Classification of Machine Learning Algorithm

Key Difference between Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement Learning:-

Table 1 Key Difference between Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement Learning:

CRITERIA SUPERVISED ML UNSUPERVISED ML REINFORCEMENT ML

DEFINITION Learns by using labelled Trained using unlabelled data Works on interacting with
data without any guidance. the environment
TYPE OF Labelled data Unlabelled data No – predefined data
DATA
TYPE OF Regression and Association and Clustering Exploitation or Exploration
PROBLEMS classification

SUPERVISION Extra supervision No supervision No supervision

ALGORITHMS Linear Regression, K – Means, Q – Learning,
Logistic Regression, C – Means, Apriori SARSA
SVM, KNN etc.
AIM Calculate outcomes Discover underlying patterns Learn a series of action
APPLICATION Risk Evaluation, Forecast Recommendation System, Self Driving Cars, Gaming,
Sales Anomaly Detection Healthcare

References:-

[1] https://developer.ibm.com/developer/default/articles/cc-models-machine-learning/images/
figure01.png
[2] https://www.aitude.com/supervised-vs-unsupervised-vs-reinforcement/
[3] https://www.javatpoint.com/difference-between-supervised-and-unsupervised-learning
[4] https://www.ibm.com/cloud/blog/supervised-vs-unsupervised-learning

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Mechanical Engineering Department

 Dr. VITHALRAO VIKHE PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AHMEDNAGAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
TE Mechanical Subject-302049: Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

[5] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/supervised-unsupervised-learning/
[6] https://machinelearningmastery.com/feature-selection-with-real-and-categorical-data/
[7] http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/differences-between-supervised-learning-and-
unsupervised-learning/
[8] https://starship-knowledge.com/supervised-vs-unsupervised-vs-reinforcement
[9] https://www.aitude.com/supervised-vs-unsupervised-vs-reinforcement/
[ 10 ] https://www.aitude.com/supervised-vs-unsupervised-vs-reinforcement/
[ 11 ] https://vitalflux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/mind_map_machine_learning_3.jpg

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Mechanical Engineering Department