UNIT – I

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTION

During the past three decades the development of non-linear analysis, dynamical systems
and their applications to Science and Engineering has stimulated renewed enthusiasm for the
theory of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE).

An Ordinary Differential Equation is an equation containing a function of one

independent variable and its derivatives.Differential equations have wide application in various
engineering and science discipline. In general, modeling variations of a physical quantity, such
as temperature, pressure, displacement, velocity, stress, strain or concentration of pollutant with
the cahnge of time ‘t’ or location, or both would require differential equation . The study of
differential equation began in 1675, when Gottfried Willhelm Von Leibnig (1646 - 1716 ) wrote
the equation.

x2
 x dt =
2

The search for general methods of integrading differential equations began when Isaac
Newton (1646 - 1727) classified first order Differential equations

dy
(i) = f (x )
dx

dy
(ii) = f ( x, y )
dx

y y
(iii) x +y =u
x x

The first two classes contain only ordinary derivatives of one dependent variable, with
respect to single independent variable, and are known today as Differential Equation and third is
partial differential equation.

A simple example is Newton’s second law of motion, the relationship between the
displacement ‘x’ and time ‘t’ of the object under the force F which leads to the differential
equation is
  d 2 x(t ) 
m 2
 = F[ x(t )] ...(1)
 dt 

for the motion of a particle with constant mass ‘m’. In general, F depends on the position
x(t) on the particle at time ‘t’ and so the unknown function x(t) appears on both sides of the
differential equations as in the notation F[x(t)].

Linear Differential equations with Constant Coefficients

The general form on nth order linear differential equation with constant coefficient is

dny d n−1 y d n−2 y dy

a0 n + a1 n−1 + a2 n−2 + ....... + an−1 + an y = X …(2)
dx dx dx dx

where a0 0, a1, a2, …, an are constants and ‘X’ is a function of x.

d d2 dn
put D = , D = 2 , D = n
2 n

dx dx dx

Eqn (2) becomes

(a0Dn + a1Dn-1 + a2Dn-2 +……+ an-1D+ an) y = X …(3)

The general solution of (3) is

y = Complementary Function + Particular Integral

i.e., y = C.F. + P.I.

To find the Complementary Function

The Auxiliary Equation of (3) is obtained by putting D = m and X = 0.

The Auxiliary eqn is

a0mn + a1mn-1 + … + an = 0 …(4)

Solving equation (4), we get ‘n’ roots for ‘m’. Say m1, m2,…. mn.

Case (i): If all the roots m1, m2, &mnare real and different, then the complementary function,

C.F . = Ae m1x + Be m2 x + Ce m3 x + .......

Case (ii): If any two roots are equal say m1 = m2 = m (say), then the complementary function is
given by

C.F . = ( Ax + B)e mx (or ) ( A + Bx )e mx

Case (iii): If any three roots are equal say m1 = m2 = m3 = m, then the complementary function is
given by

C.F . = ( Ax 2 + Bx + C )e mx (or ) ( A + Bx + Cx 2 )e mx

Case (iv): If the roots are imaginary of the form (  iß ) then the complementary function is

C.F . = ex [ A cos ßx + B sin ßx]

To find particular Integral

When the R.H.S. of the given differential equation is zero, we need not find particular
Integral. When R.H.S. of a given differential equation is a function of x say eax, sin ax or cos ax,
xn, eax f(x), x f (x), we have to find particular Integral.

1
Case (i): If f(x) = eax, then P.I. = e ax Replace D by a in F(D), provided F(D) 0.
F ( D)

x
If F(a) = 0, then P.I. = e ax , provided F(a) 0.

F ( D)

x2
If F(a) = 0, then P.I. = e ax , provided F(a) 0 and so on.


F ( D)

Case (ii): If f(x) = sin ax or cos ax then

1
P.I . = sinax or cos ax
F ( D)

Replace D2 by – a2 in F(D), provided F(D)  0.

If F(D)= 0, when we replace D2 by –a2 then

x
P.I . = sinax (or) cos ax
F ( D)
 x2
Again replace D2 by –a2 in F(D) provided F(D) 0, then P.I . = sin ax (or) cos ax
F ( D)
and the process may be repeated if F(D) = 0 and so on.

1
Case (iii): If f(x) = x n, then P.I . = xn
F ( D)

= [ F ( D)]−1 x n

Expand = [F(D)]-1by using Binomial theorem and then operate on xn.

Case (iv): If f(x) = eax X, where X is sin ax (or) cos ax, then

1 1
P.I . = e ax X = e ax X
F ( D) F ( D + a)

1
Here X can be evaluated by using anyone of the first three types.
F ( D + a)

Case (v): If f(x) = xn sin ax or x n cos ax, then

1
P.I . = x n sin ax (or ) x n cos ax
F ( D)

1
Now, x n (cos ax + i sin ax)
F ( D)

1
= x n eiax
F ( D)

1
= e iax xn
F ( D + ia )

1 1
 x n sin ax = Imaginary part of e iax xn
F ( D) F ( D + ia )

1 1
x n cos ax = Real part of e iax xn
F ( D) F ( D + ia )

Example
 d2y dy
1. Find the complementary function of 2
+2 + y =0
d x dx

Solution:The given equation can be written as (D2 + 2D + 1) y = 0

The Auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0

(m + 1)2 = 0

m =–1, –1

C.F. = (A + Bx) e-x

2. Solve the equation (D2 + 3D + 2) y = 0

Solution:The Auxiliary equation is m2 + 3m + 2 = 0

(m + 1) (m + 2) = 0

m = –2, –1

y = Ae-2x + Be-x

3. Find the complementary function of (D2 + 1) y = 0

Solution:The A.E. is m2 + 1 = 0 m2 = –1

m = i

y = e0x (A cos x + B sin x)

y = A cos x + B sin x

4. Solve y + 4y + 20y = 0

Solution:The A.E. is m2 + 4m + 20 = 0

− 4  16 − 80
m =
2

− 4  − 64 − 4  8i
= =
2 2
 = − 2  4i

y = e-2x (A cos 4x + B sin 4x)

5. Solve the equation (D3 – 3D2 + 4D – 2) y = 0

Solution:The A.E. is m3– 3m2 + 4m – 2 = 0

(m – 1) (m2 – 2m +2) = 0

m = 1 or m = 1 i

The solution is y = Aex + ex (B cos x + C sin x)

6. Find the complementary function of (D3 + 2D2 + D) y = 0

Solution:The A.E. is m3+ 2m2 + m = 0

m (m2+2m +1) = 0

m = 0, (m + 1)2 =0

m = 0, –1, –1

C.F = A + (Bx + C) e-x

d2y dy
7. Solve the equation 2
− 5 + 6y = 0
dx dx

Solution:The given equation can be written as

(D2 – 5D + 6) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is m2– 5m = 6 = 0

(m – 3) (m – 2) = 0

m = 2, 3

y = Ae2x + Be3x
 d 2 y dy
8. Solve the equation + =0
dx 2 dx

Solution:The given equation can be written as

(D2 + D) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is m2+ m = 0

m(m + 1) = 0

m = 0, –1

y = A+ Be-x

d3y d 2 y dy
9. Solve + 2 − − 2y = 0
dx 3 dx 2 dx

Solution:The given equation can be written as

(D3 + 2D2 – D – 2) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is m3 + 2m2 – m – 2 = 0

m2 (m + 2) – 1(m + 2) = 0

(m2 – 1) (m + 2) = 0

m2 = 1 or m = –2

m = –1, 1, –2

y = Ae-2x + Be-x + Cex

10. Find the complementary function of (D2 – 2D + 2) y = 0

Solution:The auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m + 2 = 0

2 4−8
m= = 1 i
2

C.F. = ex (A cos x + sin x)

11. Solve (D2 – 4D + 13) y = 0

Solution:The auxiliary equation is m2 – 4m + 13 = 0

4  16 − 52
m=
2

4  6i
= = 2  3i
2

y = e2x (A cos 3x + B sin 3x)

12. Solve (D4 + 8D2 + 16) y = 0

Solution:The auxiliary equation is m4 + 8m2 + 16 = 0

(m2 + 4)2 = 0

m2 + 4 = 0, m2 + 4 = 0

m =  2i m =  2i

y = (A1 + A2x) cos 2x + (A3 + A4x) sin 2x

13. Solve (D2– 9) y = 0

Solution:The auxiliary equation is m2 – 9 = 0

m2 = 9

m=3

y = Ae-3x + Be3x

14. Solve (D2 – 5D + 7) y = 0

Solution:The A.E. is m2 – 5m + 7 = 0

5  25 − 28
m =
2

5 −3 5 i 3
= = 
2 2 2
 x 
5
3 3
y = e 2  A cos x + B sin x 
 2 2 

d2y
15. Solve 2
+ a2 y = 0
dx

Solution:The given equation can be written a

(D2 + a2) y = 0

The A.E. is m2 + a2 = 0

m2 = –a2

m = ai

y = A cosax + B sin ax.

Exercises: (Part A)

(1) Solve (D2+ 2D – 15) y = 0

(2) (2D2+ 7D + 5) y = 0

d 2 y 2dy
(3) Solve − + 5y = 0
dx 2 dx

(4) (D2 + 6D + 9) y = 0

(5) (D2 + 8D + 16) y = 0

d2y dy
(6) 2
− 10 + 25 y = 0
dx dx

(7) (D2 + D + 1) y = 0

d 2 y 2dy
(8) − + 3y = 0
dx 2 dx

(9) (D2 + 16) y = 0

d2y
(10) + y=0
dx 2
 d3y d2y dy
(11) 3
− 2 + 4 − 8y = 0
dx dx dx

(12) (D2 + 8D + 16) y = 0

(13) (D2 - 7D + 12) y = 0

(14) (D3 - 6D2 + 11D - 6) y = 0

(15) (D2 + 7) y = 0

Answers

(1) y = Ae3x + 13e-5x

−5x
(2) y = Ae− x + Be 2

(3) y = (Ax + B)e-4x

(4) y = (Ax + B)e-3x

(5) y = (Ax + B)e-4x

(6) y = (Ax + B)e5x

−
x
 3 3 
(7) y=e 2
 A cos x + B sin x
 2 2 

(8) 
y = e − x A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x 
(9) y = A cos 4x + B sin 4x

(10) y = A cos x + B sin x

(11) y = Ae2x + B cos 2x + C sin 2x

(12) y = (Ax + B)e-4x

(13) y = Ae3x + Be4x

(14) y = Aex + Be2x+ Ce3x

(15) y = A cos 7 x + B sin 7 x

 1
Problem based on P.I. = e ax
f ( D)

1. Find the particulars integral of (D – 1) y = ex [s.u. May ‘07]

1
Solution: Particular Integral = ex
D −1

1 x
= e
1−1

(replacing D by 1)

e x xex
= = ( Dr is 0)
0 1

= xex

2. Find the particular integral of (D2 – 4D + 13) y = e2x

1
Solution: Particular Integral = e2x
D − 4 D + 13
2

1
= e2x
2 − 4x2 + 3
2

(replacing D by 2)

1
= e2x
4 − 8 + 13

1 2x
= e
9

3. Find the particular Integral of (D2 – 2D + 1) y = ex [s.u. May ‘10]

1
Solution: Particular Integral = ex
D − 2D + 1
2

1
= ex
1 − 2 1 + 1
2

(replacing D by 1)
 1 x
= e
0

xex
= ( Dr is 0)
2D − 1

xex
= (replacing D by 1)
2−2

xex
=
0

x 2e x
= ( Dr is 0)
2

4. Find the particular Integral of (D2 – 4D + 4) y = cos h2x [s.u. Dec ‘07]

1
Solution: Particular Integral = cos h2 x
( D − 4 D + 1)
2

1  e 2 x + e −2 x 
=  
( D 2 − 4 D + 1)  2 

1 1 1 
=  e2 x + 2 e −2 x 
2  D − 4D + 4
2
D − 4D + 4 

1 1 1 
=  e2 x + e −2 x 
2  (2) − 4  2 + 4
2
(−2) − 4  (−2) + 4
2


1  1 2 x 1 −2 x 
= e + e 
2  0 16 

1  xe2 x e −2 x 
= +
2  2 D − 4 16 

1  xe2 x e −2 x 
= +
2  2  2 − 4 16 

1  x 2 e 2 x e −2 x 
= +
2  2 16 
 d
5. Solve (D – 2)2y = e2x where D = [s.u. Dec ‘06]
dx

Solution: Auxiliary Equation: (m – 2)2 = 0

m = 2, 2

Complimentary Function (C.F) = (Ax + B) e2x

1
Particular Integral = e2 x
( D − 2) 2

1
= e 2 x (replacing D by 2)
(2 − 2) 2

x
= e 2 x (Since Dr is 0)
(2 D − 4)

xe2 x
=
2 2 − 4

xe2 x
=
0

x 2e 2 x
=
2

Complete Solution y = Complimentary function + Particular Integral

x 2e 2 x
y = ( Ax + B)e 2 x +
2

6. Solve (D2 – 1) y = ex [s.u Dec ’11]

Solution: Auxiliary Equation m2 – 1 = 0

m2 = 1

m=1

Complimentary Function = Aex + Be-x

 1
Particular Integral = ex
( D − 1) 2

1 x
= e (Replace D by 1)
1 −1
2

ex
=
0

xex
= ( Dr is Zero)
2D

xex xex
= =
2 1 2

xex
Complete Solution: y = Ae x + Be − x +
2

7. Find the particular integral of (D2 + D – 6) y= e2x [s.u. Dec ‘12]

1
Solution: Particular Integral = e2x
D + D−6
2

1
= e2x
2 +2−6
2

1 2x
= e
0

xe2 x
=
2D + 1

xe2 x
=
2 2 +1

xe2 x
=
5

d
8. Solve (D2– 3D + 2) y = e4x where D = [s.u Dec’09]
dx

Solution: AuxiliaryEquation m2 – 3m + 2 = 0
 (m – 1) (m – 2) = 0

m = 1, 2

Complimentary Function = Aex + Be2x

1
Particular Integral = e4 x
( D − 3D + 2)
2

1
= e4 x
(4 − 3  4 + 2)
2

(replacing D by 4)

1 4x
= e
6

e4 x
Complete Solution: y = Ae x + Be 2 x +
6

9. Solve (4D2 – 4D + 1) y = 4

Solution: Auxiliary Equation 4m2+ –4m + 1 = 0

4m2 – 2m – 2m + 1 = 0

2m (2m – 1) –1 (2m – 1) = 0

(2m – 1)2 = 0

1 1
m= ,
2 2

1
x
Complimentary Function = ( Ax + B)e 2

1
Particular Integral = 4e 0 x
4D − 4D + 1
2

1
= 4e 0 x
4 0 − 4 0 +1
2

4e 0 x
= =4
1
 x
Complete Solution: y = ( Ax + B)e 2 + 4

10. Solve (D3 – 3D2 + 4D – 2) y = ex

Solution: Auxiliary Equation is m3 – 3m2 + 4m – 2 = 0.

m = 1 satisfies the equation

m – 1 is a factor of this equation

To find the other roots, divide the given equation by m – 1

1 −3 4 −2
1 1 −2 2
1 −2 2 0

m2 – 2m + 2 = 0

2 4−8 2 − 4
m= =
2 2

2  4i 2 2  2i
= = = 1 i
2 2

 The roots of the equation are m = 1, 1 + i, 1 – i.

Complimentary Function=Aex +ex(A cos x + B sin x)

1 1
Particular Integral: ex = ex
( D − 3D + 4 D − 2)
3 2
1 − 3 1 + 4 1 − 2
3 2

ex
=
0

xex
= (Since the denominator is 0)
(3D 2 − 6 D + 4)

xex
= = xex
(3  12 − 6  1 + 4)

Complete Solution: y = Aex + ex (A cos x + B sin x) + xex

11. (D2 – 3D + 2) y = e4x (sin hx)

Solution: Auxiliary Equation m2 – 3m + 2 = 0

(m – 1) (m – 2) = 0

m = 1, 2

Complimentary Function = Aex + Be2x

1
Particular Integral = e 4 x (sin hx)
( D − 3D + 2)
2

4x  e − e 
x −x
1
= e 
 
( D − 3D + 2) 
2
2 

1  e5 x − e3 x 
=  
( D 2 − 3D + 2)  2 

1 1 1 
=  e5 x − 2 e3 x 
2  ( D − 3D + 2)
2
( D − 3D + 2) 

1 1 1 
=  e5 x − 2 e3 x 
2  (5 − 3  5 + 2)
2
(3 − 3  3 + 2) 

1  e5 x e3 x 
= −
2  12 2 

e5 x − 6e3 x
=
24

e5 x − 6e3 x
Complete Solution: y = Ae x + Be 2 x +
24

1
Problems based on P.I . = xn
f ( D)

Following formulae are important

(1 + x)-1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + …

(1 - x)-1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + …

(1 + x)-2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + …

 (1 - x)-2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + …

12. Find the particular integral of (D2 – 9D + 20) y = 20x [s.u Dec ‘10]

1
Solution: Particular Integral = 20 x
( D − 9 D + 20)
2

20
= x
 D 2 − 9D 
201 + 
 20 

−1
 D 2 − 9D 
= 1 +  x
 20 

  D 2 − 9D  
= 1 −   + ...  x

  20  

9
= x+ D ( x) − D 2 ( x)...
20

9
= x+
20

13. Solve (D2 – 1) y = x

Solution: Auxiliary Equation m2 – 1 = 0

m2 = 1

m2 =  1

Complimentary Function = Aex + Be-x

1
Particular Integral = x
D −1
2

−1
= x
1 − D2

= − (1 − D 2 ) −1 x

= − (1 + D 2 + ( D 2 ) 2 ...) x
 = − ( x + D 2 ( x) + D 4 ( x)...)

= −x

Complete Solution: y = Ae x + Be − x − x

d2y dy
14. Solve 2
− 5 + 6 y = x2 + 3
dx dx

Solution: Auxiliary Equation m2 – 5m + 6 = 0

(m – 3) (m – 2) = 0

m = 3, 2

Complimentary Function = Ae3x+ Be2x

1
Particular Integral = ( x 2 + 3)
D − 5D + 6
2

1
= ( x 2 + 3)
 D − 5D
2

61 + 
 6 

1   D 2 − 5D   D 2 − 5D   2
2

= 1 −   +   ...( x + 3)
6  6   6  


1  D 2 5D D 4 25D 2 10 D 3  2
= 1− + + + − ... ( x + 3)
6  6 6 36 36 36 

1 2 1 5 25 2 2 
=  ( x + 3) − D 2 ( x 2 + 3) + D( x 2 + 3) + 0 + D ( x + 3) − 0...
6 6 6 36 

1 2 1 5 25 
=  ( x + 3) − (2) + (2 x) + (2)
6 6 6 36 

1 2 1 5 25 
=  x +3− + x + 
6 3 6 36 
 =
1
108

18 x 2 + 30 x + 73 
1
Complete solution: y = Ae3 x + Be 2 x + [18 x 2 + 30 x + 73]
108

15. Solve (D4 – 2D3 + D2) y = x3

Solution: Auxiliary Equation m4 – 2m3 + m2 = 0

m2 (m2 – 2m + 1) = 0

m2 (m – 1)2 = 0

m = 0, 0, 1, 1

Complimentary Function = (Ax + B) e0x + (Cx + D) ex

1
Particular Integral = x3
D − 2D + D
4 3 2

1
= x3
D ( D − 2 D + 1)
2 2

1
= 2
[1 + D 2 − 2 D]−1 x 3
D

1
= 2
[1 − ( D 2 − 2 D) + ( D 2 − 2 D) 2 − ( D 2 − 2 D) 3 ...]x 3
D

1
= 2
[1 + 2 D + 3D 2 + 4 D 3 ]x 3
D

(omitting D4and higher powers]

1 3
= 2
[ x + 2 D( x 3 ) + 3D 2 ( x 3 ) + 4 D 3 ( x 3 )]
D

1 3
= 2
[ x + 6 x 2 + 18 x + 24]
D

1  x4 x 3 18 x 2 
=  + 6 + + 24 x
D 4 3 2 
 x5 6 x 4 18 x 3 24 x 2
= + + +
4  5 3 4 2  3 2

x5 x 4
= + + 3x 3 + 12 x
20 2

x5 x 4
Complete Solution: y = ( A + Bx ) + (C + Dx )e x + + + 3x 3 + 12 x 2
20 2

16. Solve (D3 + 8) = x4 + 2x + 1

Solution: Auxiliary Equation  m3 + 8 = 0

m = –2 satisfies the equation

1 0 0 8
− 2 0 − 2 4 −8
1 −2 4 0

(m+2) (m2 – 2m + 4) = 0

2  4 − 16
m = –2 or m =
2

2  12i
m = –2 or m =
2

2  i2 3
m = –2 m =
2

m = –2 m = 1  i 3


Complimentary Function = Ae−2 x + e x B cos 3x + sin 3x 
1
Particular Integral = ( x 4 + 2 x + 1)
( D + 8)
3

1
= ( x 4 + 2 x + 1)
1+ D 
3
8 
 8 
 −1
1 D3 
= 1 +  ( x 4 + 2 x + 1)
8 8 

1  D3 
= 1 − + ... ( x 4 + 2 x + 1)
8 8 

1 4 1 
=  x + 2 x + 1 − D 3 ( x 4 + 2 x + 1)
8 8 

=
8

1 4
x + 2 x + 1 − 3x 

=
8

1 4
x − x +1 
1
Complete Solution: y = Ae −2 x + e x ( B cos 3 x + sin 3 x) + ( x 4 − x + 1)
8

Exercises
Solve:

d2y dy
1. 2
+ 6 + 5y = ex
dx dx

2. ( D 2 + 6D + 9) y = 5e3 x

3. ( D 2 + 6) y = 6e3 x

4. ( D 2 + 2 D + 2) y = sin hx

5. ( D 2 − 4 D + 4) y = e 2 x

6. ( D 3 − 3D + 4 D − 2) y = e x

7. ( D3 + 3D 2 + 3D + 1) y = e − x

8. ( D 2 − 4) y = x 3

9. ( D 2 + 5D + 4) y = x 2 + 7 x + 9
10. ( D 2 + D − 6) y = x

11. ( D 2 − 3D + 2) y = 2 x 2 + 1

12. ( D3 − 1) y = x

13. ( D3 − 13D + 12) y = x

14. ( D 3 − 2 D + D) y = x 2 + x

15. ( D3 − 3D 2 − 6D + 8) y = x

16. ( D 4 − 2D3 + D 2 ) y = x 2 + e x

17. ( D3 + 8) y = x 4 + 2 x + 1 + cos h2 x

18. ( D 4 − 4) y = x sin h2 x

19. Find the particular integral of (D – 1)3y = 2 cos hx

20. Find the particular integral of (D2 + a2) y = b cos ax + c sin ax

Answer

 −x −5 x 1 2x 
1.  Ans : y = C1e + C2 e + 21 e 

 −3 x 5e3 x 
 = + +
36 
2. Ans : y (C1 C 2 x ) e


 e3 x 
 = + +
3 
3. Ans : y C1 cos 3 x C2 sin 3 x


 −x e x e− x 
 = + + −
10 2 
4. Ans : y e (C1 cos x C 2 sin x )


 x2 2x 
5.  Ans : y = (C1 _ + C 2 x )e 2x
+ e 
 2 

6. Ans : y = C e1
x
+ e x (c2 cos x + c3 sin x) + xex 
  −x x3 −x 
7.  Ans : y = (C1 + C 2 x + C3 x 2
)e + e 
 6 

 −2 x 1 
 Ans : y = C1e + C2 e − 8 x(2 x + 3)
2x 2
8.

 −x −4 x 1 2 9 23 
9.  Ans : y = C1e + C2 e + 4  x + 2 x + 8 
  

 −3 x 1 
 Ans : y = C1e + C2 e − 36 (6 x + 1)
2x
10.

11. Ans : y = C e
1
x

+ C2e 2 x + x 2 + 3x + 4

 −x 1 2 
 Ans : y = C1 + C2 e + C3e 2 x 
x
12.

 −4 x 3x 1 
 Ans : y = C1e + C2 e + C3e 144 (12 x + 13)
x
13.

 −x x 3 3x 2 
14.  Ans : y = C1 + (C 2 = C3 x ) e + − + 4 x
 3 2 

 −2 x 1 3 
 Ans : y = C1e + C2 e + C3e + 8  x + 4 
x 4x
15.
  

 x 4 2x3 x2 x 
 = + + + x
+ + + 2
+
2 
16. Ans : y (C1 x C 2 ) (C3 x C 4 ) e 3 x e
 12 3

17.
 −2 x
( 1 4
) ( + 1 2x
) (
−2 x 
 Ans : y = Ae + e B cos 3 x + C sin 3 x + 8 x − x + 1 96 3e + 4 xe 
x
)

 −2 x x 2 
 Ans : y = C1e + C2 e − 3 sin hx + 9 cos hx 
2x
18.

 x 3 x 1 −x 
19.  Ans : y = e − e 
 6 8 
  x 
20.  Ans : y = 2a (b sin ax − c cos ax)

1. Solve ( D2 − 4D + 3) y = sin 3x

Auxiliary Equation is m2 – 4m = 0

(m – 1) (m – 3) = 0

m = 1, 3

Complementary function (C.F) = Aex + Be3x

1
P.I. = sin 3 x
D − 4D + 3
2

D2 → -a2 = -9

1
= sin 3 x
− 9 − 4D + 3

1
= sin 3x
− 6 − 4D

1 − 6 + 4D
=  sin 3x
− 6 − 4D − 6 + 4D

( −6 + 4 D )
= sin 3 x
36 − 16 D 2

D2 → -a2 = -9

(−6 + 4 D)
= sin 3x
36 − 16(−9)

1
= [−6 sin 3x + 4 D(sin 3x)]
36 + 44

1
= [−6 sin 3x + 12 cos 3 x]
180

6
= [2 cos 3x − sin 3x]
180
 1
P.I. = [2 cos 3 x − sin 3 x]
30

C.S = C.F + P.I

1
y = Ae x + Be 3 x + [2 cos 3x − sin 3x]
30

2. Solve ( D 2 − 2 D + 1) y = cos 2 x + x 2

Solution: Auxiliary Equation is m2 + 2m +1 = 0

(m + 1)2 = 0

m = –1 (twice)

C.F = (Ax + B) e-x

1
P.I. = (cos 2 x + x 2 )
D − 2D + 1
2

1 1
= cos 2 x + 2 x2
D + 2D + 1
2
D + 2D + 1

P.I. = P.I.1 + P.I.2

1
P.I.1 = cos 2 x
D + 2D + 1
2

D2 → -a2 = -4

1
= cos 2 x
− 4 + 2D + 1

1 − 3 − 2D
=  cos 2 x
− 3 + 2D − 3 − 2D

− 3 − 2D
= cos 2 x
9 − 4D 2

D2 → -a2 = -4

− (3 + 2 D)
= cos 2 x
9 − 4(−4)
 − (3 + 2 D)
= cos 2 x
9 + 16

−1
= [3 cos 2 x + 2 D(cos 2 x)]
25

−1
P.I.1 = [3 cos 2 x − 4 sin 2 x]
25

−1
P.I.1 = [3 cos 2 x − 4 sin 2 x]
25

1
P.I.2 = x2
D + 2D + 1
2

1
= x2
1 + D + 2D
2

= [1 + ( D 2 + 2D)]−1 x 2

= [1 − ( D 2 + 2D) + ( D 2 + 2 D) 2 + ...]x 2

= [ x 2 − D 2 + 2D) x 2 + ( D 2 + 2D) 2 x 2 + ....] [neglecting D3& higher powers]

= [ x 2 − D 2 ( x 2 ) − 2 D( x 2 ) + 4 D 2 ( x 2 )]

= [ x 2 − 2 − 4 x + 4(2)]

P.I.1 = x 2 − 4 x + 6

C.S. = C.F. + P.I1+ P.I2

1
y = ( Ax + B)e − x − [3 cos 2 x − 4 sin 2 x] + x 2 − 4 x + 6
25

3. Solve ( D 2 − 8D + 9) y = 8 sin 5x

Solution: Auxiliary Eqn is m2 – 8m + 9 = 0

8  64 − 36
m =
2
 82 7
m = = 4 7
2

C.F = Ae( 4+ 7)x

+ Be ( 4− 7)x

1
P.I =8 sin 5 x D 2 → −a 2 = −25
D − 8D + 1
2

1
=8 sin 5 x
− 25 − 8D + 9

1
=8 sin 5 x
− 16 − 8D

8 1 2−D
= −  sin 5 x
8 2+ D 2−D

(2 − D)
=− sin 5 x D 2 → −a 2 = −25
4 − D2

(2 − D) sin 5 x
=
4 − (−25)

1
= [2 sin 5 x − D(sin 5x)]
29

1
P.I = [2 sin 5 x − 5(cos 5 x)]
29

C.S = C.F + P.I

= Ae (4+ 7 )x + Be (4− 7 )x − [2 sin 5 x − 5 cos 5 x]

1
y
29

4. Solve ( D3 + 2D 2 + D) y = e 2 x + sin 2 x

Solution: Auxiliary Eqn is m3 + 2m2 + m = 0

m (m2+ 2m + 1) = 0

m = 0; m2 + 2m + 1 = 0

(m + 1)2 = 0
m = 0, m = -1 (twice)

C.F. = Ae0x + (Bx + C) e-x

C.F. = A + (Bx + C) e-x

1
P.I = [e 2 x + sin 2 x]
D + 2D 2 + D
3

1 1
P.I = e2x + 3 sin 2 x
D + 2D + D
3 2
D + 2D 2 + D

P.I. = P.I.1 + P.I.2

1
P.I.1 = e2 x
D + 2D + D
3 2

D→a=2

1
= e2 x
8 + 2(4) + 2

1 2x
P.I.1 = e
18

1
P.I.2 = sin 2 x D 2 → −a 2 = −4
D + 2D 2 + D
3

1
= sin 2 x
− 4 D + 2(−4) + D

1
= sin 2 x
− 8 − 3D

1 − 8 + 3D
=  sin 2 x
− 8 − 3D − 8 + 3D

− 8 + 3D
= sin 2 x D 2 → −a 2 = −4
64 − 9 D 2

− 8 + 3D
= sin 2 x
64 − 9(−4)
 − 8 + 3D
= sin 2 x
64 + 36

1
= [−8 sin 2 x + 3D(sin 2 x)]
100

1
= [−8 sin 2 x + 6 cos 2 x]
100

2
= [3 cos 2 x − 4 sin 2 x]
100

1
P.I.2 = [3 cos 2 x − 4 sin 2 x]
50

C.S = C.F + P.I.1 + P.I.2

1 2x
y = A + ( Bx + C )e − x + e + [3 cos 2 x − 4 sin 2 x]
18 50

5. Solve ( D 2 − 4 D + 3) y = cos 3x

Solution: Auxiliary Eqn is m2 – 4m + 3 = 0

(m – 1)(m – 3) = 0

m = 1, 3

C.F = Aex + Be3x

1
P.I = cos 3x D 2 → a 2 = −9
D − 4D + 3
2

1
= cos 3x
− 9 − 4D + 3

1
= cos 3 x
− 6 − 4D

1 − 6 + 4D
=  cos 3 x
− 6 − 4D − 6 + 4D
 − 6 + 4D
= cos 3 x D 2 → −a 2 = −9
36 − 16 D 2

− 6 + 4D
= cos 3x
36 − 16(−9)

− 6 + 4D
= cos 3 x
36 + 144

1
= [−6 cos 3x + 4 D (cos 3x)]
180

1
= [−6 cos 3 x + 12 sin 3 x]
180

−6
= [cos 3x + 2 sin 3x]
180

−1
P.I = [cos 3 x + 2 sin 3 x]
30

C.S = C.F + P.I

1
y = Ae x + Be 3 x − [cos 3 x + 2 sin 3x]
30

6. Solve ( D 2 + 3D + 2) y = 2 sin 2 x

Auxiliary equation is m2 + 3m + 2 = 0

(m + 1) (m + 2) = 0

m = –1, –2

C.F = Ae-x + Be-2x

1
P.I = 2 sin 2 x
D + 3D + 2
2

1 1 − cos 2 x 
= 2  
D + 3D + 2 
2
2
 1
= (1 − cos 2 x)
D + 3D + 2
2

1 1
= − 2 cos 2 x
D + 3D + 2 D + 3D + 2
2

1 1
= e0 x − 2 cos 2 x
D + 3D + 2
2
D + 3D + 2

D → a = 0, D2 → - a2= -4

1 0x 1
= e − cos 2 x
2 − 4 + 3D + 2

1 1 − 2 − 3D
= −  cos 2 x
2 − 2 + 3D − 2 − 3D

1 1
= + (2 + 3D) cos 2 x D 2 → −a 2 = −4
2 4 − 9D 2

1 1
= + [2 cos 2 x + 3D cos 2 x]
2 4 + 36

1 2
= + [2 cos 2 x − 6 sin 2 x]
2 40

1 1
= + [cos 2 x − 3 sin 2 x]
2 20

1 1
P.I. = + [cos 2 x − 3 sin 2 x]
2 20

C.S = C.F. + P.I

1 1
y = Ae − x + Be −2 x + + [cos 2 x − 3 sin 2 x]
2 20

7. Solve (D2 + 6D + 8) y = cos2x

Solo A. Eqn is m2 + 6m + 8 = 0

(m + 2) (m + 4) = 0

m = –2, –4
C.F = Ae-2x + Be-4x

1
P.I = cos 2 x
D + 6D + 8
2

1  1 + cos 2 x 
=  
D + 6D + 8 
2
2 

1 1 1 1
= (1) + cos 2 x D 2 → −a 2 = −4
2 D + 6D + 8
2
2 D + 6D + 8
2

11 1 1
= + cos 2 x
2 8 2 (−4 + 6 D + 8)

1 1 4 − 6D 1
= +  cos 2 x
16 2 4 − 6 D 4 + 6 D

1 1 4 − 6D
= + cos 2 x
16 2 16 − 36 D 2

1 1 (4 − 6 D)
= + cos 2 x
16 2 16 − 36(−4)

1 1 1
= + (4 − 6 D) cos 2 x
16 2 16 + 144

1 1 1
= + [4 cos 2 x − 6 D(cos 2 x)]
16 2 160

1 1
= + [4 cos 2 x + 12 sin 2 x]
16 320

1 4
= + [cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x]
16 320

1 1
P.I = + [cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x]
16 80

C.S = C.F. + P.I

1 1
y = Ae−2 x + Be −4 x + + [cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x]
16 80
8. Solve (D2 + 16)y = e-3x + cos 4x

Auxiliary Eqn is m2 + 16 = 0

m2 = –16

m =  4i

α = 0 = 4

C.F. = A cos 4x + B sin 4x

1
P.I.1 = e −3 x
D + 16
2

D → a = –3

1
= e −3 x
9 + 16

1 −3 x
P.I.1 = e
25

1
P.I.2 = cos 4 x
D + 16
2

D2 → –a2 = –16

1
= cos 4 x
− 16 + 16

1
= x cos 4 x
2D

x sin 4 x
=
2 4

x sin 4 x
P.I.2 =
8

C.S = C.F. + P.I.1 + P.I.2

1 −3 x x sin 4 x
y = A cos 4 x + B sin 4 x + e +
25 8
9. Solve (D2 + 9) y = sin 3x

Solution:Auxiliary Eqn is m2 + 9 = 0

m2 = –9

m =  3i

C.F = A cos 3x + B sin 3x

1
P.I. = sin 3x D 2 → −a 2 = −9
D +9
2

1
= sin 3 x
−9+9

1
= x sin 3 x
2D

x cos 3 x
P.I =−
6

C.S = C.F + P.I.

x cos 3x
y = A cos 3x + B sin 3x −
6

10. Solve (D2 + 1) y = cos x

Auxiliary Eqn is m2 + 1 = 0

m2 = –1

m = i

C.F = A cos x + B sin x

1
P.I. = cos x D 2 → −a 2 = −1
D +1
2

1
= cos x
−1+1

1
= x cos x
2D
 x sin x
P.I =−
2

C.S = C.F + P.I.

x sin x
y = A cos x + B sin x −
2

11. Solve (D2 – 4D + 3) y = sin 3x cos 2x

Auxiliary Eqn is m2 – 4m + 3 = 0

(m – 1) (m – 3) = 0

m = 1, 3

C.F = Aex + Be3x

1
P.I. = sin 3 x cos 2 x
D − 4D + 3
2

1 1 
=  (sin( 3x + 2 x) + sin( 3x − 2 x)) 
D − 4D + 3  2
2


1 1 1 1
P.I = sin 5 x + sin x
2 D − 4D + 3
2
2 D − 4D + 3
2

P.I. = P.I.1 + P.I.2

1 1
P.I.1 = sin 5 x D 2 → −a 2 = −25
2 D − 4D + 3
2

1 1
= sin 5 x
2 − 25 − 4 D + 3

1 1
= sin 5 x
2 − 22 − 4 D

−1 1 11 − 2 D
=  sin 5 x
4 11 + 2 D 11 − 2 D

− 1 (11 − 2 D)
= sin 5 x D 2 → −a 2 = −25
4 (121 − 4 D 2 )
 − 1 (11 − 2 D)
= sin 5 x
4 (121 − 49 − 25)

− 1 (11 − 2 D)
= sin 5 x
4 121 + 100

−1 1
= (11sin 5 x − 2 D sin 5 x)
4 221

−1
= (11sin 5 x − 10 cos 5 x)
884

1
P.I.1 = [10 cos 5 x − 11sin 5 x]
884

1 1
P.I.2 = sin x D 2 → −a 2 = −1
2 D − 4D + 3
2

1 1
= sin x
2 (−1 − 4 D + 3)

1 1
= sin x
2 (2 − 4 D)

1 1 2 + 4D
=  sin x
2 2 − 4D 2 + 4D

1 1
= (2 + 4 D) sin x D 2 → −a 2 = −1
2 (4 − 16 D 2 )

1 (2 + 4 D)
= sin x
2 (4 − 16(−1))

1 1
= (2 sin x + 4 D sin x)
2 20

1 1
= 2 (sin x + 2 cos x)
2 20

1
P.I.2 = [sin x + 2 cos x]
20
 C.S = C.F + P.I.1 + P.I.2

1 1
y = Ae x + Be 3 x + [10 cos 5 x − 11sin 5 x] + [sin x + 2 cos x]
884 20

12. Solve (D2 + 4) y = 2 cos x cos 3x

The auxiliary Eqn is m2 + 4 = 0

m2 = –4

m = 2i

C.F = A cos 2x+ B sin 2x

1
P.I = [2 cos x cos 3x]
D +4
2

1  1 
=  2 [cos(3x + x) + cos(3 x − x)]
D + 4  2
2


1
= [cos 4 x + cos 2 x]
D +4
2

1 1
= cos 4 x + 2 cos 2 x
D +4
2
D +4

D2 → -a2 = -16 D2 → -a2 = -4

1 1
= cos 4 x + cos 2 x
− 16 + 4 −4+4

1 1
= cos 4 x + x. cos 2 x
− 12 2D

1 x sin 2 x
P.I =− cos 4 x +
12 4

C.S = C.F + P.I

1 x sin 2 x
y = A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x − cos 4 x +
12 4

Exercise
1. Solve ( D 2 − 4D + 4) y = cos 2 x

2. Solve ( D 2 + 3D + 2) y = sin 3x

3. Solve ( D 2 + 1) y = cos( 2 x − 1)

4. Solve ( D 2 − 3D + 2) y = 7 cos x

5. Solve ( D 2 − 7 D + 12) y = e5 x + cos 2 x

6. Solve ( D 2 − 4D + 3) y = sin 2 x

7. Solve ( D 2 − 4D − 5) y = 3 cos 4 x + e 2 x

8. Solve ( D 2 − 4D + 4) y = cos x + e x

9. Solve ( D3 + 2D 2 + D) y = e −2 x + sin 2 x

10. Solve ( D3 + 4 D) y = sin 2 x

11. Solve ( D 2 + 4) y = cos 2 x

12. Solve ( D 2 + 6D + 5) y = sin 2 x

13. Solve ( D 2 + 4) y = 3 cos 2 x + x 2

14. Solve ( D 2 + 9) y = sin 3 x

15. Solve ( D 2 + 6 D + 5) y = cos 2 x

x x
16. Solve ( D 3 − 1) y = cos sin + 2e x
2 2

17. Solve ( D 2 + 2D + 1) y = sin 2 x cos x

18. Solve ( D 2 + 1) y = sin 2 x sin x

19. Solve ( D 2 + 1) y = 2 sin x cos 3x

20. Solve ( D 2 + D + 1) y = 2 cos 2 x cos x

Answer

1
1. y = ( Ax + B)e 2 x − sin 2 x
8

1
2. y = Ae − x + Be −2 x + [9 cos 3 x = 7 sin 3x]
130

1
3. y = A cos x + B sin x − cos( 2 x − 1)
3

7
4. y = Ae x + Be 2 x + [cos x − 3 sin x]
10

e5 x 1
5. y = Ae3 x + Be 4 x + + [4 cos 2 x − 7 sin 2 x]
2 130

1
6. y = Ae x + Be 3 x + [8 cos 2 x − sin 2 x]
65

1 3
7. y = Ae − x + Be 5 x − e 2 x − [21 cos 4 x + 16 sin 4 x]
9 697

1
8. y = ( Ax + B)e 2 x + e x − sin 2 x
8

1 −2 x 1
9. y = A + ( Bx + C )e − x − e + [3 cos 2 x − 4 sin 2 x]
2 50

x
10. y = A + B cos 2 x + C sin 2 x − sin 2 x
8

x sin 2 x
11. y = A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x +
4

1 1
12. y = Ae −5 x + Be − x + − [cos 2 x + 12 sin 2 x]
10 290

x 2 1 3x sin 2 x
13. y = A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x + − +
4 4 8

3 sin x x cos 3 x
14. y = A cos 3 x + B sin 3x + +
32 24
 1 1
15. y = Ae −5 x + Be − x + + [cos 2 x + 12 sin 2 x]
10 290

−
x
 3 3  2 xex 1
16. y = Ae x + Be 2
 B cos x + C sin x + + [cos x − sin x]
 2 2  3 4

1 cos x
17. y = [ Ax + B]e − x − [3 cos 3 x + 4 sin 3x] −
100 4

x sin x 1
18. y = A cos x + B sin x + + cos 3 x
4 16

1 1
19. y = A cos x + B cos x − sin 4 x + sin 2 x
15 3

−
x
 3 3  1
20. y=e 2  A cos x + B sin x  − [8 cos 3x + 3 sin 3x] + sin x
 2 2 145
 

Type (4): f ( x) = eax sin bx (or ) eax cos bx

Method of finding P.I.

1
P.I = e ax sin bx
 ( D)

Replace D by D + a

 1 
P.I = e ax   sin bx
 ( D + a) 

 1 
 ( D + a)  sin bx is evaluated using type (2)
 

Note: If f ( x) = xV where V = sin ax or cos ax, then

 V ( D).V
P.I = x. −
( D) [( D)]2

1. Solve: ( D 2 + 5D + 4)Y = e − x sin 2 x

Solution: Given, ( D 2 + 5D + 4) y = e − x sin 2 x

(i) To find C.F.

( D 2 + 5D + 4) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

m2 + 5m + 4 = 0

(m + 1) (m + 4) = 0

m +1 = 0, m +4 = 0

m = –1, m = – 4

The roots are real and distinct

C.F = Ae m1x + Be m2 x

= Ae− x + Be −4 x

(ii) To find P.I.

1
P.I = e − x sin 2 x
D + 5D + 4
2

Here, a = –1 and b = 2

Replace D by D + a = D – 1

1
P.I = e−x sin 2 x
( D − 1) + 5( D − 1) + 4
2

1
= e−x sin 2 x
D − 2 D + 1 + 5D − 5 + 4
2
 1
= e−x sin 2 x
D + 5D
2

Replace D2 by –b2 = –4

1
P.I = e−x sin 2 x
− 4 + 3D

(3D + 4)
P.I = e−x sin 2 x
(3D + 4)(3D − 4)

(6 cos 2 x + 4 sin 2 x)
= e− x
9 D 2 − 16

Replace D2 by –b2 = –4

(6 cos 2 x + 4 sin 2 x)
P.I = e−x
9(−4) − 16

3 cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x
= 2e − x
(−52)

e− x
= (3 cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x)
26

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I

( −e − x )
= Ae− x + Be −4 x + (3 cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x)
26

(e − x )
= Ae− x + Be −4 x − (3 cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x)
26

2. Solve: ( D 2 − 2 D + 4) y = e x sin x

Solution:Given, ( D 2 − 2 D + 4) y = e x sin x

(i) To find C.F.

( D 2 − 2D + 4) y = 0
 The auxiliary equation is

m 2 − 2m + 4 = 0

Here, a = 1, b = -2 and c = 4

− b  b 2 − 4ac
m =
2a

2  4 − 16
=
2

2  − 12
=
2

2  i2 3
=
2

m = 1 i 3

The roots are imaginary Here α = 1 and ß = 3

C.F = e ax ( A cos ßx + B sin ßx)

(
= e x A cos 3x + B sin 3x )
(ii) To find P.I.

1
P.I. = e x sin x
D − 2D + 4
2

Here a = 1, and b = 1

Replace D by D + a = D + 1

1
P.I = ex sin x
( D + 1) − 2( D + 1) + 4
2

1
= ex sin x
D + 2D + 1 − 2D − 2 + 4
2
 1
P.I = = ex sin x
D +3
2

Replace D2 by – b2 = -1

D2 + 3 =–1 + 3

=2

0

sin x
 P.I = ex.
2

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I.

y ( 1
)
= e x A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x + e x sin x
2

3. Solve: ( D 2 − 2D + 5) y = e 2 x cos x

Solution: Given, ( D 2 − 2D + 5) y = e 2 x cos x

(i) To find C.F

( D 2 − 2D + 5) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

m2 – 2m + 5 = 0

Here a = 1, b = -2 and c = 5

− b  b 2 − 4ac
m =
2a

2  4 − 20
=
2

2  − 16
=
2
 2  4i
=
2

m = 1 2i

The roots are imaginary. Here α = 1 and ß = 2

 C.F = e ax ( A cos ßx + B sin ßx)

C.F = e x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x)

(ii) To find P.I

1
P.I = e 2 x cos x
D − 2D + 5
2

Here, a = 2 and b = 1

Replace D By D + a = D + 2

1
P.I = e2 x . cos x
( D + 2) − 2( D + 2) + 5
2

1
= e2 x . cos x
D + 4D + 4 − 2D − 4 + 5
2

1
= e2 x . cos x
D + 2D + 5
2

Replace D2 By –b2 = -1

1
P.I = e2 x . cos x
− 1 + 2D + 5

1
= e2 x . cos x
2D + 4

ex 1
= . cos x
2 D+2

e 2 x ( D − 2) cos x
= .
2 ( D − 2)( D + 2)
 e 2 x  − sin x − 2 cos x 
= .
2  D2 − 4 

Replace D2 by –b2 = -1

 D2 – 4 = – 1 – 4 = –5  0

e 2 x  − sin x − 2 cos x 
 P.I =
2  −5 

− e2 x
= (sin x + 2 cos x)
(−10)

e2 x
= (sin x + 2 cos x)
10

The solution is y = C.F. + P.I

e2 x
i.e., y = e x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x) + (sin x + 2 cos x)
10

d2y dy
4. Solve: 2
− 5 + 6 y = e x cos x
dx dx

d2y dy
Solution:Given, 2
− 5 + 6 y = e x cos x
dx dx

 d2 d 
 2 − 5 + 6  y = e x cos x
 dx dx 

( D 2 − 5D + 6) y = e x cos x

(i) To find C.F

(D2 – 5D + 6) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

m2 – 5m + 6 = 0

(m – 2) (m – 3) = 0
 m – 2 = 0, m – 3 = 0

m = 2, m = 3

The roots are real and distinct

 C.F = Ae m1x + Be m2 x

= Ae 2 x + Be 3 x

(ii) To find P.I

1
P.I = e x cos x
D − 5D + 6
2

Here a = 1 and b = 1

Replace D by D + a = D + 1

1
P.I = ex cos x
( D + 1) − 5( D + 1) + 6
2

1
= ex cos x
D + 2 D + 1 − 5D − 5 + 6
2

1
= ex cos x
D − 3D + 2
2

Replace D2 by –b2 = – 1

1
P.I = ex cos x
− 1 − 3D + 2

1
= ex cos x
− 3D + 1

1
= − ex cos x
3D − 1

(3D + 1) cos x
= − ex
(3D + 1)(3D − 1)
 [−3 sin x + cos x]
= ex
9D 2 − 1

Replace D2 by -b2 = – 1

− e x (−3 sin x + cos x)

P.I =
9(−1) − 1

ex
= [cos x − 3 sin x]
− 10

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I

ex
= Ae 2 x + Be 3 x + (cos x − 3 sin x)
10

5. Solve: (D2 + 4D + 3)y = e-xsin x

Solution:Given, (D2 + 4D + 3)y = e-xsin x

(i) To find C.F.

(D2 + 4D + 3) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

m2 + 4m + 3 = 0

(m + 3) (m + 1) = 0

m + 3 = 0, m + 1 = 0

m = –3, m = –1

The roots are real and distinct

C.F = Ae
m1x
+ Be m2 x

= Ae−3 x + Be ( −1) x

(ii) To find P.I

 1
P.I = e − x sin x
D + 4D + 3
2

Here a = –1; b = 1

Replace D by D + a = D – 1

1
P.I = e−x sin x
( D − 1) + 4( D − 1) + 3
2

1
= e−x sin x
D − 2D + 1 + 4D − 4 + 3
2

1
= e−x sin x
D + 2D
2

Replace D2by –b2 = –1

1
P.I = e−x sin x
− 1 + 2D

1
= e−x sin x
2D − 1

(2 D + 1) sin x
= e−x
(2 D − 1)( 2 D + 1)

[2 cos x + sin x]
= e−x
4D 2 − 1

Replace D2 by –b2 = –1

 4D2 – 1 = 4(-1) – 1 = –5  0

(2 cos x + sin x)
P.I = e−x
−5

− e− x
= (2 cos x + sin x)
5

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I
 e− x
= Ae −3 x + Be −3 − (2 cos x + sin x)
5

d2y
6. Solve: 2
+ 4 y = e x sin x
dx

d2y
Solution:Given, + 4 y = e x sin x
dx 2

( D 2 + 4) y = e x sin x

(i) To find C.F

(D2 + 4) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

m2 + 4 = 0

m2 = – 4

m =  −4

= 2i

= 0  2i

The roots are imaginary

Here, α = 0, ß = 2

 C.F = e ax ( A cos ßx + B sin ßx)

= ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x)

C.F = A cos 2x + B sin 2x

(ii) To find P.I

1
P.I = e x sin x
D +4
2

Here a = 1, b = 1
Replace D by D+ a = D + 1

1
P.I = ex sin x
( D + 1) 2 + 4

1
= ex sin x
D + 2D + 1 + 4
2

1
= ex sin x
D + 2D + 5
2

Replace D2 by –b2 = –1

1
P.I = ex sin x
− 1 + 2D + 5

1
= ex sin x
2D + 4

ex 1
= sin x
2 D+2

e x ( D − 2) sin x
=
2 ( D − 2)( D + 2)

e x (cos x − 2 sin x)
=
2 D2 − 4

Replace D2 by –b2 = –1

D2 – 4 = –1 – 4 = –5  0

e x (cos x − 2 sin x)
P.I =
2 (−5)

ex
= (cos x − 2 sin x)
10

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I
 ( −e x )
y = A cos 2 x + b sin 2 x + (cos x − 2 sin x)
10

d2y dy
7. Solve: 2
+ 4 + 4 y = e −3 x sin 2 x
dx dx

d2y dy
Solution:Given, 2
+ 4 + 4 y = e −3 x sin 2 x
dx dx

( D 2 + 4 D + 4) y = e −3 x sin 2 x

(i) To find C.F

( D 2 + 4D + 4) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

m2 + 4m + 4 =0

(m + 2) (m + 2) = 0

m + 2 = 0, m + 2 = 0

m = –2, m = –2

m = –2 (twice)

The roots are real and equal

C.F = emx (Ax + B)

= e-2x (Ax + B)

(ii) To find P.I

1
P.I = e −3 x sin 2 x
D + 4D + 4
2

Here a = –3 and b = 2

Replace D by D + a = D – 3

1
 P.I. = e −2 x . sin 2 x
( D − 3) + 4( D − 3) + 4
3
 1
= e −3 x sin 2 x
D − 6 D + 9 + 4 D − 12 + 4
2

1
P.I = e −3 x sin 2 x
D − 2D + 1
2

Replace D2 by –b2 = –4

1
P.I = e −3 x sin 2 x
− 4 − 2D + 1

1
= e −3 x sin 2 x
− 2D − 3

(2 D − 3) sin 2 x
= e −3 x
(2 D − 3)( 2 D + 3)

[2(2 cos 2 x) − 3 sin 2 x]

= e −3 x
4D 2 − 9

Replace D2 by –b2 = –4

4D2 – 9 = 4(–4) – 9 = 16 – 9 = 25  0

(4 cos 2 x − 3 sin 2 x
 P.I = − e −3 x
− 25

e −3 x
= (4 cos 2 x − 3 sin 2 x)
25

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I

e −3 x
y = e −2 x ( Ax + B) + (4 cos 2 x − 3 sin 2 x)
25

8. Solve: ( D 2 + 2D) y = e − x cos x

Solution:Given ( D 2 + 2D) y = e − x cos x

( D 2 + 2D) y = 0
 The auxiliary equation is

m2 + 2m =0

m (m + 2) =0

m = 0, m + 2 = 0

m = 0, m = –2

The roots are real and distinct

C.F = Ae m1x + Be m2 x

= Ae0 x + Be −2 x

= A + Be −2 x

(ii) To find P.I

1
P.I = e − x cos x
D + 2D
2

Here a = –1, b = 1

Replace D by D + a = D – 1

1
P.I = e−x cos x
( D − 1) + 2( D − 1)
2

1
= e−x cos x
D − 2D + 1 + 2D − 2
2

1
= e−x cos x
D −1
2

Replace D2 by –b2 = –1

D2 – 1 = – 1 – 1= – 2  0

cos x
P.I = e−x
−2
 e− x
=- cos x
2

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I

−2 x e− x
= A + Be − cos x
2

9. Solve: ( D 2 − 4D + 13) y = e 2 x cos 3x

Solution:Given, ( D 2 − 4D + 13) y = e 2 x cos 3x

(i) To find C.F

( D 2 − 4D + 13) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

m2 – 4m + 13 = 0

Here a = 1, b = –4, c = 13

− b  b 2 − 4ac
m =
2a

4  16 − 52
=
2

4  − 36
=
2

4  i6
=
2

m = 2  i3

The roots are imaginary

Here α = 2 and ß = 3
 C.F = e ax ( A cos ßx + B sin ßx)

= e 2 x ( A cos 3x + B sin 3x)

(ii) To find P.I

1
P.I = e 2 x cos 3 x
D − 4 D + 13
2

Here, a = 2 and b = 3

1
P.I = e2 x cos 3x
( D + 2) − 4( D + 2) + 13
2

1
P.I = e2 x cos 3x
D + 4 D + 4 − 4 D − 8 + 13
2

1
= e2 x cos 3x
D +9
2

Replacing D2 by –b2 = –9

D2 + 9 = –9 + 9 = 0

cos 3 x
P.I = e2x x
2D

x 2 x  cos 3 x 
= e  
2  D 

x 2x
= e  cos 3 xdx
2

x 2 x sin 3x
= e
2 3

x 2x
= e sin 3 x
6

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I
 x 2x
= e 2 x ( A cos 3x + B sin 3x) + e sin 3x
6

10. Solve: ( D 2 − 2D + 5) y = e x cos 2 x

Solution:Given, ( D 2 − 2D + 5) y = e x cos 2 x

(i) To find C.F

( D 2 − 2D + 5) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

m2 – 2m + 5 = 0

Here a = 1, b = -2 and c = 5

− b  b 2 − 4ac
m =
2a

2  4 − 20
=
2

2  i4
=
2

= 1  2i

The roots are imaginary. Here α = 1 and ß = 2.

C.F = e 2 x ( A cos ßx + B sin ßx)

= e x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x)

(ii) To find P.I

1
P.I = e x cos 2 x
D − 2D + 5
2

Here a = 1, b = 2

Replace D by D + a = D + 1
 1
P.I = ex cos 2 x
( D + 1) − 2( D + 1) + 5
2

1
= ex cos 2 x
D + 2D + 1 − 2D − 2 + 5
2

1
= ex cos 2 x
D +42

Replace D2 by –b2 = –4

D2 + 4 = –4 +4 = 0

cos 2 x
 P.I= e x . x
2D

xex  cos 2 x 
=  
2  D 

xe  1 
=  sin 2 x 
2 2 

x x
= e sin 2 x
4

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I
x x
= e x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x) + e sin 2 x
4

11. Solve: ( D + 1) 2 y = e − x cos x

Solution:Given, ( D + 1) 2 = e− x cos x

(i) To find C.F.

(D + 1)2y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

(m + 1)2 = 0
 (m + 1) (m + 1) = 0

(m + 1) = 0, (m + 1) = 0

m = -1, m = –1

m = –1 (twice)

The roots are real and equal

C.F = e mx ( Ax + B)

= e − x ( Ax + B)

(ii) To find P.I

1
P.I = e − x cos x
( D + 1) 2

1
= e − x cos x
D + 2D + 1
2

Here a = –1 and b = 1

Replace D by D + a = D – 1

1
P.I = e − x cos x
( D − 1) + 2( D − 1) + 1
2

1
P.I = e−x cos x
D − 2D + 1 + 2D − 2 + 1
2

cos x
= e−x
D2

11 
= e−x  cos x 
DD 

= e−x
1
( cos x dx )
D

= e−x
1
(sin x )
D
 = e − x  sin x dx

= e − x (− cos x )

= − e − x cos x

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I

= e − x ( Ax + B) − e − x cos x

12. Solve: ( D 2 − 2D + 1) y = xex sin x

Solution:

Given ( D 2 − 2D + 1) y = xex sin x

(i) To find C.F

( D 2 − 2D + 1) y = 0

The auxiliary equation is

m2 – 2m + 1 = 0

(m – 1) (m – 1) = 0

m = 1, m = 1

m = 1 (twice)

The roots are real and equal

C.F = emx (Ax + B)

= ex (Ax + B)

(i) To find P.I

1
P.I = xex sin x
D − 2D + 1
2

Here a = 1, b = 1
 Replace D by D + a = D + 1

1
P.I = ex x sin x
( D + 1) − 2( D + 1) + 1
2

1
= ex x sin x
D + 2D + 1 − 2D − 2 + 1
2

 x sin x 
P.I = ex  
 D 
2

 1  2D
= e x  x 2 sin x  − e x sin x
 D  (D 2 )2

 1  2 cos x
= e x  x 2 sin x  − e x
 D  (D 2 )2

Replace D2 by – b2 = –1

 sin x  x 2 cos x
P.I = e x  x  − e
 (−1)  (−1) 2

= − xex sin x − 2e x cos x

= − e x ( x sin x − 2 cos x)

The solution is

y = C.F + P.I

= e x ( Ax + B) − e x ( x sin x − 2 cos x)

Exercises

Solve the following differential equations

1. ( D 2 − 4D + 13) y = e 2 x cos 3x

2. ( D 2 + 4D + 3) y = e x sin x

3. ( D 2 − 2 D + 5) y = e 2 x sin x
4. ( D + 1) 2 y = e − x cos x

5. ( D 2 − 5D + 6) y = e x cos 2 x

6. ( D 2 − 4D + 3) y = 3e x cos 2 x

7. ( D 2 − 6D + 13) y = 8e3 x sin 4 x

8. ( D 2 − 4D + 13) y = e 2 x cos 3x

d2y dy
9. 2
+ 4 + 4 y = e − x sin 2 x
dx dx

d 2x dy
10. 2
− 2 + y = e x cos x
dx dx

Answer

1 2x
1. y = e 2 x [ A cos 3x + B sin 3x] + xe sin 3 x
6

ex
2. y = Ae− x + Be − x (6 cos x − 7 sin x)
85

e2 x
3. y = e x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x) − (2 cos x − 4 sin x)
20

4. y = ( Ax + B)e − x − e − x cos x

ex
5. y = Ae 2 x + Be3 x = (cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x)
20

3
6. y = Ae x + Be 2 x − e x [sin 2 x + cos 2 x]
8

7. y = e3 x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x) − xe3 x cos 4 x

xe2 x
8. y = e 2 x [ A cos 3x + B sin 3x] + sin 3x
6
 1 −x
9 y = e −2 x ( Ax + B) − e (4 cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x)
25

10. Y = ( Ax + B) e x − e x ( x sin x + 2 cos x)

Problem based on f(x) = xneax

1. Solve ( D 2 − D − 6) y = xe−2 x

Solution: Given ( D 2 − D − 6) y = xe−2 x

The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 – m – 6 = 0

m = 3, – 2

C.F = Ae −2 x + Be 3 x

1
P.I = x e−2 x
D −D−6
2

1
= e −2 x x
( D − 2) − ( D − 2) − 6
2

1
= e −2 x x
D − 4D + 4 − D + 2 − 6
2

1
= e −2 x x
D − 5D
2

−2 x 1
=e x
D 
5 D  − 1
5 

−2 x 1
=e x
 D
− 5D 1 − 
 5

−1
−2 x 1  D
=e 1− x
− 5 D  5 
  D( x) = 1 
 D 2 ( x) = 0
e −2 x  D  D 
2
  
= 1 + +   + ... x   
− 5D  5  5    
 D ( x ) = 0
n

 n  R 

e −2 x  D D 2 ( x) 
=  x + ( x ) + + ...
− 5D  5 25 

e −2 x  1 
= x+
− 5D  5 

e −2 x  1
=   x + dx
−5  5

e −2 x  x 2 1 
+ x
− 5  2 5 
=

xe−2 x  x 1
=
−5  2 + 5 

xe−2 x  5x + 2 
=  10 
−5

xe−2 x
= 5 x + 2
− 50

y = C.F + P.I

xe−2 x
= Ae−2 x + Be 3 x − (5 x + 2)
50

2. Solve ( D 2 − 4D + 4) y = x 2e 2 x

Solution: Given ( D 2 − 4D + 4) y = x 2e 2 x

The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 – 4m + 4 = 0
 m = 2, 2

C.F = (A + Bx) e2x

1
P.I = x 2e 2 x
D − 4D + 4
2

1
= e2 x x2
( D + 2) − 4( D + 2) + 4
2

1
= e2 x x2
D + 4D + 4 − 4D − 8 + 4
2

1
= e2 x x2
D + 4D − 4D + 8 − 8
2

1
= e2 x 2
 x dx
D

1  x3 
= e2 x
D  3 

e2 x 3
=  x dx
3

e2 x  x4 
=  
3  4

e2 x x 4
=
12

y = C.F + P.I

x 4e 2 x
= ( A + Bx )e 2 x +
12

3. Solve: ( D 3 − D) y = e x x

Solution: Given ( D 3 − D) y = e x x

The Auxiliary Equation is

m3 – 1 = 0

m (m2 – 1) = 0

m = 0, m = 1

C.F = Ae0 x + Be − x + Ce x

= A + Be − x + Ce x

1
P.I = ex x
( D − D)
3

1
= ex x
( D + 1) − ( D + 1)
3

= ex
1
D + 3D + 3D + 1 − D − 1
3 2
x  (a + b) 3
= a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3 
1
= ex x
D + 3D 2 + 2 D
3

1
= ex x
D 3D 
2
2D + + 1
 2 2 

1
= ex x
 D + 3D 
2
2D + 1
 2 

−1
ex  D 2 + 3D 
= 1 +  x
2D  2 

e x   D 2 + 3D   D 2 + 3D  
2

= 1 −   +   + x
2 D   2   2  


e x  D 2 3D 
= 1− − + ... x
2D  2 2 
 ex  D2 3D 
=  x − ( x) − ( x) 
2D  2 2 

ex  3   D( x) = 1 
=  x − (0) − (1)  D 2 ( x) = 0
2D  2   

ex  3
=  x− 
2D  2

ex  3
=   x − dx
2  2

ex  x2 3 
− x
2  2 2 
=

xex
= ( x − 3)
4

y = C.F + P.I

−x xex
= A + Be + Ce +
x
( x − 3)
4

4. Solve: ( D 2 − 2 D + 1) y = e x (3x 2 − 1)

Solution: Given ( D 2 − 2D + 1) y = e x (3x 2 − 1)

The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 – 2m + 1 = 0

m = 1, 1

1
P.I = e x (3x 2 − 1)
( D − 2 D + 1)
2

1
= ex (3x 2 − 1)
( D + 1) − 2( D + 1) + 1
2
 1
= ex (3 x 2 − 1)
D + 2D + 1 − 2D − 2 + 1
2

1
= ex 2
(3 x 2 − 1)
D

1
= ex  (3 x − 1)dx
2

1  3x 3 
= ex  − x
D 3 

= ex
1 3
D

x −x 
= e x  ( x3 − x)dx

 x4 x2 
=e  − 
x

4 2

 y = C.F + P.I

ex x4 ex x2
= ( A + Bx )e + −x

4 2

ALITER

Given ( D 2 − 2D + 1) y = e x (3x 2 − 1)

= 3e x x 2 − e x

C.F = (A + Bx) ex

1
P.I1 = 3e x x 2
( D − 2 D + 1)
2

1
= 3e x x2
( D + 1) − 2( D + 1) + 1
2

1
= 3e x x2
D + 2D + 1 − 2D − 2 + 1
2
 1
= 3e x (x2 )
D2

1
= 3e x 2
 x dx
D

1  x3 
= 3e x  
D  3 

1 2
= ex ( x ) = e x  x 3 dx
D

x4 x
P.I1 =e
4

1
P.I2 = ex
D − 2D + 1
2

1
=
1− 2 +1

1 x
= e
0

1
= x ex
2D − 2

1 x
= x e
2−2

1
= x. e x
0

1 x
= x2 e
2

x 2e x
=
2

P.I = P.I1 – P.I2

 x 4e x x 2
= −
4 2

y = C.F + P.I

x 4e x x 2 x
= ( A + Bx ) e + x
− e
4 2

5. Solve ( D 2 + 2 D − 1) y = ( x + e x )2

= x 2 + 2 xex + e 2 x

The Auxiliary Equation is m2 + 2m – 1 = 0

−2 4+4
(i.e) m =
2

−2 8
=
2

−22 2
=
2

= − 1 2

C.F = Ae( −1− 2)

+ Be ( −1+ 2)x

1
P.I1 = x2
D + 2D − 1
2

−1
= x2
[1 − ( D + 2 D)]
2

= − [1 − ( D 2 + 2 D)]−1 x 2

= - [1 + ( D 2 + 2D) + ( D 2 + 2D) 2 + ...]x 2

= − [1 + D 2 + 2D + D 4 + 4D3 + 4D 2 + ...]x 2

= − [ x 2 + D 2 ( x 2 ) + 2D( x 2 ) + D 4 ( x 2 ) + 4D3 ( x 2 ) + 4D 2 ( x 2 )]
 = − [ x 2 + 2 + 2(2 x) + 0 + 0 + 4(2)]

= − [ x 2 + 2 + 4 x + 8]

= − [ x 2 + 4 x + 10]

1
P.I2 = 2 xex
D + 2D − 1
2

1
= 2e x
( D + 1) + 2( D + 1) − 1
2

1
= 2e x x
D + 2D + 1 + 2D + 2 − 1
2

1
= 2e x x
D + 4D + 2
2

1
= 2e x x
D 2
4D 
 + + 1
 2 2 

1
= 2e x x
  D 2 + 4D  
21 +   
  2 

−1
 D 2 + 4D 
= e 1 +
x
 x
 2 

  D 2 + 4D   D 2 + 4D 2 
= e 1 − 
x
 +   − ... x
  2   2  

 D 2 4D   D( x) = 1
= e x 1 − − + .... x  D 2 ( x) = 0
 2 2  

 D 2 ( x) 4 D( x) 
= e x −
x
−
 2 2 

= e x [ x − (0) − 2]
 = e x ( x − 2)

1
P.I3 = e2x
D + 2D − 1
2

1
= e2 x [ Replace D by 2]
4 + 4 −1

1 2x
= e
7

P.I = P.I1 + P.I2 + P.I3

1
= − ( x 2 + 4 x + 10) + e x ( x − 2) + e 2 x
7

y = C.F + P.I

1 2x
= Ae( −1− 2) x
+ Be (1+ 2) x
− ( x 2 + 4 x + 10) + e x ( x − 2) + e
7

6. Solve ( D 2 − 2D + 2) y = e x x 2 + 5 + e −2 x

Solution:Given ( D 2 − 2 D + 2) y = e x x 2 + 5 + e −2 x

The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 – 2m + 2 = 0

m = 1 i

C.F = e x [ A cos x + B sin x]

1
P.I1 = ex x2
D − 2D + 2
2

1
= ex x2
( D + 1) − 2( D + 1) + 2
2
 1
= ex x2
D + 2D + 1 − 2D − 2 + 2
2

1
= ex x2
D +12

= e x (1 + D 2 ) −1 x 2

= e x [1 − D 2 + D 4 − ...]x 2

= e x [ x 2 − D 2 ( x 2 ) + D 4 ( x 2 ) − ...]

= e x [ x 2 − 2]

1
P.I2 = 5e 0 x
D − 2D + 2
2

1
=5 e0 x
(0) − 2(0) + 2

5
=
2

1
P.I3 = e_ 2x
D − 2D + 2
2

1
= e −2 x
(−2) − 2(−2) + 2
2

1
= e −2 x
4+4+2

1 −2 x
= e
10

P.I = P.I1 + P.I2 + P.I3

5 1 −2 x
= e x ( x 2 − 2) + + e
2 10

y = C.F + P.I
 5 1 −2 x
= e x ( A cos x + B sin x) +e x ( x 2 − 2) + + e
2 10

7. Solve ( D3 − 7 D − 6) y = (1 + x)e 2 x

Solution: ( D3 − 7 D − 6) y = e 2 x + xe2 x

The Auxiliary Equation is m3 – 7m – 6 = 0

1 0 −7 −6
−1 0 −1 1 6
1 −1 − 6 0

(m+ 1) (m2 – m –6) = 0

m = –1, –2, 3

C.F = Ae−2 x + Be − x + Ce3 x

1
P.I2 = xe2 x
D − 7D − 6
3

1
= e2 x x
( D + 2) − 7( D + 2) − 6
3

1
= e2 x x
D + 6 D + 12 D + 8 − 7 D − 14 − 6
3 2

1
= e2x x
D + 6 D + 5 D − 12
3 2

1
= e2 x x
 D + 6 D 2 + 5D  
3
12  − 1
 12  

1
= e2 x x
  D 3 − 6 D 2 + 5 D 
− 121 −  
  12 

−1
− e2 x  ( D 3 + 6 D 2 + 5 D) 
= 1 −  x
12  12 
 − e2 x  ( D 3 + 6 D 2 + 5D) + ... 
= 1 − x
12  12 

− e2 x  ( D3 + 6 D 2 + 5D)( x) 
= x − + ...
12  12 

− e2 x  5 D( x ) 
=
12  x − 12 

− e2 x  5
=
12  x − 12 

1
P.I1 = e2 x
( D − 7 D − 6)
3

1
= e2 x
8 − 14 − 6

− e2 x
=
12

P.I = P.I1+ P.I2

− e2 x e2 x  5
= − x− 
12 12  12 

− e2 x   5 
= 1 +  x − 12 
12   

− e2 x  7
= x+ 
12  12 

 y = C.F + P.I

e2 x  7
= Ae−2 x + Be − x + Ce3 − x+ 
12  12 

8. Solve: ( D 2 − 2D + 1) y = xex sin x

Solution: Given ( D 2 − 2D + 1) y = xex sin x

The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 – 2m + 1 = 0

C.F = ( A + Bx)e x

1
P.I. = xex sin x
D − 2D + 1
2

 1 
= ex   x sin x
 ( D + 1) − 2( D + 1) + 1
2

 1 
= ex  2  x sin x
 D + 2 D + 1 − 2 D − 2 + 1

 1 
= ex  2 x sin x
 D + 2 D − 2 D − 2 + 1

1
= ex x sin x
D2

1
= ex  ( x sin x ) dx
D

1
= ex [− x cos x − (− sin x)]
D

= e x −  x cos dx +  sin xdx

= e x [−( x sin x + cos x) − cos x] u = x : v = cos x

u = 1 : v1 = sin x

u = 0 : v2 = -cos x

= e x [− x sin x − cos x − cos x]

= − e x [ x sin x + 2 cos x]

y = C.F + P.I

= ( A + Bx )e x − e x ( x sin x + 2 cos x)
9. Solve: ( D 2 − 4D + 4 y) = 8x 2e 2 x sin 2 x

Solution:Given ( D 2 − 4D + 4 y) = 8x 2e 2 x sin 2 x

The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 – 4m + 4 = 0

(m – 2)2= 0

m = 2, 2 (twice)

C.F = ( A + Bx )e 2 x

1
P.I = 8 x 2 e 2 x sin 2 x
( D − 2) 2

1
= 8e 2 x x 2 sin 2 x
( D + 2 − 2) 2

 By Berroulli formula
= 8e 2 x
1
 2
 x sin 2 xdx 
D   uvdx = uv1 − uv2 + uv3

1  − x 2 cos 2 x 2 x sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x 

= 8e 2 x + +
D  2 4 8 

1  − x 2 cos 2 x x cos 2 x 
= 8e 2 x  + sin 2 x +
D 2 2 4 

1  1 1 1 
= 8e 2 x  −  x 2 cos 2 xdx +  x sin 2 xdx +  cos 2 xdx
D 2 2 4 

 − 1  x 2 sin 2 x 2 x cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x 1  − x cos 2 x sin 2 x  1 

= 8e 2 x   + − +  +  + sin 2 x 
2  2 4 8 2 2 4  8 

 − x 2 sin 2 x x cos 2 x sin 2 x x cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 

= 8e  2x
− + − + + sin 2 x
 4 4 8 4 8 8 
  − x 2 sin 2 x 2 x cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x 
= 8e 2 x  − +
 4 4 8 

 − x 2 sin 2 x x cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x 

= 8e 2 x  − +
 3 4 8 

 − 2 x 2 sin 2 x 4 x cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x 

= 8e 2 x  − +
 8 8 8 

= 8e 2 x [−2 x 2 sin 2 x − 4 x cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x]

= 8e2 x [(3 − 2 x 2 ) sin 2 x − 4 x cos 2 x]

d2y
10. Solve: − 4 y = x sin hx
dx 2

Solution:The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 – 4 = 0

m =  2

C.F = Ae2x + Be-2x

1
P.I = x sin hx
D −4
2

1  e x − e− x 
D 2 − 4  2 
= x

1 1 1 
=  ex x − 2 e−x x
2 D − 4
2
D −4 

1 x 1 1 
= e x − e−x x
2  ( D + 1) − 4
2
( D − 1) − 4 
2

1 x 1 1 
=  e x − e−x 2 x
2  D + 2D + 1 − 4
2
D − 2D + 1 − 4 
 1 x 1 1 
=  e x − e−x 2 x
2  D + 2D − 3
2
D − 2D − 3 

 
 
= e x 
1 1 −x 1
x − e x
2 D 2
2D  D 2
2D  
 3 + − 1 3 − − 1 
  3 3   3 3  

 
 
1 x
x 
1 −x 1
= e x−e
6   2
  D 2
2 D  
 − 1 −  D + 2 D  − 1 −  − 
  3   3
  3    3  

1   D 2 2 D  
−1 −1
 x   D 2 2 D  
= − e 1 −  +  x − e 1 − 
−x
−  x 
6   3 3    3 3  
 

1   D 2 2D   D 2 2D  
= − e x 1 + + + ... x − e − x 1 + − + ... x 
6  3 3   3 3  

−1  x  D2 2D  −x  D2 2D 
=  
e x + ( x ) + ( x ) + ... − e  x + ( x) − ( x) + ... 
6   3 3   3 3 

− 1  x  2  −x  2 
= e x +  − e  x −  
6   3  3 

−1  x −x 2 x −x 
=  x (e − e ) + (e + e ) 
6  3 

−1  2 
= 2 x sin hx + (2 cos hx 
6  3 

−1  4 
=  2 x sin hx + cos hx 
6  3 

x 2
= − sin hx − cos hx
3 9

 y = C.F + P.I
 x 2
= Ae2 x + Be −2 x − sinh x − cosh x
3 9

11. Solve: ( D3 − 3D 2 + 3D − 1) y = e −3 x 3

Solution: Given ( D3 − 3D 2 + 3D − 1) y = e − x x3

The Auxiliary Equation is

m3 – 3m2 + 3m – 1 = 0

(m – 1)3 = 0

m = 1, 1, 1 (thrice)

C.F = ( A + Bx + Cx 2 )e x

1
P.I = e−x x3
( D − 1) 3

1
= e−x x3
( D − 1 − 1) 3

1
= e−x x3
( D − 2) 3

1
= e−x 3
x3
D 
23  − 1
2 

e− x
= 3
x3
 D
− 81 − 
 2

−3
e− x  D  3
= 1− x
− 8  2 

e− x  D 3(3 + 1) D 2 3(3 + 1)(3 + 2) D3 

= 1 + 3 + + + ...
−8  2 2! 4 3! 8 
  −n n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 2)( n + 2) 3
 (1 − x) = 1 + nx + 2!
x +
3!
x + ...

e −3  3 3 3.4 D 2 ( x 2 ) 3.4(5) D 3 3 
=  x + D ( x 3
) + + ( x ) + ....
−8  2 2 4 8 8 

e −3  3 3 3 5 
=  x + (3x 2 ) + (6 x) (6)
−8  2 2 4 

e −3  3 9 2 
=  x + x + 9 x + 15
−8  2 

P.I =
e− x
− 16

2 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 18 x + 15 
y = C.F + P.I

e− x
= ( A + Bx + Cx 2 )e x − [2 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 18 x + 15]
16

12. Solve: ( D 2 − 4) y = x sin h2 x

Solution: Given ( D 2 − 4) y = x sin h2 x

 e 2 x − e −2 x 
= x 
 2 

xe2 x xe−2 x
= −
2 2

The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 – 4 = 0

m2 = 4

m =  2

C.F. = Ae−2 x + Be 2 x
 e2 x 1  D D2 
P.I. =  x − ( x ) + ( x)....
8 D 4 16 

e2 x 1  1 
= x−
8 D  4 

e2 x  x2 x 
=  2 − 4
8  

xe2 x  2 x − 1
=
8  4 

xe2 x
= 2 x − 1
32

1 x −2 x
P.I1 = e
( D − 4) 2
2

e2 x 1
= x
2 ( D − 2) 2 − 4

e −2 x 1
= x
2 D + 4D + 4 − 4
2

e −2 x 1
= x
2 ( D − 4 D)
2

e −2 x 1
= x
8  D
− 4 D 1 − 
 4

−1
e −2 x 1  D 
= 1− x
− 8 D  4 

e −2 x  D  D  
2

= 1 + +   + ... x
− 8D  4  4  
 e −2 x  D D2 
=  x + ( x ) + ( x) + ....
− 8D  4 16 

e −2 x  1 
= x+ 
− 8D  4

− e −2 x  1 − e −2 x  x2 x 
=   x + dx =  2 + 4
8D  4 8  

− xe−2 x
= [2 x + 1]
32

P.I = P.I1 + P.I2

xe2 x xe2 x
= (2 x − 1) − (2 x + 1)
32 32

xe2 x xe2 x
y = Ae−2 x + Be 2 x + (2 x − 1) − (2 x + 1)
32 32

Exercise Problems

1. ( D 2 − 2D + 2) y = x 2e3 x

2. ( D 2 + 4D + 4) y = e − x x 2

3. ( D 2 − 4D − 5) y = e −2 x ( x + 1)

4. ( D 2 + 8D + 15) y = e3 x x

5. ( D 2 + 9) y = ( x 2 + 1)e3 x

6. ( D 2 − 2D + 1) y = x 2 3x

7. ( D 2 − 2D + 1) y = x 2e x

e− x
8. ( D 2 + 2 D + 1) y =
x2

9. ( D 2 − 4) y = x 2 cos h2 x
Answers

1 3x
1. y = e x ( A cos x + B sin x) + e (25 x 2 − 40 x + 22)
125

2. y = ( Ax + B)e −2 x + e − x ( x 2 − 4 x + 6)

e −2 x
−x  15 
3. y = Ae + Be +
5x
 x + 7 
7

e3 x  7
4. y = Ae−3 x + Be −5 x +  x + 24 
48

e3 x  2 2 x 10 
5. y = A cos 3x + B sin 3x +  x − 3 + 9 
18

e3 x  2 3
6. y = ( A + Bx )e x +  x − 2 x + 2 
4

x 4e x
7. y = ( A + Bx )e x +
12

8. y = ( A + Bx )e − x − e − x log x

x
9. y = Ae −2 x + Be 2 x + (8 x 2 sinh 2 x − 6 x cosh 2 x + 3 sinh 2 x)
96

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH VARIABLES CO-EFFICIENTS

I - Cauchy Euler Type

An equation of the form

n −1
dny n −1 d y dy
a0 x n n
+ a1 x n−1
+ ....... + an−1 x + an y = X …(1)
dx dx dx

Where a0, a1, ..., an are constants and X is a function of x is called Euler’s homogeneous linear
differential equation.
Equation (1) can be reduce to constant co-efficient by means of transformation

x = ex(or) z = log x

dy dy dz
.
dx = dz dx

1 dy
= x dz [ x = e  z = log x]
z

dy
x where D = d / dz
dx = Dy (2)

Now

d2y d  dy  d  1 dy 
2 =  =  
dx dx  dx  dx  x dz 

1 d  dy  dy d  1 
=  +  
x dx  dz  dz dx  x 

1 d  dy  dz dy  − 1 
=   +  
x dz  dx  dx dz  x 2 

1 d 2 y d − 1 dy
= −
x dz 2 x x 2 dz

d2y 1 d 2 y 1 dy
= −
dx 2 x 2 dz 2 x 2 dz

d2y d 2 y dy
 x2 = −
dx 2 dz 2 dz

= (D2 – D) y where D = d / dz

d2y
x2 = D( D − 1) y …(3)
dx 2

d3y
Similarly x
3
= D( D − 1)( D − 2) y …(4)
dx 3
and so on. Substituting (2), (3), (4) and so on in (1), differential equation of variables co-
efficients reduced to constant co-efficients and can be solved by any one of the known methods.

II – Legendre’s Type

An equation of the form

n−1
dny n−1 d y
a0 (ax + b) n n
+ a1 ( ax + b ) n−1
+ ....... + an y = X …(1)
dx dx

where a0, a1 , ..., an are constants and X is a function of x is called Legendre’s linear differential
equation.

Equation (1) can be reduced to linear differential equation with constant co-efficient by the
substitution.

ax + b = ez z = log (az + b)

dy dy
(ax + b) =a
dx dz

(ax + b) D = aD, where D = d / dz

Similarly (ax + b)2D2 = a2D (D-1) and so on.

Examples

d2y dy
1. Solve x 2 2
−x + y =0 [S.U May’ 09, Dec’ 10, May’ 12]
dx dx

Solution: Given [x2D2 – xD +1] y = 0 …(1)

Put x = ez z = log x

x2D2 = D( D – 1)

xD = D where D = d / dz

Equation (1) reduces to

 (D( D–1) – D+1) y = 0

(D2 – 2D + 1) y = 0

A.E is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0

(m – 1)2 = 0

m = 1, 1

C.F = y = (Az + B) ez

y = (A log x + B) x

y
2. Solve xy + y + =0 [ S.U May’ 07, May’ 11]
x

 1
Solution: Given  xD2 + D +  y = 0
 x

[Multiply by x]

[x2D2+ xD +1] y = 0 …(1)

Put x = ez  z = log x

x2D2 = D( D– 1)

xD = D, where D = d / dz

(1) reduces to [D(D– 1) + D + 1] y = 0

[D2 + 1] y = 0

A.E : m2 + 1 = 0

m2 = –1

m = i

C.F = y = A cos z + B sin z

y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x)

3. Solve (x2D2 – 3xD + 4) y = 0 [S.U Dec’ 07]

Solution: Given (x2D2 – 3xD + 4) y = 0 ...(1)

x2D2 =D(D– 1)

xD =D, Where D = d / dz

(1) reduces to [D(D–1) – 3D + 4] y = 0

(D2 – 4D + 4) y = 0

A.E : m2 – 4m + 4 = 0

m = 2, 2 (repeated roots)

C.F = y = (Az + B) e2z

y = (A log x + B) e2logx

= (A log x + B) x2

4. Solve xy + y = 0 [S.U Dec ‘08]

Solution: Given xy + y = 0

multiply by x x2y + xy = 0 …(1)

(x2D2 + xD) y = 0

A.E : (D( D – 1) + D) y = 0 [ x2D2 = D( D – 1) xD = D]

D2y = 0

A.E: m2 = 0

m = 0, 0

y = C.F. = (Az + B)e0z

y = A log x + B

5. Convert the Euler equation (x2D2− 7xD + 12) y = x2 into a differential equation with
constant co-efficients [S.U. Dec ’09]

Solution: Given (x2D2 −7xD + 12) y = x2 …(1)

 Put x = ez z = log x

x2D2 = D( D− 1)

dy
xD = D, where D =
dz

Equation (1) reduces to

(D( D− 1) − 7 D +12) y = (ez)2

(D2− 8D + 12) y = e2z …(2)

Equation (2) is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

d2y dy
6. Transform x
2
2
− x + 2 y = x into linear differential equation with constant co-
dx dx
efficients [S.U. Dec ’11]

Solution: Given [ x 2 D 2 − xD + 2] y = x …(1)

Put x = e z  z = log x

x 2 D 2 = D( D − 1)

xD = D

Equation (1) reduces to

[ D( D − 1) − D + 2] y = e z

[ D2 − 2D + 2] y = e z …(2)

Equation (2) is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

d2y dy 2 y
7. Solve x 2 2
+ 4x + =0 [S.U.Dec’ 11]
dx dx x

 2 2
Solution: Given  xD + 4 D + y=0
 x 

Multiply by x
 [ x 2 D 2 + 4 xD + 2] y = 0

Put x = e z  z = log x

[ D( D − 1) + 4 D + 2] y = 0

[ D2 + 3D + 2] y = 0

A.E: m2 + 3m + 2 = 0

(m + 2)(m + 1) = 0

m = −1, −2

C.F = y = Ae-z + Be-2z

A B
y= + [ x = e z ]
x x2

8. Solve ( x 2 D 2 − 2 xD − 4) y = 32 (log x) 2 [S.U May’ 09, May’ 11]

Solution: Given ( x 2 D 2 − 2 xD − 4) y = 32 (log x) 2

Put x = e z  z = log x

x 2 D 2 = D' ( D − 1)

d
xD = D, D =
dz

[ D( D − 1) − 2 D − 4] y = 32 z 2

[ D2 + 3D − 4] y = 32 z 2 …(2)

Equation (2) is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

A.E: m2 - 3m - 4 = 0

(m - 4)(m + 1) = 0

m = 4, −1

C.F = Ae4Z + Be-z

 1
P.I. = 32 z 2
 
D − 3D − 4
2

1
=
32 z2
  D − 3 D  
2
− 41 −  
  4 

−1
  D 2 − 3D   2
= − 81 −   z
  4 

  D2 − 3D   D2 − 3D  2 

= − 81 +   +   + .... z 2 [ (1 − x) −1 = 1 + x + x 2 + ...]
  4   4  

 D2 2 3 9 D2 2 
= − 8 z 2 + ( z ) − D( z 2 ) + ( z )
 4 4 16 

{ D( z 2 ) = 2 z, D2 ( z 2 ) = 2, D2 ( z 2 ) = 0}

 2 3 9 
= − 8 z 2 + − (2 z ) + (2)
 4 4 16 

 3 13 
P.I = − 8 z 2 − z + 
 2 8

 General solution y = C.F + P.I

 3z 13 
= Ae 4 z + Be − z − 8 z 2 − + 
 2 8

B
y = Ax 4 + − [8(log x) 2 − 12(log x) + 13]
x

9. Solve ( x 2 D 2 + xD + 1) y = log x sin (log x) [S.U.Dec ‘07]

Solution: Given ( x 2 D 2 + xD + 1) y = log x sin (log x) …(1)

Put x = e z  z = log x

x 2 D 2 = D( D − 1)
xD = D

(1) reduces to

( D( D − 1) + D + 1) y = z sin z

( D2 + 1) y = z sin z

A.E: m2+ 1 = 0

m = i

C.F = A cos z+ B sin z

1
P.I = z sin z
D + 1
2

1
= I.P. of eiz z
D + 1
2

1
= I.P. of eiz z
( D + i) 2 + 1

1
= I.P. of eiz z
D + 2iD
2

1
= I.P. of eiz z
 D 
2iD1 + 
 2i 

−1
− i  iD  
= I.P. of e iz
1 −  z
2 D  2 

− i  iD  iD  
2

= I.P. of e iz
1 − +   + ....z
2 D1  2  2  

−i  i
= I.P. of eiz  z +  { D( z ) = 1 D2 ( z ) = 0}
2 D  2 
 − 1  z 2 iz  1
= I.P. of eiz + { = Int.w.r.t.z}
2  2 2  D

 − iz 2 z 
= I.P. of (cos z + sin z ) + 
 4 4

z2 z
P.I = cos z + sin z
4 4

y = C.F + P.I

z2 z
General solution: y = A cos z + B sin z − cos z + sin z
4 4

(log x) 2 log x
y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x) − cos (log x) + sin (log x)
4 4

d2y dy
Solve (2 x + 3) − 2(2 x + 3) − 12 y = 6 x [S.U. Dec ‘09]
2
10. 2
dx dx

Solution: The given eqn is a Legendre’s linear differential equation

Put (2 x + 3) = e z  z = log (2 x + 3)

dy dy
(2 x + 3) = 2 = 2 D' y
dx dz

d2y
(2 x + 3) 2 = 4 D( D − 1) y
dx 2

Equation reduces to

 ez − 3
[4 D( D − 1) − 2(2 D) − 12] y = 6  [ 2 x + 3 = e z ]
 2 

[4D2 − 8D − 12] y = 3[e z − 3]

 3
[ D2 − 2 D − 3] y = (e z − 3) …(1)
4

Equation (1) is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients

A.E: m2– 2m – 3 = 0

(m – 3) (m + 1) = 0

m = 3, – 1

C.F = Ae3z + Be-z

1 3 z
P.I = (e − 3)
D  − 2 D − 3 4
2

3 1
= (e z − 3e 0 z )
4 D − 2 D − 3
2

3  −1 z 
=  e + 1 [subst. D = 1 in Ist and D = 0 in IInd]
4 4 

y = C.F + P.I

General Solution

−z 3 z 3
= Ae + Be − e +
3z
y
16 4

−1 3 3
= A(2 x + 3) + B(2 x + 3) − (2 x + 3) +
3
y
16 4

11. Solve ( x 2 D 2 + 4 xD + 2) y = x log x [S.U. Dec’ 06, May’ 11]

Solution: Given ( x 2 D 2 + 4 xD + 2) y = x log x …(1)

Put x = e Z  z = log x

x 2 D 2 = D( D − 1)

xD = D
 (1)  ( D( D − 1) + 4D + 2) y = ze z

( D2 + 3D + 2) y = ze z

A.E: m2 + 3m + 2 = 0

(m+ 2) (m + 1) = 0

m = -1, -2

C.F = Ae-z + Be-2z

1
P.I. = ze z
 
D + 3D + 2
2

z 1
=e z
( D + 1) + 3( D + 1) + 2
2

1
= ez z
D + 5 D + 6
2

ez 1
= z
6  D 2 + 5 D 
1 + 
 6 

−1
ez  D 2 + 5 D 
= 1 +  z
6  6 

e z   D 2 + 5 D    D  2 + 5 D   
= 1 −   +   − ... z
6   6   6  

ez  5
P.I =  z − 6  [ D( z ) = 1, D2 ( z ) = 0]
6

y = C.F + P.I

General Solution

−z −2 z ez  5
y = Ae + Be +  z − 6 
6
 A B x 5
y = + 2 +  log x − 
x x 6 6

12. Solve ( x 2 D 2 − xD + 4) y = x 2 sin(log x) [S.U May’ 10]

Solution: Given

( x 2 D 2 − xD + 4) y = x 2 sin(log x) …(1)

Put x = e z , z = log x

x 2 D 2 = D( D − 1)

x 2 D 2 = D( D − 1)

Equation (1) reduces to

( D( D − 1) − D + 4) y = e2 Z sin z

( D2 − 2D + 4) y = e2 Z sin z

A.E: m2 – 2m + 4 = 0

2  4 − 16
m =
2

2  2i 3
=
2

m = 1 i 3

C.F = e z ( A cos 3 z + B sin 3 z )

1
P.I = e 2 z sin z
D − 2 D + 4
2

1
= I.P. of e 2 z e iz
 
D − 2D + 4
2

1
= I.P. of e ( 2+i ) z
D − 2 D + 4
2
 1
= I.P. of e ( 2+i ) z Replace D = 2 + i
(2 + i) − 2(2 + i) + 4
2

1 2 z iz
= I.P. of e e
3 + 2i

(3 − 2i ) 2 z
= I.P. of e (cos z + i sin z )
13

e2 z
P.I = (3 sin z − 2 cos z )
13

y = C.F + P.I

e2 z
= e z ( A cos 3z + B sin 3z ) + (3 sin z − 2 cos z )
13

General solution

( ( )
y = x A cos 3 log x + B sin ( ))
3 log x +
x2
13
(3 sin(log x) − 2 cos(log x))

d2y dy
13. Solve x
2
2
+ 3x + 5 y = x cos(log x) [S.U May’ 08]
dx dx

Solution: Put e z = x  z = log x

x 2 D 2 = D( D − 1)

d
xD = D, D =
dz

Then the given equation becomes

[ D( D − 1) + 3D + 5] y = e z cos z

d
xD = D, D =
dz

A.E: m2 + 2m + 5 = 0
 − 2  4 − 20
m =
2

− 2  4i
=
2

m = -1  2i

C.F = e − z ( A cos 2 z + B sin 2 z )

1
P.I = e z cos z
 
D + 2D + 5
2 2

1
= R.P e z e iz
D + 2 D + 5
2 2

1
= R.P e (1+i ) z
D + 2 D + 5
2

1
= R.P e (1+i ) z
(1 + i) + 2(1 + i) + 5
2

1
= R.P e z e iz
7 + 4i

(7 − 4i ) z
= R.P e (cos z + i sin z )
65

ez
= (7 cos z + 4 sin z )
65

ALITER

1
P.I = e z cos z
D + 2 D + 5
2

z 1
=e cos z
( D + 1) + ( D + 1) + 5
2

1
= ez cos z Replace D2= - 1
D + 4 D + 8
2
 ( 4 D − 7 )
= ez cos z
(4 D + 7)( 4 D − 7)

[4(− sin z ) − 7 cos z ]

= ez
(4 D) 2 − 7 2

ez
= (4 sin z + 7 cos z )
65

y = C.F + P.I

−z ez
= e ( A cos 2 z + B sin 2 z ) + (7 cos z + 4 sin z )
65

1 x
y = ( A cos( 2(log x)) + B sin( 2(log x)) + [4 sin(log x) + 7 cos(log x)]
x 65

14. Solve ( x 2 D 2 − xD + 2) y = x log x [S.U. Dec 11]

Solution: Given ( x 2 D 2 − xD + 2) y = x log x …(1)

Put x = e z  z = log x

x 2 D 2 = D( D − 1)

xD = D

Equation (1) reduces to

( D( D − 1) − D + 2) y = ze z

( D2 − 2D + 2) y = ze z

A.E: m2– 2m + 2 = 0

2 4−8
m =
2

2  2i
=
2
 m =1i

C.F. = ez (A cos z + B sin z)

1
P.I. = ze z
D − 2 D  + 2
2

z 1
=e z
( D + 1) − 2( D + 1) + 2
2

1
= ez z
D + 1
2

= e z (1 + D2 ) −1 z

= e z (1 − D2 + ( D2 ) 2 − ...) z

P.I = ze z [ D( z ) = 1, D2 ( z ) = 0]

y = C.F + P.I

= e z ( A cos+ B sin z ) + ze z

y = x( A cos(log x) + B sin(log x) + x log x

15. Solve x 2 y + xy + y = cos( 2 log x) [S.U Dec 08]

Solution: Given ( x 2 D 2 + xD + 1) y = cos(2 log x)

Put x = e z  z = log x

x 2 D 2 = D( D − 1)

d
xD = D, D
dz

( D( D − 1) + D + 1) y = cos 2 z

( D2 + 1) y = cos 2 z

A.E. m2 + 1 = 0
 m2 = - 1

m = i

C.F = A cos z + B sin z

1
P.I. = cos 2 z
D + 1
2

Replace D2 = - 4

−1
= cos 2 z
3

y = C.F + P.I

1
= A cos z + B sin z − cos 2 z
3

1
y = A cos(log x) +B sin(log x) − cos( 2 log x)
3

Exercise

1. Convert the equation xy − 3 y + x −1 y = x 2 as a linear equation with constant co-efficients.

2. Solve: x3 y + 3x 2 y + xy + y = 0

d2y dy 1
3. Solve: x
2
2
+ 4x + 2 y = x2 + 2
dx dx x

2
 log x 
4. Solve: ( x 2 D 2 − xD + 1) y =  
 x 

5. Solve: ( x 2 D 2 + xD + 1) y = sin( 2 log x) sin(log x)

d2y dy
Solve: ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) + y = 4 cos log( x + 1)
2
6. 2
dx dx

d2y dy
Solve: (3x + 2) + 3(3x + 2) − 36 y = 3x 2 + 4 x + 1
2
7. 2
dx dx
8. Solve: ( x 2 D 2 + xD − 9) y = sin 3 (log x)

9. Solve: ( x 2 D 2 − 3xD − 5) y = sin(log x)

d2y dy
10. Solve: x
2
2
+ 2 x + 4 y = x 2 + 2 log x
dx dx

d2y dy
11. Solve: x
2
2
+ 2 x − 20 y = ( x 2 + 1) 2
dx dx

d2y dy
12. Solve: x
2
2
+ 9 x + 25 y = (log x) 2
dx dx

d2y dy
13. Solve: x
2
2
− x − 3 y = x 2 log x
dx dx

 2 D 1 2 log x
14. Solve:  D − + 2  y =
 x x  x4

15. Find Particular integral for ( x 3 D3 + 3x 2 D 2 + xD + 1) y = sin(log x)

d2y dy
16. Solve: x
2
2
− 3x + 4 y = 2 x 2
dx dx

d2y dy
17. Solve: x
2
2
− 2 x + 2 y = x 2 + sin( 5 log x)
dx dx

1
Solve: ( x D + 4 xD + 2) y = x =
2 2
18.
x

19. Solve: x 3 y + 2 x 2 y − xy + y = log x

d2y dy 5
20. Solve: x
2
2
+ x − 9y = 2
dx dx x

Answer

1. ( D2 − 4D + 1) y = e3 z
 A   3   3 
2. y= + x  Bos  log x  + C sin  log x 
x   2   2 

A B x 2 log x
3. y= + + − 2
x x 2 12 x

1  4 2
4. y = ( A log x + B) x + 2 
(log x) 2 + (log x) + 
9x  3 3

1 1
5. y = A cos(log x) + B sin(log x) − sin( 3 log x) − log x cos(log x)
16 4

6. y = A cos(log( x + 1)) + B sin(log( x + 1)) + 2 log( x + 1) sin log( x + 1)

B 1
7. y = A(3x + 2) 2 + + [(3x + 2) 2 log( 3x + 2) + 1]
(3x + 2) 108
2

B 3 1
8. y = Ax 3 + 3
− (sin(log x)) + sin( 3 log x)
x 40 72

B 2 cos(log x) − 3 sin(log x)
9. y = Ax 5 + +
x 26

  15   15  x 2 1 
 + +  log x − 
1 1
10. y=  A cos log x  + B sin  log x
 2   2  10 2  4
x     

B x 4 log x x 2 1
11. y = Ax + 5 +
4
− −
x 9 7 20

1 1  16 78 
12. y= [ A cos(3 log x) + B sin( 3 log x)] + (log x) 2 − log x +
x 4
25  25 625 

A x2  2
13. y= + Bx 3
−  log x + 
x 3
2 3

2  2
14. y = x( A log x + B) + 2 
log x + 
9x  3
 1
15. P.I = (sin(log x) + cos(log x))
2

16. y = x 2 (log x + B) + x 2 (log x) 2

15 cos(5 log x) − 23 sin( 5 log x)

17. y = Ax + Bx 2 + x 2 log x +
754

A B x log x
18. y= + + +
x x2 6 x

A
19. y= + ( B log x + C ) + log x + 1
x

B 1
20. y = Ax3 + −
x3 x 2

Simultaneous linear Differential Equations with constant co-efficients

Simultaneous linear Differential Equations:

The system of differential equations which consist of one independent and two or more
dependent variables.

To solve such system completely, we must have as many simultaneous equations as the
number of dependent variables.

Here we consider only the 1st order simultaneous linear differential equations.

Let x, y be the two dependent variables and‘t’ be the independent variable, then consider
the system like

f1 ( D) x + g1 ( D) y = (t ) …(1)

f 2 ( D) x + g 2 ( D) y = (t ) …(2)

d
D=
dt

Where f1, f2, g1, g2 are polynominals in D.

Methods to solve the simultaneous equations

 Solving simultaneous differential equation is based on the process of elimination of the
variables which is applied in solving the simple algebraic equations.

Method 1

The method of solution is to eliminate the dependent variables x or y between the two
given equations. First getting an equation in the dependent variable and then solve the equations
by the methods as used already.

After getting the solution either for x or y, substitute the solution either in (1) or in (2) to
get the solution for the other dependent variable.

Note (1)

The number of arbitrary constants in the solution of the system

f1 ( D) x + g1 ( D) y = 1 (t )

f 2 ( D) x + g2 ( D) y = 2 (t )

f1 ( D) g1 ( D)
is equal to the degree of D in the determinant (i.e.) The number of arbitrary
f 2 ( D) g 2 ( D)
constants in the solution of the system is equal to the number of dependent variables appeared in
the system.

Example:

dx dy
Consider the system + y = sin t ; + x = cos t. Here the number of arbitraryconstants is
dt dt
equal to the number of dependent variables in the system

d
Let D = , then the above system is
dt

Dx + y = sin t …(1)

Dx + x = cos t …(2)

f1 ( D) g1 ( D) D 0
Now = = D 2 , Here the degree is 2
f 2 ( D) g 2 ( D) 0 D
  We have two arbitrary constants in the solution of the system.

Method 2
Elimination of x in the equations (1) and (2) gives the solution of y, in which we have two
arbitrary constants.

Likewise elimination of y in the equations (1) and (2) gives the solution.

But according to the rule (in Note), we must have only two arbitrary constants. Therefore
we can write the relation between the arbitrary constants. (i.e) one constant can be expressed
interms of other.

Note (2)

Also, we can eliminate first y and then using y we may find out the solution of x.

Problems

dx dy
1. Solve: + y − 1 = sin t ; + x = cos t (S.U 2006)
dt dt

dx dy
Solution:Given + y − 1 = sin t ; + x = cos t
dt dt

d
Let D = , then the above equations are Dx + y − 1 = sin t
dt

(i.e) Dx + y = sin t + 1 …(1)

And Dy + x = cos t …(2)

First we can eliminate x from (1) and (2)

(2)  D  D 2 y + Dx = D(cos t ) = − sin t …(3)

(i.e) Dx + D 2 y = − sin t

Dx + y = sin t + 1
(1) – (3) Dx + D 2 y = − sin t
(− D 2 + 1) y = 2 sin t + 1
 (i.e) − ( D 2 − 1) y = 2 sin t + 1

(i.e) ( D 2 − 1) y = −2 sin t − 1 which is 2nd order differential equation in y with constant

coefficients.

The solution of y(t) = C.F. + P.I.

Now the Auxiliary equation is

m2 – 1 = 0

(i.e) m2 = 1

m =  1

 C.F. = Aet + Be-t

1
P.I. = (−2 sin t − 1)
D −1
2

1 1
= (−2 sin t ) − 2 e 0t
D −1
2
D −1

−2 1 0t
= sin t − e
−1−1 0 −1

−2 1
= sin t + e 0t
−2 1

= sin t + 1

y = Aet + Be −t + sin t + 1

To find the solution of x, first we can find Dy.

Dy = D[ Aet + Be −t + sin t + 1]

= Aet − Be − t + cos t

Consider the equation (2)

 Dy + x = cos t

 x = cos t – Dy

x = cos t – (Aet –Bet + cos t)

= cos t – Aet+ Bet – cos t

x = Be-t– Aet

 The solutions are

x = Be-t– Aet

y = Ae-t+Bet + sin t + 1

where A and B are arbitrary constants.

dx dy
2. Solve + y = sin t ; + x = cos t where x(0) = 2 and y(0) = 5 (S.U 2007)
dt dt

dx dy
Solution:Given + y = sin t ; + x = cos t
dt dt

(i.e)
Dx + y = sin t; …(1)

Dy + x = cos t …(2)

First we can eliminate x from (1) and (2)

(2)  D  Dx + D 2 y = D cos t = − sin t …(3)

Dx + y = sin t
Dx + D 2 y = − sin t
(1) − (3)  (− D 2 − 1) y = 2 sin t

(i.e) ( D 2 − 1) y = 2 sin t , this is a 2nd order differential equation in y with constant

coefficients.

y = C.F. + P.I.
Now the auxiliary equation is

m2 – 1 = 0

m2 = 1

m2 = 1

 C.F. = Aet + Be-t

1 −2
P.I. = (−2 sin t ) = sin t (Replace D2by – 1)
D −12
−1 −1

2
= sin t = sin t
2

y = Aet + Be − t + sin t …(4)

To find the solution of x, first let us find Dy and substitute the value in (2)

Dy = D[ Aet + Be −t sin t ] = Aet − Be −t + cos t

Now (2)  Dy + x = cos t

x = cos t – Dy

= cos t – (Aet – Be-t + cos t)

= cos t – Aet + Be-t – cos t

…
x = Be-t– Aet (5)

To find the value of A and B, We can use the given conditions

Given x(0) = 2, y(0) = 0

(4) y(0) = Ae0 + Be-0 + sin (0) Since t = 0

0=A+B

B = – A

(5) x(0) = Be-o – Aeo [t = 0]

 2=B–A

2 = – A– A = – 2A

A = – 1

B = 1

 The solutions are

−t et + e − t
x = e + e = 2 cosh t
t
 cos ht =
2

y = e −t − et + sin t

−t et − e − t
= −(e − e ) + sin t
t
 sin ht =
2

y = −2 sinh t + sin t

3. Solve Dx + y = cos t ; x + Dy = 2 sin t.

Solution:Given

Dx + y = cos t ; …(1)

x + Dy = 2 sin t …(2)

d
where D =
dt

First we can eliminate y from (1) & (2)

(1)  D  D 2 x + Dy = D(cos t ) = − sin t

(i.e)

D 2 x + Dy = − sin t ...............(3)
x + Dy = 2 sin t
(3) − (2)  ( D 2 − 1) x = −3 sin t ...............( I )

which is a 2nd order differential equation in x with constant coefficients the solution of
x(t) = C.F. + P.I.

Now Auxiliary equation is

m2 – 1 = 0

m2 = 1

m = 1

C.F. = Aet + Be-t

1
P.I. = (−3 sin t )
D −12

−3
= sin t Replace D2 by – 1
−1−1

3
= sin t
2

−t 3
x(t) = Ae + Be + sin t
t
…(4)
2

Now to find y we can find Dx and then substitute Dx in (1).

 t −t 3 
Dx = D  Ae + Be + sin t 
 2 

3
= Aet − Be −t + cos t
2

(1) Dx + y = cos t

y = cos t – Dx

 t −t 3 
= cos t −  Ae − Be + cos t 
 2 

−t 3
= cos t − Ae − Be − cos t
t

2
 cos t
= − Aet + Be −t
2

cos t
y = Be −t − − Aet
2

Aliter

To find y we can eliminate x from (1) & (2)

(2)  D  Dx + D 2 y = D(2 sin t ) = 2 cos t

(6) − (1)  Dx + D 2 y = 2 cos t ……………………….(6)

Dx + y = cos t

( D 2 − 1) y = cos t …………………………(II)

 y = CF + PI

Auxiliary equation is

m2 – 1 = 0

m2 = 1

m = 1

C.F. = Cet + De-t

[Since already A, B are introduced in x]

1
P.I. = cos t
D −1
2

1
= cos t Replace D2 by – 1
−1−1

−1
= cos t
2

1
 y (t ) = Cet + De −t − cos t ...(7)
2
 Here the solutions of x and y contains four constants. But the solutions for x and y should
contain as the order of equations (I) and (II).

Hence the values of C and D should be expressed interms of A and B as explained below.

Inserting the values of x and y in (1)

 d 
(i.e) Dx + y = cos t  Here Dx = dt ( x)

 3  1
D  Aet + Be −t + sin t  + Cet + De −t − cos t = cos t
 2  2

d  t 3  1
(i.e)  Ae + Be −t + sin t  + Cet + De −t − cos t = cos t
dt  2  2

3 1
Aet − Be −t + cos t + Cet + De −t − cos t − cos t = 0
2 2

3 3
 Aet + Be −t + cos t + Cet + De −t − cos t = 0
2 2

 Aet − Be −t + Cet + De −t = 0

(i.e) ( A + C )et + ( D − B)e −t = 0.

A + C = 0, D − B = 0

(i.e) − A = +C ; D = B (et, e-t will not be zero)

3
The solutions are x = Aet + Be −t + sin t
2

1
In (7), But C = − A, D = B y = Aet + Be −t − cos t
2

Where A and B are arbitrary constants.

dx dy
4. Solve − y = t; = t2 − x (S.U 2008, 2012)
dt dt
 d
Solution: Given Dx − y = t ; Dy = t 2 − x where =D
dt

t 15 
−3
2 
15
(ie)  CF = e  A cos t + B sin t 
 2 2 

First we eliminate x from (1) and (2)

Dx + D 2 y = 2t → (3)

(3) − (1)  Dx − y = t → (1)

( D 2 + 1) y = t

is a differential equation in y with constant coefficients.

 y = CF + PI

Now the auxiliary equation is

m2 + 1 = 0

(ie) m2 = – 1

m = i

C.F. = A cos t + B sin t

1
P.I. = (t ) = [1 + D 2 ]−1 (t )
D +1
2

= [1 − D 2 + D 4 − ...](t )

= t − D 2 (t ) + D 4 (t ) − ...

=t [D2(t) = 0, D4(t) = 0…

Neglecting D2 and higher powers of D]

y =A cos t + B sin t + t [(1 + x)-1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + …, |x|<1.]

To find x, find Dy and substitute in equation (2)

 d
Dy = ( y ) = − A sin t + B cos t + 1
dt

(2)  x + Dy = t 2

 x = t 2 − Dy

= t 2 − [− A sin t + B cos t + 1]

= t 2 + A sin t − B cos t − 1

x(t ) = A sin t − B cos t + t 2 − 1

The solutions are

x(t ) = A sin t − B cos t + t 2 − 1

y (t ) = A cos t − B sin t + t

Where A and B are arbitrary constants.

5. Solve (D + 2) x – 3y = t; (D + 2) y – 3x = e2t (S.U 2009)

Solution: Given

(D + 2) x – 3y = t → (1)

(D + 2) y – 3x = e2t → (2)

First we can eliminate x from (1) & (2)

(1)  3  3( D + 2) x − 3(3 y ) = 3t

( D + 2) x − 9 y = 3t → (3)

(2)  ( D + 2)  −3( D + 2) x + ( D + 2) 2 y = ( D + 2)e 2t

 −3( D + 2) x + ( D + 2) 2 y = ( D + 2)e 2t

= 2e 2t + 2e 2t

 −3( D + 2) x + ( D + 2) 2 y = 4e 2t → (4)
 (3) + (4) 3( D + 2) x − 9 y = 3t

− 3( D + 2) x + ( D + 2) 2 y = 4e 2t

D 2 + 4D + 4 − 9) y = 4e 2t + 3t

(ie) (D2 + 4D – 5) y = 4e2t + 3t is differential equation in y with arbitrary constants.

y = C.F. + P.I.

Now the auxiliary equation is

m2 + 4m – 5 = 0

(ie) (m + 5) (m – 1) = 0

m = -5, m=1

 C.F. = Aet + Be-5t

1
P.I. = (4e 2t + 3t )
D + 4D − 5
2

4 3
= e 2t + 2 (t )
D + 4D − 5
2
D + 4D − 5

4 3
= e 2t + (t )
2 + 4(2) − 5
2
 D 2 + 4D 
− 51 +
 − 5 

−1
4 3  D 2 + 4D 
= e − 1 −
2t
 (t )
4+8−5 5 5 

4 2t 3   D 2 4 D   D 2 4 D  
2

= e − 1 +  +  +  +  + ....(t )
7 5  5 5   5 5  


4 2t 3  4 D 
= e − 1 +  (t ) [neglecting D2 and higher power of D, since D2(t) = 0]
7 5 5 

4 2t 3  4 
= e − t + D(t )
7 5 5 
 4 2t 3  4 
= e − t + 
7 5 5

4 2t 1  12 
= e −  3t + 
7 5 5

4 1 12 
 y = Aet + Be −5t + e 2t −  3t + 
7 5 5

Now consider ( D + 2) y − 3x = e 2t

(ie) Dy + 2 y − 3x = e 2t

d  t 4 1 12 
(ie)  Ae + Be −5t + e 2t −  3t + 
dt  7 5 5 

 4 1 12 
+ 2 Aet + Be −5t + e 2t −  3t +  − e 2t = 3x
 7 5 5 

4 1
(ie) 3x = Aet + 5Be −5t + e 2t − (3)
7 5

8 2 2 12 2t
+ 2 Aet + 2 Be −5t + e 2t − (3t ) − −e
5 5 5 6

16 2t 2t 3 24 2
3x = 3 Aet − 3Be −5t + e − e − − − (3t )
7 5 25 5

9 6 39
= 3 Aet − 3Be −5t + e 2t − t −
7 5 25

1 9 6 39 
 x = 3 Aet − 3Be −5t + e 2t − t − 
3 7 5 25 

3 2 13
x = Aet − Be −5t + e 2t − t −
7 5 25

−5 t 4 2t 1  12 
The Solutions are y = Ae + Be + e −  3t + 
t

7 5 5
 3 2 13
x = Aet − Be −5t + e 2t − t − , where A and B are arbitrary constants.
7 5 5

dx dy
6. Solve: − 7 x + y = 0; − 2x − 5 y = 0 (S.U 2010)
dy dt

d
Solution:Given Dx − 7 x + y = 0; Dy − 2 x − 5 y = 0 where D =
dy

(ie) ( D − 7) x + y = 0 → (1)

− 2 x + ( D − 5) y = 0 → (2)

First we can eliminate xfrom (1) and (2)

(1) 2  2(D – 7) x + 2y = 0………..(3)

(2) (D – 7) -2(D – 7) x + (D – 5) (D – 7) y = 0………..(4)

(3) 4 (D2 – 5D – 7D + 35 +2) y= 0

(ie) (D2 – 12D + 37)y = 0 is a differential equation is y with constant coefficients.

 y = C.F. + P.I.

Now the Auxiliary equation is m2 – 12m + 37 = 0

12  144 − 148 12  − 4 12  2i
m = = =
2 2 2

m = 6 i

 C.F. = e6t(A cos t + B sin t)

P.I. = 0

y = e6t(A cos t + B sin t)

Now (2)  (D – 5) y – 2x = 0

2x = (D – 5) y

= Dy – 5y
 d 6t
= [e ( A cos t + B sin t )] − 5[e 6t ( A cos t + B sin t )]
dt

d d
=e
6t
[( A cos t + B sin t )] + (e 6t )[( A cos t + B sin t )] − 5e 6t ( A cos t + B sin t )
dt dt

= e6t [(− A sin t + B cos t )] + 6e6t [( A cos t + B sin t )] − 5e6t [( A cos t + B sin t )]

= e6t [ B cos t − A sin t ] + e6t ( A cos t + B sin t )

2 x = e6t [cos t ( B + A) + sin t ( B − A)]

e 6t
 x= [cos t ( B + A) + sin t ( B − A)]
2

e 6t
The solutions are x = [cos t ( B + A) + sin t ( B − A)]
2

y = e6t ( A cot t + B sin t ) where A and B are arbitrary constants

dx dy
7. Solve: + y = 0; + x = 2 cos t
dt dt

dx dy
Solution:Given + y = 0; + x = 2 cos t
dt dt

(ie) Dx + y = 0 → (1) Dy + x = 2 cos t → (2)

First eliminate x from (1) and (2)

(2)DD2y+ Dx =D(2 cos t)

(ie) Dx + D 2 y = −2 sin t → (3)

(1)  Dx + 2y =0

(3) Dx + D2y = -2 sin t

(1) –(3) –D2y + y = 2 sin t

– (D2 – 1) y = 2 sin t
(ie) (D2 – 1) y = 2 sin t is a differential equation in y with constant co-efficient.

y = C.F. + P.I.

Now the auxiliary equation is m2– 1 = 0

(ie) m2 = 1

m =  1

 C.F. = Aet +Be-t

1
P.I. = (−2 sin t )
D −1
2

−2
= sin t Replace D2 by – 1
−1−1

= sin t

y = Aet + Be-t + sin t

d
To find the solution of x, first find ( y ) and put this value in (2)
dt

d
Dy = ( y ) = D[ Aet + Be −t + sin t ]
dy

= Aet − Be − t + cos t

(2)  Dy + x = 2 cos t

(ie) x = 2 cos t − Dy

= 2 cos t − ( Aet − Be −t + cos t )

= 2 cos t − Aet + Be −t − cos t

x = Be −t − Aet + cos t

 The solutions are x = Be −t − Aet + cos t

y = Aet + Be −t + sin t
 Here A and B are arbitrary constants.

dx dy
8. Solve: − y = t; + x =1
dt dt

dx dy
Solution:Given − y = t; + x =1
dt dt

(ie) Dx − y = t → (1); Dy + x = 1 → (2)

First eliminate x from (1) and (2)

(2)D D2y + Dx =D(1)= 0

Dx + D2y= 0……………(3)

– Dx – y = t

– (1) +(3) (D2 + 1) y = -t

is a 2nd order differential equation in y with constant coefficients

y = C.F. + P.I.

Now the auxiliary equation is m2+ 1 = 0

m2 = –1

m = i

 C.F. = Acos t + Bsin t

1
P.I. = (−t )
( D + 1)
2

= (1 + D2)-1 (-t)

= [1 – D2 + (D2)2 – …](–t) [(1+x)-1 = 1 – x + x2 – …]

= –t + D2 (t2) + …

= –t [Neglecting D2 and higher powers of D D2(t) = 0]

y = A cos t + B sin t – t

To find x, find Dy and substitute this in (2)

 dy d
Dy = = [ A cos t + B sin t − t ]
dt dt

=-A sin t + B cos t – 1

(2) reduces Dy = 1 + A sin t – B cos t +1

x = 2 + A sin t – B cos t

The solutions are x = 2 + A sin t – B cos t

y = A cos t – B sin t – t where A, B are arbitrary constants,

dx dy
9. Solve: + y = sin 2t ; − x = cos 2t ; (S.U 2011)
dt dt

 d
Solution:Given Dx + y = sin 2t → (1); Dy − x = cos 2t  D =  → (2)
 dt 

First we can eliminate x between (1) & (2)

D(2) D2y – Dx = D (cos 2t) = –2 sin 2t

– Dx + D2y = –2 sin 2t……………………(3)

(ie) Dx + y = sin 2t……………………………(1)

(1) +(3) (D2 + 1) y = – sin 2t

is a 2nd order differential equation in y with constant coefficients

y = C.F. + P.I.

The auxiliary equation is m2+ 1 = 0

(ie) m2 = –1

(ie) m = i

 C.F. = Acos t + Bsin t

1 1
P.I. = (− sin 2t ) = sin 2t
D +1
2
− 22 + 1
 −1 1 1
= sin 2t = sin 2t = sin 2t
− 4 +1 −3 3

1
y = A cos t + B sin t + sin 2t
3

Now let to find Dy, get x, we can use Dy in (2)

d d 1
Dy = ( y ) = A cos t + B sin t + sin 2t
dt dt 3

2
= A sin t + B cos t + cos 2t
3

(2)  Dy − x = cos 2t

x = Dy − cos 2t

2
= − A sin t + B cos t + cos 2t − cos 2t
3

1
x = − A sin t + B cos t − cos 2t
3

1
 The solutions are x = − A sin t + B cos t − cos 2t
3

1
y = A cos t + B sin t + sin 2t where A and B are arbitrary constants.
3

10. Solve: ( D + 4) x + 3 y = t; 2 x + ( D + 5) y = e2t

Solution:

Given ( D + 4) x + 3 y = t → (1); 2 x + ( D + 5) y = e2t → (2)

First we can eliminate x from (1) and (2)

(1)  2  2 2(D + 4) x + 6y = 2t

(2) (D + 4) 2(D + 4) x + (D + 5)(D + 4) y = (D + 4)e2t…….(4)

 (3) – (4) 6y - (D + 5) (D + 4) y = 2t – D(e2t) – 4e2t

(ie) 6y – (D2 + 5D + 4D + 20) y = 2t – 2e2t – 4e2t

[–(D2 + 9D + 20) + 6] y = 2t – 6e2t

–[D2 + 9D + 20 – 6] y = 2t – 6e2t

(D2 + 9D + 14) y = –(2t – 6e2t)

(D2 + 9D + 14) y = 6e2t– 2t, is a 2nd order differential equations in y with constant co-
efficients.

y = C.F. + P.I.

The auxiliary equation is m2+9m + 14 = 0

(m + 7) (m + 2) = 0

m = -7, m = -2

 C.F. = A-2t+ Be-7t

1
Now P.I. = (6e 2t − 2t )
D + 9 D + 14
2

1 2
= 6e 2t − 2 t
D + 9 D + 14
2
D + 9 D + 14

6 2
= e 2t − t
2 + 9(2) + 14
2
 D 2 + 9D 
141 + 
 14 

−1
6 2   D 2 9 D 
= e − 1 + 
2t
+  (t )
4 + 18 + 14 14   14 14 

6 2t 1   D 2 9 D   D 2 9 D  
2

e − 1 −  +  +  +  − ....(t )
36 7   14 14   14 14  

 1 2t 1  9 
= e − t − D(t ) [Neglecting D2 and higher powers of
6 7  14 
D  D2(t) = 0]

1 2t 1  9
= e − t − 
6 7  14 

1 2t t 9
= e − +
6 7 98

−2 t −7 t e 2t t 9
y = Ae + Be + − +
6 7 98

d d
To find x, First find ( y ) and substitute ( y ) in (2)
dt dt

 e 2t t 9 
= D  Ae−2t + Be −7t + − +
6 7 98 
Dy


2e 2t 1
= − 2 Ae−2t − 7 Be −7 t + −
6 7

e 2t 1
= − 2 Ae−2t − 7 Be −7t + −
3 7

Now (2)  2 x + ( D + 5) y = e2t

(ie) 2 x = e2t − ( D + 5) y = e2t − Dy − 5 y

 1 1
2 x = e 2t −  − 2 Ae−2t − 7 Be −7 t + e 2t − 
 3 7

 −2 t e 2t t 9 
− 5 Ae + Be +
−7 t
− + 
 6 7 98 

−2t −7 t 1 2t 1
= e + 2 Ae + 7 Be − e +
2t

3 7

5e 2t 5t 45
− 5 Ae−2t + 5Be −7t − + −
6 7 98
 1 2t 5 2t −2t −7 t 5t 45 1
= e − e − e − 3 Ae + 2 Be + − +
2t

3 6 7 98 7

 6 − 2 − 5  2t −2t −7 t 5t  − 45 + 14 
= e − 3 Ae + 2 Be + +  
 6  7  98 

1 5t 31
2 x = − e 2t − 3 Ae−2t + 2 Be −7 t + −
6 7 98

1 2 t 3 −2 t 5t 31
x = − e − Ae + Be −7 t + −
12 2 14 196

−7 t 3 −2t 1 2t 5t 31
The solutions are x = Be − Ae − e + − ,
2 12 14 136

e 2t t 9
y = Ae−2t = Be −7t + − + where A and B are arbitrary constants.
6 7 98

dx dy
11. Solve + 2 x − 2 y = et ; + 2x + y = 0
dt dt

Solution: Given Dx + 2 x − 2 y = et

(i.e) ( D + 2) x − 2 y = et …(1)

Dy + 2 x + y = 0

(i.e) ( D + 1) y + 2 x = 0 …(2)

First eliminate x from (1) and (2)

(1)  2 2(D + 2) x - 22 y = 2et……………(3)

(2) (D + 2) 2(D + 2) x + (D + 1)(D +2) y = (D + 2)(0)…….(4)

(3) –(4) -4y - (D2 + D + 2D+ 2) y = 2e2t

(ie) –[D2 + 3D + 2 + 4]y = 2et

(D2 + 3D + 6)y = 2et is an differential equation with constant co-efficients in y.

y = C.F. + P.I.
Now the auxiliary equation is

m2+3m + 6 = 0

t 15 
−3
15
 C.F. = e 2  A cos t + B sin t 
 2 2 

1 2
P.I. = (−2et ) = − et
D + 3D + 6
2
1 + 3(1) + 6

2 t 1
=− e = − et
10 5

−3
t  15 15  1 t
y = e 2  A cos t + B sin t  − e
 2 2
  5

 −3t  15 15  1 t 
Dy = D e 2  A cos t + B sin t  − e 
  2 2  5 

Substitute Dy in (2)

(2)  ( D + 1) y + 2 x = 0

Dy + y + 2 x = 0  2 x = − Dy − y.

 −3t  15 15 
−3
1  15 15 
2x 
= − e D A cos
2
t + B sin t  + D(e 2 ) A cos
 t + B sin t 
  2 2   2 2 

1  −3t  15 15  1 t 
+ D(e ) − e 2  A cos
t
+ B sin t  − e 
5   2 2  5 

−3
t  15 15 15 15 
=e 2 − A sin t + B cos t 
 2 2 2 2
 

3 t 15  1 t
−3
15
+ e 2  A cos t + B sin t  + e
2  2 2  5
 t 15  1 t
−3
15
− e 2  A cos t + B sin t  + e
 2 2  5

15  15  1 2 e  15  2 t
−3 −3 t
t 15 15
=e 2  B cos t − A sin t  + e  A cos t + B sin t+ e
2  2 2  2 
 2 2  5

t 15  15 A 15  B A 15  2 t
−3
= e 2 cos t  B +  + sin t −  + e
 2  2 2 2  2 2  5

1 −23t   15  A + B 15   15  B − A 15  1 t
x = e cos t   + sin 


 2 t 
 + e
 5
2   2  2    2 

 The solution are

1 2 t   15t  A + B 15   15t  B − A 15  1 t
−3
x = e cos 

 + sin 
  2 
  + e
 5
2   2  2    2 

t 15  1 t
−3
15
y = e 2  A cos t + B sin t  − e , where A and B are arbitrary constants.
 2 2  5

12. Solve D2x + y = sin t; D2y + x = cos t

Solution: Given D2x + y = sin t → (1)

x + D2y = cos t → (2)

First we can be eliminate x from (1) and (2)

(2) D2 D2x + D4y = D2(cos t) = D (-sin t) = - cos t

D2x + D4y = - cos t…………………. (3)

D2x + y = sin t………………………. (1)

(3) – (1)  (D4 – 1) y = cos t– sin t

is a differential equation in y with constant co-efficients.

y = C.F. + P.I.
Now the auxiliary equation is

m4–1 = 0

(i.e) (m2 + 1) (m2– 1) = 0

m2 = –1, m2 = 1

m = i, m=  1.

 C.F. = C1et + C2e-t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t

1
P.I. = (− cos t − sin t )
D −1
4

−1 1
= cos t − 4 (sin t )
D −1
4
D −1

t 1
= 3
cos t − (sin t )
4D 4D3

  (  cos tdt )dtdt −   ( sin tdt )dtdt

t t
=
4 4

  sin tdtdt −   − cos tdtdt

t t
=
4 4

t t
= −  − cos tdt −  − sin tdt
4 4

t t t
= + sin t − cos t = (sin t − cos t )
4 4 4

−t t
y = C1e + C2e + C3 cos t + C4 sin t + (sin t − cos t )
t

d
First we can find Dy = ( y)
dt

−t t 1
= C1e − C2e + C3 sin t − C4 cos t + (− cos t − sin t ) + (sin t − cos t )
t
Dy
4 4
 −t t
D2y = C1e + C2e − C3 cos t − C4 sin t + (− sin t − cos t )
t

1 1
+ (− cos t − sin t ) + (− cos t − sin t )
4 4

Now (2) x = cos t – D2 y

 t 2 
x = cos t − C1et + C2e −t − C3 cos t − C4 sin t + (cos t − sin t ) − (cos t + sin t )
 4 4 

−1 t 1 1
= cos t − C1e − C2e + C3 cos t + C4 sin t − (cos t − sin t ) + cos t + sin t
t

4 2 2

3 1 t
= cos t + sin t − C1et − C2e −t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t − (cos t − sin t )
2 2 4

 The solutions are

3 1 t
x = − cos t + sin t − C1et − C2e −t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t − (cos t − sin t )
2 2 4

t
y = C1et + C2e −t − C3 cos t − C4 sin t + (sin t − cos t )
4

Where C1, C2, C3 and C4 are arbitrary constants.

Exercise

dx dy
1. Solve + 2dy = − sin t ; − 2 x = cos t
dt dt

2. Solve Dx − ( D − 2) y = cos t ; ( D − 2) x + Dy = sin 2t

3. Solve (2D + 1) x + (3D + 1) y = et ; ( D + 5) x + ( D + 7) y = 2et

dx dy
4. Solve + 2 x + 3 y = 0; 3 x + + 2 y = 2e 2t
dt dt

dx dy
5. Solve + 2 x + 3 y = 2e 2t ; + 3x + 2 y = 0
dt dt
 dx dy
6. Solve + y = − sin t ; + x = cos t
dt dt

dx dy
7. Solve + 2 x − 3 y = 5t ; − 3x + 2 y = 2e 2t
dt dt

dx dy
8. Solve + 2 y = sin 2t ; − 2 x = cos 2t
dt dt

dx dy
9. Solve + 2 y = −5et ; − 2 x = 5et
dt dt

10. Solve Dx + 3 y = cos t; 2 x + 5Dy = sin t

dx dy
11. Solve + 5x − 2 y = t; + 2 x + y = 0 given x = y = 0 when t = 0
dt dt

dx dy
12. Solve + 2 y = 5et ; − 2 x = 5et , given x = y = 0 when t = 0
dt dt

13. Solve ( D + 4) x + 3 y = 0; 2 x + ( D + 5) y = 0

dx dy
14. Solve + 2 x − 3 y = t; − 3x + 2 y
dt dx

dx dy
15. Solve + 5 x + y = et ; + 3 y − x = e 2t
dt dt

dx
16. Solve − 2 x + Dy = sin 2t ; Dx − ( D − 2) y = cos 2t
dt

Answers

1. x = A cos 2t + B sin 2t − cos t ; y = A sin 2t − B cos 2t − sin t

1
2. x = et ( A sin t − B cos t ) − sin 2t
2

1
y = et ( A sin t − B cos t ) − sin 2t
2

5 31 1 2t
3. x = Ae−2t + Be −7 t + t− − e
14 196 2
 2 −2 t 1 9 1 2t
y=− Ae + Be −7 t − t + + e
3 7 98 6

6 8
4. x = Aet + Be −5t + e 2t ; y = Be −5t − Aet + e 2t
7 7

8 6
5. x = Ae−5t + Be t + e 2t ; y = Ae−5t − Be t − e 2t
7 7

6. x = Aet + Be −t ;+ y = Be −t − Aet + sin t

6 2t 13
7. x = Aet − Be −5t + e − 2t −
7 5

8 12
y = Aet − Be −5t + e 2t − 3t −
7 5

1
8. x = − A sin 2t + B cos 2t − cos 2t
2

y = A cos 2t + B sin 2t

9. x = B cos 2t − A sin 2t − et

y = A cos 2t − B sin 2t − 3et

1  6
6
6
6
1 
x =  sin t − 5 A sin t 
t t
10. e 5
−B e 5
−
 2  5 5 11 
 

6 6
t t 1
y = Ae 5 + Be 5
+ cos t
11

1 1
11. x=− (1 + 6t )e −3t + (1 + 3t )
27 27

2 2
y=− (2 + 3t )e −3t + (2 − 3t )
27 27

12. x = −3 cos 2t − sin 2t + 3et

 y = cos 2t + 3 sin 2t − et

13. x = Ae−2t + Be −7 t

y=
1
3

3Be −7 t − 2 Ae −2t 
1 2 1
14. x = Ae−5t + Be t + − [5t − 4] + tet
5 25 6

1 1 4 
y = − 3 Ae−5t + 3Be t + tet − (5t − 4) − t 
3 2 25 

4 t e 2t
15. x = ( At + B)e −4t + e −
25 36

et 7
y = − At −4t − e −4t ( At + B) + + e 2t
25 36

1
16. x = et ( A cos t + B sin t ) − cos 2t
2

1
y = e 4 ( A sin t − B cos t ) − sin 2t
2

3 −2t 1
17. x=− Ae + Be −7 t − e 2t
2 12

1
y = Ae−2t + Be −7 t + e 2t
6

3t
− t
18. x = ( A + Bt )et + Ce 2
−
2

3t
c 1
y = (−2 A + 6 B − 2 Bt )et − e 2 −
3 3

1 t
19. x = ( At + B) cos t + (ct + D) sin t + e (4 sin t − 3 cos t )
25

1 t
y = −( At + B) sin t + (ct + D) cos t − e (3 sin t − 4 cos t )
25
 4 3
20. x = Ae2t + Be −2t + c cos 2t + D sin 2t − sin t + t
15 16

A 2 t B −2 t 1 5
y= e + e + 3c cos 2t + 3D sin 2t − sin t + t
3 3 5 16

METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

This method is very useful in finding the general solution of the second order equation.

d2y dy
2
+ a1 + a2 y = X where a1,a2 are constants and ‘X’ is a functionof x .
dx dx

The complementary function is

C.F = Af1 + Bf2

Where A, B are constants and f1and f2are functions of x . Thenparticular Integral,

P.I. = Pf1 + Qf2

f2 X f1 X
Where P = − dx, Q =  dx
   
f1 f 2 − f1 f 2 f1 f 2 − f 2 f1

The complete solution is

y = Af1 + Bf2 + P.I.

d2y
1. Solve + y = cos ec x by using method of variation of parameters.
dx 2

d2y
Solution:Given + y = cos ec x
dx 2

(i.e) ( D 2 + 1) y = cos ec x

The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 + 1 = 0

m2 = -1 m = i [imaginary roots]

 C.F. = A cos x + B sin x

 Here f1=cos x; f2=sinx;

f1= - sin x; f2=cosx

f1f2 - f1f2= cos2x + sin2x = 1

P.I. = Pf1 + Qf2

where
f2 X
P = − dx
 
f1 f 2 − f1 f 2

sin x cos ecx

=  dx [ x = cos ecx]
1

1
= −  sin x. dx
sin x

= −  dx

= −x

f1 X
Q =  dx
 
f1 f 2 − f1 f 2

cos x. cos ecxds

= 
1

cos x
=  dx
sin x

=  cot xdx

= log(sin x)

 P.I = Pf1 + Qf2

= - x cos x + sin x log (sin x)

y = C.F + P.I

= A cos x + B sin x – x cos x + sin x log (sin x)

 d2y
2. Solve + y = tan x by the method of variation of parameters.
dx 2

Solution:Given ( D 2 + 1) y = tan x

The Auxiliary eqn is

m2 + 1 = 0 m2 = –1

m=i

C.F = A cos x + B sin x

f1 = cosx; f2 =sin x;

f1 = –sin x; f2 =cos x;

f1f2 – f1f2 = 1

P.I. = Pf1 + Qf2

f2 X sin x. tan x
P =  dx = −  dx
 
f1 f 2 − f1 f 2 1

sin x. sin x
= − dx
cos x

(1 − cos 2 x)
= − dx
cos x

1 cos 2 x
= − dx +  dx
cos x cos x

=  − sec x +  cos xdx

= − log(sec x + tan x) + sin x

f1 X
Q =  dx
 
f1 f 2 − f1 f 2

cos x tan x
=  dx
1
 sin x
=  cos x dx
cos x

=  sin x dx

= – cos x

P.I = Pf1 + Qf2

= [–log(sec x + tan x) + sin x] cos x + (–cos x) sin x

= –cos xlog(sec x + tan x) + sin x cos x –sin x cos x

 P.I = –cos x log (sec x + tan x)

y = C.F + P.I

= A cos x + B sin x – cos x log (sec x + tan x)

3. Solve (D2 + 4) y = tan 2x using the method of variation of parameters.

Solution:Given (D2 + 4) y = tan 2x

The Auxiliary Equation is m2 + 4 = 0

m =  2i

C.F = A cos 2x + B sin 2x

f1 = cosx; f2 = sin x;

f1 = –2 sin x; f2 = 2cos x;

f1f2 – f1f2 = 2 cos2 2x + 2 sin2 2x = 2

P.I. = Pf1 + Qf2

f2 X
P = − dx
f f − f11 f 2
1 2
1

sin 2 x. tan 2 x
= − dx
2
 1 sin 2 x
=  sin 2 x  dx
2 cos 2 x

1 sin 2 2 x
=−  dx
2 cos 2 x

1 (1 − cos 2 2 x)
=−  dx
2 cos 2 x

1 1 1 cos 2 2 xdx
=−  dx +  dx
2 cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x

1 1  1 1
= −  log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x) + . sin 2 x
2 2  2 2

1 1
= − log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x) + sin 2 x
4 4

f1 X
Q =  dx
f1 f  − f f 2

cos 2 x
=  tan 2 xdx
2

1 sin 2 x
=  cos 2 x dx
2 cos 2 x

1
=  sin 2 xdx
2

1  cos 2 x 
= − 
2 2 

1
= − cos 2 x
4

P.I = Pf1 + Qf2

1 1
= − cos 2 x log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x) + cos 2 x sin 2 x
4 4
 1
sin 2 x cos 2 x
4

1
= − cos 2 x log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x)
4

y = C.F. + P.I

1
= A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x − cos 2 x log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x)
4

d2y
4. Solve + 4 y = 4 tan 2 x using method of variation of parameters.
dx 2

d2y
Solution:Given + 4 y = 4 tan 2 x
dx 2

i.e ( D 2 + 4) y = 4 tan 2 x

m2 + 4 = 0

m =  2i = 0  2i [imaginary root α = 0, ß = 2]

C.F = e0x (A cos 2x + B sin 2x)

Now C.F = A cos 2x + B sin 2x

Here f1 = cos 2x; f2 = sin 2x;

f = –2 sin 2x; f = 2cos 2x;

f1f2 – ff2 = 2 cos2xcos2x+ 2 sin 2x sin 2x

= 2 (cos2 2x + sin2 2x) = 2

P.I. = Pf1 + Qf2

f2 X
P = − dx
f1 f 2 − f1 ' f 2

sin 2 x 4 tan 2 x
= − dx  x = 4 tan 2x
2
 sin 2 2 x
= −2 dx
cos 2 x

1 − cos 2 2 x
= − 2 dx
cos 2 x

 1 cos 2 2 x 
= 2  dx − 
cos 2 x 
dx
 cos 2 x

= − 2 sec 2xdx −  cos 2xdx

1  sin 2 x
= − 2 log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x  + 2
2  2

= − log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x) + sin 2 x

= sin 2 x − log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x)

f1 X
Q =  dx
f1 f 2− f1f 2

cos 2 x 4 tan 2 x
=  dx
2

sin 2 x
= 2 cos 2 x dx
cos 2 x

= 2 sin 2 xdx

 − cos 2 x 
= 2 
 2 

= − cos 2x

P.I = Pf1 + Qf2

= cos 2 x[sin 2 x − log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x)]

= − cos 2x sin 2x

= − cos 2 x log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x)]

 y = C.F + P.I

= ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x) − cos 2 x log(sec 2 x + tan 2 x)

5. Solve ( D 2 + 2D + 5) y = e − x tan x , by method of variation of parameters.

Solution:Given ( D 2 + 2D + 5) y = e − x tan x ,

The Auxiliary Equation is

m2 + 2m + 5 = 0

− 2  4 − 20
m =
2

− 2  4i
=
2

= −1 2i

C.F = e-x (A cos 2x + B sin 2x)

Here f1 =e-x cos 2x

f1 = –2e-x sin 2x– e-x cos 2x

f2 =e-x sin 2x

f2 = 2e-x cos 2x– e-x sin 2x

f1f2– f2f1' = 2e-2x cos2 2x– e-x sin 2x cos 2x

+ 2e-2x sin2 2x+ e-2x sin 2x cos 2x

= 2e-2x (cos2x+ sin 2x)

= 2e-2x

P.I. = Pf1 + Qf2

f2 X
P = − dx
f1 f 2− f1f 2
 e − x sin 2 x − x
= − e tan xdx [ x = e − x tan z ]
2e −2 x

1 sin x
=−  2 sin x cos x
2 cos x

= −  sin 2 xdx

1 − cos 2 x
= − dx
2

1 1sin 2 x 
= −  x−
2 2 

1 sin 2 x
=− x+
2 4

f1 X
Q =  dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

e − x cos 2 x − x
=  e tan xdx
2e −2 x

1
=  cos 2 x tan xdx
2

1 sin x 1 + cos 2 x
 (2 cos x − 1)  cos 2 x =
2
= dx
2 cos x 2

1 sin x 1 sin x
= 2
 2 cos x −  dx 2 cos 2 x − 1 = cos 2 x
2 cos x 2 cos x

1 1 sin x
=  2 sin x cos xdx −  dx
2 2 cos x

1 1 sin x
=  sin 2 xdx −  dx
2 2 cos x

1  − cos 2 x  1
=
2  2  + 2 log cos x
 cos 2 x 1
=− + log(cos x)
4 2

P.I = Pf1 + Qf2

x sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
=− + − + log(cos x)
2 4 3 2

y = C.F + P.I

x sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
= Ae − x cos 2 x + Be − x sin 2 x − + − + log(cos x)
2 4 4 2

6. Solve y − 2 y + 2 y = e x tan x , using method of variation of parameters.

Solution:Given ( D 2 − 2D + 2) y = e − x tan x ,

The A.E is m2 - 2m + 2 = 0

2 4−8
m =
2

2 −4
The A.E is =
2

2  2i
=
2

= 1 i

C.F = ex (A cos x + B sin x)

= Aex cos x + Bex sin x

f1 =e-x cos x – ex sin x

f2 =ex sin x+e-x cos x

f1f2– f1'f2 =e2x cos xsin x+ e2xcos2x

–e2xcos xsin x+ e2x sin2x

= e2x (cos2x+ sin 2x)

 = e2x

P.I. = Pf1 + Qf2

f2 X
P = − dx
f1 f 2− f1f 2

e x sin x x
= − e tan xdx
e2x

sin x
= −  sin x dx
cos x

sin 2 x
= − dx
cos x

(1 − cos 2 x)
= − dx
cos x

1 cos 2 x
= − dx +  dx
cos x cos x

= -log(secx +tanx) +sinx

7. Solve ( D 2 − 4D + 4) y = e 2 x , by the method of variation of

Solution:Given ( D 2 − 4D + 4) y = e 2 x

The A.E. is m2 – 4m + 4 = 0

(m – 2)2 = 0

m = 2, 2 (Equal roots)

C.F. = (Ax + B)e2x

= Axe2x + Be2x

= Af1 + Bf2

Here

f1 = xe2x f2 = e2x
f1 = 2xe2x + e2x f'2 = 2e2x

f1f2– f1'f2= 2xe4x – 2xe4x – e4x

= –e4x

P.I. = Pf1 +Qf2

f2 X
P = − dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

e 2 x .e 2 x
= − dx
− e4 x

= −  dx

= x

f1 X
Q =  dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

xe2 x e 2 x
=  dx
− e4 x

= −  xdx

x2
= −
2

− x2 2x
P.I = x( xe2 x ) + e
2

x2 2x
= x 2 xe2 x − e
2

x2 2x
= e
2

y = C.F + P.I

x2 2x
= ( Ax + B)e + e 2x

2
8. Solve ( D 2 + 4) y = sec 2 x by using method of variation of parameters.

Solution:

Given ( D 2 + 4) y = sec 2 x

The Auxiliary Equation is m2 + 4 = 0

m =  2i

C.F. =eex (A cos 2x + B sin 2x)

= Acos 2x + B sin 2x

Here

f1 = cos 2x f2 = sin 2x

f1 = 2 sin 2x f2 = 2 cos 2x

f1f2– f1'f2= 2

P.I. = Pf1 +Qf2

f2 X
P = − dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

sin 2 x sec 2 x
= − dx
2

sin 2 x sec 2 x
= − dx
2

1 sin 2 x
= −  dx
2 cos 2 x

Put t = cos 2x

dt = –2 sin 2xdx

1 dt
p = − 
2 2t
 1
= −  log t
4

1
p = − log(cos 2 x)
4

1
= log(cos 2 x)
4

f1 X
Q =  dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

cos 2 x sec 2 x
=  dx
2

1
=  dx
2

1
= x
2

P.I. = Pf1 +Qf2

1 1
= cos 2 x log(cos 2 x) + x sin 2 x
4 2

y = C.F + P.I

1 1
= A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x + cos 2 x log(cos 2 x) + x sin 2 x
4 2

9. Solve ( D 2 + 1) y = sec x by the method of variation of parameters.

Solution:Given y + y = sec x

(ie) ( D 2 + 1) y = sec x

The Auxiliary Equation is m2 + 1 = 0

m = i

C.F. =A cos x + B sin x

 = Af1 + Bf2

Here f1= cosx f2= sin x

f'1= - sin x f'2= cos x

f2 X
P = − dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

sin x sec x
= − dx
1

sin x
= − dx
cos x

= log (cos x)

put t = cos x

P = log t

P.I = Pf1+ Qf2

dt
P = −  −
t

= log t

= log (cos x)

f1 X
Q =  dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

cos x sec 2 x
=  dx
1

P.I = cos x log (cos x) + x sin x

y = C.F + P.I

= A cos x + B sin x + cos x log(cos x) + x sin x

10. Solve ( D 2 + a 2 ) y = tan ax by the method of variation of parameters.

Solution:Given ( D 2 + a 2 ) y = tan ax
The Auxiliary Equation is m2 + a2 = 0

m =  ai

C.F. =eax (A cos ax + B sin ax)

f1 = cos ax f2 = cos ax

f1 = - a sin ax f2 = a cosax

f1f2 – f1'f2= a cos2ax = asin2ax = a

P.I = Pf1 + Qf2

f2 X
P = − dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

sin ax tan ax
= − dx
a

1 sin ax
=−  sin ax  dx
a cos ax

1 (1 − cos 2 ax)
=−  dx
a cos ax

1  1 cos 2 ax 
=−  −
a  cos ax cos ax 
dx

 sec ax − cos ax dx

1
=−
a

1 1
=−  sec axdx   cos axdx
a a

11  1  sin ax 
=−  log(sec ax + tan ax)  + 
aa  a  a 

1 1
=− 2
log(sec ax + tan ax) + 2 sin ax
a a

f1 X
Q =  dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2
 cos ax tan ax
=  dx
a

1
=  sin ax dx
a

1  cos ax  1
= −  = − 2 cos ax
a  a  a

P.I = Pf1 + Qf2

1 1 1
= 2
cos ax log (sec ax + tan ax) + 2 sin ax cos ax − 2 sin ax cos ax
a a a

1
= [cos ax log (sec ax + tan ax)]
a2

y = C.F + P.I

1
= A cos ax + B sin ax − cos ax log(sec ax + tan ax)
a2

d2y
11. Solve by the method of variation of parameters + y = x sin x
dx 2

d2y
Solution:Given + y = x sin x
dx 2

(ie) ( D 2 + 1) y = x sin x

The Auxiliary Equation is m2 + 1 = 0

m = i

C.F. = A cos x + B sin x

f1 = cos x f2 = sinx

f1 = - sin x f2 = cosx

f1f2 – f1'f2= 1
 f2 X
P = − dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

sin x( x sin x)
= − dx
1

= −  x sin 2 x dx

u = x d v = cos 2 x

sin 2 x
du = dx v=
2

= −  x sin 2 x dx

x x cos 2 x
= − dx  dx
2 2

x 2 1  sin 2 x sin 2 x 
=− + x − dx
4 2 2 2 

x 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
=− + +
4 4 8

f1 X
Q =  dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

cos x( x sin x)
=  dx
1

sin 2 x
= x dx
2

u = x dv = sin 2x

cos 2 x
du =dx v= −
2

1  − cos 2 x cos 2 xdx 

=  + 
2 2 2
 − x cos 2 x 1
= + sin 2 x
4 8

P.I = Pf1 + Qf2

 − x 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x   − x cos 2 x 1 

=  + +  cos x +  + sin 2 x sin x
 4 4 8   4 8 

− x2 x cos x cos 2 x
= cos x + sin 2 x cos x +
4 4 8

− x cos 2 x sin x 1
+ sin 2 x sin x
4 8

− x2 x
= cos x + [sin 2 x cos x − cos 2 x sin x]
4 4

1
+ [cos 2 x cos x + sin 2 x sin x]
8

− x2 x 1
= cos x + sin( 2 x − x) + cos( 2 x − x)
4 4 8

− x2 x 1
= cos x + sin x + cos x
4 4 8

 y = C.F + P.I

x2 x 1
= A cos x + B sin x − cos x + sin x + cos x
4 4 8

 1 x2 x
=  A +  cos x + B sin x − cos x + sin x
 8 4 4

x2 x
= c1 cos x + c2 sin x − cos x + sin x
4 4
1
where c1 = A + c2 = B
8
 d2y
12. Solve + y = cos ec x cot x using the method of variation of parameters.
dx 2

Solution:Given ( D 2 + 1) y = cos ec x cot x

The Auxiliary Equation is m2 + 1 = 0

m = i

C.F = A cos x + B sin x

f1 = cos x f2 = sin x

f1f2 – f1'f2= cos2x + sin2x = 1

P.I = Pf1+Qf2

f2 X
P = − dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

sin x cos ecx cot x

= − dx
1

1 cos x
= −  sin x dx
sin x sin x

= log(sin x)

f1 X
Q =  dx
f1 f 2 − f1f 2

=  cos x cos ecx cot xdx

1 cos x
=  cos x dx
sin x sin x

1 − sin 2 x
=  dx
sin 2 x

1
=  dx −  dx
sin 2 x

=  cos ec 2 xdx − x
 = − cot x − x

P.I = Pf1 +Qf2

= – cos x log (sin x) – sin x cot x – x sin x

= – cos x log (sin x) – [cot x + x] sin x

y = C.F + P.I

= A cos x + B sin x – cos x log (sin x) – [cot x + x] sin x

Exercie Problems

1. Using method of variation of parameters solve. (D2 + 9)y = sec 3x

2. Solve (D2 + 1)y = cot x

3. Solve (D2 + 25)y = tan 5x

4. Solve (D2 + 16)y = cosec 4 x

5. Solve (D2 + 25)y = sec 5x

6. Solve (D2 + 9)y = cot 3x

e3 x
7. Solve ( D − 6 D + 9) y =
2

8. Solve ( D 2 + 36) y = cos ec6 x

1
9. Solve ( D 2 − 1 y =
1+ ex

2
10. Solve ( D 2 − 1) y =
1+ ex

11. Solve y + y = x

12. Solve y − 3 y + 2 y = x 2

13. Solve (2 D 2 − D − 3) y = 25e − x

Answers
 1 1
1. y = A cos 3 x + B sin 3x + cos 3x log(cos 3 x) + x sin 3 x
9 3

2. y = A cos x + B sin x − sin x log(cos ecx + cot x)

1 cos 5 x
3. y = A cos 5 x + B sin 5 x − [log(sec 5 x + tan 5 x]) − sin 5 x] cos 5 x − sin 5 x
25 25

1 1
4. y = A cos 4 x + B sin 4 x − x cos 4 x + [log(sin 4 x)] sin 4 x
9 16

1 1
5. y = A cos 5 x + B sin 5 x − cos 5 x log(sec 5 x) + x sin 5 x
25 5

sin 3x cos 3 x cos 3 x sin 3x

6. y = A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x − +
3 3

7. y = ( Ax + B)e3 x + log x( xe3 x ) − xe3 x

1 1
8. y = A cos 6 x + B sin 6 x − x cos 6 x + sin 6 x. log(sin 6 x)
6 36

−x ex 1
9. y = Ae + Be
x
+ [−e − x + log( 1 + e x ) − x] − e − x log( 1 + e x )
2 2

10. y = Ae x + Be − x − 1 + e x log( 1 + e − x ) − e − x log( 1 + e x )

11. y = A cos x + B sin x + x

1 2 3 7
12. y = Ae x + Be − x + x − x+
2 2 4

3
x
13. y = Ae 2 + Be − x − 2e − x − 5 xe− x