Maths Laplace Transforms

UNIT – III
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1. Introduction

A transformation is mathematical operations, which transforms a mathematical

expressions into another equivalent simple form. For example, the transformation
logarithms converts multiplication division, powers into simple addition, subtraction and
multiplication respectively.

The Laplace transform is one which enables us to solve differential equation by use
of algebraic methods. Laplace transform is a mathematical tool which can be used to solve
many problems in Science and Engineering. This transform was first introduced by
Laplace, a French mathematician, in the year 1790, in his work on probability theory. This
technique became very popular when Heavisidefunctions was applied to the solution of
ordinary differential equation in electrical Engineering problems.

Many kinds of transformation exist, but Laplace transform and fourier transform
are the most well known. The Laplace transform is related to fourier transform, but
whereas the fourier transform expresses a function or signal as a series of mode of
vibrations, the Laplace transform resolves a function into its moments.

Like the Fourier transform, the Laplace transform is used for solving differential
and integral equations. In Physics and Engineering it is used for analysis of linear time
invariant systems such as electrical circuits, harmonic oscillators, optical devices and
mechanical systems. In such analysis, the Laplace transform is often interpreted as a
transformation form the time domain in which inputs and outputs are functions of time, to
the frequency domain, where the same inputs and outputs are functions of complex
angular frequency in radius per unit time. Given a simple mathematical or functional
discription of an input or output to a system, the Laplace transform provides an alternative
functional discription that often simplifies the process of analyzing the behaviour of the
system or in synthesizing a new system based on a set of specification. The Laplace
transform belongs to the family of integral transforms. The solutions of mechanical or
electrical problems involving discontinuous force function are obtained easily by Laplace
transforms.

1.1 Definition of Laplace Transforms

Let f (t) be a functions of the variable t which is defined for all positive values of t.

Lets be the real constant. If the integral  e −st f (t )dt exist and is equal to F(s), then F(s) is
0

called the Laplace transform of f (t) and is denoted by the symbol L[f(t)].
Maths Laplace Transform


i.e. L[ f (t )] =  e −st f (t )dt = F[ s]
0

The Laplace Transform of f (t) is said to exist if the integral converges for some
values of s, otherwise it does not exist.

Here the operator L is called the Laplace transform operator which transforms the
functions f (t) into F(s).

Remark: Lim F ( s ) = 0 .
S →

1.2 Piecewise continuous function

A function f(t) is said to be piecewise continuous in any interval [a,b] if it is

defined on that interval, and the interval can be divided into a finite number of sub
intervals in each of which f (t) is continuous.

In otherwords piecewise continuous means f(t) can have only finite number of
finite discontinuities.

Figure 1.1

An example of a function which is periodically or sectional continuous is shown

graphically in Fig 1.1 above. This function has discontinuities at t1, t2and t3.

1.3 Definition of Exponential order

A function f (t) is said to be of exponential order if Lim e − st f (t ) = 0 .

t →

1.4 Sufficient conditions for the existence of the Laplace Transforms

Let f(t) be defined and continuous for all positive values of t. The Laplace
Transform of f (t) exists if the following conditions are satisfied.

(i) f (t) is piecewise continuous (or) sectionally continuous.

(ii) f(t) should be of exponential order.

Maths Laplace Transform

1.5 Seven Indeterminates

0
1. 4. ∞∞ 7. 0o.
0


2. 5. 1∞


3. 0∞ 6. ∞o.

Example

t 2
Check whether the following functions are exponential or not (a) f (t) = t2 (b) f (t) = e

Solution:

(a) f (t) = t2

By the definition of exponential order

Lim e − st f (t ) = 0
S →

 Lim e − st . t 2
t →

t2 
 Lim    which is indeterminate form

t → st
e

Apply L – Hospital Rule

2t 
Lime    which is indeterminate form
t → e S 
st

Again apply L – Hospital Rule.

2 2
 Lim  Lim 2 .e − st = 0 (finite)
2 st
t → S e t →  S

 Lim e − st . t 2 = 0 (finite numbers)

t →

Hence f(t) = t2 is exponential order.

t 2
(b) f (t) = e
Maths Laplace Transform

Solution:

By the definition of exponential order.

 Lim e − st f (t ) = 0
t →

2
 Lim e − st . et  Lim e − st+t = e = 
2

t → t →

f(t) = et is not of exponential order.

2

2. Laplace Transform of Standard functions

1
1. Prove that L[e-at] = where s + a > 0 or s > - a
s+a

Proof:


By definition L[f(t)] =  e − st f(t)dt
0


− st
L[e-at] = -at
 e .e dt
0


−t ( s + a )
=  e dt
0


 − e −( s + a ) 
=  s+a  = s+a e −e 
− 1 − 0

 0

−1
=
s+a

1
Hence L[e-at] =
s+a

1
2. Prove that L[eat] = where s > a
s−a

Proof:


By the defn of L[f(t)] =  e −st f(t)dt
0
Maths Laplace Transform


− st
L[e+at] = at
 e .e dt
0


−( s − a ) t
=  e dt
0


 − e −( s − a ) t 
=  s−a 
 0

=
− 1 −
s−a

e − e0 
1
=
s+a

1
Hence L[eat] =
s−a

− st
3. L(cos at) =  e cos at dt
0


 e − st 
=  s 2 + a 2 (− s cos at + a sin at )
 0

1
= 0− (− S )
s + a2
2

s
=
s + a2
2

e ax
  e ax sin bxdx = [a sin bx − b cos bx]
a2 + b2

e ax
 e cos bxdx = 2 [a cos bx − b sin bx]
ax

a + b2

s
Hence L(cos at) =
s + a2
2


− st
4. L(sin at) =  e sin at dt
0


 e − st 
=  s 2 + a 2 (− s sin at + a cos at )
 0
Maths Laplace Transform

1
= 0− (0 − a )
s + a2
2

a
L(sin at) =
s + a2
2

5. L(cos hat) =
1
2
(
L e at + e −at )
1 1 1  1 s+a+s−a 
=  + +  
2  s − a s + a  2  ( s + a)( s − a) 

s
=
s − a2
2

s
L(cos hat) =
s − a2
2

6. L(sin hat) =
1
2
(
L e at − e −at )
1 1 1 
=  + 
2s−a s+a

1  ( s + a) − ( s − a) 
=  
2  ( s − a)( s + a) 

a
=
s − a2
2

a
L(sin hat) =
s − a2
2


− st
7. L(1) =  e .1 . dt
0


 e − st 
= −s
 0

 1  1
= 0 − =
 −s s

1
L(1) =
s

− st n
8. L(tn) =  e t dt
0
Maths Laplace Transform


 n e − st  n −1  e
− st

( )

= 
 t − s  −  nt  − s dt
 0 0  


= (0 − 0) + n  e − st t n−1dt
s 0


− st n
8. L(tt) =  e t dt
0


 n e −st  n −1  e
− st

( )

= t  −  nt    dt
 − s 0 0  − s 


= (0 − 0) + n  e − st t n−1dt
s 0

=
n n−1
s
Lt ( )

L(tn) =
n n−1
s
Lt ( )
n − 1 n−2
L(tn-1) =
s
Lt ( )

L(t3) =
3 2
s
Lt ( )

L(t )
2
L(t2) =
s

n n −1 n − 2 3 2 1
L(tn) = . . ..... . . .L(1).
s s s s s s

n! n! 1
= n
L[1] = n .
s s s

n! (n + 1)
L(tn) = or
s n+1 s n+1

In particular n = 1,2,3….

1
we get L(t) =
s2
Maths Laplace Transform

2!
L(t2) =
s3

3!
L(t3) =
s4

2.1 Linear property of Laplace Transform

1. L(f(t)  g(t)) = L(f(t)  L(g(t))

2. L(Kf(t)  g(t)) = KL(f(t)

Proof (1): By the defn of L.T


− st
L[f(t)] =  e f (t )dt
0


L(f(t)  g(t)]  e  f (t )  g (t ) dt
− st
=
0

 
− st − st
=  e f (t )dt   e g (t )dt
0 0

= L f (t )  Lg (t )

Hence L[f(t)  g(f)] = L[f(t)]  L[g(t)]

(2) L[Kf(t)] = KL[f(t)]

By the defn of L.T


− st
L[Kf(t)] =  e Kf (t )dt
0


= K  e −st f (t )dt
0

= KL[f(t)]

Hence L[K(t)] = KL[f(t)]

2.2 Recall

1. 2 sin A cos B= sin(A+B) + sin(A-B)

2. 2 cos A sin B= sin(A+B) - sin(A-B)

Maths Laplace Transform

3. 2 cos A cos B= cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)

4. 2 sin A sin B= cos(A-B) - cos(A+B)

1 − cos 2 A
5. sin2A =
2

1 + cos 2 A
6. cos2A =
2

7. sin 3A = 3sin A – 4 sin3 A

8. cos 3A = 4cos3A – 3 cosA

9. sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

10. sin (A-B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

11. cos (A-B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

12. cos (A+B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B

3.1 Problems

1. Find Laplace Transform of sin2t

Solution:

 1 − cos 2t 
L(sin2t) = L 
 2 

1
= L(1 − cos 2t )
2

1 1 s 
=  − 2 
2 s s + 4

2. Find L(cos3t)

Solution:

We know that cos3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos A

3 1
hence cos2A = cos A + cos 3 A
4 4
Maths Laplace Transform

1
L(cos2t) = L(3 cos t + cos 3t )
4

1  3s s 
=  2 + 2 
4  s +1 s + 9 

3. Find L(sin 3t cos t)

Solution:

We know that sin A cos B =

1
(sin( A + B) + sin( A − B))
2

1
hence sin 3t cos t = (sin 4t + sin 2t )
2

1
L(sin 3t cos t) = L(sin 4t + sin 2t )
2

1 4 2 
=  2 + 2 
2  s + 16 s + 4 

2 1
= + 2
s + 16 s + 4
2

4. Find L(sin t sin 2t sin 3t)

Solution:

1
We know that sin t sin 2t sin 3t = sin t (cos t – cos 5t)
2

1 1
= sin t cos t − (sin t cos 5t )
2 2

1 1
= sin 2t cos 2t − (sin 6t − sin 4t )
4 4

1
L(sin t sin 2t sin 3t) = L(sin 2t + sin 4t − sin 6t )
4

1 2 4 6 
=  + 2 − 2 
4  s + 4 s + 16 s 36 
2
Maths Laplace Transform

5. Find L(1 + e-3t – 5e4t)

Solution:

L[1+e-3t – 5e4t] = L[1] L[e-3t] + 5L (e4t]

1 1 5
= + −
s s+3 s−4

6. Find L(3 + e6t + sin2t – 5 cos 3t)

Solution:

L(3 + e6t + sin 2t – 5 cos 3t) = 3L(1) + L(e6t) + L(sin 2t) – 5L(cos 3t)

1 1 2 5s
= 3. + + 2 − 2
s s−6 s +4 s +9

7. Find L(sin (2t + 3))

Solution:

L(sin(2t + 3)) = L(sin 2t cos 3 + sin 3 cos 2t)

= cos 3L (sin 2t) + sin 3L(cos 2t)

2 s
= cos 3 + sin 3 2
s +4
2
s +4

8. Find L(sin 4t + 3 sin h2t – 4 cos h5t + e-5t)

Solution:

L(sin 4t + 3 sin h2t – 4 cos h5t + e-5t)

= L(sin 4t) + 3L (sin h2t) – 4L (cos h5t) + L(e-5t)

4 2 s 1
= + 3. 2 − 4. 2 +
s + 16
2
s −4 s − 25 s + 5

4 6 4s 1
= + 2 − 2 +
s + 16 s − 4 s − 25 s + 5
2

9. Find L((1 + t)2)

Solution:

L((1 + t)2) = L(1 + 2t + t2)

Maths Laplace Transform

= L(1) + 2L(t) + L(t2)

1 1 2!
= + 2. 2 + 3
s s s

sin t 0  t  
10. Find the Laplace Transform f(t) = 
 0 t 

Solution:

By definition,


− st
L(f(t)) =  e f (t )dt
0

 
− st − st
=  e f (t )dt +  e f (t )dt
0 

 
− st − st
=  e sin t dt +  e (0)dt
0 


− st
=  e sin t dt
0


 e −st  e ax
=  (− s sin − cos t )   e ax sin bx dx = (sin bx − b cos bx)
 (− s) + 1 a2 + b2
2 2
0

e − s e0
= ( − s sin  − cos  ) − (0 − 1)
s2 + 1 s2 + 1

e − s 1
= (1) + 2
s +1
2
s +1

=
1
s +1
2
(
e − s + 1 )

e t 0  t 1
11. Find the Laplace Transform f(t) = 
0 t 1

Solution:


− st
By definition, L(f(t)) =  e f (t )dt
0
Maths Laplace Transform

1 
− st − st
=  e f (t )dt +  e f (t )dt
0 1

1 
− st t − st
=  e e dt +  e 0 dt
0 1

1
(− st +1)t
=  e dt
0

1
 e (1− s ) t 
=  1− s 
 0

=
1
1− s
e1−s − 1 ( )
3.2 Note


1. (n+1) =  x n e − x dx (By definition)
0

(n+1) = n!, n = 1,2,3,…

(n+1) = n(n), n> 0

 1 
12. Find L + t 3/ 2 
 t 

Solution:

 1 
L + t 3/ 2  = L(t-1/2) + L(t3/2)
 t 

=
(
 − 1 +1  3 +1
2 + 2
) ( )
1 3
− +1 +1
s 2 s2

=
1 ( 2 ) + 3 . 1 (1 2 )
1
s 2 2 2 s 52

 3 
= +
s 4 s 52
Maths Laplace Transform

4. First Shifting Theorem (First translation)

1. If L(f(t)) = F(s). then L(e-at f(t)) = F (s+a)

Proof


− st
By definition, L[f(t)] =  e f (t )dt
0


− st − at
L[e-atf(t)] =  e . e f (t )dt
0


−t ( s + a )
=  e f (t )dt
0

= F (s + a)

Hence L[e-at f(t)] = F(s+a)

4.1 Corollary: L(eat f(t)) = F(s-a)

4.2 Note

1. L(e-atf(t)) = L[f(t)]s→s+a

= [F(s)]s→s+a

= F (s+a)

2. L(eatf(t)) = L[f(t)]s→s-a

= [F(s)]s→s-a

= F (s-a)

4.3 Problems

1. Find L(te2t)

Solution:

L(te2t) = [L(t)]s→s-2

1 1
=  2 =
 s  s →s − 2 ( s − 2) 2
Maths Laplace Transform

2. Find L(t5e-t)

Solution:

L(t5e-t) = [L(t5)]s→s+1

 5! 
=  6
 s  s→s +1

5!
=
( s + 1) 6

3. Find L(e-2t sin 3t)

Solution:

L(e-2t sin 3t) = L(sin 3t)]s→s+2

 3 
= 2 
 s + 9  s →s + 2

3
=
( s + 2) 2 + 9

4. Find L(e-t cos h4t)

Solution:

L(e-t cos h4t) = L(cos h4t)]s→s+1

 3 
=  2 
 s + 16  s→s +1

s +1
=
( s + 1) 2 − 16

5. Find L(e3t sin2 4t)

Solution:

L(e3t sin2 4t) = L(sin2 4t)s→s-3

 1 − cos 8t 
= L 
 2  s→s−3
Maths Laplace Transform

=
1
(L(1) − L(cos 8t ))s→s−3
2

1 1 s 
=  − 2 
2  s s + 64  s→s −3

1 1 s −3 
=  − 
2  s − 3 (s − 3) + 64 
2

6. Find L(e-2t sin 4t cos 6t)

Solution:

L(e-2t sin 4t cos 6t) = L(sin 4t cos 6t)s→s+2

=
1
(L(2 sin 4t cos 6t ) )s→s+2
2

=
1
(L(sin( 4t + 6t ) + (sin 4t − 6t ) )s→s+2
2

=
1
(L(sin 10t − sin 2t ))s→s+2
2

1  10 2 
=  2 − 2 
2  s + 100 s + 4  s→s+2

1 10 2 
=  − 
2  (s + 2) + 100 (s + 2) + 4 
2 2

7. Find L(e4t (sin3 3t + cosh3 3t)

Solution:

L(e4t (sin3 3t + cosh3 3t) = L (sin3 3t + cosh3 3t)s→s-4

 3 sin 3t − sin 9t 3 cosh 3t + cosh 9t 

= L + 
 4 4  s →s − 4

3 sin  − sin 3 3 cosh  + cosh 3

 sin 3  = , cosh 3  =
4 4

3 1 3 1 
=  L(sin 3t ) − L(sin 9t ) + L(cosh 3t ) + (cosh 9t )
4 4 4 4  s →s − 4
Maths Laplace Transform

3 3 1 9 3 s 1 s 
= . 2 − + . 2 + 
 4 s + 9 4 s + 81 4 s − 9 4 s − 81  s→s−4
2 2

3 3 1 9 3 s−4 1 s−4
= . − + . +
4 ( s − 4) + 9 4 ( s − 4) + 81 4 ( s − 4) − 9 4 ( s − 4) 2 − 81
2 2 2

8. Fine L(cos ht cos 2t)

Solution:

  et + e −t  
L(cos ht cos 2t) =   cos 2t 
 2 
  

1
= L(e t cos 2t + e −t cos 2t )
2

1
= L(cos 2t ) s→s −1 + L(cos 2t ) s→s +1
2

1  s   s  
=  2  + 2  
2  s + 4  s→s−1  s + 4  s→s+1 

1  s −1 s +1 
=  + 
2  ( s − 1) + 4 ( s + 1) 2 + 4 
2

5. Theorem

−d
If L(f(t)) = F(s), then L(tf(t)) = ( F ( s ))
ds

Proof:

Given F(s) = L(f)(t))

differentiate both sides, w.r. to ‘s’

d d
( F ( s)) = ( L( f )(t )))
ds ds

d   −st 
=   e f (t )dt 
ds  0 

  − st
=  e f (t )dt
0 s
Maths Laplace Transform


− st
=  (−t )e f (t )dt
0


= −  tf (t ) −st dt
0

d
( F ( s )) = - L(tf (t ))
ds

−d
 L(tf (t )) = F (s )
ds

or L(tf (t )) = F(s) where F(s) = L(f(t))

similarly we can show that,

( 2
L t f (t ) ) = (−1)
d2 2

ds 2
F ( s)

d3
L(t 3 f (t )) = (−1) 3
F (s)
ds 3

(
In general, L t n f (t ) ) = (−1) n
dn
ds n
F (s)

5.1 Problems

1. Fine L te3t ( )
Solution:

−d
We know that L(tff (t ) ) = L( f (t ))
ds

Here f (t ) = e3t

−d
( )
L te3t =
ds
L e 3t ( )
−d  1 
=  
ds  s − 3 

 ( s − 3)(0) − (1) 
=  − 
 ( s − 3)1 

1
=
( s − 3) 2
Maths Laplace Transform

2. Find L(t sin 3t )

Solution:

−d
L(tf (t )) = L( f (t ) )
ds

−d
L(tf (t )) = L(sin 3t )
ds

−d  3 
=  2 
ds  s +9

( )
 − s 2 + 9 (0) + 3(2s ) 
 
( )
=
 s +9
2 2 
 

6s
=
(s 2
+9 )
2

3. (
Find L t cos 2 3t )
Solution:

−d
(
L t cos 2 3t ) =
ds
L cos 2 3t ( )
− d  1 + cos 6t 
= L 
ds  2 

−1 d
= (L(1) + L(cos 6t ) )
2 ds

−1 d  1 s 
=  + 2 
2 ds  s s + 16 

(
− 1  − 1 s 2 + 16 . 1 − s(2s) 
+
)
( )
=
2  s 2 s 2 + 16
2 


− 1  − 1 16 − s 2 
+
( )
=
2  s 2 s 2 + 16 
2

− 1  − 1 s 2 − 16 
+
( )
=
2  s 2 s 2 + 16 
2
Maths Laplace Transform

4. (
Find L te−2t sin 3t )
Solution:

(
L e −2t (t sin 3t ) = L(t sin 3t ) s→s+2

− d 
=  L(sin 3t )
 ds  s →s + 2

− d  3 
=   2 
 ds  s + 9  s→s + 2

( )
 s 2 + 9 0 − 3(2s) 
 
( )
=
  s→s +2
2
s2 + 9

6( s + 2)
=
((s + 2) 2
+9 ) 2

5. (
Find L te−2t sin 2t sin 3t )
Solution:

(
L te−2t sin 2t sin 3t ) = L(t sin 2t sin 3t )s→s +2

1 
=  2  L(t.2 sin 2t sin 3t )
s →s + 2

1 
=  2  L(t (cos( 2t − 3t ) − cos( 2t + 3t ))) 
s →s + 2

1
=  L(t cos t − t cos 5t ) s→s + 2
2

1 − d d 
=  L(cos t ) + L(cos 5t )
2  ds ds  s →s + 2

1  − d  s  d  s 
 +  
2  ds  s 2 + 1  ds  s 2 + 25  s→s + 2
=

=
( ) ( )
1   s 2 + 1 . 1 − s(2s )  d  s 2 + 25 . 1 − s(2s ) 
− + 
2   s2 + 1 (
2
 )
 ds 
 s 2
+ (
25
2
)

 s →s + 2
Maths Laplace Transform

1   1 − s 2   25 − s 2 
= − + 
( )
2   s 2 + 1 2   s 2 + 25 2 
s →s + 2
( )

1  s2 −1 25 − s 2 
=  + 
( ) (
2  s 2 + 1 2 s 2 + 25 2 
s →s + 2
)
1  (s + 2) − 1 25 − (s + 2) 
2 2

 + 2
( ) (( ) )
=
2  (s + 2)2 + 1 2 s + 2 2 + 25 

6. (
Find L t 2 e −t cos h2t )
Solution:

( (
L e −t t 2 cos h2t )) = (
L t 2 cos h2t )
s →s +1

 d2 
=  (− 1)2 2 L(cos h2t ) 
 ds  s→s+1

 d 2  s 
=  2  2  
 ds  s − 4   s→s +1

=   ( )
 d  s 2 − 4 . 1 − s(2s )  
 ds 
  s 2
− 4
2
( 
  s→s+1 )
d  − 4 − s 2 
( )
=
ds  s 2 − 4 2 
s → s +1

− d  4 + s 2 
( )
=
ds  s 2 − 4 2 
s →s +1

( ) (
 s 2 − 4 2 (2s ) − 4 + s 2 2 s 2 − 4 . (2s ) 
  ) ( )
( )
=
 2
−
2 
 s 4  s→s +1

=

(
 − 2s s 2 − 4

)  s
2
(
− 4 − 2 4 + s 2   )

  (
s2 − 4
4
)

  s→s +1
Maths Laplace Transform

(
 − 2s s 2 − 4 − 8 − 2s 2
 ) 
( )
=
 s2 − 4
3 
  s→s +1

(
 2s s 2 + 12
 ) 
( )
=
 s2 − 4 3 
  s→s +1

(
2(s + 1) (s + 1) + 12
2
)
((s + 1) )
= 3
−4
2

6. Theorem

f (t )  f (t )   − st
If L( f (t )) = F (s) and if Lt exist then L  =  e f (t )ds
t →0 t  t  s

Proof:

By definition, F ( s) = L( f (t )) =  e −st f (t )dt
0

Integrate both sides w.r.t. ‘S’ from S → ∞

  
− st
 F ( s)dt =   e f (t )dtds
s s 0

=    e −st f (t )ds  dt (Changing the order of integration since ‘s’ and ‘t’ are
 


0 s

independent variable)

=  f (t )  e −st ds dt

 

0 s 

  e − st 
=  f (t )dt  
0  − t s

 −1
( 
)

=  f (t )dt  0 − e − st 
0  t 
 f (t )
=  e −st dt
0 t

 f (t ) 
= L 
 t 

 f (t )  
 L  =  L( f (t )) ds
 t  s
Maths Laplace Transform

 f (t )   
Similarly we can provide that L 2  =   L( f (t )) ds ds
 t  s s

 f (t )    
In general L  =     L( f (t )) ds ds  ds

 tn   
s s
 
s
n times
n times

Recall

1. log( AB) = log A + log B

2. log (A B ) = log A − log B

3. log AB = B log A

4. log 1 = 0

5. log 0 = −

6. log  = 

1
7.  dx = log x
x

dx 1 x
8.  = tan −1
a +x
2 2
a a


9. tan −1 () =
2

10. ( a ) = 2 − tan (s a )
cot −1 s −1

Problems

 1 − e 2t 
1. Find L 
 t 

Solutions:

1 − e 2t 0
Lim = (Interminate form)
t →0 t 0

Apply L – Hospital Rule

Maths Laplace Transform

− 2e 2t
Lim = −2
t →0 1

the given function exists in the limit t → 0

 1 − e 2t 
( )

L  =  L 1 − e ds
2t

 t  s

(L(1) − L(e ))ds


2t
= 
s


1 1 
=   − ds
s s s −2

= (log s − log( s − 2))s


  s 
= log  s − 2 
   s

 
    
log  s  = log  1 
=
  s 1− 2
 
(s
) 
 s
1 − 2 
 s s

s
= 0 − log
s−2

−1
 s 
= log  
 s −2

 s − 2
= log  
 s 

 1 − cos at 
2. Find L 
 t 

Solution:

1 − cos at 0
Lim = (Indeterminte form)
t →0 t 0

Apply L – Hospital Rule.

Maths Laplace Transform

a sin at
Lim = 0 (finite)
t →0 1

the given function exists in the limit t → 0

 1 − cos at  
L  =  L(1 − cos at )ds
 t  s


=  (L(1) − L(cos at ))ds
s


1 s 
=   − ds
s s s + a2 
2

=
 1
(
2 
 log s − log s + a 
2
)
 2 s


= 

(
 log s − log s 2 + a 2 ) 1
2 

s


 s 
=  log 
 2 
 s + a s
2


 
 s 
=  log 
 2
s 1+ a 2 
 s s


 
 1 
=  log 
 2
1+ a 2 
 s s

 s 
=  log 1 − log 
 
 s2 + a2 

−1
 s   s   a2 + s2 
= log   = log   = log  
  2   
 s +a   s +a  s
2 2 2
 
Maths Laplace Transform

 e − at − e −bt 
3. Find L 
 t 

Solution:

e − at − e −bt 0
Lim = (Indeterminte form)
t →0 t 0

Apply L – Hospital Rule.

− ae − at + be −bt
Lim =b−a
t →0 1

the given function exists in the limit t → 0

 e − at − e −bt 
( )

L  = −at −bt
 L e − e ds
 t  s


 1 1 
=   − ds
s s +a s +b

= log( s + a) − log( s + b)s


  ( s + a ) 
= log  
  ( s + b)   s


  1 + a / s ) 
= log  1 + b / s 
   s

1 + a / s 
= log 1 − log  
1+ b / s 

s+a
= log 1 − log  
s+b

s+a
= − log  
s+b
−1
s+a
= log  
s+b

s+a
= log  
s+b
Maths Laplace Transform

 cos at − cos bt 
4. Find L 
 t 

Solution:

cos at − cos bt 0
Lim = (Interminate form)
t →0 t 0

Apply L – Hospital Rule

− a sin at + b sin bt
Lim = 0 (finite)
t →0 1

 the given function exists in the limit t → 0

 cos at − cos bt  
L  =  L(cos at − cos bt )ds
 1  s


 s s 
=   − 2 ds
s +a s + b2 
2 2
s

=
1
( 2
)1 2 
 2 log s + a − 2 log s + b 
2 2
( )
s

1 (
s2 + a2  ) 

= 2

log
( )
s 2 + b 2  s

1
 ( 2
s2 1 + a 2 ) 

( )
= log s
2  s 1+
2 b 2

 s2 s


1 ( 2
1+ a 2 ) 

( )
= log s
2 1+ b 2

 s2 s

1
−
(
 s2 + a2
 2
) 
= 
2
log 1 log
(
 s +b
2
) 
(
1  s2 + a2
log 
)
=
(
2  s 2 + b 2 ) 
Maths Laplace Transform

 e at − cos bt 
5. Find L 
 t 

Solution:

e at − cos bt
Since Lim exists
t →0 t

 e at − cos bt 
( )

L  =  L e − cos bt ds
at

 t  s


 1 1 
=   − 2 2 
ds
s s−a s +b 

 1 2 
log( s − a) − 2 log( s + b )
2
=
s

= log( s − a) − log s 2 + b2 

s


  s−a 
= log  2 

  s + b 2  s

 
(
  s 1− a s ) 

= log  
  s 1 + b 2 
2

  s  s

s−a
= log 1 − log
s2 + b2

s−a
= − log
s 2 + b2

 s 2 + b2 
= log  
 s−a 
 

 sin 2 t 
6. Find L 
 t 

Solution:

sin 2 t
Since Lim exists
t →0 t
Maths Laplace Transform

 sin 2 t 
( )

L  = 2
 L sin t ds
 t  s


 1 − cos 2t 
=  L ds
s  2 

1
=  (L(1) − L(cos 2t ) )ds
2s

1  1 s 
=   − 2 ds
2 s  s s + 4


1 1 
= log s − log( s 2 + 4)
2 2 s

=
1
2
 
log s − log s 2 + 4 s 

1 s 
= log 
2 s2 + 4 s


 
1 s 
= log
2 s 1+ 4 2

 s 
s


 
1 1 
=  log 
2 s 1+ 4 2
 s 
s

 
1 s 
=  log 1 − log 
2 1+ 4 2
 s 

1  s2 + 4 
= log  
2  s 
 

 sin 3t cos 2t 
7. Find L 
 t 
Maths Laplace Transform

Solution:

 sin 3t cos 2t 
Lim  exists
t →0
 1 

 sin 3t cos 2t  
L  =  L(sin 3t cos 2t )ds
 t  s

1
=  L(2 sin 3t cos 2t )ds
2s

1
=  L(sin 5t + sin t )ds
2s

1  5 1 
=   2 + 2 ds
2 s  s + 25 s + 1 


1  1 −1 s 
= 5. tan + tan −1 s 
2 5 5 1 s

=
1
2

tan −1 s + tan −1 s
5 1



=
1
2
( ( ) ( ))
tan −1 () + tan −1 () − tan −1 s − tan −1 s
5 1

=
1  
2 2 2
−1
( )
−1 
 + tan s 5 − tan s 1 

( )

=
1
2
( ( )
 tan −1 s 5 − tan −1 s )
 sin at   sin t
8. Find L  . Hence find the value of  dt
 t  0 t

Solution:

sin at
Since Lim exists
t →0 t

 sin at  
L  =  L(sin at ) ds
 t  s
Maths Laplace Transform

 a
=  ds
s s + a2
2


 1 −1 s 
=  a. tan 
 a a s


 −1 s 
=  tan 
 a s

s
= tan −1  − tan −1  
a

 sin at   −1  s 
= L  = − tan  
 t  2 a

Deduction:

By definition


− st sin at  s
 e = − tan −1  
0 t 2 a

Put s = 0, a =1

 sin t 
 dt = − tan −1 (0)
0 t 2


=
2

 cos at 
9. Find L 
 t 

Solution:

cos at 1
Lt = =
t →0 t 0

cos at
 Lt does not exist.
t →0 t

 cos at 
Hence L  does not exist.
 t 
Maths Laplace Transform

 e at 
10. Find L 
 t 

Solution:

e at 1
Lt = =
t →0 t 0

 e at 
 L  does not exist.
 t 

7. Unit Step function (or) heavisides unit step function

0 for t  a
The unit step function about the point t = a is defined as U(t-a) = 
1 for t  1

It can also be denoted by H(t-a)

7.1 Find the Laplace transform of unit step function.

Solution:

The Laplace transform of unit step function is


− st
L(U (t − a)) =  e U (t − a)dt
0

a 
− st − st
=  e 0.dt +  e (1)dt
0 a


− st
=  e dt
a
Maths Laplace Transform


 e − st 
= −s
 a

−1 −
=
s
(
e − e −as )

−1 e − as
L(U (t − a)) =
s
(
0 − e −at =
s
)

e − as
 L(U (t − a)) =
s

8. Dirac delta function (or) Unit Impulse function

8.1 Dirac delta function or unit impulse function about the point t = a is defined as

 1
 Lt at a+h
 (t − a) = h→0 h
 0 otherwise

Find the Laplace transform of Dirac delta function.

Solution:


L (t − a) =  e  (t − a)dt
− st

 1 a + h − st 
− st − st
=  e 0dt + Lt  e dt +  e 0dt
0 h →0 h a a+h

1 a + h −st
= Lt  e dt
h →0 h a

1  − 1 −( a + h ) s
= Lt 
h s
e( ) 
− e −as 
h →0


1  e − as e −( a+h) s 
= Lt
h→0 h
 s s 


= Lt
(
1 e − as 1 − e − hr 0 )
= (Indeterminate form)
h→0 h sh 0

Applying L Hospital Rule.

Maths Laplace Transform

= Lt
(
e − as e − hs s )
= e −as
h→0 s

L( (t − a )) = e − as when a = 0, L( (t )) = 1

8.2 Note

The dirac delta function is the derivative of unit step function.

9. Second shifting Theorem (Second Translation)

 f (t − a), t  a
If L( f (t )) = F (s) and G (t ) =  ,
 0 ta

Then L(G)(t )) = e − as F (s)

Proof:

− st
L(G )(t )) =  e G (t )dt
0

a 
− st − st
=  e G (t )dt +  e G (t )dt
0 a

a 
− st − st
=  e 0 . dt +  e f (t − a)dt
0 a


− st
=  e f (t − a)dt
0

Put t–a=u When t = a, u=0

dt = du t = ∞, u=∞

− st ( u + a )
 L(G(t )) =  e f (u )du
0


= e −sa  e −su f (u )du
0

a
In  e −su f (u )du, u is a dummy variable. Hence we can replace it by the variable t.
0


 L(G)(t )) = e −sa  e −st f (t )dt
0

= e − sa L( f (t ))

= e − as F (S )
Maths Laplace Transform

Another form of second shifting theorem

If L(f)(t)) = F(s) and a> 0 then

L(f(t-a)U(t-a) = e-asF(s) where U(t-a) is the unit step function.

Proof:

We know that by the definition of unit step function.

1 t  a
U (t − a) = 
0 t  a

 f (t − a) t  a
 f (t − a)U (t − a) =  …(1)
 0 ta

Let f(t-a)U(t-a) = G(t)

 f (t − a) t  a
(1) becomes, G (t ) = 
 0 ta

which is precisely the same as the first form of second shifting theorem, as discussed
above

L(G)(t)) = e-asF(s)

9.1 Problems

1. Find the Laplace transform of G(t) , where

  2  2
cos t − 3  if t
G (t ) =    3
 2
0 if t
 3

Solution:

 f (t − a) t  a
We know that by second shifting if L(f(t)) = F(s) and G(t) 
 0 ta

then L(G)(t)) = e-as- F(s) …(1)

 2 
Here f(t-a) = cos  t = 
 3 
Maths Laplace Transform

2
(ie) f(t) = cos t & a … (2)
3

s
L(f(t)) = L(cos t) = … (3)
s +1
2

Submitting (2) & (3) in (1), we get

2
s s
L(G(t)) = e 3
.
s +1
2

2. Find the Laplace transform using second shifting theorem for

(t − a) 3 ; t  a
G(t) = 
 0 ta

Solution:

Here a = 2, f(t-a) = t-2)3

f(t) = t3

3!
L(f(t)) = L(t3) =) = F (s)
s4

L(G)(t)) = e-as F(s)

3!
= e-as
s4

3. Using second shifting theorem, find the Laplace transform of

sin t −  ; t  
G (t ) =  3 3
 0 t 
3

Solution:

Here a =

3
, f (t − a) = sin t −  ( 3
)
f(t) = sin t

L(f(t)) = L(sin t)

1
= = F (s)
s +1
2
Maths Laplace Transform

L(G(t)) = e-asF(s)

− 1
3S
= e .
s +1
2

− 1
3S
= e
s +1
2

10. Change of Scale Property

1 s
If L(f(t)) = F(s), Then L(f)at)) = F 
a a

Proof:


By definition, L(f(t) =  e −st f (t )dt
0


L(f)(at) =  e − st f (a t )dt
0

Put at = y when t = 0, y = 0

adt = dy t = ∞, y = ∞

 dy
−s ( y / a )
L(f(at)) =  e f ( y)
0 a

1  −( s / a ) y
=  e f ( y )dy
a0

1  −( s / a ) y
=  e f (t )dt (Replacing the dummy variable y by t)
a0

L(f(at)) =
1 s
a
F
a
( )
10.1 Corollary

 ( a )
L f t = aF(as)

10.2 Problems

1. Assuming L(sin t). Find L(sin 2t) and L sin t 2 ( )

Maths Laplace Transform

Solution:

1
We know that L(sin t) = … (1)
s +12

1 1
L(sin 2t) =
( )
. Using (1) (Replace S by s/2)
2 s 2 +1
2

1 4 
L(sin 2t) =  
2  s2 + 4 

2
= … (2)
s +42

(
 L sin t )2 = 2 (2s)1 + 1 = 4s 2+ 1
2 2
Using (2) (Replace s by 2s)

s2 −1
2. Give that L(t cos t) =
(s 2
+1 )
2

 t
Find (i) L(t cos at) and (ii) L t cos 
 a

Solution:

s2 −1
(i) Given L(t cos t) =
(s 2
+1 )2

Replacing t by at

L(at cos at)

1
s
a
( )
−1
2

( )
= ( Replacing s by s/a)
a  s 2 + 1
 a 
 

a 4 (s 2 − a 2 )
L(at cos at) =
a 3 (s 2 + a 2 ) 2

a 4 (s 2 − a 2 ) s2 − a2
L(t cos at) = =
a 4 (s 2 + a 2 ) 2 (s 2 + a 2 ) 2

 t s 2 −1
(ii) Given L t cos  =
 (
a  s2 +1 2 )
Maths Laplace Transform

a a
( a
)
 (as) 2 − 1 
Replacing by t , L t cos t = a 
 ((as) 2 + 1)2 
 

 t  a 2 s 2 −1 
L t cos  = a 2   Replace s by as.
 a ( )
 a2s2 +1 2 


11. Laplace Transform of Derivations

Here, we explore how the Laplace transform interacts with the basic operators of
calculus differentation and integration. The greatest interest will be in the first identity that
we will derive. This relates the transform of a derivative of a function to the transform of
the original function, and will allow to convert many initial - value problems to easily
solved algebraic Equations. But there are useful relations involving the Laplace transform
and either differentiation (or) integration. So we’ll look at them too.

11.1. Theorem

If L(f(t)) = F(s) Then

(i) L(f(t)) = sL(f(t)) – f

(ii) L(f(t)) = s2L(f(t)) – sf(0) - f(0)

and in genereal

L(fn(t)) = snL(f(t)) – sn-1f(0) – sn-2f(0)…….fn-1(0)

Proof:

(i) By definition,


L(f(t)) = − st
 e f (t )dt
0


− st
=  e d ( f (t )
0

(e ) ( )
 
− st
= f (t ) 0 −  f (t )d e −st
0


= (0 − f (0)) −  f (t )e − st (− s)dt
0
Maths Laplace Transform


= − f (0) + s  e −st f (t )dt
0

= − f (0) + sL( f (t ))

L(f(t)) = SL(f(t)) – f(0) …. (1) which proves (i)

(ii) Again by definition,


L(f(t))  e f (t )dt
− st
=
0


 e d ( f (t ))
− st
=
0

e  
= − st
f (t ) 0 −  f (t )e −st (− s)dt
0


= 0 − f (t ) + S  e −st f (t )dt
0

= − f (0) + sL ( f (t ))

= sL( f (t )) − f (0)

= s( sL ( f (t )) − f (0)) − f (0) Using (1)

L(f(t)) = s2Lf(t) – sf(0) - f(0) …(2)

Similarly proceeding like this, we can show that

L(fn(t)) = snL(f(t)) – sn-1f(0) – sn-2f(0)…fn-1(0) …(3)

The above results (1), (2) and (3) are very useful in solving linear differential
equations with constant coefficients.

11.2 Note

We have, L(f(t)) = sL(f(t)) – f (0) …. (1)

and

L(f(t)) = s2L(f(t)) – sf (0) - f(0) ….(2)

When f(0) = 0 and f(0) = 0

(1) & (2) becomes

Lf(t) = sLf(t) and Lf(t) = s2Lf(t)

Maths Laplace Transform

This shows that under certain conditions, the process of Laplace transform replaces
differentiation bymultiplication by the factor s and s 2 respectively.

12. Laplace Transform of integrals

Analogous to the differentiation identities L[f(t)] = sF(s) – f(0) and L[tf(t) = -

F(s)are a pair of identities concerning transforms of integrals and integrals of transforms.
These identities will not be nearly as important to us as the differentiation identities, but
they do have their uses and are considered to be part of the standard set of identities for the
Laplace Transform.

Before we start, however, take another look at the above differentiation identities.
They show that, under the Laplace transform, the differentiation of one of the functions,
f(t) or F(S) corresponds to the multiplication of the other by the approprate variable.

This may lead to suspect that the analogous integrations identities. They show that,
under Laplace transform integration of one of the functions f(t) or F(S), corresponds to the
division of the other by the appropriate variables.

Theorem: If L[f(t)] = F(s)then L  f (t )dt  = L[ f (t )]

r 1
12.1
0  s

Proof:

t
Let  f (t )dt =  (t ) …(1)
0

Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘t’

f(t)= (t) …(2)

t
and (0) =  f (t )dt = 0
0

We know that L[(t)] = sL[(t)] - (0)

L[(t)] = sL[(t)] (0) = 0

 L[ f (t )] = sL  f (t )dt 
t
by (1) & (2)
0 

L  f (t )dt  = L[ f (t )]
t 1
0  s
Maths Laplace Transform

Similarly we can prove that

t t  1
L    f (t )dt  = 2 L[ f (t )]
  s

 
t t t  1
 In general L     f (t )dt  = L[ f (t )]
   sn
 n items 

12.2 Note

The above result expresses that the integral between the limits from ‘0’ to ‘t’ is
transformed into simple division by the factor ‘S’ using Laplace transform.

12.3 Problems

Find L e −t  t cos tdt 

t
1.
 0 

Solution:

 t 
L e −t  t cos dt  =  L  t cos tdt 
t

 0   0  s→s +1

1 
=  L(t cos t ) 
s  s→s+1

1 − d 
=   ( L(cos t ))  
 s  ds   s→s +1

 − 1  s 2 + 1 − s (2 s ) 
=   
(
 s  s 2 + 1 )
2 
 s→s +1

 − 1  1 − s 2 
=   2 
 ( )
2 
  s + 1  s→s +1
s

 s2 −1 
=  
( )
 s s2 + 1 2 
  s→s +1
Maths Laplace Transform

 ( s + 1)  − 1 
=  
2 
 ( s + 1)(( s + 1) + 1)  s→s +1
2

s  + 2s
=
( s + 1)( s 2 + 2s + 2) 2

 t sin t 
2. Find L e −t  dt 
 0 t 

Solution:

 t sin t    t sin t 
L e −t  dt  =  L  dt 
 0 t   0 t  s→s +1

 1  sin t 
=  s L t  
   s→s +1

sin t
Since Lim exist
t →0 t

1  
=  s s L(sin t )ds 
s →s +1

1  1 
=  s s s 2 + 1 ds 
s →s +1

=
1
( −1 
)
 s tan s s 
s →s +1

=
1
( −1 −2 
 s tan  − tan (s)  )
s →s +1

1   −1 
=  s  2 − tan ( s ) 
   s→s +1

 1 −1  cot −1 ( s + 1)
=  s cot s  =
s →s +1 s +1
Maths Laplace Transform

t
3. Find the Laplace Transform of  te − t sin tdt
0

Solution:

L(te-t sin tdt) = (L(t sin t))s→s+1

−d 
=  L(sin t ) 
 ds  s→s+1

 − d  1 
=   2  
 ds  s + 1   s→s +1

=  ( )
 s 2 + 1 0 − 2S 


 (
s +1
2 2
) 
 s→s +1

 2s 
=  2 
2 
 ( s + 1)  s→s +1

2( s + 1)
=
(( s + 1) 2 + 1) 2

2( s + 1)
=
s +2s+2
2

 t e −t sin t 
4. Find L  dt 
 0 t 

Solution:

 t e −t sin t  1  e −t sin t 
L  dt  = L 
0 t  s  t 

e − t sin t
Since Lim exist.
t →0 t

1  −t 
=
  L(e sin t ) ds
s s 

1  
=  L(sin t ) ds
s  s  s→s +1
Maths Laplace Transform

1   1 
   ds
s  s  s 2 + 1  s→s +1
=

1   1 
=    ds
 (s + 1) + 1 
2
s s

1   ds 
=   
 ( s + 1) + 1 
2
s s

=
1
s
(
tan −1 ( s + 1) )

s

cot −1 ( s + 1)
=
s

Problems

Find L  e 2t dt 
t
1.
0 

Solution:

L  e 2t dt 
1
( )
t
= L e 2t
0  s

1 1
= .
s s−2

1
=
s ( s − 2)

Find L  sin 3tdt 

t
2.
0 

Solution:

L  sin 3tdt 

t 1
= L(sin 3t )
0  s

1 3
= . 2
s s +9

3
=
s( s + 9)
2
Maths Laplace Transform

Find L  e −2t cos 3tdt 

t
3.
0 

Solution:

L  e −2t cos 3tdt  = L(e −2t cos 3t )

t 1
0  s

1
= L(cos 3t ) s→s + 2 (Using first shifting theorem)
s

1 s 
=  
s  s 2 + 9  s →s + 2

1 s+2 
=  
s  ( s + 2) 2 + 9 

Find L  e −t sin h2tdt 

t
4.
0 

Solution:

L  e −t sin h2tdt  = L(e −t sin h 2t )

t 1
0  s

L(sin h2t )s→s +1

1
=
s

1 2 
=  
s  s 2 − 4  s→s+1

1 2 
=  
s  ( s + 1) − 4 
2

Find L  sin 3t cos 2tdt 

t
5.
0 

Solution:

L  sin 3t cos 2tdt  = L(sin 3t cos 2t )

t 1
0  s

L(2 sin 3t cos 2t )

1
=
2s
Maths Laplace Transform

L(sin 5t + sin t )
1
=
2s

1 5 1 
=  2 + 2 
2s  s + 25 s + 1 

Find L e −3t  t sin 2 t dt

t
6.
 0 

Solution:

L e −3t  t sin 2 t dt = L  t sin 2 tdt 

t t

 0  0  s → s +3

=
1
( 2 
 s L t sin t )
s→s +3

−1 d
= (
2 
 s ds L sin t  )
s →s + 3

 − 1 d  1 − cos 2t 
=  s ds L 
  2   s → s +3

−1 d 
=  2s ds L(1 − cos 2t )
s →s + 3

−1 d  1 s 
=  s ds  s − s 2 + 4 
    s → s +3

=   2 −
( )
 − 1  − 1 s 2 + 4 . 1 − s ( 2 s ) 

 
2 s  s s +4
2
( 2
) 
  s → s +3

+1 +1 4 − s 2 
=   − 
 2s  s
2
( )
s 2 + 4  s→s +3
2

1  +1 4 − ( s + 3) 2 
=  + 
2( s + 3)  ( s + 3) 2 (( s + 3) 2 + 4) 2 

1  4 − (s + 3) 2 
= 
3 

2 
2(s + 3)  2(s + 3)( s + 6s + 13) 
2
Maths Laplace Transform

  t sin 3t cos 2t  
7. Find L e 4t   dt  
 0 t 

Solution:

  t sin 3t cos 2t   1  sin 3t cos 2t 

L e 4t   dt   = L 
 0 t  s  t  s →s − 4

 1  sin 3t cos 2t 
=  s L 
  t  s→s −4

1  
=  s s L(sin 3t cos 2t )dt 
s →s − 4

1  
=  2s s L(sin 3t cos 2t )ds 
s →s − 4

1  
=  2s s L(sin 5t + sin t )ds 
s →s − 4

1   5 1  
=  2 s s  s 2 + 25 + s 2 + 1 ds 
    s→s −4

1  1 −1 s −1 
=  2s  5. 5 tan 5 + tan s 
   s →s − 4

 1  −1 s −1 


=   tan + tan s  
 2s  5  s  s→s −4

1  −1 −1  −1 s  
=   (tan  + tan ) −  tan + tan −1 s  
 2s   5   s →s − 4

 1    −1 s −1 
=  2s  2 + 2  − tan 5 − tan s 
    s→s −4

1  −1 s −1  
=  2s   − tan 5 − tan s 
   s →s −4

1  −1 s − 4 
=   − tan − tan −1 ( s − 4) 
2( s − 4)  5 
Maths Laplace Transform

13. Periodic Functions

Laplace transform of periodic functions have a particular structure. In many

applications the nonhomogeneous term in a linear differential equation is a periodic
function. In this section, we desire a formulafor the Laplace transform of such periodic
functions.

13.1 Definition of Periodic functions

A function f(t) is said to have a period T or to be periodic with period T if for all t,
f(t+T)=f(t) where T is a positive constant. The least value of T>0 is called the period of
f(t).

Example 1

Consider f(t) = sin t

f(t + 2π) = sin(t + 2π)

= sin t

(ie) f(t) = f(t + 2 π)

= sin t

sin t t is a periodic function with period 2π.

Example 2

tan t is a periodic function with period π.

13.2 Laplace Transform of Periodic functions

Let f (t) be a periodic function with period a

f(t) = f(t + a) = f(t + 2a) = f(t + 3a)……


− st
Now L(f(t)) =  e f (t )dt
0

 2a 3a
− st − st − st
=  e f (t )dt +  e dt +  e f (t )dt
0 a 2a

4a
+  e −st f (t )dt + ........
3a

Put in the second integral t = T +a; dt = dT

Maths Laplace Transform

in the Third integral t =T +2a; dt = dT

in the Fourth integral t = T + 3a; dt = dT

When t = a, T=0

t = 2a, T=a

When t = 2a, T=0

t = 3a, T=a

When t = 3a, T=0

t = 4a, T=a

a a
L(f(t)) = − st −as − sT
 e f (t )dt + e  e f (T + a)dT
0 0

a
+ e −2 as  e −st f (T + 2a)dt + ........
0

a a a
− st − sa − st −2 as − st
=  e f (t )dt + e  e f (t + a)dt + e  e f (t + 2a)dt
0 0 0

a
= (1 + e −as + (e −as ) + ...)  e −st f (t )dt
0

( (1 − x) )
a
= (1 − e −as ) −1 +  e −st f (t )dt −1
= 1 + x + x 2 + ...
0

1 a
− st
L(f(t)) = − as
+  e f (t )dt
1− e 0

13.3 Problems

1. Find the Laplace Transform of the square wave given by

E for 0  t  a
f (t ) = 2
−E for a  t  a
2

and f(t+a) = f(t)

Solution:

Given that f (t+a) = f (t)

Maths Laplace Transform

Hence f (t) is a periodic function with period p =a

1 a − st
L(f(t)) =  e f (t ) dt
1 − e −as 0

1  2 −st 
a
a
− st
=   e Edt +  e ( − E ) dt 
1 − e −as  0 a
2 

1  a 2 −st a
− st

=  E  e dt − E  e dt 
1 − e −as  0 a
2 

E  e −st  a 2  e −st  a 
=   −  
1 − e −as  − s  0  − s  a 
 2

=
E
− as
s(1 − e )
( ) (
− e −sa / 2 + 1 + e −sa − e −sa / 2 )

=
E
− as
s(1 − e )
(
1 − e −sa / 2 − e sa / 2 + e −sa )

=
E
− as
s(1 − e )
(
1 − e −2 sa / 2 − e sa )
2
E  − sa

=  1 − e 2 
as  
s(1 − e 2 )(1 + e −sa / )  
−

 − sa 
E 1 − e 
=  2 
s(1 − e −sa / 2 )

E  sa 
= tan h 
s  4

t 0t b
2. Find the Laplace transform of the function f(t) =
2b − t b  t  2b

Solution:

The given function is a periodic function with period 2b

Maths Laplace Transform

1 2b
L(f(t)) = − 2 bs 
e −st f (t )dt
1− e 0

1 b
− st
2b
− st
=  e f (t ) dt +  e f (t )dt
1 − e −2bs 0 b

1 b e −st tdt + 2b e −st (2b − t )dt 

0 
=
1 − e −2bs b


   e −st   e −st  b 
 t   − 1 2  + 
1    − s   s  0 
=  2b 
1 − e −2bs   e −st  e −st  
 ( 2b − 1)  − ( −1) 

−s
  s2 b  

1  − be − sb e − sb e −2bs b −bs − e −bs 

− 2 + 2 + e
1 − e −2bs  s s 2 
=
s s s

1  1 − 2ebs + e −2bs 
=  
1 − e −2bs  s2 

(1 − e −bs ) 2
=
s 2 (1 + e −bs )(1 − e −bs )

1 − e −bs
=
s 2 (1 + e −bs )

 −bs 
 1 − e − bs .e 2 
1  2  
2  
= .
s   −bs
 −bs 
1 + e 2 .e 2
   
   

bs − bs
1 e −e 2 2
= . −bs
s 2 bs2
e +e 2

1  bs 
= tan h 
2
2
s
Maths Laplace Transform

sin t in 0t 
3. Find the Laplace transform of f(s) and f(t+2π) = f(t).
0 in   t  2

Solution:

Given that f (t + 2π) = f (t)

Hence f (t) is a periodic function with period P = 2π.

1 P − st
L(f(t)) =  e f (t )dt
1 − e − sP 0

1  e −st sin tdt + 2 e −st .0dt 

=  
1 − e −2 s  0  

=
1
1 − e − 2 s
 1
( − st
)

 s 2 + 1 e ( s sin t − 1. cos t ) 0 

=
1
.
1
s +1 1− e
2 − 2 s
(
e − s (0 + 1) − 1(0 − 1) )
1 1
= (e −s + 1)
s + 1 (1 − e −2 s )
2

1 1 (1 + s − s )
= .
s 2 + 1 (1 − e −s ) (1 + e −s )

1 1
= .
s + 1 1 − e − s
2

4. Find the Laplace transform of the Half-wave rectifier function

 
sin wt, 0  t  w
f(t) = 
 2
 0, t
 w w

Solution:

 
sin wt, 0  t  w
Given f(t) = 
 2
 0, t 
 w w
Maths Laplace Transform

2  2 
This ia a periodic function with period in the interval  0, .
w  w 

2
1 w
− st
L(f(t)) = −2s  e f (t )dt
0
1− e w

 w 2

1   e f (t )dt +  e −st f (t )dt 
− st
w
= − 2s
0  
1− e w
 w 

 w 2

1   e −st sin wtdt +  e −st .0dt 
w
= −2s
0  
1− e w
 w 


1  e − st (− s sin wt − w cos wt  w
= − 2s  s 2 + w2 
1− e w  0

 −ws 
=
1  e ( w) + w 
− 2s  s 2 + w2 
1− e w
 

=
1 (
w 1 + e − s / w )
−2s
s 2 + w2
1− e w

w (1 + e − s / w )
= .
(1 + e −s / 2 )(1 − e −s / w ) s 2 + w2

w
=
(1 − e − s / w
)s 2
+ w2

5. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function

t, for 0  t  1
f(t) = and f (t + 2) = f (t )
2−t for 1  t  2

Solution:

The given function is a periodic function with period 2.

1 2 − st
L(f(t)) =  e f (t )dt
1 − e −2 s 0
Maths Laplace Transform

1 1 e −st tdt + 2 (2 − t )e −st dt 

0 
=
1 − e −2 s 1


1  te−st e −st   e −st e −st  

1 2

=  − 1. 2  +  +  
1 − e −2 s  − s s  0  − s s 2 1 


1  e − s e − s 1 e −2 s e − s e − s 
=
1 − e −2 s  − s − s2 + s2 + s2 + s − s2 
 

1  1 − 2e − s + e −2 s 
=  
1 − e −2 s  s 2


(1 − e − s ) 2 1  (1 − e − s ) 
= −s −s
= 2  −s 

(1 − e )(1 + e ) s 2
s  (1 + e ) 

=
1 es / 2 − e−s / 2
s e +e
2 s/2 −s /
s
1
= 2 tan h s
2
( )
6. Find the Laplace transform of the function

 
 t, 0t 
f(t) =  2 f ( + r ) = f (t )

 − t , t 
 2

Solution:

1  / 2 −st 

 ( − t )e dt 
− st
L(f(t)) =  te tdt +
1 − e −s  0  /2 

1  te−st e −st  / 2  
e −st e −st  
=  − 2  +  ( − 1) +  
1 − e −s  − s s 0  − s s 2  / 2 


=
 − s / 2  e − s / 2
1  2 e e −s / s 1 e −s 2 s −s / s 
− 2 + 2 + 2 − + 2
1 − e −s  − s s s s −s s 
 

1 1 − 2e − s / s + e − s 
1 − e −s  
=
s2 
Maths Laplace Transform

(1 − e − s / 2 ) 2
=
s 2 (1 − e −s / 2 )(1 + e −s / 2 )

1 − e − s / 2
=
s 2 (1 + e −s / 2 )

7. Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular wave given by

 1, 0t b
f(t) = 
− 1, b  t  2b

Solution:

 1, 0t b
Given f(t) = 
− 1, b  t  2b

This function is periodic the interval (0, 2b) with period 2b.

1 2b
L(f(t)) = − 2 bs 
e −st f (t )dt
1− e 0

1 b e −st f (t )dt + 2b e −st f (t )dt 

=
1 − e −2bs 0 b
 

1 b e −st (1)dt + 2b e −st (−1)dt 

=
1 − e −2bs 0 b
 

1 b e −st dt + 2b e −st dt 
=
1 − e −2bs 0 b
 

1  e −st b  e −st  2b 
=   −   
1 − e −2bs  − S  0  − S b 

1  e − sb 1 e −2 sb e − sb 
+ + −
1 − e −2bs  − S S S 
=
S

1 1 − 2e − sb + e −2 sb 
S  1 − e −2bs 
=


1  (1 − e − sb ) 2 
=  (1 + e −sb )(1 − e −sb ) 
S  
Maths Laplace Transform

1 1 − e − sb
=
S 1 + e − sb

1 (1 − e − sb )e − sb / 2
=
S (1 + e −sb )(e −sb2 )

1 e sb / 2 − e − sb / 2
=
S e sb / 2 + e −sb / 2

1  sb 
= tan h 
S  2

14. Initial value theorem

If L(f(t)) = F(s), then Lt f (t ) = Lt sF ( s )

t →0 t →

Proof:

We know that L[f(t)] = sL[f(t)] – f (0))

Take the limit as S → ∞ on both sides, we have

Lt L( f (t )) = Lt ( sF ( s) − f (0))
s → s →


Lt  e −st dt = Lt ( sF ( s) − f (0)) ( By definition of Laplace Transform)
s → 0 s →


 Lt e −st f (t )dt = Lt ( sF ( s) − f (0)) ( s is independent of t, we can take the
0 s → s →

limit in the L.H.S. before integration)

0 = Lt ( sF ( s ) − f (0))
s →

 Lt sF ( s ) = f (0)
s →

= Lt f (t )
t→0

 Lt sF ( s ) = Lt f (t )
s → t →0

15. Final value Theorem

If L(f(t)) = F(s), then Lt f (t ) = Lt sF ( s)

s → s →0
Maths Laplace Transform

Proof:

We know that L(f(t)) = sL[f(t)] – f (0)

L(f(t)) = sF(s) – f (0)


 e f dt = sF ( s) − f (0)
− st

Take the limit as s → 0 on both sides,


Lt  e −st f (t )dt = Lt ( sF ( s) − f (0))
s →0 0 s →0


 Lt e f (t )dt = Lt ( sF ( s) − f (0)) ( s is independent of t, we can take the limit
− st

0 s →0 s →0

in the L.H.S. before integration)


 f (t )dt = Lt ( sF ( s) − f (0))
0 s →0

( f (t )) 0 = Lt (sF (s) − f (0))

s→0

Lt f (t ) − f (0) = Lt sF ( s ) − f (0)
t → s →0

Since f (0) is n ot a function of ‘s’ (or) ‘t’ it can be cancelled both sides,

Lt f (t ) = Lt sF ( s )
t → s →0

15.1 Problems

1
1. If L(f)(t)) = find lim f (t ) and lim f (t )
s( s + a) t → t→0

Solution:

lim f (t ) = lim sF ( s )
t→0 s →

1
= lim s 
s → s( s + a)

1
= lim
s → ( s + a )

= 0
Maths Laplace Transform

lim f (t ) = lim sF ( s )
t → s→0

1
= lim s 
s →0 s( s + a)

1
= lim
s →0 ( s + a)

1
=
a

2. If L(e-t cos2t) = F(s). Find lim ( sF ( s )) and lim ( sF ( s ))

s→0 s →

Solution:

L(e-tcos2t) = F(s)

(ie)., f(t) = e-t cos2 t

By final value theorem,

lim (sF (s)) = lim (e−t cos2 t ) = 0

s →0 t →

By initial value theorem,

s lim sF (s) = lim (e −t cos 2 t ) = 1

s→0 t →0

3. Verify the initial and final value theorem for the function f (t) = 1 –e-at

Solution:

Given that f(t) = 1 – e-at …(1)

L(f(t)) = L(1-e-at)

1 1
= −
s s +1

1 1
F(s) = −
s s +1

1 1 
SF(s) = s  − 
s s+a

1
= 1- … (2)
s+a
Maths Laplace Transform

From (1), Lt f (t ) = Lt 1 − e − at
t→0 t →0

= 1–1

= 0 …(3)

Lt f (t ) = Lt 1 − e − at
t → t →

= 1–0

= 1 …(4)

s
From (2), Lt sF ( s ) = Lt 1 − =1 … (5)
s →0 s →0 s+a

s
Lt sF ( s ) = Lt 1 −
s → s → s+a

s
= Lt 1 −
s →
(
s 1+ a )s = 0 … (6)

From (3) & (6), we have

Lt f (t ) = Lt sF ( s )
t →0 s →

and from (4) & (5)

Lt f (t ) = Lt sF ( s )
t → s →0

4. Verify initial and final value theorem for the function f (t) = e-2tcos 3t

Solution:

Given f(t) = e-2t cos 3t

L(f(t)) = L(e-2t cos 3t)

= L(cos 3t)s→s+2

 s  s+2
F(s) =  2  =
 s + 9  s→s+2 ( s + 2) + 9
2

s( s + 2) s 2 + 2s
SF(s) = =
s 2 + 4s + 13 s 2 + 4s + 13
Maths Laplace Transform

Lt f (t ) = Lt e −2t cos 3t = 1 …(1)

t →0 t →0

Lt f (t ) = Lt e −2t cos 3t = 0 …(2)

t → t →

s 2 + 2s
Lt sF ( s) = Lt =0 …(3)
s →0 s →0 s 2 + 4 s + 13

s 2 (1 + 2 / s)
Lt sF (s) = Lt =1 …(4)
s→ s→ s 2 (1 + 4 / s + 13 / s 2 )

From (1) and (4), Lt f (t ) = Lt sF ( s )

t →0 s →

From (2) and (3), Lt f (t ) = Lt sF ( s )

t →0 s →0

5. Verify initial and final value theorem for f (t) = t2e-3t

Solution:

f(t) = t2e-3t

L(f(t)) = [L(t2)]s→s+3

 2!  2
= 3  =
 s  s→s+3 (s + 3)
3

2
sF (s) =
( s + 3) 3

Lt f (s) = Lt t 2 e −3t = 0 …(1)

s→0 t →0

Lt f (t ) = Lt t 2e −3t = 0 …(2)
t → t →

2s
Lt sF ( s) = Lt =0 …(3)
s →0 s →0 ( s + 3) 3

2s 2s
Lt sF ( s ) = Lt = Lt
s → s → ( s + 3) 3 s → 0
 3
3

 1 + 
 s

2
= Lt 3
=0 …(4)
s →
 3
s 1 + 
2

 s
Maths Laplace Transform

From (1) & (4)

Lt f (t ) = Lt sF ( s )
t →0 s →

From (2) & (3)

Lt f (t ) = Lt sF ( s).
t →0 s →0

Exercise - 1 (a)

Find the Laplace transform of the following

3s 2 + 2s − 3
1. 5 – 3t – 2 e-t Ans:
s 2 ( s + 1)

12 − 5s
2. 6 sin 2t – 5 cos 2t Ans:
s2 + 4

e5
3. e3t-5 Ans:
s −3

s cos  − w sin 
4 cos(wt+∞) Ans:
s 2 + w2

5. 7e2 t +9e-2t + 5 cos t + 7t3 + 5 sin 3t +2

7 9 5s 42 15 2
Ans: + + 2 + 4 + 2
s − 2 s + 2 s +1 s s +9 s

2( s 2 − 5)
6. sin 2t cos 3t Ans: 2
( s + 1)( s 2 + 25)

− 5s
7. cos h2t – cos h3t Ans:
( s − 4)( s − 9)

2a 2
8. sin2at Ans:
s ( s 2 + 4a 2 )

24 4 1
9. (t2 + 1)2 Ans: + +
s5 s3 s

+ +c 
c a b
10. a + bt + Ans: s
vt s s2
Maths Laplace Transform

48
11. sin32t Ans:
( s + 4)( s 2 + 36)
2

s 2 − 2s + 4
12. (sin t – cos t)2 Ans:
s( s 2 + 4)

s 12
13. cos πt + 4e2t/3 Ans: + 2
s +
2 2
3s

Exercise - 1 (b)

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

6
1. t3e-3t Ans:
( s + 3) 4

s + 10
2. e-2t(cos 4t + 3 sin 4t) Ans:
s − 4 s + 20
2

2 4 4
3. et(t+2) Ans: + +
( s − 1) 3
( s − 1) 2
s −1

2
4. e-att2 Ans:
( s + a)3

1 s +1
5. e-tcos2t Ans: + 2
2 s + 2 2 s + 4s + 10

6
6. e-2t (1- 2t) Ans:
( s + 2) 2

s+2
7. e-2tcos t Ans:
s + 4s + 5
2

1
8. et sin t cos t Ans:
( s − 1) 2 + 4

s +1
9. e-t cos ht Ans:
s + 2s
2

n!
10. eattn Ans:
( s − a) n+1
Maths Laplace Transform

1 1
11. t2 sin h2t Ans: +
( s − 2) 3
( s + 2) 3

1 3 3 
12. sin h2t sin 3t Ans: − 2

2  s − 4s + 13 s + 4s + 13 
2

13. cosh t cos 3t cos 4t

1 s−2 s+2 s−2 s+2 

Ans: − 2 + 2 − 2

4  s − 4s + 53 s + 4s + 53 s − 4s + 5 s + 4s + 53 
2

1 1 1 S −2 S +2 
14. sin h2t sin2t Ans: − − 2 + 2

4  s − 2 s + 2 s − 4s + 8 s + 4s + 18 

15. sin h3t sin 3t sin 4t

1 s+3 s+3 s−3 s −3 

Ans: − 2 + 2 − 2

4  s + 6 s + 10 s + 6s + 58 s − 6 s + 58 s − 6 s + 10 
2

Exercise - 1 (c)

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

s2 − a2
1. t cos at Ans: 2
(s + a 2 ) 2

2a(3s 2 − a 2 )
2. t3sin at Ans:
(s 2 + a 2 )3

24s(1 − s) 2
3. t3 sin t Ans:
(1 − s 2 ) 4

3!
4. t3e-3t Ans:
( s + 3) 4

3 2s( s 2 + 3a 2 )
5. t cos hat Ans:
(s 2 − a 2 )3

1 3 6 6
6. (1+te-t)3 Ans: + + +
s ( s + 1) 3
( s + 2) 3
( s + 3) 4

2a ( s − a )
7. teat sin at Ans:
( s − 2as + 2a 2 ) 2
2
Maths Laplace Transform

1 1 ( s + 1) 2 + 4 + −2(s + 1) 2
8. te-t sin2t Ans: +
2 ( s + 2) 2 (( s + 1) 2 + 4) 2

1  s2 − 9 s2 −1 
Ans:  2 +
2  ( s + 9) 2 ( s 2 + 1) 2 
9. t cos t cos 2t

11 s 2 − 16 
2
Ans:  2 + 2
( s + 16) 2 
10. t cos 2t
2 s

1  4( s − 2) 4( s + 2) 
 + 2
( s + 4s + 8) 2 
11. r cos h2t sin 2t Ans:
2  ( s − 4s + 8)
2 2

1  s 2 − 2s − 8 s 2 + 2s − 8 
+
2  ( s 2 − 2s + 10) 2 ( s 2 + 2s + 10) 2 
12. r cos ht sin 3t Ans:

2(s + 1)( s 2 + 2s − 2)
13. 2 -t
r e cos t Ans:
(s 2 + 2s + 2)3

s 2 + 2s + 2
14. -t
te cos ht Ans:
( s 2 + 2s ) 3

t sin 2t 4s − 8
15. Ans:
e −2t ( s − 4s − 8) 2
2

Exercise 1 - (d)

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions

sin t
1. Ans: cos-1s
t

e 2t − ebt s−b
2. Ans: log
t s−a

e 2t − e −3t s+3
3. Ans: log
t s−2

1 − cos at 1  s2 + aa 
4. Ans: log  2

t 2  s 

sin 2 t 1 s2 + 4
5. Ans: log
t 4 s2
Maths Laplace Transform

sin t sin 2t 1 s2 + 9
6. Ans: log 2
t 4 s +1

e t − cos 2t s2 + 4
7. Ans: log
t s −1

sin 3t cos t 1 s  s 

8. Ans:  − tan −1   − tan −1  
t 2 4  2 

e − t − e −2t s+2
9. Ans: log
t s +1

e − at − e −bt s+b
10. Ans: log
t s+a

cos 4t sin 2t 1  −1  s   s 
11. Ans:  tan   − tan −1  
t 2 2  6 

cos 2t − cos 3t s2 + 9
12. Ans: log
t s2 + 4

sin ht log s + 1
13. Ans:
t log s − 1

1 − e −2t s+2
14. Ans: log
t s

e at − cos bt 1  s2 + s2 
Ans: log  
2  (s − a) 2 
15.
t

Exercise 1 (e)

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

t
t 2 s 2 − 2s + 3
1.  e cos tdt Ans:
0 s( s − 1)( s 2 − 2s + 5)

t 1  s2 −1 s2 − 9 
 t sin t sin 2tdt +
2s  ( s 2 + 1) 2 ( s 2 + 9) 2 
2. Ans:
0
Maths Laplace Transform

t sin ht 1  s + 1
3.  dt Ans: log  
0 t 2  s −1

t 1 3 
 2 
2t
4.  e sin 3tdt Ans:
0 s  s − 4s + 13 

t
−2t 3  s+2 3( s + 2) 
3
 e sin tdt  + 2
( s + 4s + 13) 2 
5. Ans:
0 2s  ( s + 4s + 5)
2 2

t sin 2 t 1 s2 + 4
6.  dt Ans: log
0 t 2 s

t e −t sin tdt
7.  Ans: cot-1(s+1)
0 t

t sin t cot −1 ( s − 1)
8. et  dt Ans:
0 t s −1

t
t 1 2( s + 1)
9.  te sin tdt Ans: .
0 s s 2 + 2s + 2

t s 2 + 2s
10. e −t  t cos tdt Ans:
0 (s + 1)( s 2 + 2s + 2) 2

Exercise - 1 (f)

Find the Laplace transform of the following

1 − 4Se −4 s − e −4 s
1. f(t) = t for 0 <t< 4, f(t + 4) = f(t) Ans:
(1 − e −4 s ) s 2

2.
 t
f (t ) = 
0  t 1 1
and f (t + 2) = f (t ) Ans: 2 tan h s ( )
2 − t 1  1  2 s 2

 1 0  t  a 1  1 + e − as − 2e − as / 2 
3. f (t ) =  2 and f (a + t ) = f (a ) Ans:  
− t a 2  t  a 1 − e −as  s 

sin t 0  t   1 1
4. f (t ) =  and f (t + 2 ) = f (t ) Ans:
 0   t  2
− / s
1− e s +1
2
Maths Laplace Transform

t 0  t  1 1 − e − s ( s + 1)
5. f (t ) =  and f (t + 2) = f (t ) Ans:
0 1  1  2 s 2 (1 − e −2 s )

 0 0t w
 2  2  w
6. f (t ) =   2 f  t + w  = f (t ) Ans:
− sin wt t  ,   ( w + S )(eS / w − 1)
2 2

 w w

1 − e( s + 1)
7. f (t ) = e −t ,0  t  2, f (t + 2) = f (t ) Ans:
( s + 1)(1 − e −2s )

1 0  t 1
8. f (t ) =  given f (t + 2a) = f (t )
− 1 a  t  2a

sin wt 0t 
9. f (t ) = 
 t  2 w
(
w given that f t + 2 = f (t ) )
 0 w w

10. f (t ) = sin wt 0  1  
w
(
f t +
w
) = f (t )
16.1. Definition

If the Laplace transform of a function f (t) is F(S) (ie) L( f (t)) = F(S) then f (t) is
called an inverse laplace transform of F (s) and is denoted by

f (t) = L-1(F(s))

Here L-11 is called the inverse Laplace transform operator.

17. Standard results in inverse Laplace transforms

Laplace Transform Inverse Laplace Transform

1 1
L(1) = L−1   = 1
s s

1  1 
L(e at ) = L−1  =e
at

s−a  s − a 

1  1 
L(e −at ) = L−1  =e
− at

s+a s+a

1 1
L(t ) = L−1  2  = t
s2 s 
Maths Laplace Transform

2!  2! 
L(t 2 ) = L−1  3  = t 2
s3 s 

3!  3! 
L(t 3 ) = L−1  4  = t 3
s4 s 

n!  n! 
L(t n ) = L−1  n+1  = t n
s n+1 s 

where n is a +ve integer

a  a 
L(sin at ) = L−1  2 2 
= sin at
s + a2 s +a 
2

s  s 
L(cos at ) = L−1  2 2 
= cos at
s + a2 s +a 
2

a  a 
L(sin hat ) = L−1  2 2 
= sin hat
s − a2 s −a 
2

s  s 
L(cos hat ) = L−1  2 2 
= cos hat
s − a2 s −a 
2

2as  2as 
L(t sin at ) = L−1  2  = t sin at
2 2 
(s + a 2 ) 2  (s + a ) 
2

s2 − a2  s2 − a2 
L(t cos at ) = L−1  2  = t cos at
2 2 
(s 2 + a 2 ) 2  (s + a ) 

2as  2as 
L(t sin hat ) = L−1  2  = t sin hat
2 2 
(s − a 2 ) 2  (s + a ) 
2

s2 + a2  s2 + a2 
L(t cos hat ) = L  2
−1
 = t cos hat
2 2 
(s 2 − a 2 ) 2  ( s − a ) 

b  b 
L(e at sin bt ) = L−1   = e at sin bt
2 
( s − a) 2 + b 2  ( s + a) + b 
2

s−a  s−a 
L(e at cos bt ) = L−1   = e at cos bt
2 
( s − a) 2 + b 2  ( s − a ) 2
+ b 
Maths Laplace Transform

b  b 
L(e at sin hbt ) = L−1   = e at sin hbt
2 
( s − a) 2 + b 2  ( s − a) + b 
2

s−a  s−a 
L(e at cos hbt ) = L−1   = e at cos hbt
2 
( s − a) 2 + b 2  ( s − a) − b 
2

1  1 
L(te−at ) = L−1   = te−at
2 
( s + a) 2  ( s + a) 

2!  2!  2 −at
L(t 2 e −at ) = L−1  =t e
3 
( s + a) 3  ( s + a) 

18. Properties of Inverse Laplace Transforms

18.1 Linear Property

If F1(s) and F2(s) are Laplace transforms of f1(t) and f2(t) respectively, then

L-1(c1F1(s) + c2F2(s)) = c1L-1(F1(s)) + c2L-1(F2(s)) where c1 &c2are constants.

Proof:

We know that

L(c1f1(t) + c2f2(t)) = c1L(f1(t)) + c2L(f2(t))

= c1F1(s) + c2F2(s)

= [ L(f1(t)) + F1(s) and L(f2(t)) = F2(s)]

c1f1(t)+ c2f2(t) = L-1(c1F1(s)) + c2F(s))

= L-1(c1F1(s)) + L-1(c2F(s))

= c1L-1 (F1(s)) + c2L-1(F2(s))

Problems

 1 s 
1. Find L−1  +s+ 2 
s −3 s −4

Solution:

 1 s   1  −1 −1  s 
L−1  +s+ 2  = L−1   + L (s) + L  2 
s −3 s −4  s − 3  s −4
Maths Laplace Transform

= e3t + 1 + cos h2t

= e3t + cos h2t + 1

1 1 1 s 
2. Find L−1  2 + + 2 + 2 
s s + 4 s + 4 s −9

Solution:

1 1 1 s 
L−1  2 + + 2 + 2 
s s + 4 s + 4 s −9

1  1  −1  1  −1  s 
= L−1  2  + L−1  +L  2 +L  2 
s   s + 4  s + 4  s −9

sin 2t
= t + e −4t + + cos h3t
2

1 2 3s 4 
3. Find L−1  + 2 − 2 + 2 
s s s + 4 s + 16 

Solution:

1 2 3s 4 
L−1  + 2 − 2 + 2 
s s s + 4 s + 16 

1 2  3s  −1  4 
= L−1   + L−1  2  − L−1  2 +L  2 
s s   s + 4  s + 16 

= 1 + 2t – 3 cos 2t + sin 4t

4 2 2 3s 
4. Find L−1  6 − 10 + 2 + 2 
s s s − 9 s + 25 

Solution:

4 2 2 3s 
L−1  6 − 10 + 2 + 2 
s s s − 9 s + 25 

4 −1  5!  2 −1  9!  2 −1  3  −1  s 
= L  6  − L  10  + L  2  + 3L  2 
5!  s  9!  s  3  s − 9   s + 25 

1 5 1 2
= t − t 9 + sin h3t + 3 cos 5t
36 181440 3
Maths Laplace Transform

2 3 2 5 s 
5. Find L−1  5 − 4 + 2 + 2 + 2 
s s s − 3 s + 100 s + 10 

Solution:

2 3 2 5 s 
L−1  5 − 4 + 2 + 2 + 2 
s s s − 3 s + 100 s + 10 

2 −1  4!  3 −1  3!  3 −1  3  5 −1  10  −1  s 
= L  s − L  4 + L  + L  2
 10  s − 100  + L  s 2 + 10 
4!  s  3!  s  3  s − 32
2


1 41 3 1
= t t 3 sin 3t + sin h10t + cos 10t
12 2 2

 5 4s s s 
6. Find L−1  5 + 2 + 2 + 2 
 s − 25 s − 16 s + 9 s − 25 

Solution:

 5 4s s s 
L−1  5 + 2 + 2 + 2 
 s − 25 s − 16 s + 9 s − 25 

 5  −1  s  −1  s  −1  s 
= L−1  2  + 4L  2 +L  2 +L  2 
 s − 25   s − 16   s −9  s − 25 

= sin h5t + 4 cos h4t + cos 3t – cos h5t

 1 
7. Find L−1  
 2s + 3 

Solution:

 1  1 −1  1 
L−1   = L
 2s + 3  2 s+ 3 
 2

1 −3 2 t
= e
2

19. First Shifting Property

(i) If L-1(F(s)) = f(t) then L-1(F(s-a)) = eatL-1(F(s))

Maths Laplace Transform

Proof:

We know that L(f(s)) = f(t) then L-1(F(s-a)) = eatL-1(F(s))

Hence eatf(t) = L-1(F(s-a))

eatL-1(F(s)) = L-1(F(s-a))

(ii) If L-1(F(s)) = f(t) Then L-1(F(s+a)) = e-atL-1(F(s))

Proof:

We know that L(f(f)) = F(s) Then L(e-atf(t)) = F(s+a)

Hence e-atf(t) = L-1(F(s+a))

e-atL-1(F(s)) = L-1(F(s+a))

19.1 Problems

 1 
1. Find L−1  
2 
 ( s + 1) 

Solution:

 1  1
L−1  
2 
= e −t L−1  2 
 ( s + 1)  s 

= e −t t

 1 
2. Find L−1  
 ( s + 1) + 1 
2

Solution:

 1   1 
L−1   = e −t L−1  2 
 ( s + 1) 2
+ 1   s + 1

= e − t sin t

 s −3 
3. Find L−1  
 ( s − 3) + 4 
2
Maths Laplace Transform

Solution:

 s −3   s 
L−1   = e 3t L−1  2 
 ( s − 3) + 4   s + 4
2

= e 3t cos 2t

 s 
4. Find L−1  
2 
 (s + 2) 

Solution:

 s   s+2−2
L−1  
2 
= L−1  
2 
 (s + 2)   ( s + 2) 

 s+2 2 
= L−1  − 
 ( s + 2)
2
( s + 2) 2 

 1   1 
= L−1   − 2 L−1  
2 
 ( s + 2)   ( s + 2) 

= e-2t – 2e-2t . t

= e-2t (1-2t)

 s 3s 
5. Find L−1  + 
 ( s − 1) + 3 ( s + 2) − 5 
2 2

Solution:

 s 3s   s   s 
L−1  +  = L−1   + 3L−1  
 ( s − 1) + 3 ( s + 2) − 5   ( s − 1) + 3   ( s + 2) − 5 
2 2 2 2

 s −1+1   s+2−2 
= L−1   + 3L−1  
 ( s − 1) + 3   ( s + 2) − 5 
2 2

 s − 1  −1  1 
= L−1   + L  
 ( s − 1) + 3   ( s − 2) + 3 
2 2

 s+2   1 
+ 3L−1   − 6L−1  
 ( s + 2) − 5   (s + 2) − 5 
2 2
Maths Laplace Transform

 s  t −1  1  − 2 t −1  s 
= e t L−1  2 +e L  2  + 3e L  2 
 s + 3  s + 3  s −5

 1 
− 6e t L−1  2 
 s −5

 s  e t −1  3 
= e t L−1   + L 
 2 2 
3  s 2 + 3 
2
s + 3 

 s  6 −2t −1  5 
= 3e −2t L−1  + e L 
 2 2   2 2 
s + 5  5 s + 5 

et
= et cos 3t + sin 3t + 3e −2t cos h 5t
3

6 −2t
= e sin h 5t
5

 3s − 4 
6. Find L−1  2 
 s − 8s + 65 

Solution:

 3s − 4  −1  3s − 4 
L−1  2  = L  
 s − 8s + 65   ( s − 4) + 49 
2

= L
 3s−4

−1
( 3
) 
 = 3L
3−4+ 4− 4 
−1  3
 ( s − 4) 2 + 49   ( s − 4) 2 + 49 
   

 s−4+ 8 
= 3L−1  3 
( s − 4) 2 + 49 
 

 s−4   1 
= 3L−1   + 3. 8 L−1  
 ( s − 4) + 49 
2 3  ( s − 4) + 49 
2

 s  4 t −1  1 
= 3e 4t L−1  2  + 8e L  2 
 s + 49   s + 49 
Maths Laplace Transform

8 4t −1  7 
= 3e 4t cos 7t + e L  2 
7  s + 49 

8 4t
= 3e 4t cos 7t + e sin 7t
7

20. Change of Scale Property

1 t
If L( f (t)) = F(s) , then L-1(F(as)) = f  , a  0
a a

Proof:

F(s) = L(f(t))


=  e −st f (t )dt
0


− ast
F(as) =  e f (t )dt
0

Let at = t1 When t = 0, t1 = 0

dt1
dt = t = ∞, t1 = ∞
a


− st  t1  dt1
F(as) =  e f 
0 a a

1  − st1  t1 
=  e f  dt1
a0 a

1  − st  t   b f (t )dt = b f (t )dt 
=  e f  dt1    1
 a 
1
a0 a a

=
1
a
( ( ))
L f t
a

1 t
L-1(F(as)) = f 
a a
Maths Laplace Transform

20.1 Problems

 s2 −1  −1  9 s − 1 
2
1. If L−1  2 
2 
= t cos t , then find L 
 (9s 2 + 1) 2 
 ( s + 1)   

Solution:

 s2 −1 
L−1  2  = t cos t
2 
 ( s + 1) 

writing as for S,

 a2s2 − 1  1 t t
L−1  2 2  = . cos 
2 
 (a s + 1)  a a a

 9s 2 − 1  1 t t
Put a = 3, L−1   = . cos 
2 
 (9s + 1)  3 3  3
2

t t
= cos 
9 3

 s 
2. Find L−1  
 (2s − 8) 
2

Solution:

 s 
We know that L−1  2 2 
 = cos h4t
 (s − 4 ) 

Putting as for S,

 2s  1  4t 
L−1  2 
 = cos h 
 (2 s ) − 4 )  2 2
2

 2s  1
L−1  2  = cos h 2t
 4 s − 16  2

(ie)

 s  1
L−1  2  = cos h 2t
 2 s − 18  2
Maths Laplace Transform

 s 
3. Find L−1  2 2 2 
s a +b 

Solution:

s 1 as
=
s a + b2
2 2
a s a + b2
2 2

1 1
= F (as ) where F (as) = 2
a s + b2

 s  1 −1 sa
 L−1  2 2 2 
= L 2 2
s a +b  a s a + b2

1 −1
= L ( F (as ))
a

1 1 t
= . f 
a a a

 s 
where f(t) = L−1 ( F ( s )) = L−1  2 2 
= cos bt
s +b 

t  bt 
 f  = cos 
a a

 s  1 1  bt 
 L−1  2 2 
= . cos 
s +b  a a a

1  bt 
= cos 
a
2
a

21. Result

−d
We know that if L( f (t)) = F(S) , then L(tf (t)) = F (s )
ds

L(tf(t)) = -F(s)

Hence L-1(F(s)) = tf(t)

= tL-1(F(s))

L-1(F(s)) = -tL-1(F(s))
Maths Laplace Transform

21.1 Problems

 s 
1. Find L−1  2 
2 2 
 (s + a ) 

Solution:

s
Let F(s) =
(s + a 2 ) 2
2

d s
F (s ) =
ds (s + a 2 ) 2
2

s
F(s) =  ds
(s + a 2 ) 2
2

put s2 + a2 = u

2sds = du

du
s
 ds =  22
(s + a )
2 2 2
u

−1 −1
= =
2u 2( s + a 2 )
2

−1
 F (s ) =
2( s + a 2 )
2

We know that L(F(s)) = -tL-1(F(s))

 s   1 
 L−1  2  = − tL−1 
2 2  2 

 (s + a )   2( s + a ) 
2

t −1  1 
= L  2 2 

2  (s + a ) 

t 1 −1  a 
= L  
2 a  s2 + a2 

t
= sin at
2a
Maths Laplace Transform

 s+3 
2. Find L−1  2 
2 
 ( s + 6s + 13) 

Solution:

 s+3 
Let  2  = F ( s)
2 
 ( s + 6s + 13) 

dF ( s ) s+3
=
ds ( s + 6s + 13) 2
2

( s + 3)ds
 F (s ) =
( s + 6s + 13) 2
2

Put s2 + 6s + 13 = u

(2s + 6)ds = du

2(s + 3)ds = du

du
−1
(ie) F(s) =  22 =
u 2u

−1
=
2( s + 6s + 13)
2

We know that L-1(F(s)) = -tL-1- (F(s))

s+3  −1 
 L−1 = − tL−1  
( s + 6s + 13) 2
2
 2( s 2
+ 6 s + 13) 

t −1  −1 
= L  2 
2  ( s + 6s + 13) 

t −1  1 
= L  
2 
2  ( s + 3) + 2 
2

t −3t −1  1 
= e L  2 2 

2  (s + 2 ) 

t −3t 1 −1  2 
= e L  2 2 

2 2  (s + 2 ) 

t −3t
= e sin 2t
4
Maths Laplace Transform

 2( s + 1) 
3. Find L−1  2 
2 
 ( s + 2s + 2) 

Solution:

2( s + 1)
F (s ) =
( s + 2s + 2) 2
2

dF ( s ) 2( s + 1)
=
ds ( s + 2s + 2) 2
2

2( s + 1)
F (s ) =  ds
( s + 2s + 2) 2
2

Put s2 + 2s + 2 = u

(2s + 2)ds = du

2(s + 2)ds = du

du
 F (s ) = 
u2

−1
=
u

−1
=
s + 2s + 2
2

 2( s + 1)   1 
 L−1  2 
2 
= − tL−1  2 
 ( s + 2s + 2)   s + 2s + 2 

 1  −1  1 
= − tL−1  2  = tL  
 s + 2s + 2   ( s + 1) + 1 
2

 1 
= te−t L−1  2 
 s 1

= te−t sin t

 s+2 
4. Find L−1  2 
2 
 ( s + 4s + 5) 
Maths Laplace Transform

Solution:

 s+2 
Let F(s) =  2 
2 
 ( s + 4s + 5) 

Integrate both sides w.r.t. ‘S’

s+2
F(s) =
( s + 4s + 5) 2
2

( s + 2)ds
 F (s) = 
( s + 4s + 5) 2
2

( s + 2)ds
F (s ) =  Let y = s2 + 4s + 5
( s + 4s + 5) 2
2

dy / 2
F (s ) =  dy = (2s +4) ds
y2

1 dy dy
=  = = ( s + 2)ds
2 y2 2

1 −2
=  y dy
2

1  y −2+1 
F (s) =  
2  − 2 + 1 

−1
=
2y

−1
=
2( s + 4s + 5)
2

We know that

L-1(F(s)) = -tL-1(F(s))

 s+2   −1 
L−1  2 
2 
= tL−1  
 ( s + 4 s + 5)   2( s 2
+ 4 s + 5) 

 s+2  t −1  1 
L−1  2 
2 
= L  2 
 ( s + 4s + 5)  2  ( s + 4s + 5) 
Maths Laplace Transform

t −1  1 
= L  
2  ( s + 2) + 1 
2

t −2t −1  1 
= e L  2 
2  s + 1

t −2t
= e sin t
2

5. ( ( s ))
Find L−1 tan −1 1

Solution:

Let F(s) = tan −1 1 s

s
( )
1  − 1   d (tan −1 x) 1 
F(s) =  2   =
1+ 1 ( s)
2
s   dzx 1 + x 2 

s2  −1
F(s) = 2  
s + 1  s2 

−1
=
s +1
2

We know that L-1 (F(s)) = -tL-1(F(s))

or

− 1 -1
L-1(F(s)) = L (F(s)) …(1)
t

(1) becomes, ( ( s )) = −t1 L F (s)

L−1 tan −1 1 −1

1  1 
= L−1  2 
t  s + 1

( ( s )) = 1t sin t
L−1 tan −1 1

6. (
Find L−1 tan −1 a( s )+ cot (s b ))
−1
Maths Laplace Transform

Solution:

Let F ( s) = tan −1 a ( s ) s + cot (s b ) −1

1 −a −1  1 
F ( s) =  2 + 2  
1+ a ( s) 2
 s  1+ s
b
b ( )
s2  − a  b2 1
F (s) =   −  
s 2 + a 2  s 2  b2 + s 2 b

−a b
F ( s ) = − 2
s +a
2 2
b + s2

− 1 −1
We know that L−1 ( F ( s )) = L ( F ( s ))
t

( ( s )+ cot (s b ))
L−1 tan −1 a −1  −a
= 2
s +a
2
− 2
b 

b + s2 

1 −1  a b 
= L  2 − 2 2
t s +a 2
b +s 

1 −1  −1  a  −1  b  
L L  −L  2 
2 
t   s 2 + a 2 
=
 b + s 

1
= (sin at + sin bt )
t

7. ( (
Find L−1 log 1 + a
2

s2
)
Solution:

Let F(s) = log 1 + a( 2

s2
)
 s2 + a2 
F(s) = log  2

 s 

F(s) ( )
= log s 2 + a 2 − log s 

F(s) ( )
= log s 2 + a 2 − 2 log s 

2s 2
F(s) = −
s +a 2
2
s
Maths Laplace Transform

− 1 −1
We know that L-1-(F(s)) = L ( F ( s ))
t

( ( s)
L−1 log( 1 + a
2
2 =
− 1 −1  2s
t
L  2
s +a
2
2
− 
s

− 2  −1  s  −1  1  
L   − L   
t   s 2 + a 2 
=
 s 

−2
= (cos at − 1)
t

2
= (1 − cos at )
t

 ( s + a) 
8. Find L−1  log 
 ( s + b) 

Solution:

( s + a)
Let F(s) = log
( s + b)

= log(s+a) – log(s+b)

1 1 − 1 −1
F(s) = −  L−1 ( F ( s )) = L ( s ))
s+a s+b t

 ( s + a)  − 1 −1  1 1 
L−1  log  = L  − 
 ( s + b)  t s +a s +b

− 1 −ar
= (e − e −bt )
t

 s( s 2 + a 2 ) 
9. Find L−1  log 2 
 ( s + b 2 ) 

Solution:

s(s 2 + a 2 )
Let F(s) = log 2
(s + b 2 )

F(s) = log( s( s 2 + a 2 ) − log( s 2 + b 2 ))

Maths Laplace Transform

F(s) = log s + log( s( s 2 + a 2 ) − log( s 2 + b 2 ))

1 2s 2s
F(s) = + 2 − 2 2
s (s + a ) (s + )
2

− 1 −1
We know that L−1 ( F ( s )) = L ( F ( s ))
t

−1 s( s 2 + a 2 ) − 1 −1  1 2s 2s 
L log = L  + 2 − 2 
s( s 2 + b 2 ) s s +a s + b2 
2
t

− 1  −1  1  −1  2s  −1  2s  
L   + L  2 2 
−L  2 
2 
t   s 
=
s +a   s + b 

−1
= [1 + 2 cos at − 2 cos bt ]
t

 s( s 2 + 1)( s − 4) 2 
10. Find L−1  log 2 
 ( s − 9)( s 2 + 4) 

Solution:

 s( s 2 + 1)( s − 4) 2 
Let F(s) = log  2 
 ( s − 9)( s + 4) 
2

= log( s(s 2 + 1)( s − 4) 2 − log(( s 2 − 9)( s 2 + 4))

F(s) = log s + log( s 2 + 1) + log( s − 4) 2 − log( s 2 − 9) − log( s 2 + 4)

1 2s 2( s − 4) 2s 2s
F(s) = + 2 + − 2 − 2
s s + 1 ( s − 4) 2
s −9 s + 4

− 1 −1
we know that, L-1(F(s) = L ( F ( s ))
1

s(s 2 + 1)( s − 4) 2 − 1 −1  1 2s 2 2s 2s 
L−1 log = L  + 2 + − 2 − 2 
(s 2 − 9)( s 2 + 4) 1  s s +1 s − 4 s − 9 s + 4 

−1
= (1 + 2 cos t + 2e 4t − 2 cos h3t − 2 cos 2t )
1
Maths Laplace Transform

 s−a 
11. Find L−1  log 2 
 ( s + a 2 ) 

Solution:

s−a
Let F(s) = log
s + a2
2

= log( s − a) − log( s 2 + a 2 )

1 2s
F(s) = − 2
s − a s + a2

− 1 −1
We know that L−1 ( F (s)) = L ( F ( s ))
t

 s−a  − 1 −1  1 2s 
L−1  log 2  = L  − 2 2 
 ( s + a 2 )  t s−a s +a 

− 1 −1  2 s 1 
= L  2 − 
s −a s−a
2
t

− 1  −1  2s  −1  1  
L  −L   
t   s 2 + a 2 
=
 s − a 

1
= (2 cos at − e at )
t

22. Theorem

If L( f (t)) = F(s) and (t) is a function such that L((t)) = F(s) and (0) = 0, then f
d −1
(t) = (t), (ie) L-t(sf(s)) = L ( F ( s )) .
dt

Proof:

We know that

L((t)) = sL((t))) - (0)

= sF(s) ( (0) = 0

(ie) L((t)) = L(f(t))

(t) = f(t)
Maths Laplace Transform

From this result, we get

L-1(s(s)) = f(t)

= (t)

d
=  (t )
dt

d −1
= L ( F ( s )) ( L(t)) = F(s))
dt

Provided L-1(F(s)) = 0 as t → 0

Problems

 s 
1. Find L−1  
 ( s + 2) + 4 
2

Solution:

 s   1 
L−1   = L−1  s. 
 ( s + 2) + 4   ( s + 2) + 4 
2 2

d  1 
  (using the above result)
dt  ( s + 2) + 4 
= 2

d − 2 t −t  1 
= e L  2 
dt  s + 4

d − 2 t −t  1 
= e L  2 
dt  s + 4

d  −2t 1 
= e sin 2t 
dt  2 

=
2
(
1 −2t
2e cos 2t + sin 2te−2t (−2) )

= e −2t (cos 2t − sin 2t )

Maths Laplace Transform

Aliter:

 s   s+2−2 
L−1   = L−1  
 ( s + 2) + 4   ( s + 2) + 4 
2 2

 s+2 s 
= L−1  − 
 ( s + 2) + 4 ( s + 2) + 4 
2 2

 s+2   1 
= L−1   − 2 L−1  
 ( s + 2) + 4   ( s + 2) + 4 
2 2

 s   1 
= e −2t L−1  2 2 
− 2e −2t L−1  2 2 
s +2  s +2 

1
= e −2t cos 2t − 2e −2t sin 2t
2

= e −2t (cos 2t − sin 2t )

 s 
2. Find L−1  
2 
 (s + 2) 

Solution:

 s   s 
L−1  
2 
= L−1  
2 
 (s + 2)   (s + 2) 

 1 
= L−1  s. 
2 
 ( s + 2) 

d −1  1 
= L  
dt  ( s + 2) 2 

d −2t −1  1 
= e L  2
dt s 

= e −2t + t (e −2t (−2))

= e −2t (1 − 2t )
Maths Laplace Transform

Aliter:

 s   s + 2−2
L−1  
2 
= L−1  
2 
 (s + 2)   ( s + 2) 

 s + 2  −1  2 
= L−1   − L 
2 

2 
 ( s + 2)   ( s + 2) 

 1  1
= L−1   − 2e −2t L−1  2 
 ( s + 2)  s 

= e −2t − 2e −2t t

= e −2t (1 − 2t )

 s 
3. Find L−1  2 
2 2 
 (s + a ) 

Solution:

 s2   s 

−1
L  2 
2 2 
= L−1  s. 2 2 

 ( s + a )   ( s + a ) 

d −1  s 
= L  2 
2 2 
dt  ( s + a ) 

d t 
=  sin at 
dt  2a 

(By the Previous Section 21.1 Problem No.1)

1
= (at cos at + sin at )
2a

 s2 
4. Find L 
−1

4 
 (s − 1) 

Solution:

 s2   s 
L−1  
4 
= L−1  s. 
4 
 (s − 1)   ( s − 1) 
Maths Laplace Transform

d −1  s 
= L  
dt  (s − 1) 4 

d −1  s − 1 + 1 
= L  
dt  ( s − 1) 4 

d  −1  s − 1  −1  1 
=  L  
 + L 
 
4 
dt   ( s − 1) 
4
 ( s − 1)  

d  −1  1  −1  1 
=  L  
 + L 
 
4 
dt   ( s − 1) 
3
 ( s − 1)  

d  t −1  1  t −1  1  
 e L  3  + e L  4  
dt 
=
s   s 

d  t t2 t3 
=  e + et 
dt  2 6

1 t 1
= (e 2t + t 2 e t ) + (e t 3t 2 + t 3e t )
2 6

t 3e t
= tet + et t 2 +
6

 s−3 
5. Find L−1  2 
 s + 4 s + 13 

Solution:

 s−3   s−3  −1  3 
L−1  2  = L−1  2 −L  2 
 s + 4 s + 13   s + 4 s + 13   s + 4 s + 13 

d −1  1  −1  1 
= L  2  − 3L  2 
dt  s + 4s + 13   s + 4s + 13 

d −1  1   1 
= L   − 3L−1  
2 
dt  ( s + 2) + 9 
2
 ( s + 2) + 3 
2

d −2t −1  1   1 
= e L  2 2 
− 3e −2t L−1  2 2 
dt s +3  s +3 
Maths Laplace Transform

d  −2t sin 3t  −2t  sin 3t 

= e −3  
dt  3   3 

1 −2t
= (3e cos 3t − 2 sin 3te−2t ) − 3−2t sin 3t
3

5
= e −2t cos 3t − e −2t sin 3t
3

23. Theorem

 F ( s)  t
L−1   = −1
 L ( F ( s )) dt
 s  0

Proof:

We know that,

L  f ( x)dx 
t 1
= L( f (t ))
0  s

t 1 
  f ( x)dx = L−1  L( f (t )) 
0 s 

1  t
(ie) L−1  F ( s )  =  f (t )dt s[ F (s) = L( f )(t ))]
s  0

t
−1
=  L ( F ( s )) dt
0

1  t
 L−1  F ( s )  = −1
 L ( F ( s )) dt
s  0

Note:

1  t t
Similarly L−1  2 F ( s )  =   L−1 ( F ( s)) dtdt
s  0 0

1  t t t
L−1  3 F ( s )  =    L−1 ( F ( s)) dtdtdt
s  0 0 0

1  t t t
L−1  n F ( s )  =     L−1 ( F (s))dtdt
  dt
s  
0 0
0 n times
n times
Maths Laplace Transform

23.1 Problems

 1 
1. Find L−1  
 s( s + 1) 

Solution:

 1  t  1 
L−1   = −1
 L  dt (by the above theorem)
 s( s + 1)  0  ( s + 1) 

t
−t
=  e dt
0

= (− e ) −t t
0

= (
− e −t − 1 )
= 1 – e-t

 1 
2. Find L−1  
3 
 s( s + 2) 

Solution:

 1  t  1 
L−1  
3 
=   dt
3 
 s( s + 2)  0  ( s + 2) 

t
− 2 t −1 1
=  e L  3 
dt
0 s 

t e −2t −1  2 
=  L  3 dt
0 2 s 

1 t −2t 2
=  e t dt
20

t
1  2  e −2t   e −2t   e −2t 
= (t )  − (2t )  + 2 
2   2   4   − 8  0

  udv = uv − uv1 + uv2 ...

Maths Laplace Transform

1  − t 2 e −2t te−2t e −2t 1 

− − + 
2  2
=
2 4 4

1  − e −2t  2 1  1
=  t + t +  + 
2 2  2  4

=
1
8
( ( ) )
1 − 2t 2 + 2t + 1 e −2t

 54 
3. Find L−1  3 
 s ( s − 3) 

Solution:

 54  t t t  1 
L−1  3  = 54   L−1  dtdtdt
 s ( s − 3)  0 0 0  ( s − 3) 

t t t
= 54    e 3t dtdtdt
0 0 0

t
t t 33 t 
= 54     dtdt
0 0  (3) 
0

( )
t t
= 18  e 3t − 1 dtdt
0 0

t
 e 3t
t 
= 18  − t  dt
0  3 0

t  e 3t  1 
= 18  − t  −  − 0 dt
0  3  3 

t  e 3t 1
= 18  − t − dt
0  3 3

 e 3t t 2 t 1 
= 18 − − − 
 9 2 3 9

= 2e 3t − 9t 2 − 6t − 2
Maths Laplace Transform

 1 
4. Find L−1  2 2 

 s( s + a ) 

Solution:

 1  t
 1 
L−1  2 2 
 = −1
 L  2 
dt
 s( s + a )  s +a 
2
0

t 1 −1  a 
=  L   dt
0 a  s2 + a2 

1t
=  sin at dt
a0

1  − cos at 
t

=  
a  a 0

−1
= (cos at − 1)
a2

+1
= (cos at )
a2

 1 
5. Find L−1  2 2 

 s( s + a ) 

Solution:

 1   s 
L−1  2 
2 2 
= L−1  2 
2 2 
 (s + a )   s( s + a ) 

1 s 
= L−1  . 2 
2 2 
 s (s + a ) 

t
−1  s 
=  L  2 dt
2 2 
0  (s + a ) 

t t sin at
=  dt
0 2a

t
1   − cos at   − sin at  
=  t  − 1 
2a   a   a 2   0
Maths Laplace Transform

1  − t cos at sin at 
=  + 2 
2a  a a 

(By the previous section 21.1 Problem no.1)

 1 
6. Find L−1  2 
 s( s − 2s + 5) 

Solution:

 1  1 1 
L−1  2  = L−1  . 2 
 s( s − 2s + 5)   s s − 2s + 5 

t
−1  1 
=  L  dt
 s − 2s + 5 
2
0

t
−1  1 
=  L  dt
2 
 ( s − 1) + 2 
2
0

t
t −1  1 
=  eL  2 
dt
s +2 
2
0

t
t sin 2t
=  e t
0 2

1t t
=  e sin 2t dt
20

t
1  et 
=  (sin 2t − 2 cos 2t )
2 1 + 2
2 2
0

=
1 t
10

e sin 2t − 2e t cos 2t 
t
0

=
1 t
10

e sin 2t − 2e t cos 2t − 0 + 2 

=
1 t
10

e sin 2t − 2e t cos 2t + 2 
Maths Laplace Transform

 1 
7. Find L−1  2 
 s( s − 6s + 13) 

Solution:

 1  1 1 
L−1  2  = L−1  . 2 
 s( s − 6s + 13)   s s + 6s + 13 

t
−1  1 
=  L  dt
 ( s + 3) + 4 
2
0

t
−3t −1  1 
=  e L  dt
 s + 4
2
0

1 t −3t −1  1 
=  e L  2 dt
20  s + 4

1 t −3 t
=  e sin 2t dt
20

t
1  e −3t 
=  (−3 sin 2t − 2 cos 2t )
2  (−3) + 2
2 2
0

− 1 −3t
=
26

e (3 sin 2t + 2 cos 2t ) − 2 

 1 
8. Find L−1  2 
2 2 
 s ( s + a ) 

Solution:

 1   1 
L−1  2 
2 2 
= L−1  2 2 
2 2 
 s( s + a )   s (s + a ) 

t t
−1  s 
=   L  2 dtdt
2 2 
0 0  (s + a ) 

t t t
=   sin atdtdt (refer the above problem)
0 0 2a

1 t t
=   t sin atdtdt
2a 0 0
Maths Laplace Transform

1 t   − cos at   − sin at  
=    t  − (1)  dt
 a   a 
2
2a 0

t
1 t  sin at t cos at 
=   −  dt
2a 0  a 2 a 0

 (sin at − at cos at )dt

1 t
=
2a 3 0

1  − cos at t   sin at   − cos at   

t

=   − a t   − (1)    
2a 3  a  0   a   a   0 
2

 − cos at − cos at 
t
1
=  a − t sin at −
2a 3 a  0

− 1  2 cos at
t

= 3 
+ t sin at 
2a  a 0

− 1  2 cos at 2
= 3 
+ t sin at − 
2a  a a

−1
= (2 − 2 cos at − at sin at )
2a 4

Inverse Laplace Transform using Second Shifting Theorem

If L( f (t)) = F(s), then L( f (t – a)) =U(tc -a)) = e-as F(s) where ‘a’ is a positive
constant and U(t -a) isthe unit step function.

The above property can be written in terms of inverse Laplace operator as,

If L-1(F(s)) = f (t) then L-1(e-asF(s)) =f (t -a)U(t - a)

 L-1(e-asF(s)) = L-1(F(s))t→t-a. U(t-a) where U is the unit step function.

Thus we want to find the Laplace inverse transform of the product of two factors
one of which is e-as, ignore e-as, find the inverse transform of the other function and then
replace t by t - a in it and multiply by U(t - a)
Maths Laplace Transform

Problems

 e−s 
1. Find L−1  
 s + 2 

Solution:

 e−s   1 
L −1
 = L−1   U (t − 1).
 s + 2   s + 2 t →t −1

= (e )
−2 t
t →t −1 U (t − 1) where U is the unit step function.

= e −2(t −1)U (t − 1).

 e −2 s 
2. Find L−1  
 s −1

Solution:

 e −2 s   −1  1 
L−1   = L   .U (t − 2)
 s −1   s − 1 t →t −2

= (e t ) t →t −2 U (t − 2) where U is the unit step function

= e t −2U (t − 2)

 e −s 
3. Find L−1  
 (s + 1) 5 2 
 

Solution:

 e −s    
L−1   −1  
1
=  
L  U (t − 1) … (1)
 (s + 1) 5 2  5
2 
  ( s + 1) t →t =1
 

   1 
Now, L   e L   Using first shifting property.
−11 −t −1
=
 ( s + 1) 5 2  s5 
   2

1 3  −1  1  1 n−1 
e −t  L  n  = t 
( 2)
2
= t
5   s   ( n) 
Maths Laplace Transform

1 3
= e −t t 2
3 1
. . 
2 2

4 3
= 3 −t t 2
… (2)
3. 

Substituting (2) in (1)

 e −s   4 −t 3 2 
L−1   =  e t  U (t − 1)
 (s + 1) 5 2  3   t →t −1
 

 e −s   4  −(t −1)
L−1   3
=  .e (t − 1) 2 .U (t − 1)
 (s + 1) 5 2  3  
 

 se − as 
4. Find L−1  2 , a  0
2 
s −w 

Solution:

 se − as   −1  s 
L  2
−1

2 
= L  2 2 
U (t − a )
s −w    s − w t →t −a

= (cosh wt ) t →t −a .U (t − a)

= cosh wt (t − a).U (t − a)

 e −2 s 
5. Find L−1  
3 
 (s + 1) 

Solution:

 e −2 s   −1  1 
L−1  
3 
= L  
3 
.U (t − 2) …(1)
 (s + 1)    ( s + 1) t →t −2

−1  1  1
Now, L  
3  = e −r L−1  3 
 ( s + 1)  s 

e −t −1  2! 
= L  2
2! s 

e −t 2
= t …(2)
2
Maths Laplace Transform

Substituting (2) in (1)

 e −2 s   e −t 2 
L−1  
3 
=  t  U (t − 2)
 (s + 1)   2 t →t −2

e − (t −2) .(t − 2) 2 U (t − 2)
=
2

  3a − 4s  −5 s 
6. Find L−1   2 2 
e 
 s + a  

Solution:

  3a − 4s     3a − 4s  
L−1  e −5 s  2 2 
 = L−1   2 2 
 .U (t − 5)
  s + a    s + a   t →t −s

 −1  a  −1  s 
= 3L  a 2 + s 2  − 4 L  a 2 + s 2  .U (t − 5)
     t →t −5

= (3 sin at − 4 cos at )t →t −5U (t − 5)

= 3 sin a(t − 5) − 4 cos a(t − 5).U (t − 5)

 e −S 
7. Find L−1  
 ( s − 2)( S + 5) 

Solution:

 e −S   1 
L−1   = L−1  
 ( s − 2)( S + 5)   ( s − 2)( S + 5)  t →t −

1 A B
Now, = +
( s − 2)( s + 5) s−2 s+5

1 = A(s+5) + B(s-2)

Put s = -5 Put s=2

−1 1
B = A =
7 7
Maths Laplace Transform

 1  1 −1  1  1 −1  1 
 L−1   = L  − L  
 ( s − 2)( s + 5)  7  s − 2 7  s + 5

1 2 t 1 −5 t
= e − e
7 7

 e −s   e 2 t e 5t 
 L−1   =  −  U (t −  )
 ( s − 2)( s + 5)   7 7 t →t −

 e 2(t − ) e −5(t − ) 
=  − U (t −  )
 7 7 

Exercise - 1(g)

Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

 0 if ta
e − as 
1. ,a  0 Ans:  t − a
s2 if ta
 1!

e −2 s − e −3 s 0 if t  2 0 if t  3
2. Ans:  + 
s 1 if t  2  1 if t  3

e −3s  0 if t  3
3. Ans:  2(t −3)
s−2 e if t  2

se − s  0 if t  1
4. Ans: 
s2 − 9 cos 3(t − 1) if t  1

1 + e −s  0 if t 
5. Ans: sin t + 
s2 −1 sin( t −  ) if t 

1 t2
6. Ans: e −t
( s + 1) 3 2!

s 2 + 2s + 3 t2
7. Ans: 1 + 2t +
s3 2!

s t3
8. Ans: e 2 t
( s − 2) 3 3!
Maths Laplace Transform

2s + 3
9. Ans: 2 cos 2t + 6 sin 2t
s2 + 5

s+6
10. Ans: cos h4t + 24 sin h 4t
s 2 − 16

Exercise - 1 (h)

Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

1
1. Ans: e 3t sin t
s − 6 s + 10
2

1
2. Ans: te −4 t
s − 8s + 16
2

3s − 2
3. Ans: 3e 2t cos 4t + e 2t sin 4t
s − 4 s + 20
2

3s + 7
4. Ans: 4e 3t = e − t
s − 4 s + 20
2

s+a
5. Ans: e − at (b cos bt − (d − ca) sin bt )
( s + a) 2 + a 2

s
6. Ans: ebt cos at
( s − a) 2 + a 2

s +1  1 
7. Ans: e −3t  cos 4t − sin 4t 
s + 6 s + 25
2
 2 

1
8. Ans: te −4 t
s + 8s + 16
2

s
9. Ans: e −3t (1 − 2t )
( s + 3) 2

s t
10. Ans: sin t
( s + 1) 2
2
2
Maths Laplace Transform

Exercise - 1(i)

Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

s e 4t t 3 (4 − 3t )
1. Ans:
( s − 4) 5 24

1 sin 3t − 3t cos 3t
2. Ans:
( s + 9) 2
2
54

s+2 t −2t
3. Ans: e sin t
( s + 4s + 5) 2
2
2

s 2 + 2s
4. Ans: te − t cos t
( s 2 + 2s + 2) 2

1 1
5. Ans: (1 − (1 + 2t + 2t 2 )e −2t
s ( s + 2) 3 S

s2 − s + 2 1 8 st 4 −2t
6. Ans: + e + e
s(s − 3)( s + 2) 3 15 5

2s − 1
7. Ans: t (e t − 1)
s ( s − 1) 2
2

1 at − sin at
8. Ans:
s (s + a 2 ) 2
2 2
a3

s +1 1 + e −t
9. Ans:
s ( s + 2) 2

1 1
10. Ans: (1 − sin t + cos t )e t
( s * s + 2s + 2)
2
2

Exercise - 1(j)

Find the inverse Laplace Transform of the following functions.

s −1 1 − et
1. log Ans:
s t

1+ s 2 − et
2. log Ans:
s2 t
Maths Laplace Transform

 a 1 − e at
3. log 1 −  Ans:
 s t

s2 + a2 2
4. log Ans: (cos bt − cos at )
s 2 + b2 t

s2 + 1 1
5. log Ans: (1 + e −r − 2 cos t )
s( s + 1) t

1 s 2 + b2 1 at
6. log Ans: (e − cos bt )
2 ( s − a) 2 t

1 s2 + 1 1 −t
7. log Ans: (e − cos t )
2 (s + 1) 2 t

s+3 1
8. log Ans: (1 + et 2t − e −3t )
s ( s − 2) t

9. cot −1 (as)
1
Ans: sin t a
t
( )
 2  − 1 −t
10. cot −1   Ans: (e sin 2t )
 s +1 t

1
11. cot −1 (1 + s) Ans: e −t sin t
t

s+a − 1 at
12. tan −1   Ans: e sin bt
 b  t

24. Partial Fraction

The rational fraction P(x)/Q(x) is said to be resolved into partial fraction if it can
be expressed as the sum ofdifference of simple proper fractions.

Rules for resolving a Proper Fraction P(x) / Q(x) into partial fractions

Rule 1

Corresponding to every non repeated, linear factor (ax+b) of the denomiator Q(x),
A
there exists a partial fraction of the form where A is a constant, to be determined.
ax + b
Maths Laplace Transform

For Example

2x − 7 A B
(i) = +
( x − 2)(3x − 5) x − 2 3x − 5

5x 2 + 18x + 22 A A C
(ii) = + +
( x − 1)( x + 2)( 2 x + 3) x − 1 x + 2 2 x + 3

Rule 2

Corresponding to every repeated linear factor (ax b)kof the denominator Q(x), there
exist k partial fractions of the forms,

A1 A2 A3 Ak
, , ,
ax + b (ax + b) (ax + b)
2 3
(ax + b) k

where A1, A2, ….. Ak are constants to be determined.

For example

4x − 3 A B C
(i) = + +
( x + 2)( 2 x − 3) 2
x + 2 2 x − 3 (2 x − 3) 2

x+2 A B C D
(ii) = + + +
( x − 1)( 2 x − 1) 3
x − 1 (2 x + 1) (2 x − 1) 2
(2 x + 1) 3

Rule 3

Corresponding to every non-repeated irreducible quadratic factor ax2 + bx + c of the

Ax + B
denominator Q(x)there exists a partial fraction of the form where A and B are
ax + bx + c
2

constants to be determined.

(ax2 +bx + c) is said to be an irreducible quadratic factor, if it cannot be factorized

into two linear factors with real coefficients.

Example

x2 + 1 Ax + B Cx + D
(i) = 2 + 2
( x + 4)( x + 9) x + 4
2 2
x +9

8x 3 − 5x 2 + 2 x + 4 A B Cx + D
(ii) = + + 2
(2 x − 1) (3x + 4) 2 x − 1 (2 x − 1)
2 2 2
3x + 4
Maths Laplace Transform

In the case of an improper fraction, by division, it can be expressed as the sum of

integral function and a proper fraction and then proper fraction is resolved into partial
fractions.

Inverse Laplace Transform using Partial Fractions

 1 
1. Find L−1  
 ( s + 1)( s + 3) 

Solution:

 1 
Let F(s) =  
 ( s + 1)( s + 3) 

Let us split F(S) into partial fractions,

1 A B
= +
( s + 1)( s + 3) ( s + 1) ( s + 3)

1 = A(S+3) + B(S+1)

Putting S= - 1 Putting S = -3

A= 1 B=-1
2 2

1 −1
1 2 + 2
 =
( s + 1)( s + 3) ( s + 1) ( s + 3)

 1  1 −1  1  1 −1  1 
   = L  − L  
 ( s + 1)( s + 3)  2  s + 1  2  s + 3 

1 −t 1 −3t
= e − e
2 2

=
2
(
1 −t
e − e −3t )

 s2 + s − 2 
2. Find L−1  
 s( s + 3)( s − 2) 

Solution:

s2 + s − 2 A B C
Consider, = + +
s(s + 3)( s − 2) s s + 3 s − 2
Maths Laplace Transform

s2 + s − 2 A(s + 3)( s − 2) + Bs (s − 2) + Cs(s + 3)

=
s(s + 3)( s − 2) s(s + 3)( s − 2)

s 2 + s − 2 = A(s + 3)( s − 2) + Bs (s − 2) + Cs(s + 3)

put s = -3 put s = 2 put s = 0

9 – 3 – 2 -= B(-3)(5) 4 + 2 – 2 -= C(2)(5) -2 = A(3)(-2)

1
4=15B 4 = 10C A=
3

4 4 2
B= C = C=
15 10 5

s2 + s − 2 1 1 4 1 2 1
= . + . + .
s(s + 3)( s − 2) 3 s 15 s + 3 5 s − 2

 s 2 + s − 2  1 −1  1  4 −1  1  2 −1  1 
 L 
−1
 = L   + L  + L  
 s(s + 3)( s − 2)  3  s  15  s + 3  5  s − 2 

1 4 2
= (1) + e −3t + e 2t
3 15 5

 s 
3. Find L−1  2 
 s + 5s + 6 

Solution:

s s A B
Consider, = = +
s + 5s + 6 ( s + 2)( s + 3) ( s + 2) ( s + 3)
2

S =A (s + 3) + B(s + 2)

Put s = -3 Put s = -2

-3 = A(0) + b(-1) -2 = A(1) + B(0)

-3 = -B A = -2

B=3

s −2 3
= +
( s + 2)( s + 3) ( s + 2) ( s + 3)
Maths Laplace Transform

 1   1   B 
 L−1   = 2 L−1   + 3L−1  
 ( s + 2)( s + 3)   ( s + 2)   ( s + 3) 

= -2e-2t + 3e-3t

 s 
4. Find L−1  
2 
 (s + 1) 

Solution:

s A B
Consider, = +
( s + 1) 2
s + 1 ( s + 1) 2

s A( s + 1) + B
=
( s + 1) 2
( s + 1) 2

s = A(s + 1) + B

Put s = -1 Put s=0

B = -1 0=A+B

0=A–1

A=1

s 1 1
= −
( s + 1) 2 s + 1 ( s + 1) 2

 s   1 1 
L−1  
2 
= L−1  − 
2 
 (s + 1)   s + 1 ( s + 1) 

 1  −1  1 
= L−1   − L  
2 
 ( s + 1)   ( s + 1) 

1
= e −t − e −t L−1  2 
s 

= e −t − e −t (t ) = e −t (1 − t )

 5s 2 − 15s − 11 
5. Find L−1  
3 
 (s + 1)( s − 2) 
Maths Laplace Transform

Solution:

5s 2 − 15S − 11 A B C D
= + + +
(s + 1)( s − 2) 3
s + 1 (s − 2) (s − 2) 2
(s − 2)3

5s 2 − 15s − 11 = A(s − 2)3 + B(s + 1)( s − 2) 2 + C (s + 1)( s − 2) + D(s + 1)

put s = -1 Put s = 2 Equating the Equating the

-27A = 9 3D = -21 coefficient of s3 constant coefficient

−9
A= D = -7 A+B=0 -8A+ 4B – 2C + D = -11
27

−1 1 8 4
A= B= + − 2C − 7 = −11
3 3 3 3

-2C = -8

C=4

−1 1
5s − 15S − 11
2
4 7
 = 3 + 3 + −
( s + 1)( s − 2) 2
s + 1 s − 2 ( s − 2) 2
( s − 2) 3

 5s 2 − 15S − 11  − 1 −1  1  − 1 −1  1 
L−1  =
2 
L  + L  
 (s + 1)( s − 2)  3  s + 1 3  s + 2

 1   1 
+ 4 L−1   − 7 L−1 
2 

3 
 ( s − 2)   ( s − 2) 

− 1 −t 1 2 t 1 1
= e + e + 4e 2t L−1  2  − 7e 2t L−1  3 
3 3 s  s 

− 1 −t 1 2 t 7
= e + e + 4e 2t .t − e 2t t 2
3 3 2

 2 s 2 + 5s + 2 
6. Find L  −1

 ( s − 3) 
4

Solution:

2s 2 + 5s + 2
To resolve into partial fraction
( s − 3) 4
Maths Laplace Transform

we substitute s – 3 = y (or) s = y + 3

2s 2 + 5s + 2 2( y + 3) 2 + 5( y + 3) + 2
 =
( s − 3) 4 y4

2( y 2 + 6 y + 9) + 5 y + 15 + 2
=
y4

2 y 2 + 17 y + 35
=
y4

2 17 35
= + +
y 2 y3 y 4

2s 2 + 5s + 2 2 17 35
= + +
( s − 3) 4 ( s − 3) 2
( s − 3) 3
( s − 3) 4

−1  2 s
2
+ 5s + 2   1   1   1 
 L   = 2 L−1   + 17 L−1 
2 
 + 35L−1 
3 

4 
 ( s − 3)   ( s − 3)   ( s − 3)   ( s − 3) 
4

 1!  17  2!  35 3
= 2e 3t L−1  2  + e 3t L−1  3  + e 3t L−1  4 
s  2 s  6 s 

17 3t 2 35 3 3t
= 2e 3t .t + e t + t e
2 6

 s2 
7. 
Find L  2−1
2 

 ( s + a 2
)( s + b ) 

Solution:

s2 A B
= + 2
( s 2 + a 2 )( s + b 2 ) (s + a ) (s + b 2 )
2 2

s2 = A(s 2 + b 2 ) + B(s 2 + a 2 )

Put s 2 = −a 2 , − a 2 = A(−a 2 + b 2 )

− a2 a2
A= =
b2 − a2 a2 − b2
Maths Laplace Transform

Put s 2 = −b 2 , − b 2 = B(−b 2 + a 2 )

− b2
B=
a2 − b2

a2 − b2
2
s
= a2 − b2 + a2 − b2
( s + a )( s 2 + b 2 )
2 2
(s 2 + a 2 ) (s 2 + b 2 )

1  a2 b2 
=  2 − 
a − b2
2
s +a
2
s 2 + b 2 

s2 1 −1  a2 b2 
L−1 = L 
 s 2 + a 2 s 2 + b 2 
−
(s 2 + a 2 )( s 2 + b 2 ) a 2 − b2  

1  −1  a 2  b2 
= L  2  − L−1

a − b2
2   s + a2  s 2 + b 2 
  

1
= (a sin at − b sin bt)
a − b2
2

 1− s 
8. Find L−1  
 ( s + 1) 2
( s 2
+ 4 s + 13) 

Solution:

1− s A Bs + C
= + 2
( s + 1)( s 2 + 4s + 13) S + 1 s + 4 s + 13

1− s = A(s 2 + 4s + 13) + ( Bs + C )( s + 1)

Putting s = -1 Equating coefficient of s2 Equating constant coefficient

2=10A A+B=0 13A+ C = 1

1 −1 13
A= A= C = 1−
5 5 5

−8
C=
5
Maths Laplace Transform

1 −1 8
s−
1− s 5 + 5 5
(ie), =
( s + 1)( s 2 + 4s + 13) s + 1 s + 4s + 13
2

 1− s  1 −1  1  1 −1  s+8 
L−1   = L  − L  2 
 ( s + 1)( s + 4s + 13)  5  s + 1  5  s + 4 s + 13 
2

1 −t 1 −1  s + 2 + 6 
e − L  
5  ( s + 2) 2 + 9 
=
5

1 −t 1 −1  s+2  1 −1  6 
= e − L   − L 
2 

2 
5 5  ( s + 2) + 3  5  ( s + 2) + 3 
2 2

1 −t 1 − 2 t 6 sin 3t
= e − e cos 3t = e −2t
5 5 5 3

1 −t 1 − 2 t 2
= e − e cos 3t = e −2t sin 3t
5 5 5

 4s 2 − 3s + 5 
9. Find L−1  
 ( s + 1)( s − 3s + 2) 
2

Solution:

4s 2 − 3s + 5 A Bs + C
= + 2
( s + 1)( s 2 − 3s + 2) s + 1 s − 3s + 2

4 s 2 − 3s + 5 = A(s 2 − 3s + 2) + ( Bs + C )( s + 1)

Putting s = -1 Equating coefficient s2 Equating constant coefficients

6A = 12 4=A+B 5 = 2A + C

A=2 B= 2 C = 5 – 2A

C=1

4s 2 − 3s + 5 2 2s + 1
 = + 2
(s + 1)( s 2 − 3s + 2) s + 1 s 3s + 2

 4s 2 − 3s + 5   2  −1  2s + 1 
L−1   = L−1  L  2 
 (s + 1)( s − 3s + 2)   s + 1   s − 3s + 2 
2
Maths Laplace Transform

 2s + 1 
 1  −1  
= 2 L−1   + L
 s + 1  ( s − 3 / 2) −
2 1 
 4

s+ 1
2e −t + 2 L−1 2
(s − 3 2 )
= 2
−1
4

 s+ 1 −2+2
−t  −1 2 
2e + 2 L 
( 
)
= 2
 s−3 − 1 
 2 4 

 s+3   
−t  −1 2  −1  1 
2e + 2 L   + 4L 
( ) 
( )
= 2 2
 s−3 − 1   s−3 − 1 
 2 4  2 4

3   3
−t
   −1 s   t
t
2e + 2e 2
+ 2
sin h .2
( )
= L  2 
4e
 s2 − 1  2
 2 

3 3
 
t  t
t
= 2e −t + 2e 2  cosh  + 8e 2  sin h 
2 2

Exercise - 1 (c)

Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following by Partial fraction method.

86s − 78 ( 15 )t
1. Ans: − 3e −3t + 2e 4t + e
( s + 3)( s − 4)(5s − 1)

2 − 5s 1  67 
2. Ans:  − 28e −6t + 28 cos cos 11t − sin 11r 
( s − 6)( s 2 + 11) 45  11 

25 1 25 2 −2t −2t 
3. Ans: 11 − 20t t − 11e cos t − 2e sin t 
s ( s + 4s + 5)
3 2
5 2 

1
4. Ans: e −1 (1 − cos t )
( s + 1)( s + 2s + 2)
2

1 1 t
5. Ans: (e − e −3t )
( s − 1)( s + 3) 4
Maths Laplace Transform

1 1
6. Ans: (sin t − cos t + e −t )
( s + 1)( s 2 + 1) 2

1 1 2t
7. Ans: (e − (4t + 1)e −2t )
( P + 2) 2 ( P − 2) 16

1  t2 
8. Ans: 1 − e −t −  + t + 1
s ( s + 1) 3 2 

3s + 1 1
9. Ans: (7e 2t − 7 cos t + sin t )
( s − 2)( s 2 + 1) 5

1 e −t −t
10. Ans: (te − 3 sin 2t − 4 cos 2t )
( s + 1) ( s 2 + 4)
2
50

2s 2 − 6s + 5 1 t 5
11. Ans: e − e 2 t + e 3t
s 3 − 6s 2 + 11s − 6 2 2

19s + 37
12. Ans: 5e 2t − 3e −t − 2e −3t
( s + 1)( s − 2)( s + 3)

1
13. Ans: t − sin t
s ( s 2 + 1)
2

1 t sin t 1  sin 3t 
14. Ans: − +  
s ( s + 1)( s 2 + 9)
2 2
9 8 72  3 

2 s 2 + 5s + 4
15. Ans: 2 + e t − e 2t
s 3 + s 2 − 2s

25. Convolution of two functions

If f (t) and g(t) are given functions, then the convolution of f (t) and g(t) is defined
t
as  f (u ) g (t − u )du. It is denoted by f (t) * g (t) .
0

25.1 Convolution Theorem

If f (t) and g(t) are functions defined for t ≥ 0, then L(f(t) *g(t)) = L( f (t))L(g(t))

(ie) L(f(t) * g(t)) = F(s). G(s)

where F(s) = L(f(t)), G(s) = L(g(t))

Maths Laplace Transform

Proof:

By definition of Laplace Transform,

 

− st
We have L( f (t )) * g (t ) =  e f (t ) * g (t ) dt
0


− st t 
=  e  f (u )(t − u )du dt
0 0 

 t
− st
=   e f (u ) g (t − u )dudt
0 0

on changing the order of integration,


 − st 
=  f (u )  e g (t − u )du dt
0 u 

Put t–u=v When t = u, v = 0

dt = dv When t = ∞, v = ∞


 − s ( u +v ) 
L( f (t )) * g (t ) =  f (u )  e g (v)dvdu
0 0 


− su sv  
=  f (u )e   e g (v)dvdu
0 0 
 
su − sv
=  e f (u )du  e g (v)dv
0 0

 
− st − st
=  e f (t )dt  e g (t )dv
0 0

= L( f )(t )) L( g (t ))

 L( f (t )) * g (t ) = F ( s).G ( s )

Corollary

Using the above theorem

We get,

L−1 ( F (s).G( s)) = f (t ) * g (t )

= L−1 ( F (s) * L−1 (G(s))

Maths Laplace Transform

Note

f (t ) * g (t ) = g (t ) * f (t )

1. Find the value of 1*e-t

Solution:

Let f(t) = 1, g(t) = e-t

f(u) = 1, g(t-u) = e-(t-u)

= e-teu

t
By definition, f(t) * g(t) =  f (u ) g )t − u )du
0

r
−t u
1*et =  1e e du
0

= e − t (e u ) t0

= e −t (et − 1)

= 1 − e −t

2. Evaluate 1*sin t

Solution:

Let f(t) = sin t g(t) = 1

f(t) = sin u g(t-u) = 1

t
By definition, f(t) * g(t) =  f (u ) g )t − u )du
0

r
t*et =  sin u1.du
0

= (cos u ) t0

= (cos t − 1)

= 1− cos t
Maths Laplace Transform

3. Evaluate et * cos t

Solution:

Let f(t) = cos t g(t) = et

f(t) = cos u g(t-u) = e-ut-u

= et.e-u

t
f(t)*g(t) =  f (u ) g )t − u )du
0

t
t −u
et * cos t =  cos ue e du
0

t
et * cos t = e t  e −u cos du
0

t
 e −u 
= e t
(− cos u + sin u ) 
 (−1) + 1
2 2
0

 e ax 
  e ax
cos bxdx = (a cos bx + b sin bx)
 a +b
2 2


 e −t 1 
= et  (− cos t + sin t ) − (−1)
 2 2 

1 1
= (sin t − cos t ) + e t
2 2

1
= (sin t − cos t + e t )
2

 1 
4. Use convolution theorem to find L−1  
 ( s + a)( s + b) 

Solution:

 1   1  −1  1 
L−1   = L−1   * L  
 ( s + a)( s + b)   ( s + a)   ( s + b) 

= e − at * e − bt
Maths Laplace Transform

t
− au −b ( t −u )
=  e e du
0

t
−au −bt +bu
=  e e du
0

t
−bt  e − ( a −b ) u 
= e  − ( a − b) 
 0

e −bt
= (e −( a−b )t − 1)
− (a − b)

e −bt e −bt
= +
− ( a − b) ( a − b)

1
= (e −bt e −at )
( a − b)

1
5. Use convolution theorem to find L−1
s ( s + 1) 2

Solution:

1 1  1 
L−1 = L−1   * L−1  2 
s ( s + 1) s  s + 1
2

= 1*sin t

t
=  sin( t − u )du
0

 − cos(t − u ) 
t

=  
−1 0

= cos 0 – cos t

= 1 – cos t

 s 
6. Find L−1  2  using convolution theorem
2 2 
 (s + a ) 
Maths Laplace Transform

Solution:

 s   s 1 
L−1  2 
2 2 
= L−1  2 . 2 2 
 (s + a )  s +a s +a 
2

 s  −1  s 1 
= L−1  2 2 
* L  2 . 2 2 
 (s + a )  s +a s +a 
2

1
= cos at * sin at
a

1t
=  cos au sin a (t − u )du
a0

1 t  sin a(t − u + u ) + sin a(t − u − u ) 

=   du
a0  2 

1 t
=  (sin at + sin a(t − du )) du
2a 0
t
1   − cos a(t − 2u ) 
= u sin at +  
2a   − 2a  0

1  cos at cos at 
= t sin at + −
2a  2a 2a 

t sin at
=
2a

 1 
7. Find L−1  2 2 
 using convolution theorem.
 s( s − a ) 

Solution:

 1  1 1 
L−1  2 2 
 = L−1  . 2 2 
 s( s − a )  s s −a 

1  1 
= L−1   * L−1  2 2 
s s −a 

1 1  1 
= L−1   * L−1  2 2 
s a s −a 

1
= 1* sin hat
a
Maths Laplace Transform

Let f(t) = sin hat; g(t)= 1

f(u) = sin hau; g(t-u)= 1

1 1t
1* sin hat =  sin hau.1du
a a0

t
1  cos hau 
 
= a  a 0

1
= (cosh at − 1)
a2

 1  1
 L−1  2 2 
 = (cos hat − 1)
 s( s − a )  a2

 s2 
8. Find L  2
−1
2 
 using convolution theorem.
 ( s + a )( s + b ) 
2 2

Solution:

 s2   s s 
L  2
−1
2 
 = L−1  2 . 2 
2 
 ( s + a )( s + b )   (s + a ) s + b 
2 2 2

 s  −1  s 
= L−1  2 2 
*L  2 2 
 (s + a )  s +b 

= cos at * cos bt

t
=  cos au. cos b(t − u )du
0

t
 cos( au + bt − bu ) + cos( au − bt + bu ) 
=   du
0  2 

 (cos(( a − b)u + bt )) + cos(( a + b)u − bt ) )du

1t
=
20

1 t  sin( bt + (a − b)u sin( a + b)u − bt 

t

=  +
2 0  a −b a+b 
0
Maths Laplace Transform

1  sin( bt + at − bt ) sin( at + bt − bt ) sin bt sin bt 

= + − +
2  a−b a+b a − b a + b 

1  2a sin at − 2b sin bt 
=
2  a2 − b2 

a sin at − b sin bt
=
a2 − b2

 1 
9. Using convolution theorem find L−1  2 2 

 ( s + a 2
)( s 2
+ b ) 

Solution:

 1   1 1 
L−1  2 2 
 = L−1  2 . 2 2 
 ( s + a )( s + b )  s +a s +b 
2 2 2

 1  −1  1 
= L−1  2 2 
*L  2 2 
s +a  s +b 

1 −1  a  1 −1  b 
= L  * L  
a  s 2 + a2  b  s 2 + b2 

1 1
= sin at * sin bt
a b

1 1
Let f (t ) = sin at; g (t ) = sin bt
a b

1 1 1
f (u ) = sin au; g (t − u ) = sin b(t − u ) = sin( bt − bu )
a b b

1 1 t 1 1
sin at * sin bt =  sin au sin( bt − bu )du
a b 0 a b

1 t
=  sin au sin( bt − bu )du
ab 0

1 t
=  2 sin au sin( bt − bu )du
2ab 0

1 t
=  (cos( au − bt + bu ) − cos( au + bt − bu )) du
2ab 0
Maths Laplace Transform

1  sin( au − bt + bu sin( au + bt − bt 
t

= −
2ab  a+b a−b 
0

1  sin( at − bt + bt ) sin( at + bt − bt )  sin bt sin bt 

− − − 
2ab 
=
a+b a−b  a + b a − b 

1   1 1   1 1 
= sin at  −  + sin bt  + 
2ab  a +b a−b  a + b a − b 

1   − 2b   2a  
= sin at  2 2 
+ sin bt  2 2 
2ab  a −b   a + b 

a sin bt − b sin at
=
ab(a 2 − b 2 )

1   − 2a   2a  
= sin at  2 2 
+ sin bt  2 2 
2ab  a +b   a − b 

2[a sin bt − b sin at ]

=
2aba(a 2 − b 2 )

a sin bt − b sin at
=
ab(a 2 − b 2 )

 1  a sin bt − b sin at
 L−1  2 2 
=
 ( s + a )( s + b )  ab(a 2 − b 2 )
2 2

 1 
10. Find L−1  2  using convolution theorem
 s ( s + 1) 

Solution:

 1  1 1 
L−1  2  = L−1  2 . 
 s ( s + 1)   s s + 1

1  1 
= L−1  2  * L−1  
s   s + 1

= t * e −t

t
− ( t −u )
=  ue du
0
Maths Laplace Transform

t
−t u
=  ue e du
0

t
= e −t  ueudu
0

= 
e −t ue u − (1)(e u ) 0
t

= 
e −t (tet − et ) − (0 − 1) 
= 
e −t (tet − et + 1 
= t − 1 + e −t

Exercise - 1 (l)

Find the inverse Laplace transforms using convolution theorem.

1 1
1. Ans: (1 − cos 2t − t sin 2t )
s ( s + 4) 2
2
16

1 1
2. Ans: (1 − cos 3t )
s( s + 9)2
6

s2 1 1 
3. Ans:  t cos 2t + sin 2t 
( s 2 + 4) 2 2 2 

1 1
4. Ans: (sin 2t − cos 2t + e −2t )
( s + 4)( s + 2)
2
8

1 1
5. Ans: (at − sin at )
s (s + a 2 )
2 2
a3

4s 2 t
6. Ans: sin t
(s 2 + a 2 ) 2 2

1 1
7. Ans: (at cos hat − sin hat )
(s − a 2 ) 2
2
2a 3

1 1  sin 2t 
8. Ans:  − t cos 2t 
( s + 4) 2
2
s 2 
Maths Laplace Transform