MG5603 Professional Consultancy in BI and SM
6
Big Data and Artificial
Intelligence in Organisations
Dr. Xia Han
[email protected] Learning Objective
To analyse how AI revolutionises organisations and industries
Questions
ü What is big data and artificial intelligence?
ü What is the role of big data in managing people and innovation?
ü What is the relationship of big data with artificial intelligence?
ü What is the impact of artificial intelligence on organisations?
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Big Data as Management Revolution
Holmes (2017); McAfee & Brynjolfsson (2012)
Defining Cloud Computing
Cloud computing The on-demand delivery of IT resources, such as data storage and
computing power, over the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing (AWS, 2019).
Brunel Business School https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-cloud-computing/
Defining Artificial Intelligence
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE A machine or computer programme that learns how to
perform tasks that require forms of intelligence (learning, reasoning, perception,
language understanding and problem solving) and are usually done by humans.
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MACHINE
LEARNING
Supervised Learning Classification Unsupervised Learning Clustering
The programmer ‘trains’ the system by defining The user provides no desired outcomes or error
a set of desired outcomes for a range of inputs, messages. Learning is driven by the principle that
and providing continual feedback about whether co-occurring features engender expectations that
it has achieved them. they will co-occur in the future.
Card reported stolen or lost?
No Yes
Unusual item purchased? Fraudulent Transaction Cluster A
No Yes Cluster C
Genuine Transaction Customer verified purchase?
No Yes
Fraudulent Transaction Genuine Transaction
Cluster B
Boden (2018); Holmes (2017)
Deep Learning and ANNs
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Made up of many interconnected units
each one capable of computing only one thing.
Brunel Business School Boden (2019)
AI: Language and Computer Vision
Computer Vision: Google AI launched an object detection Natural Processing Language and Natural
competition on Kaggle called the Open Images Challenge Language Understanding: Amazon Echo
Brunel Business School Boden (2018); Holmes (2017)
Big Data vs. Artificial Intelligence
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Artificially Intelligent Organisations
You can’t manage what you don’t measure
Deming & Drucker
§ Decision making is based on evidence rather than intuition.
§ Companies born digital (Google and Amazon) are masters of data.
§ Organizations need to redefine their understanding of ‘judgment’.
Brunel Business School Kolbjørnsrud et al. (2016); McAfee & Brynjolfsson (2012)
Artificially Intelligent Economies
Brunel Business School The Economist Intelligence Unit (2018)
HRIS: The Case of Google
The goal of People Analytics is to “complement
human decision makers, not replace them.”
“The fundamental questions the company is trying to answer include the ideal number
and type of people on a team and how team dynamics impact output”.
Brunel Business School Angrave et al. (2016); Mashable UK (2015)
Big Data, Enterprise 3.0 and Power
“The Panopticon must not be understood as a dream
building: it is the diagram of a mechanism of power
reduced to its ideal form”
Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 1977
§ In the Age of the Smart Machine – Information panopticon (Zuboff, 1988)
§ Weapons of Math Destruction – Big data and discrimination (O’Neil, 2016)
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The Fundamental Types of AI
Brunel Business School Garbuio & Lin (2018)
The Fundamental Types of AI
Brunel Business School Garbuio & Lin (2018)
Artificial Creativity
Combinatorial and exploratory, but not (yet) transformational
It’s easy for AI to come up with something novel just randomly. But it’s very hard
to come up with something that is novel and unexpected and useful.
─
John Smith
Manager of Multimedia and Vision at IBM Research
A science fiction film entirely written by Portrait of Edmond Belamy created Amazon has developed an AI Fashion Designer
an AI bot using neural networks by GEN, Christie’s NY, 2018, $432,500 by using Generative Adversarial Networks
Brunel Business School Boden (2018)
ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
AI and Game-Playing
Deep Blue IBM vs Kasparov (1997)
IBM Watson at Jeopardy (2010) Google DeepMind Challenge (2016)
Brunel Business School Elish & boyd (2017)
The Morality of Artificial Intelligence
Brunel Business School Barocas & boyd (2017)
Conclusion
Big Data and Artificial Intelligence
Big data and analytics as the prerequisites for artificial intelligence
Artificial Intelligence in Organisations
AI may replace information-intensive tasks, so that people could focus on creativity
Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Control in Organisations
The use of data analytics to manage people can create an information panopticon
Morality and Judgement in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
The diffusion of AI and new technology requires trade-offs and human judgement
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References
* Garbuio, M. & Lin, N. (2019). “Artificial Intelligence as a growth engine for health care
startups: Emerging business models”, California Management Review, 61(2), pp.59-83.
* Kolbjørnsrud, V., Amico, R. & Thomas, R.J. (2016). “How artificial intelligence will redefine
management”, Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/ 2016 /11/how-artificial-intelligence-
will-redefine-management.
* Obschonka, M. & Audretsch, D.B. (2019). “Artificial intelligence and big data in
entrepreneurship: a new era has begun”, Small Business Economics. DOI: doi.org/10.1007/
s11187-019-00202-4.
Barocas, S. & Boyd, D. (2017). “Engaging the ethics of data science in practice”,
Communications of the ACM, 60(11), pp.23-25.
Boden, M.A. (2018). Artificial Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Holmes, D.E. (2017). Big Data: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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